Eremaeoidea

Eremaeus cordiformis, from Seniczak et al. (2013).

Belongs within: Brachypylina.
Contains: Eueremaeus.

The Eremaeoidea are a group of oribatid mites characterised by the presence in nymphs of an apodemato-acetabular tracheal system. The largest family within the Eremaeoidea is the Eremaeidae, members of of which often exhibit anal neotrichy with up to nine pairs of anal setae (Norton & Behan-Pelletier 2009). The genus Proteremaeus is exceptional in only having two pairs of anal setae, together with three pairs of adanal setae. Members of the European genus Tricheremaeus also have a higher number of setae on the notogaster than other species (more than eleven pairs), with the setae being particularly long.

Characters (from Norton & Behan-Pelletier 2009): Adult prodorsum usually with costulae. Genal notch absent. Dorsophragmata and pleurophragmata absent. Pedotecta I–II present; discidium and circumpedal carina absent. Notogastral setation 7–11 pairs, or neotrichous. Notogastral cerotegument usually with large tubercles (globules). Palpal eupathidium acm separate from recumbent solenidion. Axillary saccule of the subcapitulum occasionally present. Epimere II with 1–3 pairs of setae. Anal and/or adanal neotrichy present or absent. Tarsi I–IV ofen with porose areas present ventrally; tarsus I with 2–3 solenidia; legs IV may be modified for jumping. Larva unideficient. Nymphs with platytracheae or brachytracheae; eupheredermous; opisthonotal setation quadrideficient, quinquedeficient, or neotrichous. Preanal organ hollowed as caecum.

Eremaeoidea S04
    |--Aribates Aoki, Takaku & Ito 1994 [Aribatidae] S04
    |    `--*A. javensis Aoki, Takaku & Ito 1994 S04
    |--Megeremaeus Higgins & Woolley 1965 [Megeremaeidae] S04
    |    |--*M. montanus Higgins & Woolley 1965 S04
    |    |--M. ditrichosus Woolley & Higgins 1968 S04
    |    |--M. expansus Aoki & Fujikawa 1971 S04
    |    |--M. hylaius Behan-Pelletier 1990 S04
    |    |--M. keewatin Behan-Pelletier 1990 S04
    |    |--M. kootenai Behan-Pelletier 1990 S04
    |    |--M. rameus Wen & Zhao 1993 S04
    |    `--M. spinosus Aoki & Yamamoto 2000 S04
    |--Niphocepheus Balogh 1943 S04 [Niphocepheidae SK10, Niphocepheoidea]
    |    |--*N. nivalis (Schweizer 1922) [=Cepheus nivalis] S04
    |    |    |--N. n. nivalis S04
    |    |    |--N. n. baloghi Travé 1959 S04
    |    |    |--N. n. delamarei Travé 1959 S04
    |    |    `--N. n. grandjeani Travé 1959 S04
    |    |--N. aborigensis Behan-Pelletier 1982 S04
    |    |--N. guadarramicus Subías 1977 S04
    |    `--N. travei Bulanova-Zavchvatkina 1967 S04
    |--Arceremaeidae NB-P09
    |    |--Arceremaeus Hammer 1961 S04
    |    |    |--*A. incaensis Hammer 1961 S04
    |    |    |--A. cubanus Balogh & Mahunka 1980 S04
    |    |    `--A. jimenezi Calugar & Vasiliu 1977 S04
    |    `--Tecteremaeus Hammer 1961 S04
    |         |--*T. cornutus Hammer 1961 S04
    |         |--T. anoporosus Balogh & Mahunka 1969 S04
    |         |--T. bogorensis Hammer 1979 S04
    |         |--T. cachoeirensis Franklin & Woas 1992 S04
    |         |--T. cristatus Balogh & Mahunka 1969 S04
    |         |--T. hauseri Mahunka 1982 S04
    |         `--T. incompletus Mahunka 1988 S04
    `--Eremaeidae [Eremaeinae] DW10
         |--+--Asperemaeus Behan-Pelletier 1982 B-P93
         |  |    `--*A. longipilus Behan-Pelletier 1982 B-P93
         |  `--+--Eueremaeus B-P93
         |     `--Proteremaeus Piffl 1965 B-P93 [incl. Sibiremaeus Rjabinin & Krivolutsky 1975 S04]
         |          |--*P. jonasi Piffl 1965 B-P93
         |          |--P. angarensis (Rjabinin & Krivolutsky 1975) [=Sibiremaeus angarensis] S04
         |          |--P. chadaevae Golosova 1983 S04
         |          |--P. elongatus (Rjabinin & Krivolutsky 1975) S04 [=*Sibiremaeus elongatus B-PR91]
         |          |--P. lawariensis Hammer 1977 S04
         |          |--P. macleani Behan-Pelletier 1982 S04
         |          |--P. mongolicus (Golosova 1983) [=Sibiremaeus mongolicus] S04
         |          |--P. nebaikini Behan-Pelletier & Ryabinin 1991 S04
         |          `--P. punctulatus Bayartogtokh 2000 S04
         `--+--Tricheremaeus Berlese 1908 B-P93
            |    |--*T. serratus (Michael 1885) B-P93 [=Notaspis serrata B-P93, Eremaeus serratus M98]
            |    |--T. abnobensis Miko & Weigmann 2006 MW07
            |    |--T. conspicuus Berlese 1916 MW07
            |    |--T. grandjeani Bernini 1970 MW07
            |    |--T. nemossensis Grandjean 1963 MW07
            |    `--T. travei Miko 1993 MW07
            `--+--Carinabella Hammer 1977 B-P93
               |    |--*C. puchra Hammer 1977 B-P93
               |    `--C. tuberculata Bayoumi & Mahunka 1979 S04
               `--Eremaeus Koch 1835 B-P93
                    |--*E. hepaticus Koch 1835 B-P93 (see below for synonymy)
                    |--E. appalachicus Bahen-Pelletier 1993 B-P93
                    |--E. boreomontanus Behan-Pelletier 1993 B-P93
                    |--E. brevitarsus (Ewing 1917) [=Damaeus brevitarsus] B-P93
                    |--E. californiensis Behan-Pelletier 1993 B-P93
                    |--E. cordiformis Grandjean 1934 B-P93
                    |--E. denaius Woolley 1971 P92
                    |--E. gracilis Behan-Pelletier 1993 B-P93
                    |--E. grandis Hammer 1952 B-P93
                    |--E. insertus Grishina 1980 S04
                    |--E. kananaskis Behan-Pelletier 1993 B-P93
                    |--E. kevani Behan-Pelletier 1993 B-P93
                    |--E. longiseta Djaparidze 1990 S04
                    |--E. megistos Behan-Pelletier 1993 B-P93
                    |--E. monticolus Behan-Pelletier 1993 B-P93
                    |--E. neonominatus Subías 2004 [=E. borealis Wen 1988 non E. oblongus borealis Strenzke 1952] S04
                    |--E. nortoni Behan-Pelletier 1993 B-P93
                    |--E. occidentalis Behan-Pelletier 1993 B-P93
                    |--E. oresbios Behan-Pelletier 1993 B-P93
                    |--E. orientalis Golosova 1970 S04
                    |--E. plumosus Woolley 1964 B-P93
                    |--E. porosus Behan-Pelletier 1993 B-P93
                    |--E. roissi Piffl 1996 S04
                    |--E. salish Behan-Pelletier 1993 B-P93
                    |--E. tenuisetiger Aoki 1970 S04
                    |--E. translamellatus Hammer 1952 B-P93 [incl. E. oblongus borealis Strenzke 1952 S04]
                    |--E. tuberosus Gordeeva 1970 S04
                    `--E. walteri Behan-Pelletier 1993 B-P93

