Procladiini

Female Procladius, copyright Tom Murray.

Belongs within: Chironomidae.

The Procladiini are a group of non-biting midges characterised by wings with a long stem to the cubital fork, at least half as long as CuA₂, with the cubital fork being distal to crossvein m-cu.

<==Procladiini SA09
    |--Djalmabatista pulchra SA09
    |--Laurotanypus travassosi Oliveira, Messias & da Silva-Vasconcelos 1992 SA09
    `--Procladius SA09
         |  i. s.: P. freemani O81
         |--P. (Procladius) mozambique SA09
         |--P. (Holotanypus) culiciformis SA09
         `--P. (Psilotanypus) SA09
              |--P. (P.) bellus SA09
              |--P. (P.) etatus Roback 1982 SA09
              `--P. (P.) stroudi Roback 1982 SA09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[O81] Oliver, D. R. 1981. Chironomidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 423–458. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[SA09] Spies, M., T. Andersen, J. H. Epler & C. N. Watson Jr. 2009. Chironomidae (non-biting midges). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 437–480. Ottawa, NRC Research Press.

Pentaneurini

Conchapelopia pallens, copyright Centre for Biodiversity Genomics.

Belongs within: Chironomidae.

The Pentaneurini are a tribe of non-biting midges with a reduced costal vein and cylindrical to comb-like tibial spurs (Oliver 1981).

Characters (from Oliver 1981): Wing with C not produced past R₄₊₅ or produced by less than length of crossvein r-m; cubital fork proximal to or opposite crossvein m-cu. Postanepisternal and katepisternal setae usually absent; postnotal setae always absent. Tibial spurs of hind leg cylindrical to comb-like.

<==Pentaneurini O81
    |--Xenopelopia tincta O81
    |--Arctopelopia O81
    |--Cantopelopia gesta O81
    |--Nilotanypus fimbriatus O81
    |--Guttipelopia O81
    |--Larsia pallens O81
    |--Trissopelopia ogemawi O81
    |--Zavrelimyia bifasciata O81
    |--Krenopelopia narda O81
    |--Monopelopia boliekae O81
    |--Labrundinia longipalpis O81, SA09
    |--Helopelopia cornuticaudata SA09
    |--Meropelopia SA09
    |--Hudsonimyia vittaria [=Pentaneura vittaria] SA09
    |--Denopelopia atria Roback & Rutter 1988 SA09
    |--Thienemannimyia O81
    |    |--T. barberi SA09
    |    `--T. fusciceps O81
    |--Paramerina O81
    |    |--P. fasciata SA09
    |    `--P. smithae SA09
    |--Telopelopia O81
    |    |--T. fascigera R86
    |    `--T. okoboji O81
    |--Ablabesmyia O81
    |    |--A. cinctipes SA09
    |    |--A. costarricensis SA09
    |    `--A. monilis O81
    `--Conchapelopia O81
         |--C. currani O81
         |--C. goniodes O81
         `--C. pallens SA09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[O81] Oliver, D. R. 1981. Chironomidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 423–458. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[R86] Reiss, F. 1986. Erster Nachtrag zur Chironomidenfauna Bayerns (Diptera, Chironomidae). Spixiana 9 (2): 175–178.

[SA09] Spies, M., T. Andersen, J. H. Epler & C. N. Watson Jr. 2009. Chironomidae (non-biting midges). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 437–480. Ottawa, NRC Research Press.

Culicidae

Culiseta inconspicua, copyright Richard C. Russell.

Belongs within: Culicomorpha.
Contains: Anopheles, Aedes, Sabethini, Culex, Uranotaenia, Tripteroides.

The Culicidae, mosquitoes, are a group of delicately built flies best known for the blood-sucking habits of adult females of the majority of species. Blood meals are required for maturation of developing eggs; male and female mosquitoes otherwise feed on liquid plant-derived foods such as nectar and honeydew. Living mosquitoes are divided between two subfamilies, with the Culicinae having a respiratory siphon as larvae and scales on the abdominal tergites as adults, features absent in the Anophelinae (Chaverri 2009).

