Ceratopogonidae

Female Leptoconops, copyright Alice Abela.

Belongs within: Culicomorpha.
Contains: Forcipomyia, Culicoidini, Ceratopogonini, Sphaeromiini.

The Ceratopogonidae, biting midges, are a cosmopolitan group of small flies, a number of species of which have females that feed on vertebrate blood. Four subfamilies are recognised, the most divergent of which includes the genus Leptoconops which has eyes widely separated on top of the head (vs closely approximated in other subfamilies) and lacks the crossvein r-m in the wing (Downes & Wirth 1981).

Characters (from Downes & Wirth 1981): Small flies, 1–6 mm long, slender to moderately robust. Antenna with 11–13 flagellomeres, showing marked sexual dimorphism; female with five distal flagellomeres elongated and differing from proximal flagellomeres in many details; male with pedicel greatly enlarged and containing a specialised Johnston's organ, flagellomeres 1–8 usually bearing whorls of long setae giving characteristic plumose appearance. Proboscis about as long as head; palpus slightly longer. Female with biting and sucking mouthparts, consisting of a rigid labrum, blade-like mandibles and laciniae, and a hypopharynx, each typically with apical armature; females in non-biting species and all males with proboscis weaker and armature reduced. Palpus five-segmented; segments 1 and 2 sometimes poorly developed; segment 3 with sensory organ enclosed in a pit or on surface; segments 4 and 5 occasionally fused. Wings held horizontally at rest one above the other, narrower in male than in female; apex evenly rounded. Venation characterized by compact radial system lying closely behind costal margin and meeting margin before apex of wing, often near or even before the midpoint. R₁ and Rs typically short, with Rs branching into R₂₊₃, and R₄₊₅; R₂₊₃ running forward and rejoining R₁ to form cell r₁ (usually termed first radial cell); R₄₊₅ meeting C farther out to form cell r₂₊₃; one or both of these cells sometimes lost either by closure (approximation of upper and lower veins) or by becoming confluent through loss of R₂₊₃. Strong and characteristic crossvein r-m present. Posterior veins relatively weak; M₂ sometimes incomplete basally or absent; crossvein m-cu absent; cubital fork well-developed; CuP and A weak, not reaching wing margin. Legs moderately long; claws usually similar, average in size; male with small claws that are usually bifid at tips. Abdomen l0-segmented; spiracles present on segments 2–7; segment 1 somewhat reduced; tergites 1 and 2 sometimes fused. Sternite 8 in female with slightly bilobate hind margin extending below opening of spermathecal duct; segment 9 with small tergite fused laterally to narrow band-like sternite, sternite usually dividing in midline around spermathecal opening; segment l0 small; cercus rounded, on small dorsolateral basal plate. Segment 8 in male with normal tergite and sternite; tergite 9 usually enlarged and prolonged backward to cover other elements of terminalia; gonopod two-segmented, conspicuous; aedeagus extending back from sternite 9 and articulated laterally with base of gonocoxite, often triangular with sclerotized lateral arms or ventral plate; paired parameres usually present above aedeagus. Early stages usually found in moist or aquatic habitats; larva apneustic, often elongate in form, and a strong swimmer; head usually sclerotized; mandible strong, toothed, not apposed; pharyngeal apparatus conspicuous internally, with two strongly diverging arms and series of combs apparently serving to reduce and sort food; short collar between head and thorax; three thoracic and nine abdominal segments well-defined; no functional spiracles.

<==Ceratopogonidae [Heleidae]
    |--Dasyhelea BSG09 [Dasyheleinae DW81]
    |    |--D. antiqua S02
    |    |--D. cincta BSG09
    |    `--D. pseudoincisurata DW81
    |--Leptoconops BSG09 [Leptoconopinae DW81]
    |    |  i. s.: L. bequaerti BSG09
    |    |--L. (Leptoconops) torrens DW81
    |    |--L. (Brachyconops) californiensis DW81
    |    `--L. (Megaconops) floridensis DW81
    |--Forcipomyiinae DW81
    |    |--Forcipomyia DW81
    |    `--Atrichopogon DW81
    |         |--A. (Atrichopogon) levis DW81
    |         `--A. polydactylus DW81
    `--Ceratopogoninae DW81
         |--Culicoidini DW81
         |--Ceratopogonini DW81
         |--Sphaeromiini DW81
         |--Stenoxenini DW81
         |    |--Stenoxenus DW81
         |    |    |--S. coomani DW81
         |    |    `--S. johnsoni DW81
         |    `--Paryphoconus DW81
         |         |--P. angustipennis DW81
         |         `--P. sonorensis DW81
         |--Heteromyiini DW81
         |    |--Heteromyia fasciata DW81
         |    |--Neurohelea nigra DW81
         |    |--Neurobezzia granulosa DW81
         |    |--Clinohelea bimaculata DW81
         |    `--Pellucidomyia DW81
         |         |--P. ugandae BSG09
         |         `--P. wirthi DW81
         |--Palpomyiini DW81
         |    |--Pachyhelea pachymera DW81
         |    |--Bezzia DW81
         |    |    |--B. nobilis BSG09
         |    |    `--B. setulosa DW81
         |    |--Palpomyia BSG09
         |    |    |--P. lacustris BSG09
         |    |    |--P. lineata DW81
         |    |    `--P. plebeja BSG09
         |    `--Phaenobezzia DW81
         |         |--P. maya BSG09
         |         |--P. opaca DW81
         |         `--P. pistiae DW81
         `--Stilobezziini DW81
              |--Echinohelea lanei DW81
              |--Serromyia femorata DW81
              |--Parabezzia DW81
              |    |--P. bystraki BSG09
              |    `--P. petiolata DW81
              |--Monohelea DW81
              |    |--M. hieroglyphica DW81
              |    `--M. (Schizohelea) leucopeza DW81
              `--Stilobezzia DW81
                   |--S. antennalis DW81
                   |--S. (Eukraiohelea) elegantula DW81
                   `--S. (Neostilobezzia) lutea DW81