*Eremaeus hepaticus Koch 1835 B-P93 [=Notaspis hepatica M98; incl. E. hepaticus acruciata Mihelčič 1952 S04, N. dentilamellatus Storkán 1925 S04, E. magnus Mihelčič 1957 S04, E. ovalis Mihelčič 1955 non Koch 1841 S04, E. setiger Mihelčič 1957 S04]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B-P93] Behan-Pelletier, V. M. 1993. Eremaeidae (Acari: Oribatida) of North America. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 168: 1–193.

[B-PR91] Behan-Pelletier, V. M., & N. A. Ryabinin. 1991. Taxonomy and biogeography of Proteremaeus (Acari: Oribatida: Eremaeidae). Canadian Entomologist 123: 559–565.

[DW10] Dabert, M., W. Witalinski, A. Kazmierski, Z. Olszanowski & J. Dabert. 2010. Molecular phylogeny of acariform mites (Acari, Arachnida): strong conflict between phylogenetic signal and long-branch attraction artifacts. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56 (1): 222–241.

[M98] Michael, A. D. 1898. Oribatidae. In: H. Lohmann (ed.) Das Tierreich. Eine Zusammenstellung und Kennzeichnung der rezenten Tierformen vol. 3. Acarina pp. 1–93. R. Friedländer und Sohn: Berlin.

[MW07] Miko, L., & G. Weigmann. 2007. Tricheremaeus abnobensis Miko & Weigmann 2006, a recently described oribatid mite from central Europe (Arachnida, Acarina, Oribatida, Eremaeidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 87 (2): 131–134.

[NB-P09] Norton, R. A., & V. M. Behan-Pelletier. 2009. Suborder Oribatida. In: Krantz, G. W., & D. E. Walter (eds) A Manual of Acarology 3^rd ed. pp. 430–564. Texas Tech University Press.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[SK10] Schäffer, S., S. Koblmüller, T. Pfingstl, C. Sturmbauer & G. Krisper. 2010. Ancestral state reconstruction reveals multiple independent evolution of diagnostic morphological characters in the "Higher Oribatida" (Acari), conflicting with current classification. BMC Evolutionary Biology 10: 246.

[S04] Subías, L. S. 2004. Listado sistemático, sinonímico y biogeográfico de los ácaros oribátidos (Acariformes, Oribatida) del mundo (1758–2002). Graellsia 60 (número extraordinario): 3–305.

Sidalcea

Siskiyou checkerbloom Sidalcea malvaeflora ssp. patula, copyright Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz.

Belongs within: Malvaceae.

Sidalcea, the checker mallows, is a genus of herbs and subshrubs found in western North America.

See also: Checker mallows.

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Annual or perennial, sometimes from long, creeping rhizomes. Stem generally erect or base more or less decumbent. Leaves generally mostly from near stem base; lowest blades generally crenate to shallowly lobed, upper blades generally deeply lobed (gen more or less compound). Inflorescence generally spike- or panicle-like, generally more open in fruit; bracts at pedicel base 2, generally stipule-like; bractlets subtending calyx generally 0(-3). Flower with calyx lobes as long as or longer than tube; petals purple or rose-pink to white; stamen-tube with generally two series of more or less fused filaments near tip; stigmas linear, on inner side of style branches. Fruit segments generally 5-10, indehiscent, generally more or less beaked, walls thin. Single seed per fruit segment.

<==Sidalcea
    |--S. calycosa H93
    |--S. campestris Greene 1885 [incl. S. asplenifolia Greene 1897, S. sylvestris Nels. 1907] H57
    |--S. candida Gray 1849 H57
    |    |--S. c. var. candida [incl. S. c. var. tincta Cockerell 1900] H57
    |    `--S. c. var. glabrata Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |--S. covillei Greene 1914 [=S. malvaeflora var. covillei Roush 1931] H57
    |--S. cusickii Piper 1916 H57
    |    |--S. c. ssp. cusickii [=S. oregana var. cusickii Roush 1931] H57
    |    `--S. c. ssp. purpurea Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |--S. diploscypha H93
    |--S. glaucescens Greene 1885 [incl. S. montana Congdon 1900] H57
    |--S. hartwegii H93
    |--S. hendersonii Wats. 1888 H57
    |--S. hickmanii Greene 1887 H57
    |    |--S. h. ssp. hickmanii H57
    |    |--S. h. ssp. anomala Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |    |--S. h. ssp. parishii (Rob.) Hitchcock 1957 (see below for synonymy) H57
    |    `--S. h. ssp. viridis Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |--S. hirtipes Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |--S. keckii H93
    |--S. malachroides (H. & A.) Gray 1868 (see below for synonymy) H57
    |--S. malvaeflora (DC.) Gray ex Benth. 1848 (see below for synonymy) H57
    |    |--S. m. ssp. malvaeflora (see below for synonymy) H57
    |    |--S. m. ssp. asprella (Greene) Hitchcock 1957 (see below for synonymy) H57
    |    |--S. m. ssp. californica (Nutt.) Hitchcock 1957 (see below for synonymy) H57
    |    |--S. m. ssp. celata (Jepson) Hitchcock 1957 [=S. malvaeflora var. celata Jepson 1936] H57
    |    |--S. m. ssp. dolosa Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |    |--S. m. ssp. elegans (Greene) Hitchcock 1957 [=S. elegnas Greene 1914] H57
    |    |--S. m. ssp. laciniata Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |    |    |--S. m. ssp. l. var. laciniata H57
    |    |    `--S. m. ssp. l. var. sancta Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |    |--S. m. ssp. nana (Jepson) Hitchcock 1957 [=S. reptans var. nana Jepson 1936] H57
    |    |--S. m. ssp. patula Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |    |--S. m. ssp. purpurea Hitchcock 1957 non S. cusickii ssp. purpurea H57
    |    |--S. m. ssp. sparsifolia Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |    |    |--S. m. ssp. s. var. sparsifolia H57
    |    |    |--S. m. ssp. s. var. hirsuta Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |    |    |--S. m. ssp. s. var. stellata Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |    |    `--S. m. ssp. s. var. uliginosa Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |    `--S. m. ssp. virgata (Howell) Hitchcock 1957 [=S. virgata Howell 1897] H57
    |--S. multifida Greene 1914 H57
    |--S. nelsoniana Piper 1919 H57
    |--S. neomexicana Gray 1849 H57
    |    |--S. n. ssp. neomexicana H57
    |    |--S. n. ssp. crenulata (Nels.) Hitchcock 1957 [=S. crenulata Nels. 1904] H57
    |    |--S. n. ssp. diehlii (Jones) Hitchcock 1957 [=S. neomexicana var. diehlii Jones 1908] H57
    |    `--S. n. ssp. thurberi (Rob.) Hitchcock 1957 (see below for synonymy) H57
    |--S. oregana (Nutt.) Gray 1849 [=Sida oregana Nutt. in T. & G. 1838] H57
    |    |--S. o. ssp. oregana H57
    |    |    |--S. o. ssp. o. var. oregana [incl. S. nervata Nels. 1904] H57
    |    |    |--S. o. ssp. o. var. calva Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |    |    |--S. o. ssp. o. var. maxima (Peck) Hitchcock 1957 [=S. maxima Peck 1941] H57
    |    |    |--S. o. ssp. o. var. nevadensis Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |    |    `--S. o. ssp. o. var. procera Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |    |--S. o. ssp. eximia (Greene) Hitchcock 1957 [=S. eximia Greene 1914] H57
    |    |--S. o. ssp. hydrophila (Heller) Hitchcock 1957 [=S. hydrophila Heller 1904] H57
    |    |--S. o. ssp. spicata (Regel) Hitchcock 1957 (see below for synonymy) H57
    |    `--S. o. ssp. valida (Greene) Hitchcock 1957 (see below for synonymy) H57
    |--S. pedata Gray 1887 [=S. spicata var. pedata Jepson 1925] H57
    |--S. ranunculacea Greene 1904 (see below for synonymy) H57
    |--S. reptans Greene 1897 [=S. spicata var. reptans Jepson 1925; incl. S. favosa Congdon 1900] H57
    |--S. rhizomata H57 [=S. calycosa ssp. rhizomata H93]
    |--S. robusta Heller ex Roush 1931 [=S. asprella var. robusta Jepson 1936] H57
    |--S. setosa Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |    |--S. s. ssp. setosa H57
    |    `--S. s. ssp. querceta Hitchcock 1957 H57
    `--S. stipularis H93

