Streptophyta

Coleochaete sp., copyright Micropolitan.org.

Belongs within: Diaphoretickes.
Contains: Umbellinaceae, Charopsida, Zygnematophyceae, Embryophyta.

The Streptophyta are a clade uniting the land plants (Embryophyta) with their closest allies among the green algae. Most species have a non-motile vegetative phase in the life cycle. Plesiomorphic streptophytes possess asymmetrical motile cells with a pair of cilia lacking mastigonemes; basal bodies have a distinctive multilayered structure of microtubular rootlet and cytoskeletal anchor (Adl et al. 2012). Basal members of the streptophyte lineage include the unicellular scaly alga Mesostigma viride (Karol et al. 2001). As well as the organic scales covering the cell wall and flagella, this species has the flagella emerging from a pit. Other basal streptophytes include Chlorokybus atmophyticus, a subaerial alga growing as sarcinoid packets of cells with hairs on zoospore flagella. Molecular analysis indicates that the freshwater unicellular genus Spirotaenia, previously included in the Zygnematophyceae due to its sexual reproduction via conjugation, is also a more basal streptophyte related to Mesostigma and Chlorokybus (Wickett et al. 2014). The type species, Spirotaenia condensata, is characterised by relatively large, cylindrical cells (over 100 µm long) with broadly rounded poles. Spirotaenia minuta is small, up to 40 µm long, and cells are fusiform with subacute apices.

The Klebsormidiophyceae grow as coccoid cells or unbranched filaments. Cells possess one or two chloroplasts with one pyrenoid, with most chloroplasts being parietal. Cells form a cleavage furrow during cell division but no cell plate or phragmoplast (Adl et al. 2012). Klebsormidium grows as typical uniseriate filaments that reproduce vegetatively. In the genus Interfilum, filaments fragment early in development so this genus is typically unicellular. Filaments of Entransia fimbriata may appear to bear short branches; these 'pseudobranches' are in fact the result of germinating reproductive cells that initially remain attached to the parent filament. Entransia fimbriata is further distinguished by highly lobed chloroplasts with multiple pyrenoids, and a single large vacuole per cell.

Members of the Coleochaetales, Characeae and Embryophyta are united by the presence of branching growth, oogamous sexual reproduction and phragmoplastic cell division. A phragmoplast is a cylindrical structure containing opposing arrays of actin filaments and microtubules that acts as a scaffold for cell plate formation. The Coleochaetales have discoid thalli of cells or branched filaments with sheathed hairs forming extensions of the cell walls (Adl et al. 2012). They are found in fresh water, commonly as epiphytes on aquatic plants. Chaetosphaeridium grows as branched filaments of globose or flask-shaped cells, or as a gelatinous colony of unicells. Coleochaete may form prostrate or erect branched filaments, with prostrate filaments sometimes adhered to form pseudoparenchyma, or as parenchymatous thalli. Asexual reproduction in Coleochaetales is via zoospores that are formed two to four per cell in Chaetosphaeridium but singly in Coleochaete. Sexual reproduction is oogamous.

Characters (from Adl et al. 2012, as Charophyta): Asymmetric motile cells, when present, with pair of cilia without mastigonemes; basal bodies with distinctive multilayered structure of microtubular rootlet and cytoskeletal anchor; thylakoids stacked; plastid with two membranes without periplastid endoplasmic reticulum; starch inside plastid; open mitosis; usually with phycoplast, but some with phragmoplast and cell plate; with primary plasmodesmata between adjacent cells in filamentous forms; filaments branching or nonbranching; with nonmotile vegetative phase; some with multinucleate cells; with or without sexual reproduction; sexual species with haplobiontic life cycle; with desiccation-resistant cysts (zygospores); glycolate oxidase in peroxisomes; Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase; ciliary peroxisome.

Streptophyta (see below for synonymy) WM14
    |  i. s.: Umbellinaceae E03
    |         Columbella ningbingensis E03
    |         Praechara Birina 1948 WH78
    |         Neochara huananensi NG13
    |         Grovesichara changzhouensis NG13
    |         Obtusochara prisca NG13
    |--+--Mesostigma Lauterborn 1894 WM14, AS12 [Mesostigmatales, Mesostigmatophyceae]
    |  |    `--M. viride WM14
    |  `--+--Chlorokybus Geitler 1942 WM14, AS12 [Chlorokybales, Chlorokybophyceae, Chlorokybophyta]
    |     |    `--C. atmophyticus WM14
    |     `--Spirotaenia WM14
    |          |--*S. condensata WM14
    |          `--S. minuta WM14
    `--+--Klebsormidiophyceae AS12
       |    |--Interfilum AS12
       |    |--Entransia Hughes 1943 AS12, MK00
       |    |    `--E. fimbriata WM14
       |    `--Klebsormidium [Klebsormidiales, Klebsormidiobiotes, Klebsormidiophyta] WM14
       |         |  i. s.: K. subtile WM14
       |         |--K. flaccidum KM01
       |         `--+--K. nitens KM01
       |            `--K. subtilissimum KM01
       `--Phragmoplastophyta AS12
            |--Charopsida WM14
            `--+--Coleochaetales [Chaetophycidae, Coleochaetophyceae] WM14
               |    |--Chaetosphaeridium [Chaetosphaeridiobiotes, Chaetosphaeridiophyceae, Chaetosphaeridiophyta] WM14
               |    |    |--C. globosum WM14
               |    |    `--C. ovalis KM01
               |    `--Coleochaete [Coleochaetobiotes, Coleochaetophyta] WM14
               |         |  i. s.: C. scutata WM14
               |         |--+--C. irregularis KM01
               |         |  `--C. sieminskiana KM01
               |         `--+--C. orbicularis KM01
               |            `--C. soluta KM01
               `--+--Zygnematophyceae WM14
                  `--Embryophyta WM14