Ceratopogonidae incertae sedis:
  Austroconops GE05
    |--A. fossilis GE05
    `--A. macmillani GE05
  Fittkauhelea amazonica BSG09
  Cacaohelea youngi BSG09
  Baeohelea nana BSG09
  Leptohelea micronyx BSG09
  Nannohelea bourioni BSG09
  Schizonyxhelea forattinii BSG09
  Allohelea BSG09
    |--A. johannseni BSG09
    `--A. neotropica BSG09
  Parastilobezzia leei BSG09
  Downeshelea stonei BSG09
  Baeodasymyia dominicana BSG09
  Amerohelea BSG09
    |--A. frontispina BSG09
    `--A. galindoi BSG09
  Clastrieromyia dycei BSG09
  Spinellihelea BSG09
  Macrurohelea CM91
  Acanthohelea CM91
  Xenohelea CM91
  Dibezzia CM91
  Archiaustroconops alavensis Szadziewski & Arillo 1998 PR13
  Styloconops CM70

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BSG09] Borkent, A., G. R. Spinelli & W. L. Grogan Jr. 2009. Ceratopogonidae (biting midges, purrujas). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 407–435. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[CM70] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1970. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 656–740. Melbourne University Press.

[DW81] Downes, J. A., & W. W. Wirth. 1981. Ceratopogonidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 393–421. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[PR13] Peris, D., & E. Ruzzier. 2013. A new tribe, new genus, and new species of Mordellidae (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea) from the Early Cretaceous amber of Spain. Cretaceous Research 45: 1–6.

[S02] Sinitshenkova, N. D. 2002. Ecological history of the aquatic insects. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 388–426. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

Last updated: 7 May 2018.

Tabanini

Band-eyed brown horsefly Tabanus bromius, copyright Entomart.

Belongs within: Tabanidae.

The Tabanini is a cosmopolitan group of horse flies, most diverse in the Northern Hemisphere. Some species of Tabanus grow quite large, up to three centimetres in length.

Characters (from Pechuman & Teskey 1981): Scape barely longer than wide. Basicosta with macrotrichia similar in appearance and density to those on C. Hind tibia without apical spurs. Male gonostylus truncate. Ends of spermathecal ducts in female with mushroom-like expansions.

<==Tabanini PT81
    |--Styporhamphis M54
    |--Atylotus incisuralis PT81
    |--Abatylotus M54
    |--Phyrta M54
    |--Dasyrhamphis M54
    |--Efflatounanus M54
    |--Agkistrocerus megerlei PT81
    |--Hamatabanus carolinensis PT81
    |--Whitneyomyia beatifica PT81
    |--Lophotabanus M54
    |--Taeniotabanus M54
    |--Euancala M54
    |--Ancala M54
    |--Poeciloderas quadripunctatus B09
    |--Therioplectes M54
    |    |--T. tarandinus K01
    |    `--T. tropicus K01
    |--Hybomitra PT81
    |    |--H. epistates PT81
    |    |--H. lasiophthalma M90
    |    `--H. rhombica M54
    `--Tabanus Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--T. albipes L02
         |--T. americanus M90
         |--T. antarcticus Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--T. atratus WT11
         |--T. bovinus Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--T. bromius Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--T. caecutiens Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--T. calens Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--T. ceylonicus M70b
         |--T. exaestuans Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--T. fervens Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--T. (Glaucops) fratellus PT81
         |--T. fuscicostatus A71
         |--T. lineola PT81
         |--T. marginalis T90
         |--T. mexicanus Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--T. micans A71
         |--T. occidentalis Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--T. particaecus M70a
         |--T. pluvialis Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--T. reinwardtii T90
         |--T. similis PT81
         |--T. striatus A71
         |--T. subsimilis PT81
         |--T. sudeticus K01
         |--T. sulcifrons M90
         |--T. tarandinus Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--T. texanus BM76
         `--T. tropicus Linnaeus 1758 L58