Sidalcea hickmanii ssp. parishii (Rob.) Hitchcock 1957 [=S. hickmanii var. parishii Rob. 1897, S. parishii Rob. ex Davids & Moxley 1923] H57

Sidalcea malachroides (H. & A.) Gray 1868 [=Malva malachroides H. & A. 1840, Hesperalcea malachroides Greene 1892; incl. S. vitifolia Gray 1868] H57

Sidalcea malvaeflora (DC.) Gray ex Benth. 1848 [=Sida malvaeflora DC. 1824, Nuttallia malvaeflora F. & T. in F. & M. 1837] H57

Sidalcea malvaeflora ssp. asprella (Greene) Hitchcock 1957 [=S. asprella Greene 1885, S. malvaeflora var. asprella Jepson 1925] H57

Sidalcea malvaeflora ssp. californica (Nutt.) Hitchcock 1957 [=Sida californica Nutt. in T. & G. 1838, Sidalcea californica Gray 1849, Sidalcea malvaeflora var. californica Jepson 1925] H57

Sidalcea malvaeflora (DC.) Gray ex Benth. 1848 ssp. malvaeflora [incl. Sida delphinifolia Nutt. in T. & G. 1838, Sidalcea delphinifolia Greene 1891, Sidalcea humilis Gray 1849, Sidalcea delphinifolia var. humilis Greene 1891, Sidalcea scabra Greene 1897, Sidalcea rostrata Eastwood 1902] H57

Sidalcea neomexicana ssp. thurberi (Rob.) Hitchcock 1957 [=S. parviflora var. thurberi Rob. ex Gray 1897; incl. S. confinis Greene 1914, S. nitrophila Parish 1899, S. parviflora Greene 1893, S. neomexicana var. parviflora Roush 1931] H57

Sidalcea oregana ssp. spicata (Regel) Hitchcock 1957 [=Callirhoe spicata Regel 1852, S. oregana var. spicata Jepson 1936, S. spicata Greeene 1885; incl. S. spicata var. tonsa Peck 1941] H57

Sidalcea oregana ssp. valida (Greene) Hitchcock 1957 [=S. valida Greene 1897, S. spicata var. valida Wiggins in Abrams 1951] H57

Sidalcea ranunculacea Greene 1904 [=S. reptans var. ranunculacea Jepson 1936, S. spicata var. ranunculacea Roush 1931; incl. S. interrupta Greene 1904] H57

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[H57] Hitchcock, C. L. 1957. A study of the perennial species of Sidalcea. Part I. Taxonomy. University of Washington Publications in Biology 18: 3–79.

Malveae

Abutilon hannii being pollinated by Austrothurgus rubricatus, copyright Arthur Chapman.

Belongs within: Eumalvoideae.

The Malveae are a group of malvaceous plants in which the staminal column bears anthers at the top, and the carpels are closely united in a ring around a central axis from which they fall away when ripe (Cheeseman 2006).

<==Malveae BS04
    |--+--Malope BS04
    |  `--Lavatera BS04
    |       |--L. arborea H90
    |       |--L. assurgentiflora [incl. L. assurgentiflora ssp. glabra] H93
    |       |--L. cretica H59
    |       |--L. plebeia H90
    |       `--L. trimestris H90
    `--Abutilon BS04
         |--A. asiaticum C55b
         |--A. auritum LK14
         |--A. avicennae [=Sida abutilon] C55b
         |--A. californicum BTA75
         |--A. cryptopetalum H90
         |--A. cunninghamii KM08
         |--A. exonemum EF04
         |--A. fraseri H90
         |--A. fruticosum PP07
         |--A. geranioides KM08
         |--A. grandifolium H90
         |--A. graveolens C55b
         |--A. halophilum H90
         |--A. hannii LK14
         |--A. incanum BT87
         |--A. indicum LK14
         |    |--A. i. var. indicum LK14
         |    `--A. i. var. australiense LK14
         |--A. leucopetalum [incl. A. calliphyllum] H90
         |--A. macrum H90
         |--A. malvifolium H90
         |--A. otocarpum M99
         |--A. oxycarpum [incl. A. oxycarpum var. subsagittatum] H90
         |--A. palmeri H93
         |--A. parvulum H93
         |--A. sandwicense GML13
         |--A. theophrasti Y98
         `--A. tubulosum H90