Characters (from Stone 1981): Slender delicate flies, 3-9 mm long. Legs slender. Proboscis slender, much longer than head; labrum, mandibles, laciniae, and hypopharynx greatly elongate, stylet-like, enclosed in sheath formed by labium; palpus of male usually about as long as proboscis, with terminal segments often bearing dense tufts of long setae. Wing veins and usually most of the body and legs clothed with scales.

<==Culicidae C09
    |  i. s.: Theobaldia annulata A71
    |         Opifex SS05
    |           |--O. (Nothoskusea) chathamicus [=Aedes (N.) chathamicus, Ochlerotatus (N.) chathamicus] SS05
    |           `--O. fuscus O81
    |         Mimomyia L91
    |           |--M. (Mimomyia) metallica L91
    |           `--M. (Etorleptiomyia) elegans L91
    |--Anophelinae [Anophelini] C09
    |    |--Anopheles C09
    |    |--Bironella C09
    |    `--Chagasia C09
    |         |--C. bathana (Dyar 1928) [=Anopheles (Chagasia) bathanus] SK56
    |         |--C. bonneae Root 1927 SK56
    |         `--C. rozeboomi Causey, Deane & Deane 1944 SK56
    `--+--Paleoculicis minutus GE05
       `--Culicinae C09
            |  i. s.: Aedeomyia C09
            |           |--A. catasticta Knab 1909 L91
            |           |--A. squamipennis C09
            |           `--A. venustipes L91
            |         Armigeres O98
            |         Topomyia O98
            |--Aedes C09
            |--Sabethini C09
            |--Toxorhynchites C09 [Toxorhynchitinae, Toxorhynchitini L91]
            |    |--T. amboensis WT11
            |    |--T. hypoptes C09
            |    |--T. moctezuma C09
            |    |--T. (Lynchiella) rutilus S81
            |    |--T. (Toxorhynchites) speciosus L91
            |    `--T. superbus C09
            `--Culicini C09
                 |--Culex C09
                 |--Uranotaenia S81
                 |--Tripteroides L91
                 |--Malaya genuostris CM70, L91
                 |--Orthopodomyia S81
                 |    |--O. alba Baker 1936 SM37
                 |    |--O. phyllozoa C09
                 |    `--O. signifera S81
                 |--Mansonia L91
                 |    |--M. nigricans M46
                 |    |--M. richiardii KK91
                 |    |--M. titillans C09
                 |    `--M. (Mansonoides) uniformis (Theobald 1901) (see below for synonymy) L91
                 |--Haemagogus S81
                 |    |--H. anastasionis KK38
                 |    |--H. (Longipalpifer) equinus Theob. 1903 S81, CA38
                 |    |--H. janthinomys C09
                 |    |--H. lucifer C09
                 |    |--H. mesodentatus Komp & Kumm 1938 KK38
                 |    |--H. panarchys Dyar 1921 CA38
                 |    `--H. tropicalis Cerqueira & Antunes 1938 CA38
                 |--Deinocerites S81
                 |    |--D. cancer C09
                 |    |--D. costaricensis C09
                 |    |--D. epitedeus C09
                 |    `--D. pseudes C09
                 |--Psorophora S81
                 |    |--P. ciliata S81
                 |    |--P. columbiae S81
                 |    |--P. confinnis C09
                 |    `--P. ferox C09
                 |--Coquillettidia L91
                 |    |--C. (Coquillettidia) L91
                 |    |    |--C. (C.) crassipes L91
                 |    |    |--C. (C.) iracunda D05
                 |    |    |--C. (C.) linealis L91
                 |    |    |--C. (C.) perturbans S81
                 |    |    `--C. (C.) xanthogaster (Edwards 1924) L91
                 |    `--C. (Austromansonia) tenuipalpis D05
                 `--Culiseta S81
                      |  i. s.: C. annulata KK91
                      |         C. impatiens C09
                      |         C. incidens S81
                      |         C. inornata C09
                      |         C. particeps C09
                      |--C. (Climacura) tonnoiri D04
                      |--C. (Culicella) L91
                      |    |--C. (C.) atra Lee 1944 L91
                      |    `--C. (C.) inconspicua L91
                      `--C. (Neotheobaldia) hilli L91

Mansonia (Mansonoides) uniformis (Theobald 1901) [=Panoplites uniformis; incl. M. australiensis Giles 1902, M. marquesensis Dyar 1925, Panoplites reversus Theobald 1901, M. reversus] L91

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[CA38] Cerqueira, N., & P. C. A. Antunes. 1938. Haemagogus tropicalis, a new species from Pará, Brazil (Diptera, Culicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (1): 1–9.