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[B09] Burger, J. F. 2009. Tabanidae (horse flies, deer flies, tabanos). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 495–507. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[K01] Kertész, K. 1901. Legyek [Dipteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 179–201. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M54] Mackerras, I. M. 1954. The classification and distribution of Tabanidae (Diptera). I. General review. Australian Journal of Zoology 2 (3): 431–454.

[M70a] Mackerras, I. M. 1970a. Skeletal anatomy. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 3–28. Melbourne University Press.

[M70b] Mackerras, I. M. 1970b. Composition and distribution of the fauna. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 187–203. Melbourne University Press.

[M90] McAlpine, J. F. 1990. Insecta: Diptera adults. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1211–1252. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[PT81] Pechuman, L. L., & H. J. Teskey. 1981. Tabanidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 463–478. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[T90] Teskey, H. J. 1990. Insecta: Diptera larvae. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1253–1276. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Last updated: 13 May 2018.

Tipulinae

Tipula oleracea, copyright David Nicholls.

Belongs within: Tipulidae.

The Tipulinae are a group of mostly large crane flies, with wing lengths commonly over 10 mm. The legs are particularly long and slender in members of the genera Dolichopeza, Megistocera and Brachypremna; other genera have stouter albeit still long legs (Alexander & Byers 1981). The cosmopolitan genus Tipula includes about 2500 species, often with an opaque, pruinose coloration, characterised by a relatively long subcostal vein meeting R₁ beyond the origin of Rs (Gelhaus 2009).

Characters (from Alexander & Byers 1981): Size large; body length commonly over 8–10 mm; wing commonly over 10 mm, usually much larger. Terminal segment of palpus elongate; nasus usually distinct. Flagellum commonly with eleven segments. Wing with Sc₁ usually atrophied or incomplete; CuA slightly constricted at branching of CuA₁ and CuA₂. Larva with spiracular disc bordered by six (rarely eight) usually subconical lobes usually arranged with two dorsally, two dorsolaterally, and two below spiracles; these lobes sometimes short and blunt or sclerotised and hook-like.