Malveae incertae sedis:
  Malva CD07
    |--M. aegyptia PT98
    |--M. caroliniana C55b
    |--M. cretica PT98
    |--M. crispa C06
    |--M. dendromorpha H06
    |--M. moschata C55a
    |--M. neglecta AGF98
    |--M. nicaeensis H93
    |--M. parviflora M99
    |--M. rotundifolia C55b
    |--M. sylvestris Linnaeus 1753 CD07 [incl. M. sylvestris var. mauritiana H93]
    `--M. verticillata C55b
  Plagianthus Forster & Forster 1776 C06, A61
    |--P. betulinus Cunningham 1840 [incl. Pl. urticinus Cunnigham 1840] A61
    |    |--P. b. var. betulinus A61
    |    `--P. b. chathamicus Cockayne 1912 [=P. chathamicus Cockayne 1902] A61
    |--P. × cymosus Kirk 1899 [P. betulinus × P. divaricatus] A61
    |--P. divaricatus Forster & Forster 1776 A61
    `--P. regius WH02 [=Philippodendron regium Poit. 1837 A61]
  Hoheria Cunn. 1839 C06, A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |--‘Gaya’ × allanii Cockayne 1926 [Hoheria angustifolia × H. lyallii] A61
    |--H. angustifolia Raoul 1844 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--H. glabrata Sprague & Summerhayes 1926 A61
    |--H. lyallii Hooker 1852 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |--H. populnea Cunn. 1839 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |--H. p. var. populnea C06
    |    `--H. p. var. vulgaris C06
    `--H. sexstylosa Colenso 1885 (see below for synonymy) A61
         |--H. s. var. sexstylosa A61
         `--H. s. var. ovata (Simpson & Thomson) Allan 1961 [=H. ovata Simpson & Thomson 1942] A61

Hoheria Cunn. 1839 C06, A61 [incl. H. subg. Apterocarpa Hooker 1852 A61, H. subg. Euhoheria Hooker 1852 A61]

Hoheria angustifolia Raoul 1844 [=H. populnea var. angustifolia (Raoul) Hooker 1852; incl. H. angustifolia var. acutifolia Kirk 1899] A61

Hoheria lyallii Hooker 1852 A61 [=Gaya lyallii Baker 1892 A61, Plagianthus lyallii Gray ex Hooker 1855 A61, Sida lyallii C06; incl. G. lyallii var. ribifolia Kirk 1899 A61, G. ribifolia Cockayne 1901 A61]

Hoheria populnea Cunn. 1839 [incl. H. sinclairii Hooker 1864, H. populnea ssp. vulgaris var. sinclairii (Hooker) Kirk 1899] A61

Hoheria sexstylosa Colenso 1885 [incl. H. populnea var. crataegifolia Hooker 1852, H. populnea var. dentata Kirk 1899, H. populnea var. lanceolata Hooker 1852, H. populnea ssp. lanceolata Kirk 1899, H. populnea ssp. obtusifolia Kirk 1899] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AGF98] Abd El-Ghani, M. M., & A. G. Fahmy. 1998. Composition of and changes in the spontaneous flora of Feiran Oasis, S Sinai, Egypt, in the last 60 years. Willdenowia 28: 123–134.

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BT87] Baker, E. W., & D. M. Tuttle. 1987. The false spider mites of Mexico (Tenuipalpidae: Acari). United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1706: 1–237.

[BTA75] Baker, E. W., D. M. Tuttle & M. J. Abbatiello. 1975. The false spider mites of northwestern and north central Mexico (Acarina: Tenuipalpidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 194: 1–23.

[BS04] Baum, D. A., S. D. Smith, A. Yen, W. S. Alverson, R. Nyffeler, B. A. Whitlock & R. L. Oldham. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships of Malvatheca (Bombacoideae and Malvoideae; Malvaceae sensu lato) as inferred from plastid DNA sequences. American Journal of Botany 91: 1863–1871.

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[EF04] Etten, E. J. B. van, & J. E. D. Fox. 2004. Vegetation classification and ordination of the central Hamersley Ranges, Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 63–79.

[GML13] Gullan, P. J., M. L. Moir & M. C. Leng. 2013. A new species of mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) from critically endangered Banksia montana in Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 28 (1): 13–20.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H59] Healy, A. J. 1959. Contributions to a knowledge of the adventive flora of New Zealand, no. 7. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 86 (1): 113–118.

[H06] Henderson, L. 2006. Comparisons of invasive plants in southern Africa originating from southern temperate, northern temperate and tropical regions. Bothalia 36 (2): 201–222.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[WH02] Worthy, T. H., & R. N. Holdaway. 2002. The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric life of New Zealand. Indiana University Press: Bloomington (Indiana).

[Y98] Yannitsaros, A. 1998. Additions to the flora of Kithira (Greece) I. Willdenowia 28: 77–94.

Gossypium

Levant cotton Gossypium herbaceum, copyright Patricio Novoa Quezada.

Belongs within: Eumalvoideae.

Gossypium, cotton bushes, is a pantropical genus of shrubs that commonly bear hairy seeds. A number of species are widely cultivated as a source of fibre.

Characters (from Harden 1990): Perennial or facultative annual shrubs, often deciduous. Leaves entire or variously lobed, mostly 3-5-lobed, glabrous to pubescent. Flowers usually solitary, rarely clustered, axillary. Epicalyx segments 3, narrow to cordate, entire or deeply cut. Calyx short, truncate, 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Petals often large, usually with a darker area at the base. Ovary 3-5-locular; loculi with 2-several ovules; style and stigma usually long and slender. Fruit a capsule, 3-5-locular; seeds usually hairy.

<==Gossypium
    |--G. acuminatum C55
    |--G. amourianum P90
    |--G. arboreum P06
    |    |--G. a. var. arboreum P06
    |    `--G. a. var. wightianum (Tod.) Almeida 1996 (see below for synonymy) P06
    |--G. aridum P90
    |--G. australe LK14
    |--G. barbadense [incl. G. peruvianum] H90
    |--G. costulatum LK14
    |--G. enthyle LK14
    |--G. exiguum LK14
    |--G. herbaceum WS01
    |    |--G. h. var. herbaceum S00
    |    `--G. h. var. africanum S00
    |--G. hirsutum LK14
    |--G. klotzschianum P90
    |--G. lobatum WS01
    |--G. londonderriense LK14
    |--G. marchantii LK14
    |--G. nobile LK14
    |--G. obtusifolium C55
    |--G. pilosum LK14
    |--G. populifolium LK14
    |--G. pulchellum LK14
    |--G. punctatum C55
    |--G. raimondii P90
    |--G. religiosum C55
    |--G. robinsonii EF04
    |--G. rotundifolium LK14
    |--G. sturtianum [incl. G. gossypioides, G. sturtii] H90
    |    |--G. s. var. sturtianum H90
    |    `--G. s. var. nandewarense H90
    |--G. thurberi P90
    |--G. tomentosum P90
    `--G. tribolum P90

Gossypium arboreum var. wightianum (Tod.) Almeida 1996 [=G. wightianum Tod. 1863, G. herbaceum var. wightianum (Tod.) Cooke 1901, G. obtusifolium var. wightianum Watt. 1907] P06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[EF04] Etten, E. J. B. van, & J. E. D. Fox. 2004. Vegetation classification and ordination of the central Hamersley Ranges, Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 63–79.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[P90] Page, R. D. M. 1990. Tracks and trees in the Antipodes: a reply to Humphries and Seberg. Systematic Zoology 39 (3): 288–299.

[P06] Parmar, P. J. 2006. Additions to the flora of Gujarat from Mehsana and Kutch districts (N. Gujarat). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 48: 191–196.

[S00] Siddiqi, M. R. 2000. Tylenchida: Parasites of plants and insects 2^nd ed. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[WS01] Wilson, L. J., & V. O. Sadras. 2001. Host plant resistance in cotton to spider mites. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 314–327. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

Dombeyoideae

Wild pear Dombeya rotundifolia, copyright JMK.