[C09] Chaverri, L. G. 2009. Culicidae (mosquitos, zancudos). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 369–388. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[CM70] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1970. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 656–740. Melbourne University Press.

[D04] Derraik, J. G. B. 2004. A survey of the mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) fauna of the Auckland Zoological Park. New Zealand Entomologist 27: 51–55.

[D05] Derraik, J. G. B. 2005. Notes on some adult mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) records from West Auckland. Weta 29: 12–15.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[KK91] Kamarinchev, B., T. Kovacheva, T. Christova, G. Georgieva & V. Zlatanova. 1991. Studies on mosquitoes and ticks as carriers of alpha-, flavi- and bunyaviruses. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 2 pp. 89–92. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[KK38] Komp, W. H. W., & H. W. Kumm. 1938. A new species of Haemagogus, mesodentatus, from Costa Rica, and a description of the larva of Haemagogus anastasionis Dyar (Diptera, Culicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (9): 253–259.

[L91] Liehne, P. F. S. 1991. An Atlas of the Mosquitoes of Western Australia. Health Department of Western Australia.

[M46] Michener, C. D. 1946. The taxonomy and bionomics of some Panamanian trombidiid mites. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 39: 349–380.

[O81] O’Brien, C. O. 1981. A. A. Book of New Zealand Wildlife: A guide to the native and introduced animals of New Zealand. Lansdowne Press: Auckland.

[O98] Oosterbroek, P. 1998. The Families of Diptera of the Malay Archipelago. Brill: Leiden.

[SM37] Shields, S. E., & V. I. Miles. 1937. The occurrence of Orthopodomyia alba in Alabama (Diptera: Culicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (8): 237.

[SS05] Snell, A. E., & P. J. Sirvid. 2005. Mosquitoes of the Chatham Islands: Notes on Opifex chathamicus (=Ochlerotatus chathamicus) (Dumbleton) (Diptera: Culicidae). Weta 29: 6–8.

[S81] Stone, A. 1981. Culicidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 341–350. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Last updated: 27 December 2020.

Chaoboridae

Female Chaoborus flavicans, copyright Erick Adams.

Belongs within: Culicomorpha.

The Chaoboridae, phantom midges, are a cosmopolitan group of small, delicate flies with aquatic larvae found in standing freshwater habitats. The Nearctic Eucorethra underwoodi possesses a long clypeus, nearly as long as the rest of the head capsule, whereas the clypeus is shorter in the remaining Chaoborinae (Cook 1981).

Characters (from Cook 1981, as Chaoborinae): Clypeus with numerous setae, shorter than two-thirds height of rest of head capsule. Lateral lobes of postpronotum separated medially by scutum and antepronotum. R₁ terminating in C near wing apex, nearer to R₂ than Sc. Larva with thorax rounded laterally; anal segment with longitudinal fan-like row of bristles; siphon absent or as long as anal segment, with pointed apex.

<==Chaoboridae [Chironomapteridae, Mesotendipedidae] B09
    |--Eucorethra [Eucorethrinae] C81
    |    `--E. underwoodi C81
    `--Chaoborinae C81
         |--Mochlonyx Loew 1844 C81, H02
         |    `--M. cinctipes C81
         `--Chaoborus Lichtenstein 1800 H02
              |--C. (Chaoborus) americanus C81
              |--C. braziliensis B09
              |--C. edulis P09
              |--C. exita C81
              |--C. festivus B09
              |--C. flavicans WP99
              |--C. flavidulus O98
              |--C. indicus O98
              |--C. magnificus B09
              |--C. (Sayomyia) punctipennis C81
              |--C. queenslandensis O98
              |--C. souzai B09
              |--C. tertiarius C81
              `--C. trivittatus B09