<==Tipulinae [Tipulini] G09
    |--Megistocera longipennis G09
    |--Brachypremna dispellens G09
    |--Clytocosmus helmsi CM91
    |--Ptilogyna ramicornis CM91
    |--Stygeropsis A16
    |--Plusiomyia CM70
    |--Macromastix CM70
    |--Pselliophora G09
    |    |--P. margarita G09
    |    `--P. xanthopimplina Enderlein 1921 [incl. P. quadrivittata Edwards 1921] A40
    |--Holorusia AB81
    |    |--H. hespera G09
    |    `--H. rubiginosa AB81
    |--Dolichopeza AB81
    |    |--D. americana WT11
    |    `--D. subalbipes TW05
    |--Prionocera AB81
    |    |--P. dimidiata AB81
    |    |--P. gracilistyla HP68
    |    `--P. parrii G09
    |--Ctenacroscelis A40
    |    |--C. clavipes Edwards 1921 A40
    |    |--C. calliergon Alexander 1940 A40
    |    `--C. serratus A40
    |--Dictenidia A40
    |    |--D. luteicostalis A40
    |    |    |--D. l. luteicostalis A40
    |    |    `--D. l. longisector Alexander 1940 A40
    |    `--D. stalactitica Alexander 1940 A40
    |--Ischnotoma G09
    |    |  i. s.: I. eburnea G09
    |    |         I. rubriventris CM91
    |    |--I. (Ischnotoma) fagetorum G09
    |    |--I. (Icriomastix) jujuyensis G09
    |    `--I. (Neotipula) maya G09
    |--Ozodicera G09
    |    |--O. (Ozodicera) G09
    |    |    |--O. (O.) cinereipennis G09
    |    |    `--O. (O.) eurystyla G09
    |    `--O. (Dihexaclonus) G09
    |         |--O. (D.) macracantha G09
    |         `--O. (D.) panamensis G09
    |--Zelandotipula G09
    |    |--Z. associans G09
    |    |--Z. furcifera G09
    |    |--Z. gracilipes G09
    |    |--Z. laevis G09
    |    |--Z. novarae G09
    |    `--Z. sinuosa G09
    |--Leptotarsus G09 [incl. Longurio AB81]
    |    |  i. s.: L. imperatorius CM91
    |    |         L. testaceus G09
    |    |--‘Longurio’ (Longurio) fulvus Edwards 1916 A40
    |    |--L. (Pehlkea) G09
    |    |    |--L. (P.) colombianus G09
    |    |    `--L. (P.) regina G09
    |    `--L. (Tanypremna) G09
    |         |--L. (T.) incompletus G09
    |         `--L. (T.) opilio G09
    |--Ctenophora AB81
    |    |  i. s.: C. apicata G09
    |    |         C. perjocosa Alexander 1940 A40
    |    |         C. pselliophoroides A40
    |    |--C. (Ctenophora) bimaculata [=Tipula (C.) bimaculata] G20
    |    |--C. (Tanyptera) AB81
    |    |    |--‘Tanyptera’ antica Alexander 1938 A40
    |    |    `--C. (T.) dorsalis AB81
    |    `--C. (Phoroctenia) vittata AB81
    |         |--C. v. vittata AB81
    |         `--C. v. angustipennis AB81
    |--Nephrotoma Meigen 1803 (see below for synonymy) A16
    |    |--*N. dorsalis A16 [=Tipula (Nephrotoma) dorsalis G20]
    |    |--N. australasiae ZS10
    |    |--‘Pachyrrhina’ crocata K01
    |    |--N. eucera [=Pachyrrhina eucera] A16
    |    |--N. ferruginea G09
    |    |--N. flavescens V09
    |    |--‘Pachyrrhina’ histrio K01
    |    |--N. incurva A16
    |    |--N. lugens A16
    |    |--N. macrocera A16
    |    |--N. pedunculata A16
    |    |--N. penumbra Alexander 1916 A16
    |    |--‘Pachyrrhina’ scurra K01
    |    `--N. vittula A16
    `--Tipula Linnaeus 1758 A16
         |  i. s.: T. alta Doane 1912 A16
         |         T. angulata Loew 1864 [incl. T. decora Doane 1901] A16
         |         T. angustipennis Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. annulata Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. apicalis Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. appendiculata Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. atrata Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. australis Doane 1901 A16
         |         T. balioptera Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. bella Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. besselsi Osten Sacken 1876 A16
         |         T. bicornis Forbes 1891 A16
         |         T. brevicornis Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. californica [=Pachyrrhina californica] A16
         |         T. ‘californica’ Doane 1912 non Pachyrrhina californica A16
         |         T. canadensis Loew 1864 A16
         |         T. carinifrons HP68
         |         T. cayuga Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. centralis Loew 1864 A16
         |         T. cincta Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. cincticornis A16
         |         T. collaris [=Pachyrrhina collaris] A16
         |         T. contaminata Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. cornicina Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. crocata Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. culiciformis L02
         |         T. cunctans Say 1823 [incl. T. casta Loew 1863, T. infuscata Loew 1863] A16
         |         T. dietziana Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. discolor Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. fallax Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. febrilis Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. fenestrarum L02
         |         T. flavescens Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. florilega Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. fragilis Loew 1863 [incl. T. suspecta Loew 1863] A16
         |         T. fraterna Loew 1864 A16
         |         T. fuliginosa (Say 1823) [=Ctenophora fuliginosa; incl. T. speciosa Loew 1863] A16
         |         T. fungorum L02
         |         T. fuscipennis Meigen 1818 A16
         |         T. grata Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. hebes Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. hermannia Alexander 1916 [=T. fasciata Loew 1863 non Linnaeus 1767] A16
         |         T. hiemalis L02
         |         T. hortorum Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. ignobilis Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. imperfecta Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. irrorata F92
         |         T. jejuna A16
         |         T. johnsoniana Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. juniperina Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. kennicotti Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. latipennis Loew 1864 A16
         |         T. littoralis Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. loewiana Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. longicornis Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. longiventris Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. lunata Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. macrocephala Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. macrolabis Loew 1864 A16