Belongs within: Malvaceae.

The Dombeyoideae are a group of flowering plants found in the Old World tropics with the highest diversity in Madagascar and the Mascarenes. They were defined by Baum et al. (1998) as the most exclusive clade including Dombeya palmata, Nesogordonia bernierii and Pterospermum suberifolium.

<==Dombeyoideae BAN98
    |--Nesogordonia bernierii BAN98
    `--+--Burretiodendron BAN98
       |--Eriolaena [Eriolaeneae] BAN98
       |--Pterospermum suberifolium BAN98
       |--Schoutenia BAN98
       `--Dombeya [Dombeyeae] BAN98
            |--D. palmata BAN98
            `--D. rotundifolia CV06
                 |--D. r. var. rotundifolia CV06
                 `--D. r. var. velutina CV06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BAN98] Baum, D. A., W. S. Anderson & R. Nyffeler. 1998. A durian by any other name: taxonomy and nomenclature of the core Malvales. Harvard Papers in Botany 3 (2): 315–330.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

Euchelicerata

Prokoenenia wheeleri, copyright Robert Deans.

Belongs within: Euarthropoda.
Contains: Koupichela, Parasitiformes, Pseudoscorpiones, Acariformes, Phalangiotarbida, Opiliones, Xiphosura, Ricinulei, Scorpiones, Trigonotarbida, Tetrapulmonata, Solifugae, Eukoeneniidae.

The Euchelicerata are a major clade of arthropods uniting the arachnids (spiders, mites, scorpions and related taxa) with their living and fossil marine relatives. A potential synapomorphy is the presence of multilobate exopods on post-cephalic limbs that are covered by a sclerite or operculum though this feature has been lost in most living groups (Aria & Caron 2019). The monophyly of the arachnids has been subject to some debate, with some authors suggesting that 'arachnid' characters may represent convergent adaptations to terrestriality. Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses have suggested that the horseshoe crabs, long thought to be the only surviving primarily aquatic euchelicerates, may be nested within the arachnid crown group. Other relationships within the Euchelicerata are similarly contentious with a wide array of arrangements having been proposed at one time or another, few of them strongly supported. A relationship between the Tetrapulmonata (including spiders and whip scorpions) and the fossil Trigonotarbida is supported by features including cheliceral structure, presence of a megoperculum, and booklungs on the genital and first post-genital somites (Shultz 2007). Molecular analyses have also supported a relationship between Tetrapulmonata and Scorpiones in a clade that has been named Arachnopulmonata and may be characterised by the presence of book lungs.

Particularly hard to place are the Palpigradi, a group of minute, segmented arachnids with with an elongate abdomen terminating in a whip-like, seta-bearing flagellum. Palpigrades inhabit damp habitats such as soil or leaf litter with members of the genus Leptokoenenia inhabiting interstitial habitats along shorelines. The Jurassic fossil Sternarthron zitteli has been assigned to the Palpigradi but is considerably larger than any living species and may be misplaced (Harvey 2002).

The mites are a diverse assemblage of mostly very small arachnids commonly treated as a formal group Acari or Acarina. Mites have been divided between two major lineages: the Acariformes have birefringent setae with a core of actinopilin whereas the Parasitiformes (or Anactinotrichida) lack such setae. Whether the mites as a whole represent a monophyletic group remains a contested issue. Mite larvae have only six walking legs when they first emerge, with the fourth pair developing in later instars. This feature is shared with the Ricinulei, leading some authors to suggest a relationship between mites and ricinuleids, but other analyses have placed the groups separately.

<==Euchelicerata [Merostomata, Myliosomata, Synxiphosurina, Xiphosuridea] RS10
    |  i. s.: Melbournopterus crossotus Caster & Kjellesvig-Waering 1953 TB04
    |         Venustulus waukeshaensis BS12
    |         Lunatapsis aurora JB12
    |         Eolimulus ([Eolimulidae] S93
    |           `--E. alatus (Moberg 1892) S93
    |--+--Dibasterium Briggs, Siveter et al. 2012 AC19, BS12
    |  |    `--*D. durgae Briggs, Siveter et al. 2012 BS12
    |  `--+--Sarotrocercus Whittington 1981 LSE13, CB04
    |     `--Offacolus [Offacolidae] AC17
    |          `--O. kingi Orr, Siveter et al. 2000 SB02
    `--Arachnida (see below for synonymy) BSL19
         |  i. s.: Enyo E12
         |           |--E. algirica Lucas 1846 E12
         |           `--E. amaranthina Lucas 1846 E12
         |         Cyrtocephalus Lucas 1846 E12
         |           |--C. terricola Lucas 1846 E12
         |           `--C. walckenaerii Lucas 1846 E12
         |         Monastes Lucas 1846 E12
         |           |--M. lapidarius Lucas 1846 E12
         |           `--M. paradoxus Lucas 1846 E12
         |         Hemialges F54
         |         Falculifera echinopus F54
         |         Hygrochoreutes krameri BK91
         |         Tenuipalponychus citri G91
         |         Beerella depicta W99
         |         Sonotetranychus albiflorae W99
         |         Pachylichus Canestrini 1894 [=Pachylicus (l. c.) non Roewer 1923] KA-Z11
         |         Fonsecia ptyasi Rao & Hiregander 1959 S69
         |         Hoshikadania Sasa & Asanuma 1951 S94
         |         Trichadenus Rondani 1870 CF77
         |         Crocidurobia michaeli GHG91
         |         Tapinattus melanognathus (see below for synonymy) S99
         |         Diacrotricha Oudem. 1906 B28
         |         Gamasides Leach 1814 B28
         |         Greeniella R13
         |           |--G. alfkeni R13
         |           `--G. perkensi R13
         |         Chaetozythia Karst. 1888 (n. d.) KC01
         |         Alanops LSE13
         |         Weinberginidae S93
         |           |--Weinbergina opitzi Richter & Richter 1929 AC19, CB04
         |           `--Legrandella lombardii Eldredge 1974 S93
         |         Koupichela AC19
         |         Astoma parasiticum G20
         |--+--Parasitiformes BSL19
         |  `--+--Pseudoscorpiones BSL19
         |     `--Acariformes BSL19
         `--+--+--Phalangiotarbida GD16
            |  `--Opiliones BSL19
            `--+--+--+--Xiphosura BSL19
               |  |  `--Ricinulei BSL19
               |  `--Arachnopulmonata BSL19
               |       |--Scorpiones BSL19
               |       `--Pantetrapulmonata GD14
               |            |  i. s.: Ecchosis pulchribothrium Selden & Shear 1991 S93
               |            |--Trigonotarbida GD16
               |            |--Tetrapulmonata BSL19
               |            `--Mesotarbus LSE13
               |                 |--M. angustus (Pocock 1911) S93
               |                 |--M. eggintoni (Pocock 1911) S93
               |                 |--M. hindi S93
               |                 `--M. intermedius Petrunkevitch 1949 S93
               `--+--Solifugae BSL19
                  `--Palpigradi [Microteliphonida] BSL19
                       |  i. s.: Triadokoenenia HST06
                       |         Allokoenenia afra Silvestri 1913 HST06
                       |         Leptokoenenia M86
                       |           |--L. gerlachi Condé 1965 M86
                       |           `--L. scurra Monniot 1966 M86
                       |         Koeneniodes HST06
                       |           |--K. berndi Condé 1988 HST06
                       |           |--K. deharvengi HST06
                       |           |--K. frondiger Rémy 1950 HST06
                       |           |--K. leclerci HST06
                       |           |--K. madecassus Rémy 1950 HST06
                       |           |--K. malagasorum Rémy 1960 HST06
                       |           |--K. notabilis HST06
                       |           `--K. spiniger HST06
                       |--Eukoeneniidae S93
                       |--Prokoenenia [Prokoeneniidae] HST06
                       |    `--P. wheeleri GE02
                       `--Sternarthron Haase 1890 H02 [Sternarthronidae S93]
                            `--*S. zitteli Haase 1890 H02