Streptophyta [Charophyceae, Charophyta, Eophyceae, Phragmophytina, Rudophytae, Stichophycidae, Streptobionta, Zygnemobiotes] WM14

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AS12] Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, D. Bass, S. S. Bowser, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, M. Dunthorn, V. Hampl, A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, E. Lara, E. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, H. McManus, E. A. D. Mitchell, S. E. Mozley-Stanridge, L. W. Parfrey, J. Pawlowski, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov & F. W. Spiegel. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–493.

[E03] Edgell, H. S. 2003. Upper Devonian Charophyta of Western Australia. Micropaleontology 49 (4): 359–374.

[KM01] Karol, K. G., R. M. McCourt, M. T. Cimino & C. F. Delwiche. 2001. The closest living relatives of land plants. Science 294: 2351–2353.

[MK00] McCourt, R. M., K. G. Karol, J. Bell, K. M. Helm-Bychowski, A. Grajewska, M. F. Wojciechowski & R. W. Hoshaw. 2000. Phylogeny of the conjugating green algae (Zygnemophyceae) based on rbcL sequences. Journal of Phycology 36: 747–758.

[NG13] Ni, X., D. L. Gebo, M. Dagosto, J. Meng, P. Tafforeau, J. J. Flynn & K. C. Beard. 2013. The oldest known primate skeleton and early haplorhine evolution. Nature 498: 60–64.

[WH78] Wang Z. & Huang R.-J. 1978. Triassic charophytes of Shaanxi. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 17 (3): 267–276.

[WM14] Wickett, N. H., S. Mirarab, N. Nguyen, T. Warnow, E. Carpenter, N. Matasci, S. Ayyampalayam, M. S. Barker, J. G. Burleigh, M. A. Gitzendanner, B. R. Ruhfel, E. Wafula, J. P. Der, S. W. Graham, S. Mathews, M. Melkonian, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis, N. W. Miles, C. J. Rothfels, L. Pokorny, A. J. Shaw, L. DeGeronimo, D. W. Stevenson, B. Surek, J. C. Villarreal, B. Roure, H. Philippe, C. W. dePamphilis, T. Chen, M. K. Deyholos, R. S. Baucom, T. M. Kutchan, M. M. Augustin, J. Wang, Y. Zhang, Z. Tian, Z. Yan, X. Wu, X. Sun, G. K.-S. Wong & J. Leebens-Mack. 2014. Phylotranscriptomic analysis of the origin and early diversification of land plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 111 (45): E4859–E4868.

Last updated: 9 January 2022.

Leptospermeae

Manuka Leptospermum scoparium, copyright Gerald W.

Belongs within: Myrtaceae.

The Leptospermeae are a clade of trees and shrubs producing fruits as a woody capsule, sometimes with delayed opening. In members of the genus Kunzea, the flowers have stamens considerably longer than the petals whereas the stamens of Agonis and Leptospermum are shorter than or little longer than the petals.

Characters (from Wilson et al. 2005): Shrubs or trees; leaves mostly spiral. Inflorescences of solitary flowers or triads sometimes aggregated into head-like clusters of flowers, very rarely into bottlebrush-like structures (Kunzea baxteri); flowers usually with free stamens (except Asteromyrtus), anthers versatile, dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Ovary half-inferior; placentas axile; ovules anatropous or hemitropous. Fruit a woody capsule, sometimes with delayed dehiscence; seeds linear or ellipsoid to obovoid, occasionally winged.