         |         T. macrosterna [=Pachyrrhina macrosterna] A16
         |         T. mainensis Alexander 1916 [incl. T. laevigata ms] A16
         |         T. mandan Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. marci Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. maxima W01
         |         T. megaura Doane 1901 A16
         |         T. mingwe Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. monilis Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. morrisoni Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. motatrix Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. nigra Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. nobilis [=Pachyrrhina nobilis] A16
         |         T. notata Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. pachyrhinoides Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. pallida Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. palustris Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. parshleyi Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. pectinicornis Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. penicillata Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. penobscot Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. perlongipes Johnson 1909 A16
         |         T. phalaenoides Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. piliceps Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. pinnicornis Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. plumosa Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. polymera [=Pachyrrhina polymera] A16
         |         T. praecisa Loew 1872 A16
         |         T. pratensis Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. pubera Loew 1864 A16
         |         T. putris Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. quaylii AB81
         |         T. rangiferina Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. regelationis Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. replicata Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. rostrata L02
         |         T. seminole Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. septentrionalis Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. serrulata Loew 1864 A16
         |         T. serta Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. subfasciata Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. submaculata Loew 1863 [incl. T. bidens ms] A16
         |         T. sulphurea A16
         |         T. taughannock Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. tephrocephala Loew 1864 A16
         |         T. ternaria Loew 1864 A16
         |         T. terrestris Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. tesselata Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. tremula Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. trinidadensis [=Pachyrrhina trinidadensis] A16
         |         T. triton Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. trivittata G09
         |         T. tuscarora Alexander 1916 [incl. T. hamata ms] A16
         |         T. umbrosa Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. unimaculata [=Pachyrrhina unimaculata] A16
         |         T. valida Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. variegata Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. varipennis I92
         |         T. vernalis K01
         |         T. versicolor Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. vibratoria Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--T. (Tipula) G09
         |    |--T. (T.) oleracea Linnaeus 1758 G09, L58
         |    `--T. (T.) paludosa AB81
         |--T. (Acutipula) A40
         |    |--T. (A.) graphiptera A40
         |    |--T. (A.) megaleuca A40
         |    |--T. (A.) phaeoleuca Alexander 1940 A40
         |    `--T. (A.) stenacantha Alexander 1937 A40
         |--T. (Angarotipula) illustris G09
         |--T. (Bellardina) cydippe G09
         |--T. (Cinctotipula Alexander 1916) A16
         |    `--T. (*C.) algonquin Alexander 1916 A16
         |--T. (Eumicrotipula) G09
         |    |--T. (E.) armillatus G09
         |    |--T. (E.) balloui G09
         |    |--T. (E.) exilis G09
         |    |--T. (E.) ligulipenicillata G09
         |    |--T. (E.) michoacana G09
         |    |--T. (E.) monilifera G09
         |    `--T. (E.) virgulata G09
         |--T. (Formotipula) A40
         |    |--T. (*F.) holoserica A40
         |    |--T. (F.) spoliatrix A40
         |    `--T. (F.) vindex Alexander 1940 A40
         |--T. (Lunatipula) G09
         |    |--T. (L.) dorsimacula G09
         |    |--T. (L.) monticola Alexander 1916 G09, A16
         |    `--T. (L.) triplex G09
         |--T. (Microtipula) [incl. Nephrotomodes] G09
         |    |--T. (M.) amazonica G09
         |    |--T. (M.) armatipennis G09
         |    |--T. (M.) aymara G09
         |    |--T. (M.) contemplata G09
         |    |--T. (M.) smilodon G09
         |    `--T. (M.) smithi G09
         |--T. (Nesotipula) pribilovia AB81
         |--T. (Nippotipula) AB81
         |    |--T. (N.) abdominalis AB81
         |    `--T. (N.) sinica Alexander 1935 A40
         |--T. (Oreomyza) A40
         |    |--T. (O.) famula Alexander 1935 A40
         |    `--T. (O.) tetramelania Alexander 1935 A40
         |--T. (Rhiphidia) maculata Linnaeus 1758 G20, L58
         |--T. (Schummelia) A40
         |    |--T. (S.) angustiligula A40
         |    |    |--T. a. angustiligula A40
         |    |    `--T. a. mokanensis Alexander 1940 A40
         |    |--T. (S.) spectata Alexander 1940 A40
         |    `--T. (S.) variicornis A40
         |--T. (Tipulodinodes) lacteipes AB81
         |--T. (Trichotipula Alexander 1916) A16
         |    `--T. (*T.) oropezoides A16
         |--T. (Triplicitipula) flavoumbrosa S96
         |--T. (Vestiplex) bifida Alexander 1921 A40
         `--T. (Yamatotipula) G09
              |--T. (Y.) caloptera Loew 1863 AB81, A16
              |--T. (Y.) eluta Loew 1863 G09, A16
              |--T. (Y.) nova Walker 1848 A40
              |--T. (Y.) noveboracensis G09
              |--T. (Y.) poliocephala Alexander 1921 A40
              |--T. (Y.) strepens Loew 1863 G09, A16
              `--T. (Y.) tricolor G09