Chaoboridae incertae sedis:
  Hypsocorethra Kalugina 1985 H02
    `--H. toficola BLM02
  Chachotosha probatus BLM02
  Mesocorethra S02
  Baleiomyia S02
  Manlayamyia litorina S02
  Astrocorethra gurvanica S02
  Praechaoborus Kalugina 1985 H02
    `--P. tugnuicus Kalugina in Kalugina & Kovalev 1985 RJ93
  Promochlonyx CM91
  Australomochlonyx CM91
  Chironomaptera BLM02
    |--C. collessi S02
    `--C. gregaria Grabau 1923 ZG05
  Eochaoborites Hong 2002 H02
    `--*E. xui Hong 2002 H02
  Iyaiyai Evenhuis 1994 (see below for synonymy) H02
    `--I. gracilis (Hong 1981) [=Trichia gracilis, *Fushunotrichia gracilis] H02
  Eucorethrina Kalugina 1985 H02
  Helokrenia Kalugina 1985 H02
  Chaoborites Kalugina 1985 H02
  Corethra Scudder 1877 H02
    `--C. plumicornis [=Chironomus (Corethra) plumicornis] G20

Iyaiyai Evenhuis 1994 [incl. Fushunotrichia Hong 2002, Trichia Hong 1981 nec Haller 1768 nec de Haan 1839 nec Hartmann 1840] H02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BLM02] Blagoderov, V. A., E. D. Lukashevich & M. B. Mostovski. 2002. Order Diptera Linné, 1758. The true flies (=Muscida Laicharting, 1781). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 227–240. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[B09] Borkent, A. 2009. Chaoboridae (phantom midges). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 365–367. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[C81] Cook, E. F. 1981. Chaoboridae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 335–339. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[H02] Hong Y. 2002. Amber Insect of China. Beijing Scientific and Technological Publishing House.

[O98] Oosterbroek, P. 1998. The Families of Diptera of the Malay Archipelago. Brill: Leiden.

[P09] Pape, T. 2009. Economic importance of Diptera. In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 65–77. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S02] Sinitshenkova, N. D. 2002. Ecological history of the aquatic insects. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 388–426. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[WP99] Walter, D. E., & H. C. Proctor. 1999. Mites: Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[ZG05] Zhang, J., V. B. Golub, Y. A. Popov & D. E. Shcherbakov. 2005. Ignotingidae fam. nov. (Insecta: Heteroptera: Tingoidea), the earliest lace bugs from the Upper Mesozoic of eastern China. Cretaceous Research 26: 783–792.

Last updated: 27 December 2020.

Limnophilini

Hexatoma sp., copyright Edna Woodward.

Belongs within: Tipulidae.
Contains: Limnophila, Chioneini.

The Limnophilini are a group of crane flies with glabrous eyes and tibial spurs. Members of the genus Hexatoma have at most ten antennomeres though the antenna overall may be greatly elongated (Alexander & Byers 1981).

Characters (from Alexander & Byers 1981, as Hexatomini): Eyes glabrous. Terminal segment of palpus short; nasus absent. Tibial spurs present. Wings, if present, with Sc1 complete, free tip of Sc2 absent, tip of R1+2 present, R4 and R5 separate, CuA straight.

<==Limnophilini [Hexatominae, Hexatomini, Limnophilinae] G09
    |--Dactylolabis WT11
    |    |--*D. montana WT11
    |    |--D. diluta A40
    |    |--D. gracilistylus Alexander 1926 A40
    |    |--D. mokanica Alexander 1940 A40
    |    |--D. pemetica A40
    |    `--D. (Eudactylolabis) vestigipennis AB81
    `--+--Chioneini WT11
       `--Hexatoma WT11
            |  i. s.: H. megacera AB81
            `--H. (Eriocera) G09
                 |--H. (E.) aequinigra A40
                 |--H. (E.) cantonensis Alexander 1937 A40
                 |--H. (E.) davidi (Alexander 1922) [=Eriocera davidi] A40
                 |--H. (E.) hilpa (Walker 1848) [=Pterocosmus hilpa] A40
                 |--H. (E.) longicornis G09
                 |--H. (E.) pieliana Alexander 1940 A40
                 |--H. (E.) pterotricha Alexander 1940 A40
                 |--H. (E.) rubriceps A40
                 |--H. (E.) spinosa A40
                 `--H. (E.) tuberculata Alexander 1936 A40