Arachnida [Acari, Acarida, Acaridiae, Acarina, Acarinomorpha, Acaromorpha, Actinoderma, Apatellata, Apulmonata, Arthrogastra, Chelodonta, Cryptognomae, Cryptoperculata, Dromopoda, Epimerata, Galeodides, Haplocnemata, Holacarina, Holotracheata, Lipoctena, Meridogastra, Microphtira, Micrura, Neosternata, Novogenuata, Obisides, Pedipalpata, Phalangiata, Phalangita, Poecilophysidea, Riciniae, Rostrosomata, Scorpionides, Solenostoma, Solpugae, Sternocoxata, Stomothecata, Synziphosurina, Xiphosurida]

Tapinattus melanognathus [=Attus melanognathus; incl. Salticus convergens Doleschall 1859, Marpissa dissimilis Koch 1846, M. incerta Koch 1846, Attus muscivorus Vinson 1864, Salticus nigrolimbatus Cambr. 1869] S99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AC17] Aria, C., & J.-B. Caron. 2017. Burgess Shale fossils illustrate the origin of the mandibulate body plan. Nature 545: 89–92.

[AC19] Aria, C., & J.-B. Caron. 2019. A middle Cambrian arthropod with chelicerae and proto-book gills. Nature 573: 586–589.

[BSL19] Ballesteros, J. A., C. E. Santibáñez López, Ľ. Kováč, E. Gavish-Regev & P. P. Sharma. 2019. Ordered phylogenomic subsampling enables diagnosis of systematic errors in the placement of the enigmatic arachnid order Palpigradi. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 286: 20192426.

[B28] Betrem, J. G. 1928. Monographie der Indo-Australischen Scoliiden mit zoogeographischen Betrachtungen. H. Veenman & Zonen: Wageningen.

[BK91] Biesiadka, E., & W. Kowalik. 1991. Water mites (Hydracarina) as indicators of trophy and pollution in lakes. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 475–481. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[BS12] Briggs, D. E. G., D. J. Siveter, D. J. Siveter, M. D. Sutton, R. J. Garwood & D. Legg. 2012. Silurian horseshoe crab illuminates the evolution of arthropod limbs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (39): 15702–15705.

[CF77] Canestrini, G., & F. Fanzago. 1877. Intorno agli Acari Italiani. Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Serie 5, 4: 69–208, pls 2–7.

[CB04] Cotton, T. J., & S. J. Braddy. 2004. The phylogeny of arachnomorph arthropods and the origin of the Chelicerata. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 94: 169–193.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[F54] Forster, R. R. 1954. The New Zealand harvestmen (sub-order Laniatores). Canterbury Museum Bulletin 2: 1–329.

[GHG91] Gállego, M., E. Hidalgo & J. Ginés. 1991. Mites of the house mouse, Mus musculus L., in the north-eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula in Spain. In: Schuster, R., & P. W. Murphy (eds) The Acari: Reproduction, development and life-history strategies pp. 453–454. Chapman & Hall: London.

[GD14] Garwood, R. J., & J. Dunlop. 2014. Three-dimensional reconstruction and the phylogeny of extinct chelicerate orders. PeerJ 2: e641.

[GD16] Garwood, R. J., J. A. Dunlop, P. A. Selden, A. R. T. Spencer, R. C. Atwood, N. T. Vo & M. Drakopoulos. 2016. Almost a spider: a 305-million-year-old fossil arachnid and spider origins. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 283: 20160125.

[GE02] Giribet, G., G. D. Edgecombe, W. C. Wheeler & C. Babbitt. 2002. Phylogeny and systematic position of Opiliones: a combined analysis of chelicerate relationships using morphological and molecular data. Cladistics 18: 5–70.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[G91] Gupta, S. K. 1991. The mites of agricultural importance in India with remarks on their economic status. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 509–522. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[H02] Harvey, M. S. 2002. The neglected cousins: what do we know about the smaller arachnid orders? Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 357–372.

[HST06] Harvey, M. S., F. Štáhlavský & P. D. Theron. 2006. The distribution of Eukoenenia mirabilis (Palpigradi: Eukoeneniidae): a widespread tramp. Records of the Western Australian Museum 23 (2): 199–203.

[JB12] Johnson, M. E., & B. G. Baarli. 2012. Development of intertidal biotas through Phanerozoic time. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 63–128. Springer.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[KA-Z11] Kury, A. B., & M. A. Alonso-Zarazaga. 2011. Addenda and corrigenda to the "Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones)". Zootaxa 3034: 47–68.

[LSE13] Legg, D. A., M. D. Sutton & G. D. Edgecombe. 2013. Arthropod fossil data increase congruence of morphological and molecular phylogenies. Nature Communications 4 (2485): 1-7.

[M86] Monniot, F. 1986. Palpigradi. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) p. 697. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

[S93] Selden, P. A. 1993. Arthropoda (Aglaspidida, Pycnogonida and Chelicerata). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 297–320. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S99] Simon, E. 1899. Ergebnisse einer Reise nach dem Pacific (Schauinsland 1896–1897. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie un Biologie der Thiere 12 (4): 411–437.

[S94] Southcott, R. V. 1994. Revision of the larvae of the Microtrombidiinae (Acarina, Microtrombidiidae), with notes on life histories. Zoologica 48 (2): 1–155.

[S69] Steyskal, G. C. 1969. The mistreatment of the Latin genitive case in forming names of parasites. Systematic Zoology 18 (3): 339–342.

[SB02] Sutton, M. D., D. E. G. Briggs, D. J. Siveter, D. J. Siveter & P. J. Orr. 2002. The arthropod Offacolus kingi (Chelicerata) from the Silurian of Herefordshire, England: Computer based morphological reconstructions and phylogenetic affinities. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 269: 1195–1203.

[TB04] Tetlie, O. E., S. J. Braddy, P. D. Butler & D. E. G. Briggs. 2004. A new eurypterid (Chelicerata: Eurypterida) from the Upper Devonian Gogo Formation of Western Australia, with a review of the Rhenopteridae. Palaeontology 47 (4): 801–809.