<==Leptospermeae [Leptospermineae]
    |  i. s.: Asteromyrtus symphyocarpa WO05, WF01
    |         Angasomyrtus WO05
    |         Homalospermum WO05
    |         Neofabricia WO05
    |         Pericalymma ellipticum WO05, RL05
    |--Kunzea WO05
    |    |--K. ambigua SN08
    |    |--K. baxteri WO05
    |    |--K. capitata WO05
    |    |--K. ericifolia SS05
    |    |--K. ericoides L03
    |    |    |--K. e. var. ericoides L97
    |    |    `--K. e. var. linearis L97
    |    |--K. micrantha GK00
    |    |--K. micromera OS04
    |    |--K. muelleri KC83
    |    |--K. preissiana OS04
    |    |--K. recurva GK00
    |    `--K. sulphurea GK00
    `--+--Agonis WO05
       |    |--A. flexuosa WO05
       |    |--A. hypericifolia GK00
       |    |--A. juniperina GK00
       |    `--A. parviceps GK00
       `--Leptospermum Forster & Forster 1776 WO05, A61
            |--L. arachnoideum C08
            |--L. attenuatum M65
            |--L. brachyandrum M65
            |--L. chapmanii A27
            |--L. continentale YHT05
            |--L. coriaceum G76
            |--L. ellipticum L88
            |--L. ericoides Rich. 1832 A61
            |    |--L. e. var. ericoides A61
            |    |--L. e. var. lineare Kirk 1889 [incl. L. ericoides var. lineatum Kirk 1899, L. lineatum Ckn. 1911] A61
            |    `--L. e. var. microflorum Simpson 1945 A61
            |--L. erubescens OS04
            |--L. fastigiatum G04
            |--L. flavescens M65
            |--L. fraseri A27
            |--L. grandiflorum SN08
            |--L. juniperinum B14
            |--L. laevigatum SN08
            |--L. lanigerum SN08
            |--L. luehmannii M65
            |--L. microcarpum M65
            |--L. myrsinoides YHT05
            |--L. nichollsii A27
            |--L. nitens G04
            |--L. nitidum SN08
            |--L. phylicoides C96
            |--L. recurvum P88
            |--L. riparium Morris in Morris & Curtis 1974 MC74
            |--L. scoparium Forster & Forster 1776 (see below for synonymy) A61
            |    |--L. s. var. scoparium A61
            |    `--L. s. var. incanum Ckn. 1917 A61
            |--L. sinclairii Kirk 1899 A61
            |--L. spectabile WO05
            |--L. spinescens G04
            |--L. stellatum C08
            `--L. trinervium WO05

Leptospermum scoparium Forster & Forster 1776 [incl. L. scoparium var. linifolium Hooker 1852, L. scoparium var. myrtifolium Hooker 1852, L. scoparium var. parvum Kirk 1899, L. scoparium var. prostratum Hooker 1852] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[A27] Andersen, J. C. 1927. Popular names of New Zealand plants. Part 2. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 905–977.

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[C96] Calder, A. A. 1996. Click beetles: genera of the Australian Elateridae (Coleoptera). CSIRO Australia: Collingwood.

[C08] Cambage, R. H. 1908. Notes on the native flora of New South Wales. Part VI. Deepwater to Torrington and Emmaville. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33 (1): 45–65, pls 1–2.

[G04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[G76] Gross, G. F. 1976. Plant-feeding and Other Bugs (Hemiptera) of South Australia. Heteroptera—Part II. Handbook of the Flora and Fauna of South Australia.

[KC83] Körner, C., & P. Cochrane. 1983. Influence of plant physiognomy on leaf temperature on clear midsummer days in the Snowy Mountains, south-eastern Australia. Acta Œcologica Œcologiae Plantae 4 (2): 117–124.

[L97] Lange, P. J. de. 1997. Hebe brevifolia (Scrophulariaceae)—an ultramafic endemic of the Surville Cliffs, North Cape, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 35: 1–8.

[L03] Leschen, R. A. B. 2003. Erotylidae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Cucujoidea): phylogeny and review. Fauna of New Zealand 47: 1–108.

[L88] Long, J. L. 1988. Introduced Birds and Mammals in Western Australia 2^nd ed. Agriculture Protection Board of Western Australia.

[M65] Michener, C. D. 1965. A classification of the bees of the Australian and South Pacific regions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 130: 1–362.

[MC74] Morris, D. I., & W. M. Curtis. 1974. Recent additions to the Tasmanian flora and some notes on nomenclature. Records of the Queen Victoria Museum 50: 1–5.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[RL05] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2005. Selective feeding by macropods on vegetation regenerating following fire. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 155–165.

[SN08] Schmidt, E. R., & T. R. New. 2008. The Psocoptera (Insecta) of Tasmania, Australia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 65: 71–152.

[SS05] Semeniuk, V., & C. A. Semeniuk. 2005. Wetland sediments and soils on the Swan Coastal Plain, southwestern Australia: types, distribution, susceptibility to combustion, and implications for fire management. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (3): 91–120.

[WO05] Wilson, P. G., M. M. O'Brien, M. M. Heslewood & C. J. Quinn. 2005. Relationships within Myrtaceae sensu lato based on a matK phylogeny. Plant Systematics and Evolution 251: 3–19.

[WF01] Woinarski, J. C. Z., A. Fisher, K. Brennan, I. Morris & R. Chatto. 2001. Patterns of bird species richness and composition on islands off Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia. Austral Ecology 26: 1–13.