Nephrotoma Meigen 1803 [incl. Pachyrrhina Macquart 1834, Pales Meigen 1800 (n. n.) non Robineau-Desvoidy 1830] A16

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A16] Alexander, C. P. 1916. New or little-known crane-flies from the United States and Canada: Tipulidae, Diptera, Part 2. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (3): 458–514, pls 16–21.

[A40] Alexander, C. P. 1940. New or little-known Tipulidae from eastern China. Notes d'Entomologie Chinoise 8 (1): 1–28.

[AB81] Alexander, C. P., & G. W. Byers. 1981. Tipulidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 153–190. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[CM70] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1970. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 656–740. Melbourne University Press.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[G09] Gelhaus, J. K. 2009. Tipulidae (crane flies, tipúlidos). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 193–236. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[HP68] Holmes, R. T., & F. A. Pitelka. 1968. Food overlap among coexisting sandpipers on northern Alaskan tundra. Systematic Zoology 17 (3): 305–318.

[I92] Imes, R. 1992. The Practical Entomologist. Aurum Press: London.

[K01] Kertész, K. 1901. Legyek [Dipteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 179–201. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[S96] Smith, D. R. 1996. Trigonalyidae (Hymenoptera) in the eastern United States: seasonal flight activity, distribution, hosts. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (1): 109–118.

[TW05] Terry, M. D., & M. F. Whiting. 2005. Mantophasmatodea and phylogeny of the lower neopterous insects. Cladistics 21: 240–257.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the Wild Fauna and Flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

[W01] Wohltmann, A. 2001. Closely related species of Parasitengonae (Acari: Prostigmata) inhabiting the same areas: features facilitating coexistence. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 121–135. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[ZS10] Zborowski, P., & R. Storey. 2010. A Field Guide to Insects in Australia 3^rd ed. Reed New Holland: Sydney.

Last updated: 27 December 2020.

Tipulidae

Orimarga mirabilis, copyright James V. Remsen.

Belongs within: Tipulomorpha.
Contains: Dicranota, Limnophilini, Cylindrotominae, Tipulinae, Limonia, Dicranomyia.

The Tipulidae, crane flies, are a cosmopolitan group of mostly slender, long-legged flies that differ from all other flies in the presence of a V-shaped suture dividing the mesoscutum, and usually two complete anal veins in the wings (if present). Some classifications divide the Tipulidae between three families Tipulidae, Cylindrotomidae and Limoniidae; not only is the broader sense of Tipulidae used here but it seems possible that the subfamily 'Limoniinae' is paraphyletic to the Cylindrotominae and Tipulinae (e.g. Wiegmann et al. 2011). The Pediciini, historically included in the Limoniinae, are characterised by hairy eyes with short hairs between the ommatidia (Alexander & Byers 1981).

Characters (from Alexander & Byers 1981): Typically slender-bodied. Ocelli absent. Mesonotum with transverse V-shaped suture. Wing elongate, rather narrow. Legs very long and slender, breaking readily at suture between trochanter and femur.

<==Tipulidae [Architipulidae, Eoasilidae, Limnobiinae, Limoniidae, Tipuloidea] G09
    |--Pediciini [Pediciidae] AB81
    |    |--Ula elegans WT11
    |    |--Ornithodes AB81
    |    |--Nasiternella hyperborea AB81
    |    |--Nipponomyia O98
    |    |--Dicranota G09
    |    `--Pedicia AB81
    |         |  i. s.: P. albovitta A16
    |         |         P. hannai HP68
    |         |--P. (Pedicia) bellamyana AB81
    |         `--P. (Tricyphona) AB81
    |              |--‘Tricyphona’ calcar A16
    |              |--‘Tricyphona’ inconstans A16
    |              `--P. (T.) protea AB81
    `--+--Limnophilini WT11
       `--+--Cylindrotominae WT11
          `--+--Tipulinae WT11
             `--Limoniinae [Lechriinae] O98
                  |--Lechria [Lechriini] CM91
                  `--Limoniini AB81
                       |--Limonia G09
                       |--Elliptera tennessa AB81
                       |--Thaumastoptera hynesi AB81
                       |--Atypophthalmus (Atypophthalmus) umbratus G09
                       |--Dicranomyia G09
                       |--Tonnoiromyia CM91
                       |--Dicranoptycha AB81
                       |    |--D. germana AB81
                       |    `--D. phallosomica Alexander 1937 A40
                       |--Antocha WT11
                       |    |--A. obtusa WT11
                       |    `--A. saxicola AB81
                       |--Helius (Helius) AB81
                       |    |--H. (H.) albitarsis G09
                       |    |--H. (H.) darlingtonae G09
                       |    `--H. (H.) flavipes G09
                       |--Geranomyia CM91
                       |    |--G. canadensis G09
                       |    |--G. recondita G09
                       |    `--G. subvirescens G09
                       |--Rhipidia (Rhipidia) G09
                       |    |--R. (R.) lecontei G09 [=Limonia (Rhipidia) lecontei AB81]
                       |    |--R. (R.) multiguttata G09
                       |    |--R. (R.) subcostalis G09
                       |    `--R. (R.) willistoniana G09
                       `--Orimarga AB81
                            |--O. (Orimarga) G09
                            |    |--O. (O.) attenuata G09
                            |    |--O. (O.) nigroapicalis G09
                            |    `--O. (O.) niveitarsis G09
                            `--O. (Diotrepha) G09
                                 |--O. (D.) flavescens G09
                                 `--O. (D.) mirabilis G09