Limnophilini incertae sedis:
  Elephantomyia (Elephantomyia) G09
    |--E. (E.) orthorhabda G09
    `--E. (E.) westwoodi G09
  Atarba G09
    |  i. s.: A. australasiae CM91 [=Ischnothrix australasiae CM70]
    |--A. (Atarba) G09
    |    |--A. (A.) bifilosa G09
    |    `--A. (A.) picticornis G09
    `--A. (Ischnothrix) G09
         |--A. (I.) patens G09
         `--A. (I.) voracis G09
  Ulomorpha pilosella AB81, A16
  Paradelphomyia (Oxyrhiza) oaxacensis G09
  Shannonomyia (Shannonomyia) G09
    |--S. (S.) lenta G09
    `--S. (S.) lentoides G09
  Epiphragma (Epiphragma) G09
    |--E. (E.) fasciapenne [=E. fascipennis] G09
    |--E. (E.) gracilicorne G09
    |--E. (E.) imitans G09
    `--E. (E.) solatrix G09
  Phyllolabis encausta AB81
  Polymera G09
    |--P. (Polymera) rogersiana G09
    `--P. (Polymerodes) conjuncta G09
  Prolimnophila areolata AB81
  Austrolimnophila G09
    |--A. (Austrolimnophila) G09
    |    |--A. (A.) microsticta G09
    |    `--A. (A.) toxoneura G09
    `--A. (Limnophilella) G09
         |--A. (L.) schunkeana G09
         |--A. (L.) subvictor G09
         `--A. (L.) victor G09
  Pseudolimnophila G09
    |--P. inconcussa (Alexander 1913) [=Limnophila inconcussa] A40
    |--P. inornata G09
    |--P. (Pseudolimnophila) luteipennis G09
    `--P. noveboracensis AB81
  Pilaria recondita AB81
  Limnophila G09
  Lecteria (Lecteria) G09
    |--L. (L.) acanthosoma G09
    `--L. (L.) armillaris G09
  Sigmatomera G09
    |--S. (Sigmatomera) G09
    |    |--S. (S.) occulta G09
    |    `--S. (S.) seguyi G09
    `--S. (Austrolimnobia) G09
         |--S. (A.) magnifica G09
         `--S. (A.) rufa G09
  Ellipteroides (Progonomyia) G09
    |--E. (P.) nigrobimbo G09
    |--E. (P.) quinqueplagiata G09
    `--E. (P.) slossonae G09
  Neognophomyia G09
    |--N. adara G09
    `--N. hirsuta G09
  Eriopterodes latipleura G09
  Gynoplistia apicalis CM91

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A16] Alexander, C. P. 1916. New or little-known crane-flies from the United States and Canada: Tipulidae, Diptera, Part 2. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (3): 458–514, pls 16–21.

[A40] Alexander, C. P. 1940. New or little-known Tipulidae from eastern China. Notes d'Entomologie Chinoise 8 (1): 1–28.

[AB81] Alexander, C. P., & G. W. Byers. 1981. Tipulidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 153–190. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[CM70] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1970. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 656–740. Melbourne University Press.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[G09] Gelhaus, J. K. 2009. Tipulidae (crane flies, tipúlidos). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 193–236. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Last updated: 27 December 2020.

Chioneini

Gonomyia sp., copyright John Rosenfeld.

Belongs within: Limnophilini.

The Chioneini are a group of crane flies characterised by bare eyes and legs lacking tibial spurs (Alexander & Byers 1981).

Characters (from Alexander & Byers 1981, as Eriopterini): Eyes glabrous. Terminal segment of palpus short; nasus absent. Tibial spurs absent. Wings, if present, with Sc₁ complete, free tip of Sc₂ absent, tip of R₁₊₂ present, R₄ and R₅ separate, CuA straight. Larva with plane of spiracular disc roughly perpendicular to long axis of body, disc surrounded by five lobes.