[YHT05] Yates, C. J., S. D. Hopper & R. H. Taplin. 2005. Native insect flower visitor diversity and feral honeybees on jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) in Kings Park, an urban bushland remnant. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 147–153.

Last updated: 6 July 2020.

Sapindales

Titoki Alectryon excelsus, copyright Tatters.

Belongs within: Malvidae.
Contains: Rutaceae, Meliaceae, Simaroubaceae, Anacardiaceae, Burseraceae, Acer, Dodonaea.

The Sapindales are a clade of flowering plants whose members often accumulate noxious secondary metabolites. Members include the Sapindaceae, a family of woody plants with often spiral, pinnately-compound leaves with subopposite leaflets and a terminal rhachis tip (Angiosperm Phylogeny Website). The Aceroideae (maples) and Hippocastanoideae (horse-chestnuts) have each been treated as separate families by some authors. Aceroideae have fruit that are samaras, with seeds contained with nutlets attached to a fibrous wing. Fruits of Hippocastanoideae are capsules that dehisce into three valves. Other members of the Sapindales include Nitraria, a genus of often spiny, pubescent shrubs found in arid regions of the Old World.

Characters (from Angiosperm Phylogeny Website): Interesting secondary compounds, ethereal oils, myricetin present; mucilage cells present; branching from previous innovation, petioles leaving a prominent scar; leaves spiral, odd-pinnately compound, leaflets opposite, vernation conduplicate; inflorescence branches, at least, cymose; twice as many anthers as sepals; tapetal cells polyploid; nectary well developed; carpels equal to and opposite petals, or 3, odd member adaxial, stigmatic head from postgenitally united free carpel tips; ovules few/carpel, epitropous, nucellar cap present; exotegmen not fibrous.

<==Sapindales [Rutineae]
    |  i. s.: Biebersteinia [Biebersteiniaceae] T00
    |         Tepuianthus [Tepuianthaceae] T00
    |         Peganaceae T00
    |           |--Malacocarpus T00
    |           |--Peganum harmala T00, C55a
    |           `--Tetradiclis T00
    |         Choerospondias axillaris WM09, D07
    |--+--+--Rutaceae MS06
    |  |  `--+--Meliaceae MS06
    |  |     `--Simaroubaceae MS06
    |  `--+--+--Anacardiaceae MS06
    |     |  `--Burseraceae MS06
    |     `--Nitraria [Nitrariaceae] WM09
    |          |--N. billardierei KM08
    |          |--N. retusa WM09
    |          `--N. schoberi B14
    `--Sapindaceae [Xanthoceraceae, Xanthocerataceae] MS06
         |  i. s.: Cardiospermum D01
         |           |--C. grandiflorum H06
         |           `--C. halicacabum LK14
         |         Serjania polyphylla D01, SWK87
         |         Diploglottis diphyllostegia W01
         |         Sapindopsis GT02
         |           |--S. alpina GT02
         |           `--S. cordata Fontaine 1889 CBH93
         |         Lepisanthes LK14
         |           |--L. fruticosa K03
         |           `--L. rubiginosa LK14
         |         Crossonephelis palawanicus H03
         |         Lepidopetalum subdichotomum B00b
         |         Nephelium K03
         |           |--N. lappaceum K03
         |           `--N. ramboutan-ake K03 [=Litsea ramboutan-ake L00]
         |         Distichostemon YY22
         |         Cupania J87
         |           |--C. americana J87
         |           |--C. anacardioides C16
         |           |--C. semiglauca [=Guioa semiglauca] MB08
         |           |--C. triquetra SWK87
         |           `--C. vernalis B04
         |         Filicium decipiens T00, SR07
         |         Tina Schultes in Roemer & Schultes 1819 A-R03
         |           `--*T. thouarsiana (Camb.) Capuron 1969 [=Cupania thouarsiana] A-R03
         |         Gelonium Gaertner 1791 (n. d.) A-R03
         |           `--*G. cupanioides Gaertner 1791 (n. d.) [=Molinaea cupanioides, Tina gelonium] A-R03
         |         Molinaea laevis Willdenow 1799 A-R03
         |         Allophyllus MM96
         |           |--A. abyssinicus PB27
         |           |--A. cobbe MS06
         |           |--A. crassinervis J87
         |           |--A. edulis H11
         |           |--A. occidentalis MM96
         |           `--A. rigidus J87
         |         Harpullia MS06
         |           |--H. arborea MS06
         |           |--H. hillii B00b
         |           |--H. pendula B00b
         |           `--H. ramiflora B00b
         |         Cupaniopsis WM09
         |           |--C. anacardioides WM09
         |           |--C. dunnii [=Cupania dunnii Maiden & Betche 1908] MB08
         |           |--C. serrata MB08
         |           `--C. wadsworthii MB08
         |         Atalaya LK14
         |           |--A. hemiglauca LK14
         |           |--A. salicifolia LK14
         |           `--A. variifolia LK14
         |         Ganophyllum falcatum LK14
         |         Guioa acutifolia B00b
         |         Heterodendron B00b
         |           |--H. diversifolium B00b
         |           `--H. oleifolium BR65
         |         Litchi chinensis B00b
         |         Sarcopteryx B00b
         |           |--S. martyana B00b
         |           `--S. stipata B00b
         |         Arytera B00b
         |           |--A. divaricata B00b
         |           `--A. pauciflora B00b
         |         Paullinia pinnata C06, C55b
         |         Dipterodendron elegans H11
         |         Talisia olivaeformis F11
         |         Sapindospermum CBH93
         |         Wehrwolfea Erwin & Stockey 1990 CBH93
         |         Bohlenia CBH93
         |         Diplopeltis Endl. 1837 KC01
         |           `--D. stuartii MLP09
         |         Phaeocarpus Mart. & Zucc. 1824 KC01
         |         Schleichera oleosa M72
         |--Aceroideae [Aceraceae] T00
         |    |--Dipteronia sinensis D01
         |    |--Acer T00
         |    `--Negundoides acutifolia Lesquereux 1868 CBH93
         |--Sapindus F71 [Sapindoideae T00]
         |    |--S. drummondii DD06
         |    |--S. emarginatus S72
         |    |--S. gossei Ettingshausen 1886 F71
         |    |--S. laurifolius M72
         |    `--S. mukorossi LO98
         |--Koelreuteria CD07 [Koelreuterioideae T00]
         |    |--K. annosa Brown 1956 B56
         |    |--K. elegans B00b
         |    |--K. nigricans B56
         |    `--K. paniculata Laxm. 1753 CD07
         |--Hippocastanoideae [Hippocastanaceae] T00
         |    |--Billia columbiana T00, R96
         |    `--Aesculus T00
         |         |--A. californica H93
         |         |--A. carnea D37
         |         |--A. glabra V72
         |         |--A. hippocastanum D37
         |         |--A. pavia D37
         |         `--A. turbinata LO98
         `--Dodonaeoideae [Dodonaeae] T00
              |--Dodonaea A61
              `--Alectryon Gertn. 1788 C06, A61
                   |--A. connatus LK14
                   |--A. coriaceus B00b
                   |--A. excelsus Gaertn. 1788 A61
                   |--A. grandis Cheesem. 1912 [=A. excelsus var. grandis Cheesem. 1892] A61
                   |--A. kimberleyanus LK14
                   |--A. oleifolius KM08
                   `--A. subcinereus B00a