Tipulidae incertae sedis:
  Aphrophila TE03
  Architipula WT11
  Styringomyia G09
    |--S. maya G09
    `--S. paulista G09
  Amphineurus M81
  Paralimnophila setulicornis CM91
  Limnobia A16
    |--L. cinctipes A16
    |--L. indigena A16
    |--L. rivosa (Linnaeus 1758) G20, L58 [=Tipula rivosa G20]
    `--L. solitaria A16
  Rhypholophus A16
    |--R. meigeni A16
    `--R. rubellus A16
  Adelphomyia minuta A16
  Oropeza venosa A16
  Xiphura frontalis A16
  Semnotes imperatoria CM70
  Dapanoptera O98
  Libnotes O98

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A16] Alexander, C. P. 1916. New or little-known crane-flies from the United States and Canada: Tipulidae, Diptera, Part 2. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (3): 458–514, pls 16–21.

[A40] Alexander, C. P. 1940. New or little-known Tipulidae from eastern China. Notes d'Entomologie Chinoise 8 (1): 1–28.

[AB81] Alexander, C. P., & G. W. Byers. 1981. Tipulidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 153–190. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[CM70] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1970. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 656–740. Melbourne University Press.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[G09] Gelhaus, J. K. 2009. Tipulidae (crane flies, tipúlidos). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 193–236. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[HP68] Holmes, R. T., & F. A. Pitelka. 1968. Food overlap among coexisting sandpipers on northern Alaskan tundra. Systematic Zoology 17 (3): 305–318.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M81] McAlpine, J. F. 1981. Morphology and terminology—adults. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 9–63. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[O98] Oosterbroek, P. 1998. The Families of Diptera of the Malay Archipelago. Brill: Leiden.

[TE03] Taylor, R. C., & R. M. Ewers. 2003. The invertebrate fauna inhabiting tree holes in a red beech (Nothofagus fusca) tree. Weta 25: 24–28.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Last updated; 27 December 2020.

Chironomus

Male buzzer midge Chironomus plumosus, copyright Didier Descouens.

Belongs within: Chironomidae.

Chironomus is a cosmopolitan genus of midges. It is distinguished from related genera by features of the male genitalia, with appendage 1 often curving or hooking or with a ventral apical knob and with a digitiform process arising distad from the microtrichiose base, and appendage 2 well developed with long setae distally. Abdominal tergites often bear dark spot and transverse bands, and the r-m area of the wing is often darkened. Larvae inhabit soft sediments and other underwater organic deposits. Depending on the species, they may require pristine to acidic or brackish water habitats (Spies et al. 2009).

Characters (from Oliver 1981): Male antenna with eleven flagellomeres. Antepronotal lobes not separated medially. Wing with crossvein r-m definitely oblique to R₄₊₅; crossvein m-cu absent. Apex of fore tibia with inner low rounded scale that projects slightly beyond similar outer scale; hind tibia with two combs composed of basally fused spines. Male terminalia with gonocoxite and gonostylus separate; appendage 1 with basal long setae, or rarely with long setae only on apical two-thirds, without enlarged setiferous base; appendage 2 subcylindrical, longer than appendage 1, with many apical setae.

<==Chironomus Meigen 1803 [incl. Tendipes Meigen 1800 (nom. rej.)] O81
    |--C. (Chironomus) SA09
    |    |--C. (C.) elegans G20
    |    `--C. (C.) staegeri SA09
    `--C. (Lobochironomus) montuosus SA09

Chironomus incertae sedis:
  C. acutiventris R86
    |--C. a. acutiventris R86
    `--C. a. bavaricus R86
  C. alternans CM91
  C. atroviridis O81
  C. australis CM91
  C. clavaticornis RD77
  C. frigidus T04
  C. intertinctus W70
  C. limnaei A71
  C. pedellus D56
  C. plumosus SA09 [=Tendipes plumosus CS77]
  C. prasinus BBM91
  ‘Tendipes’ reductus CS77
  C. riparius SA09
  C. silvestris [incl. C. silvestris var. ornatus] K01
  C. singulatus OV95
  C. stercorarius RD77
  C. tentans MG06
  C. tepperi WT11
  C. thummi B91
  C. venerabilis Etheridge & Olliff 1890 F71
  C. zealandicus B87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[B91] Baker, R. A. 1991. Development and life-history strategies in mussel mites (Hydrachnellae: Unionicolidae). In: Schuster, R., & P. W. Murphy (eds) The Acari: Reproduction, development and life-history strategies pp. 65–73. Chapman & Hall: London.