[WD02] Waloszek, D., & J. A. Dunlop. 2002. A larval sea spider (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from the Upper Cambrian ‘Orsten’ of Sweden, and the phylogenetic position of pycnogonids. Palaeontology 45 (3): 421–446.

[W99] Walter, D. E. 1999. Cryptic inhabitants of a noxious weed: mites (Arachnida: Acari) on Lantana camara L. invading forests in Queensland. Australian Journal of Entomology 38: 197–200.

Hermannia

Fat dollsrose Hermannia hyssopifolia, copyright evr7966.

Belongs within: Malvaceae.

Hermannia is a genus of subshrubs primarily found in Africa with a small number of species native to North America.

Characters (from Flora of North America): Subshrubs, rarely shrubs, prostrate to erect; taprooted. Stems hairy, hairs usually stellate, sometimes intermixed with capitate-glandular and subsessile glandular hairs. Leaves petiolate; stipules deciduous, foliaceous, narrowly dimidiate-lanceolate or narrowly dimidiate-ovate, triangular, margins simple-bristled; blade usually unlobed, rarely lobed, margins dentate or staminodes absent; filaments ligulate, very compressed, adnate to petal base and gynophore or ovary base, distally free, incurved, not abruptly dilated, expanded region narrowly oblong from base to above anther base, apex acuminate or acute, glabrous; anthers 2-thecate, lanceolate, [1–]2–3.5[–10] mm, inflexed, connivent to style, longitudinally dehiscent; thecae with rim ciliate from simple hairs, apex acuminate, slightly twisted, gland at apex only or also at theca base; gynoecium syncarpous, 5-carpellate, stipitate, 5-angled, locules opposite sepals; ovary 5-locular; ovules 4–14 per locule, ascending or horizontal, anatropous or amphitropous; styles persistent, 5, shortly exserted, presumably connate at anthesis (connate, distinct, or partially distinct dried), filiform; stigmas inconspicuous, terete and 1-dentate (acute) or filiform and often few-minutely papillate at apex, rarely truncate, inconspicuous. Fruits capsules, 5-locular, in apical view 5-angled, 5-lobed, parted between angles, in lateral view emarginate at apex, margins curved, stipitate, valve margins dark-rimmed, dentate, teeth terminated by hairy tubercles not elsewhere on fruit or hairy processes, denser on valves, stellate-pubescent. Seeds 0–8 per locule, brown, crescentiform-reniform, chalazal end wider, other end acute, large-pitted; elaiosome conspicuous, white; endosperm present; embryo curved, chlorophyllous; cotyledons flat, narrowly elliptic or oblong-elliptic. x=6.

<==Hermannia [Hermannieae] BAN98
    |--H. amabilis CV06
    |--H. complicata CV06
    |--H. elliottiana CV06
    |--H. engleri CV06
    |--H. gariepina CV06
    |--H. glandulosissima CV06
    |--H. hyssopifolia BAN98
    |--H. juttae CV06
    |--H. merxmuelleri CV06
    |--H. minimifolia CV06
    `--H. solaniflora CV06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BAN98] Baum, D. A., W. S. Anderson & R. Nyffeler. 1998. A durian by any other name: taxonomy and nomenclature of the core Malvales. Harvard Papers in Botany 3 (2): 315–330.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

Alycidae

Unidentified alycid, copyright Charley Eiseman.

Belongs within: Endeostigmata.

The Alycidae are tiny mites characterised by two pairs of trichobothria on the prodorsum, slender chelate or needle-like chelicerae, and tarsi bearing paired claws and a rayed empodium (Walter 2009).

Alycidae [Alychidae, Alychini, Alycina, Alycoidea, Bimichaeliida, Bimichaeliidae, Bimichaelinae, Bimichaelioidea]
    |--Orthacarus tremli Zakhvatkin 1949 GD14
    |--Protacarus crani Hirst 1923 S93
    |--Pseudoprotacarus scoticus Dubinin 1962 S93
    |--Petralycus Grandjean 1943 G43
    |    |--*P. unicornis Grandjean 1943 G43
    |    `--P. brevicornis NK94
    |--Sebaia Oudemans 1904 W01, G39
    |    `--S. rosacea Oudemans 1903 W01
    |--Alychus Canestrini & Fanzago 1877 [=Alycus Koch 1842 (preoc.)] H98
    |    |--A. occidentalis Womersley 1944 [=Alycus occidentalis] H98
    |    |--A. ornithorynchus Grandjean 1937 J96
    |    `--A. roseus Koch 1842 H98 [=Alycus roseus H98, Pachygnathus roseus SB63]
    |--Bimichaelia Thor 1902 SB63
    |    |--*B. augustana (Berlese 1884) [=Michaelia augustana] SB63
    |    |--B. arbusculosa Grandjean 1943 G43
    |    |--B. australica Womersley 1944 H98
    |    |--B. campylognatha Grandjean 1943 C74
    |    |--B. crassipalpis Halbert 1923 G43
    |    |--B. diadema Grandjean 1943 C74
    |    |--B. novazealandica Womersley 1944 SL71
    |    |--B. pusilla Womersley 1944 H98
    |    |--B. ramosus Shiba 1976 S76
    |    |--B. setigera (Berlese 1905) SB63 [=Michaelia setigera SB63; incl. B. setigera sarekensis Träg. 1910 S51, G43]
    |    |--B. stellaris Womersley 1944 H98
    |    |--B. subnuda (Berlese 1910) [=Michaelia subnuda] SB63
    |    `--B. torridus Shiba 1976 S76
    `--Pachygnathus Dugès 1834 W09, SB63
         |  i. s.: P. dugesi Grandjean 1937 G37a
         |           |--P. d. dugesi C74
         |           `--P. d. denasutus Grandjean 1937 C74
         |         P. leucogaster Grandjean 1937 G37c
         |         P. lombardinii Botazzi 1950 S58
         |         P. marinus Schuster 1958 S58
         |         P. oblongus (Halbert 1920) S58, G36 [=Alicus oblongus G36]
         |         P. ornithorhynchus Grandjean 1937 G37b
         |         ‘Alicus’ rostratus Trågårdh 1910 G36
         |         P. trichotus Grandjean 1937 G37b
         |--*P. (Pachygnathus) villosus Dugès 1836 SB63
         `--P. (Leptalicus Berlese 1910) SB63, G39
              |--P. (L.) latus (Halbert 1920) [=Alycus latus] SB63
              `--P. (L.) paolii [=Alicus paolii] S51

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C74] Coineau, Y. 1974. Éléments pour une monographie morphologique, écologique et biologique des Caeculidae (Acariens). Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, nouvelle série, Série A, Zoologie 81: 1–299, 24 pls.

[GD14] Garwood, R. J., & J. Dunlop. 2014. Three-dimensional reconstruction and the phylogeny of extinct chelicerate orders. PeerJ 2: e641.

[G36] Grandjean, F. 1936. Le genre Pachygnathus Dugès (Alycus Koch) (acariens) 1^re partie. Bulletin du Muséum, 2e série, 8 (5): 398–405.