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A-R03] Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. 2003. (1592) Proposal to conserve the name Tina (Sapindaceae) with a conserved type. Taxon 52: 373–374.

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[B00a] Braby, M. F. 2000a. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[B00b] Braby, M. F. 2000b. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[B04] Brown, B. V. 2004. Revision of the subgenus Udamochiras of Melaloncha bee-killing flies (Diptera: Phoridae: Metopininae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 140: 1–42.

[B56] Brown, R. W. 1956. New items in Cretaceous and Tertiary floras of the western United States. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (4): 104–108.

[C16] Cambage, R. H. 1916. Notes on the native flora of tropical Queensland. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 49 (3): 389–447, pls 57–61.

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[D07] Dash, S. S. 2007. Useful plants of Kabi Sacred Grove, Sikkim. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49 (1-4): 79–88.

[D37] Dobzhansky, T. 1937. Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press: New York.

[DD06] Doty, J. B., & R. C. Dowler. 2006. Denning ecology in sympatric populations of skunks (Spilogale gracilis and Mephitis mephitis) in west-central Texas. Journal of Mammalogy 87 (1): 131–138.

[D01] Doweld, A. B. 2001. The systematic relevance of fruit and seed structure in Bersama and Melianthus (Melianthaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 227: 75–103.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[F11] Fraga, R. M. 2011. Family Icteridae (New World blackbirds). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 684–807. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[GT02] Gomez, B., F. Thévenard, M. Fantin & L. Guisberti. 2002. Late Cretaceous plants from the Bonarelli Level of the Venetian Alps, northeastern Italy. Cretaceous Research 23: 671–685.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[H06] Henderson, L. 2006. Comparisons of invasive plants in southern Africa originating from southern temperate, northern temperate and tropical regions. Bothalia 36 (2): 201–222.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[H11] Hilty, S. L. 2011. Family Thraupidae (tanagers). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 46–329. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[K03] Kulip, J. 2003. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and other useful plants of Muruts in Sabah, Malaysia. Telopea 10 (1): 81–98.

[L00] Labillardiere, C. 1800. Mémoire sur deux espèces de litchi des Molluques. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 2 (45): 161.

[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263–276.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[MB08] Maiden, J. H., & E. Betche. 1908. Notes from the Botanic Gardens, Sydney. No. 13. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 304–319.

[MLP09] McKenzie, N. L., S. van Leeuwen & A. M. Pinder. 2009. Introduction to the Pilbara Biodiversity Survey, 2002–2007. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 78 (1): 3–89.