<==Chioneini [Chioneinae, Eriopterini] G09
    |--Neolimnophila AB81
    |--Cladura AB81
    |--Neocladura AB81
    |--Idiognophomyia AB81
    |--Tasiocera AB81
    |--Phantolabis lacustris AB81
    |--Gonomyodes AB81
    |--Gonomyopsis doaneiana AB81
    |--Gonempeda AB81
    |--Empedomorpha empedoides AB81
    |--Hesperoconopa melanderi AB81
    |--Arctoconopa AB81
    |--Hoplolabis armata WT11 [=Erioptera (Hoplolabis) armata AB81]
    |--Chionea AB81
    |--Aymaramayia G09
    |--Quechamyia G09
    |--Lipsothrix AB81
    |    |--L. neotropica G09
    |    `--L. nigrilinea AB81
    |--Eugnophomyia AB81
    |    |--E. apache G09
    |    `--E. luctuosa G09
    |--Cryptolabis (Cryptolabis) AB81
    |    |--C. (C.) magnistyla G09
    |    `--C. (C.) paradoxa G09
    |--Ormosia AB81
    |    |--O. (Ormosia) manicata AB81
    |    `--O. monticola AB81
    |--Cheilotrichia AB81
    |    |--C. (Cheilotrichia) alicia AB81
    |    `--C. (Empeda) G09
    |         |--C. (E.) stygia G09
    |         `--C. (E.) tanneri G09
    |--Teucholabis AB81
    |    |--T. (Teucholabis) complexa G09
    |    |--T. (Euparatropesa) G09
    |    |    |--T. (E.) invenusta G09
    |    |    `--T. (E.) lindneri G09
    |    `--T. (Paratropesa) collaris G09
    |--Toxorhina AB81
    |    |--T. (Toxorhina) G09
    |    |    |--T. (T.) magna AB81
    |    |    `--T. (T.) muliebris G09
    |    `--T. (Ceratocheilus) G09
    |         |--T. (C.) americana G09
    |         `--T. (C.) caledonica G09
    |--Molophilus AB81
    |    |  i. s.: M. fluviatilis Bangerter 1947 TKM93
    |    |         M. hirtipennis G09
    |    |--M. (Molophilus) G09
    |    |    |--M. (M.) gracilis G09
    |    |    `--M. (M.) plagiatus G09
    |    `--M. (Promolophilus) nitidus AB81
    |--Gnophomyia AB81
    |    |--G. jacobsoni G09
    |    |--G. lugubris G09
    |    |--G. rubicundula G09
    |    |--G. toschiae AB81
    |    |--G. triceps G09
    |    `--G. tristissima AB81
    |--Symplecta G09
    |    |--S. (Symplecta) G09
    |    |    |--S. (S.) cana G09 [=Erioptera (S.) cana AB81]
    |    |    |--S. (S.) hybrida G09
    |    |    |--S. (S.) macroptera G09
    |    |    `--S. (S.) stictica [=Erioptera (S.) stictica] AB81
    |    `--S. (Trimicra) pilipes G09 [=Erioptera (T.) pilipes AB81]
    |--Rhabdomastix AB81
    |    |  i. s.: R. neolurida AB81
    |    |         R. subfascigera AB81
    |    |--R. (Rhabdomastix) G09
    |    |    |--R. (R.) californiensis G09
    |    |    |--R. (R.) nuttingi AB81
    |    |    `--R. (R.) plaumanni G09
    |    `--R. (Sacandaga) AB81
    |         |--R. (S.) californiensis AB81
    |         `--R. (S.) monticola AB81
    |--Erioptera AB81
    |    |  i. s.: E. caloptera A16
    |    |         E. venusta A16
    |    |         E. vespertina A16
    |    |--E. (Erioptera) G09
    |    |    |--E. (E.) acucuspis G09
    |    |    |--E. (E.) cladophoroides G09
    |    |    `--E. (E.) septemtrionis AB81
    |    `--E. (Mesocyphona) G09
    |         |--E. (M.) costalis G09
    |         |--E. (M.) eiseni G09
    |         |--E. (M.) knabi G09
    |         |--E. (M.) melanderiana AB81
    |         `--E. (M.) troglodyta G09
    `--Gonomyia AB81
         |--G. (Gonomyia) G09
         |    |--G. (G.) kansensis G09
         |    `--G. (G.) subcinerea AB81
         |--G. (Leiponeura) G09
         |    |--G. (L.) haploa G09
         |    |--G. (L.) manca G09
         |    |--G. (L.) puer G09
         |    |--G. (L.) sulphurella G09 [=G. (Lipophleps) sulphurella AB81]
         |    `--G. (L.) sulphurelloides G09
         |--G. (Neolipophleps) G09
         |    |--G. (N.) alexanderi G09
         |    |--G. (N.) cinerea G09
         |    |--G. (N.) helophila G09
         |    `--G. (N.) strigilis G09
         `--G. (Paralipophleps) pleuralis AB81