[G37a] Grandjean, F. 1937a. Le genre Pachygnathus Dugès (Alycus Koch) (acariens) (deuxième partie). Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 2^e Série 9 (1): 56–61.

[G37b] Grandjean, F. 1937b. Le genre Pachygnathus Dugès (Alycus Koch) acariens (quatrième partie). Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 2e Série 9 (3): 199–205.

[G37c] Grandjean, F. 1937c. Le genre Pachygnathus Dugès (Alycus Koch) (acariens). Cinquième et dernière partie. Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 2e Série 9 (4): 262–269.

[G39] Grandjean, F. 1939. Quelques genres d'acariens appartenant au groupe des Endeostigmata. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Séries Botanique et Zoologie, 11e Série, 2: 1–122.

[G43] Grandjean, F. 1943. Quelques genres d'acariens appartenant au groupe des Endeostigmata (2^e série). Deuxième partie. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Séries Botanique et Zoologie, 11e Série, 5: 1–59.

[H98] Halliday, R. B. 1998. Mites of Australia: A checklist and bibliography. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood.

[J96] Jesionowska, K. 1996. Morphology of the juvenile stages of eupodoid mites (Eupodoidea). In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 325–333. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[NK94] Norton, R. A., & J. B. Kethley. 1994. Ecdysial cleavage lines of acariform mites (Arachnida, Acari). Zoologica Scripta 23 (3): 175–191.

[S58] Schuster, R. 1958. Neue terrestrische milben aus dem Mediterranen littoral. Vie et Milieu 9 (1): 88–109.

[S51] Schweizer, J. 1951. Die Landmilben des schweizerischen Nationalparkes. 2. Teil: Trombidiformes. Ergebnisse der wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung des schweizerischen Nationalparks [Résultats des recherches scientifiques entreprises au Parc National Suisse] 3 (Neue Folge): 51–172.

[SB63] Schweizer, J., & C. Bader. 1963. Die Landmilben der Schweiz (Mittelland, Jura und Alpen): Trombidiformes Reuter, mit 217 Arten und Unterarten und 193 Originalzeichnungen. Denkschriften der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft [Mémoires de la Société Helvétique des Sciences Naturelles] 84 (2): i–vi, 209–378.

[S93] Selden, P. A. 1993. Arthropoda (Aglaspidida, Pycnogonida and Chelicerata). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 297–320. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S76] Shiba, M. 1976. Taxonomic investigation on free-living Prostigmata from the Malay Peninsula. Nature and Life in Southeast Asia 7: 83–229.

[SL71] Spain, A. V., & M. Luxton. 1971. Catalog and bibliography of the Acari of the New Zealand subregion. Pacific Insects Monograph 25: 179–226.

[W01] Walter, D. E. 2001. Endemism and cryptogenesis in 'segmented' mites: a review of Australian Alicorhagiidae, Terpnacaridae, Oehserchestidae and Grandjeanicidae (Acari: Sarcoptiformes). Australian Journal of Entomology 40: 207–218.

[W09] Walter, D. E. 2009. Suborder Endeostigmata. In: Krantz, G. W., & D. E. Walter (eds) A Manual of Acarology 3^rd ed. pp. 421–429. Texas Tech University Press.

Triumfetta

Chinese bur Triumfetta rhomboidea, copyright Vinayaraj.

Belongs within: Malvaceae.

Triumfetta is a tropical genus of trees and shrubs bearing globose fruits covered with hooked bristles.

Characters (from Harden 1990): Herbs or shrubs, densely stellate-hairy. Leaves alternate, often 2-ranked, entire, toothed or lobed, leaves subtending inflorescences often smaller. Flowers clustered in shortly-pedunculate cymes, often forming interrupted panicles, leaves reducing in size up inflorescence; shortly pedicellate. Sepals hooded. Petals glabrous. Sepals and petals inserted below the hairy, disc-like receptacle that bears the numerous stamens. Ovary 2-locular, style as long as the stamens. Fruit more or less globose, covered with hooked bristles.

<==Triumfetta
    |--T. albida LK14
    |--T. aquila LK14
    |--T. bradshawii LK14
    |--T. breviaculeata LK14
    |--T. carteri LK14
    |--T. cladara LK14
    |--T. clivorum LK14
    |--T. coronata LK14
    |--T. kenneallyi LK14
    |--T. lappula C55
    |--T. longipedunculata LK14
    |--T. micracantha LK14
    |--T. mitchellii LK14
    |--T. monstrosa LK14
    |--T. nutans LK14
    |--T. pentandra LK14
    |--T. plumigera LK14
    |--T. pustulata LK14
    |--T. reflexa LK14
    |--T. repens BMM99
    |--T. rhomboidea P03
    |--T. rubiginosa LK14
    |--T. ryeae LK14
    |    |--T. r. ssp. ryeae LK14
    |    |--T. r. ssp. brevipetala LK14
    |    `--T. r. ssp. hirsuta LK14
    |--T. semitriloba J87
    |--T. simulans LK14
    |--T. triandra LK14
    `--T. trisecta LK14

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BMM99] Braun, U., J. Mouchacca & E. H. C. McKenzie. 1999. Cercosporoid hyphomycetes from New Caledonia and some other South Pacific islands. New Zealand Journal of Botany 37: 297–327.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

Corchorus

Jute mallow Corchorus olitorius, copyright International Institute of Tropical Agriculture.

Belongs within: Malvaceae.

Corchorus is a genus of herbs and shrubs widespread in tropical and subtropical regions of the world (Harden 1990).

Characters (from Harden 1990): Herbs or shrubs, glabrous or sparsely covered with simple or stellate hairs. Leaves 3-veined from near base, toothed. Cymes axillary or leaf-opposed, or flowers solitary or 2 or 3 clustered together. Sepals and petals mostly 5, more or less equal in length. Stamens numerous, sometimes inserted on a slightly expanded disc, hypogynous or slightly perigynous. Ovary 2–5-locular, style simple, ovules several per loculus. Capsule long, without bristles [or short or globose and more or less warted or bristly], seeds several in each loculus.

<==Corchorus [incl. Oceanopapaver] T00
    |--*C. olitorius M06
    |--C. acutangulus [incl. C. alatus] C55
    |--C. aestuans LK14
    |--C. asplenifolius M06
    |--C. argillicola Moeaha & Winter in Moeaha 2006 M06
    |--C. capsularis M06
    |--C. confusus M06
    |--C. crozophorifolius KM08
    |--C. cunninghamii H90
    |--C. depressus PP07
    |--C. fascicularis PP07
    |--C. hirsutus M06
    |--C. leptocarpus LK14
    |--C. merxmuelleri CV06
    |--C. mitchellensis LK14
    |--C. puberulus LK14
    |--C. pumilio LK14
    |--C. sidoides LK14
    |--C. siliquosus M06
    |--C. tridens PP07
    |--C. trilocularis M06
    `--C. walcottii LK14

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M06] Moeaha, M. J. 2006. Malvaceae. A new species of Corchorus in southern Africa. Bothalia 36 (2): 168–171.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.