[M72] Mitra, S. N. 1972. Observations on the vegetation of the Upper Damodar catchment area. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (1): 17–25.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

[MS06] Muellner, A. N., V. Savolainen, R. Samuel & M. W. Chase. 2006. The mahogany family "out-of-Africa": divergence time estimation, global biogeographic patterns inferred from plastid rbcL DNA sequences, extant, and fossil distribution of diversity. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 236–250.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[R96] Righi, G. 1996. Colombian earthworms. Studies on Tropical Andean Ecosystems 4: 485–607.

[SR07] Sankar, R. V., K. Ravikumar, N. M. Ganesh Babu & D. K. Ved. 2007. Botany of Anapady MPCA, Palghat district, Kerala with special emphasis on species of conservation concern. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 165–172.

[S72] Satakopan, S. 1972. Keys to the identification of plant remains in animal droppings. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (1): 139–150.

[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[V72] Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan Flora. Part I. Gymnosperms and Monocots. Cranbrook Institute of Science and University of Michigan Herbarium.

[W01] Walter, D. E. 2001. Achilles and the mite: Zeno’s paradox and rainforest mite diversity. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 113–120. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[WM09] Wang, H., M. J. Moore, P. S. Soltis, C. D. Bell, S. F. Brockington, R. Alexandre, C. C. Davis, M. Latvis, S. R. Manchester & D. E. Soltis. 2009. Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (10): 3853–3858.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Last updated: 8 August 2021.

Senna

Ranawara Senna auriculata, copyright J. M. Garg.

Belongs within: Fabales.

Senna is a pantropical genus of leguminous plants including herbs, shrubs and trees, most of which produce bright yellow flowers. Seeds of the Chinese senna S. obtusifolia are ground to produce cassia gum, used as a thickening agent in cooking, or roasted as a coffee substitute, whereas its leaves may be fermented to produce kawal, a meat substitute eaten in Sudan.

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Perennial, shrub, tree, unarmed or spines weak. Leaves even-1-pinnate, alternate; stipules sometimes small or ephemeral; leaflets 2–10 (18) pairs. Inflorescence a raceme or panicle, axillary or terminal. Flowers generally slightly bilateral, generally showy; sepals more or less free; petals free, generally yellow; stamens free, 7 fertile, 3 sterile, anthers generally larger than filaments, opening by terminal pores. Fruits dehiscent or not. Seeds few to many.

<==Senna
    |--S. acclina B00
    |--S. aciphylla B00
    |--S. alata LK14
    |--S. armata [=Cassia armata] H93
    |--S. artemisioides G04
    |    |--S. a. ssp. artemisioides G04
    |    |--S. a. ssp. filifolia G04
    |    |--S. a. ssp. helmsii EF04
    |    |--S. a. ssp. oligophylla EF04
    |    `--S. a. ssp. × sturtii MLP09
    |--S. auriculata PP07
    |--S. barclayana B00
    |--S. bicapsulatus H06
    |--S. chateliana KM08
    |--S. coriaceae B00
    |--S. coronilloides B00
    |--S. corymbosa H06
    |--S. didymobotrya H06
    |--S. glutinosa EF04
    |    |--S. g. ssp. glutinosa EF04
    |    `--S. g. ssp. pruinosa EF04
    |--S. goniodes LK14
    |--S. hirsuta H06
    |--S. leptoclada B00
    |--S. ligustrina J87
    |--S. magnifolia B00
    |--S. marksiana B00
    |--S. multiglandulosa [incl. Cassia tomentosa] H93
    |--S. nemophila B00
    |--S. notabilis LK14
    |--S. obtusifolia LK14
    |--S. occidentalis LK14
    |--S. odorata B00
    |--S. oligoclada LK14
    |--S. pendula H06
    |    |--S. p. var. pendula H06
    |    `--S. p. var. glabrata H06
    |--S. petiolaris B00
    |--S. planitiicola LK14
    |--S. pleurocarpa G04
    |--S. queenslandica B00
    |--S. reticulata B14
    |--S. retusa B00
    |--S. septemtrionalis H06
    |--S. sericea MLP09
    |--S. siamea B00
    |--S. surattensis LK14
    |    |--S. s. ssp. surattensis LK14
    |    `--S. s. ssp. sulfurea LK14
    |--S. symonii LK14
    |--S. timoriensis LK14
    |--S. tora J07
    `--S. venusta LK14

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[EF04] Etten, E. J. B. van, & J. E. D. Fox. 2004. Vegetation classification and ordination of the central Hamersley Ranges, Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 63–79.

[G04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35–47.

[H06] Henderson, L. 2006. Comparisons of invasive plants in southern Africa originating from southern temperate, northern temperate and tropical regions. Bothalia 36 (2): 201–222.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[J07] Jadhav, D. 2007. Ethno-medicinal plants used by Bhil tribe of Matrunda, district Ratlam, Madhya Pradesh, India. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 203–206.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[MLP09] McKenzie, N. L., S. van Leeuwen & A. M. Pinder. 2009. Introduction to the Pilbara Biodiversity Survey, 2002–2007. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 78 (1): 3–89.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

Last updated: 30 March 2021.