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A16] Alexander, C. P. 1916. New or little-known crane-flies from the United States and Canada: Tipulidae, Diptera, Part 2. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (3): 458–514, pls 16–21.

[AB81] Alexander, C. P., & G. W. Byers. 1981. Tipulidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 153–190. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[G09] Gelhaus, J. K. 2009. Tipulidae (crane flies, tipúlidos). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 193–236. Ottawa, NRC Research Press.

[TKM93] Thaler, K., B. Knoflach & E. Meyer. 1993. Fragmenta faunistica Tirolensia—X. Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich-Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck 80: 311–325.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Tipulomorpha

Male winter crane fly Trichocera garretti, from Alexander (1981).

Belongs within: Diptera.
Contains: Tipulidae.

The Tipulomorpha are a clade of flies uniting the crane flies (Tipulidae) with the winter crane flies (Trichoceridae). Modern members of the lineage lack mandibles, and their wings have R₂ joining R₁, the stem of M tending to align with M₃₊₄, and 2A very short and submarginal (Blagoderov et al. 2002). Trichoceridae differ from tipulids in the possession of three well-developed ocelli, together with an incomplete transverse suture on the scutum.

<==Tipulomorpha WT11
    |--Vladiptera [Vladipteridae] BLM02
    |    `--V. kovalevi BLM02
    `--+--Tipulidae WT11
       `--+--Gnomuscidae GE05
          `--Trichoceridae [Petauristidae, Trichoceroidea] WT11
               |  i. s.: Mailotrichocera jurassica BLM02
               |         Eotrichocera christinae Kalugina in Kalugina & Kovalev 1985 RJ93
               |--Kawasemyia [Kawasemyiinae] A81
               |--Paracladura [Paracladurinae] K09
               |    `--P. trichoptera A81
               `--Trichocerinae K09
                    |--Diazosma hirtipennis K09
                    |--Nothotrichocera cingulata K09, CM91
                    `--Trichocera K09
                         |  i. s.: T. annulata CM91
                         |         T. brevicornis WT11
                         |         T. columbiana M90
                         |         T. gigantea A81
                         |         T. maculipennis A81
                         |         T. mexicana K09
                         |         T. regelationis A81
                         |         T. saltator K09
                         `--T. (Metatrichocera) A81
                              |--T. (M.) alexanderi A81
                              |--T. (M.) colei A81
                              |--T. (M.) garretti A81
                              |--T. (M.) mackenzie A81
                              |--T. (M.) salmani A81
                              `--T. (M.) ursamajor A81

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A81] Alexander, C. P. 1981. Trichoceridae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 301–304. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[BLM02] Blagoderov, V. A., E. D. Lukashevich & M. B. Mostovski. 2002. Order Diptera Linné, 1758. The true flies (=Muscida Laicharting, 1781). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 227–240. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[K09] Krzemińska, E. 2009. Trichoceridae (winter crane flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 337–339. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[M90] McAlpine, J. F. 1990. Insecta: Diptera adults. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1211–1252. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Last updated: 24 December 2020.