Bauhinia

Malabar bauhinia Bauhinia malabarica, copyright Dinesh Valke.

Belongs within: Fabales.

Bauhinia, orchid trees, is a pantropical genus of trees, shrubs and lianas producing brightly coloured flowers with subsessile to prominently clawed petals. Some species are widely cultivated as ornamentals and the hybrid species B. blakeana appears on the flag of Hong Kong.

Characters (from Flora of China): Trees, shrubs, or lianas, hermaphroditic, monoecious, andromonoecious, or androdioecious. Leaves simple, bilobed or entire, rarely 2-foliolate with a shared upper pulvinus; primary veins 3-15, midvein ending with a free, small point; stipules caducous. Inflo­rescences solitary flowers, or many flowers in racemes, panicles, or corymbs; bracts and bracteoles usually small and caducous. Hypanthium cupular, campanulate, or tubular. Calyx closed or open with 5 short or linear teeth at apex in bud, at anthesis spatha­ceous, or regularly or irregularly split into 2-5 lobes. Petals 5, subequal to strongly differentiated, subsessile or prominently clawed, white, yellowish orange, pink, or purplish red. Stamens 2, 3, 5, or 10; anthers dorsifixed, longitudinally dehiscent. Staminodes pres­ent or not. Ovary 1- to many ovuled, sessile or with stalk; stigma small or prominent, variously shaped. Fruit flat, elliptic, oblong, obovoid, or linear, woody or thinly valved, dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds few to many; endosperm present or not.

<==Bauhinia B02b
    `--B. subg. Piliostigma sect. Piliostigma B02b
         |--B. foveolata B02b
         |--B. malabarica B02b
         `--‘Piliostigma’ reticulatum GC05

Bauhinia incertae sedis:
  B. bidentata P88
  B. blakeana P88
  B. carronii C16
  B. cunninghamii LK14
  B. hawkesiana C16
  B. hookeri C16
  B. kockiana K03
  B. monandra B14
  B. ovatifolia B02a
  B. pauletia K06
  B. pseudocotyledon B56
  B. purpurea B02b
  B. racemosa B02b
  B. rufa K06
  B. semibifida K03
  B. tomentosa B14
  B. ungulata K06
  B. vahlii P03
  B. variegata B02b
  B. wallichii B02a
  B. wyomingana Brown 1956 B56

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B02a] Bandyopadhyay, S. 2002a. Notes on the distribution of Bauhinia wallichii Macbr. and B. ovatifolia T. Chen, Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 547–548.

[B02b] Bandyopadhyay, S. 2002b. Seedling morphology of Bauhinia foveolata Dalz., Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 551–553.

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[B56] Brown, R. W. 1956. New items in Cretaceous and Tertiary floras of the western United States. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (4): 104–108.

[C16] Cambage, R. H. 1916. Notes on the native flora of tropical Queensland. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 49 (3): 389–447, pls 57–61.

[GC05] Granjon, L., J.-F. Cosson, E. Quesseveur & B. Sicard. 2005. Population dynamics of the multimammate rat Mastomys huberti in an annually flooded agricultural region of central Mali. Journal of Mammalogy 86 (5): 997–1008.

[K03] Kulip, J. 2003. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and other useful plants of Muruts in Sabah, Malaysia. Telopea 10 (1): 81–98.

[K06] Kwiecinski, G. G. 2006. Phyllostomus discolor. Mammalian Species 801: 1–11.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

Last updated: 30 March 2021.

Cassia

African senna Cassia didymobotrya, copyright Forest & Kim Starr.

Belongs within: Fabales.

Cassia is a tropical genus of trees and large shrubs producing elongate, indehiscent fruits.

Characters (from Flora of China): Trees or large shrubs. Leaves spirally arranged, often distichous, abruptly pinnate; rachis and petioles without glands; leaflets opposite, without stipels. Flowers in terminal panicles on main shoots or racemes on short side shoots; pedicels with 2 bracteoles at or shortly above base. Calyx 5-merous; sepals reflexed at anthesis. Corolla zygomorphic; petals 5. Stamens 10; filaments of 3 abaxial antesepalous stamens sigmoidally curved, usually longer than their anthers, dehiscent by slits; remaining 7 filaments straight and short, with anthers mostly dehiscent by basal pores. Legume elongate, cylindric or compressed, indehiscent. Seeds numerous, 1- or 2-seriate; funicle filiform.

<==Cassia
    |--C. absus P03
    |--C. alata BB07
    |--C. aphylla S00
    |--C. auriculata RS02
    |--C. brewsteri B00
    |--C. chamaechrista A37
    |--C. circinata M65
    |--C. crotolarioides BTA75
    |--C. didymobotrya B00
    |--C. fistula P03
    |--C. grandis B14
    |--C. javanica B00
    |--C. kleinii SR07
    |--C. leschenaultiana P88
    |--C. mimosoides P03
    |--C. nigricans HK98
    |--C. obtusifolia C55
    |--C. occidentalis M65
    |    |--C. o. var. occidentalis M65
    |    `--C. o. var. schinifolia M65
    |--C. pleurocarpa C16
    |--C. senna B-L97
    |--C. tomentella B00
    |--C. tora BB07
    `--C. venusta Z94

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A37] Alsterlund, J. F. 1937. The larva of Chalcodermus collaris Horn with a key to related species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (8): 216–222.

[BB07] Baishya, A. K., & P. J. Bora. 2007. Cross community ethno-medico botany of Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve, Assam. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 121–154.

[BTA75] Baker, E. W., D. M. Tuttle & M. J. Abbatiello. 1975. The false spider mites of northwestern and north central Mexico (Acarina: Tenuipalpidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 194: 1–23.

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[B-L97] Bouillon-Lagrange, C. 1797. Analyse du séné de la palthe (Cassia senna L.). Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 9: 67–68.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C16] Cambage, R. H. 1916. Notes on the native flora of tropical Queensland. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 49 (3): 389–447, pls 57–61.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[HK98] Hahn, A., & H. Kusserow. 1998. Spatial and temporal distribution of algae in soil crusts in the Sahel of W Africa: Preliminary results. Willdenowia 28: 227–238.

[M65] Michener, C. D. 1965. A classification of the bees of the Australian and South Pacific regions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 130: 1–362.

[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[RS02] Radhakrishna, S., & M. Singh. 2002. Activity schedule and habitat use of the slender loris Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 400–407.

[SR07] Sankar, R. V., K. Ravikumar, N. M. Ganesh Babu & D. K. Ved. 2007. Botany of Anapady MPCA, Palghat district, Kerala with special emphasis on species of conservation concern. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 165–172.

[S00] Siddiqi, M. R. 2000. Tylenchida: Parasites of plants and insects 2^nd ed. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[Z94] Zimmerman, E. C. 1994. Australian Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) vol. 2. Brentidae, Eurhynchidae, Apionidae and a chapter on immature stages by Brenda May. CSIRO Australia.

Mirbelieae

Bookleaf Daviesia cordata, copyright Gnangarra.

Belongs within: Papilionoideae.
Contains: Pultenaea, Bossiaea, Gompholobium, Gastrolobium.

The Mirbelieae are an Australasian group of legumes that are mostly sclerophyllous shrubs. Members of the clade produce gigantic antipodal cells in the embryo sacs, or multiple embryo sacs lacking antipodals. Members include the genus Daviesia, bitter peas, in which legume pods are more or less elongate and triangular.

<==Mirbelieae M09
    |--+--Bossiaea CP13
    |  |--Gompholobium CP13
    |  |--Isotropis CP13
    |  |    |--I. atropurpurea MB08
    |  |    |--I. cuneifolia OS04
    |  |    |--I. drummondii OS04
    |  |    `--I. foliosa CP13
    |  `--+--Gastrolobium CP13
    |     `--Aotus CP13
    |          |--A. ericoides CP13
    |          |--A. intermedia GK00
    |          |--A. lanigera M65
    |          |--A. mollis MB08
    |          `--A. villosa C08
    `--Daviesia CP13
         |--D. acicularis C08
         |--D. angulata B00
         |--D. articulata OS04
         |--D. benthamii G04b
         |    |--D. b. ssp. benthamii G04b
         |    `--D. b. ssp. acanthoclona G04b
         |--D. brevifolia B00
         |--D. cardiophylla OS04
         |--D. cordata GK00
         |--D. corymbosa M65
         |--D. daphnoides B00
         |--D. decipiens OS04
         |--D. decurrens RL05
         |--D. divaricata B14
         |--D. eremaea MLP09
         |--D. euryloba G04b
         |--D. genistifolia C08
         |--D. gracilis RL05
         |--D. hakeoides OS04
         |    |--D. h. ssp. hakeoides OS04
         |    `--D. h. ssp. subnuda OS04
         |--D. incrassata GK00
         |--D. latifolia CP13
         |--D. longifolia OS04
         |--D. mimosoides B00
         |--D. nematophylla G04b
         |--D. physodes GK00
         |--D. preissii RL05
         |--D. purpurascens G04a
         |--D. reclinata LK14
         |--D. squarrosa M65
         |--D. ulicina C08
         |--D. umbellulata M65
         `--D. villifera M09

Mirbelieae incertae sedis:
  Podolobium ilicifolium M09
  Mirbelia B14
    |--M. aotoides M65
    |--M. densiflora G04b
    |--M. depressa G04a
    |--M. dilatata M09
    |--M. pungens C08
    |--M. ramulosa RL05
    |--M. seorsifolia B14
    |--M. speciosa C08
    |--M. spinosa S95
    `--M. viminalis LK14
  Pultenaea M09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

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Last updated: 31 October 2020.