[BBM91] Baker, R. A., S. Brett & N. Morley. 1991. Water mite larvae parasitic on insects—a study of larval structures and host relationships. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 493–496. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[B87] Boothroyd, I. K. G. 1987. Taxonomic composition and life cycles of Chironomidae (Diptera) in a northern New Zealand stream. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement 29: 15–22.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[D56] Dawes, B. 1956. The Trematoda with special reference to British and other European forms. University Press: Cambridge.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[K01] Kertész, K. 1901. Legyek [Dipteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 179–201. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[MG06] Mallatt, J., & G. Giribet. 2006. Further use of nearly complete 28S and 18S rRNA genes to classify Ecdysozoa: 37 more arthropods and a kinorhynch. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40: 772–794.

[O81] Oliver, D. R. 1981. Chironomidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 423–458. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[OV95] Ovčarenko, N. A., & I. Vima. 1995. [Issia singulati sp. n. (Microsporidia, Telomyxidae): a new species of Microsporidia from Chironomus singulatus Meigen larvae from Kiev’s water reservoir]. Gidrobiologicheskii Zhurnal 31 (5): 78–83.

[R86] Reiss, F. 1986. Erster Nachtrag zur Chironomidenfauna Bayerns (Diptera, Chironomidae). Spixiana 9 (2): 175–178.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[SA09] Spies, M., T. Andersen, J. H. Epler & C. N. Watson Jr. 2009. Chironomidae (non-biting midges). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 437–480. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[T04] Trägårdh, I. 1904. Fauna Arctica: Eine Zusammenstellung der arktischen Tierformen, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Spitzbergen-Gebietes auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Deutschen Expedition in das Nördliche Eismeer im Jahre 1898 vol. 4 pt 1. Monographie der arktischen Acariden. Gustav Fischer: Jena.

[W70] White, M. J. D. 1970. Cytogenetics. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 72–82. Melbourne University Press.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Last updated: 28 December 2021.

Amarini

Common sun beetle Amara aenea, copyright Entomart.

Belongs within: Harpalinae.

The Amarini are a group of ground beetles with a head distinctly wider than long, and short, stout mandibles.

<==Amarini B90
    |--Disamara arenaria B90
    `--Amara B90
         |--A. aenea C01
         |--A. aurichalcea C01
         |--A. equestris C01
         |--A. fodinae C01
         |--A. municipalis C01
         |--A. praetermissa C01
         |--A. similata C01
         `--A. solskyi C01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B90] Bell, R. T. 1990. Insecta: Coleoptera Carabidae adults and larvae. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1053–1092. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[C01] Csiki, E. 1901. Bogarak [Coleopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 75–120. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

Platynina

Platynus sp., copyright Nick Block.

Belongs within: Platynini.

The Platynina are a group of ground beetles in which females have a fringe of setae along the apex of the penultimate segment of the gonostylus. The widespread genus Agonum, found in Eurasia, Africa and North America, is mostly found alongside standing or flowing water though some species are forest dwellers and the North American A. placidum is found in dry pastures (Ball & Bousquet 2001).

Platynina [Agonini] R-JC01
    |--+--Incagonum lineatupunctatum OM08, R-JC01
    |  `--Agonum Bonelli 1810 OM08, BB01
    |       |  i. s.: A. decorum L88
    |       |         A. dorsalis VPB11
    |       |         A. elongatulum L88
    |       |         A. moestum (Dufts 1812) VPB11
    |       |--A. (Agonum) (see below for synonymy) BB01
    |       |    |--A. (A.) belleri (Hatch 1933) BB01
    |       |    |--A. (A.) collare BB01
    |       |    |--A. (A.) cupripenne BB01
    |       |    |--A. (A.) excavatum BB01
    |       |    |--A. (A.) marginatus (Linnaeus 1758) BB01, L58 [=Carabus marginatus L02, Harpalus (A.) marginatus G20]
    |       |    |--A. (A.) melanarium BB01
    |       |    |--A. (A.) muelleri (Herbst 1784) BB01
    |       |    |--A. (A.) octopunctatum BB01
    |       |    `--A. (A.) placidum (Say 1823) BB01
    |       |--A. (Deratanchus Casey 1920) BB01
    |       |    `--A. (D.) quadrimaculatum (Horn 1885) BB01
    |       |--A. (Europhilus Chaudoir 1859) BB01
    |       |    |--A. (E.) retractum LeConte 1848 BB01
    |       |    `--A. (E.) sordens BB01
    |       |--A. (Micragonum Casey 1920) [incl. Circinalidia Casey 1920] BB01
    |       |    |--A. (M.) limbatum Motschulsky 1845 BB01
    |       |    `--A. (M.) nutans BB01
    |       |--A. (Olisares Motschulsky 1865) [incl. Circinalia Casey 1920] BB01
    |       |--A. (Platynomicrus Casey 1920) BB01
    |       |    |--A. (P.) bicolor BB01
    |       |    `--A. (P.) nigriceps LeConte 1848 BB01
    |       |--A. (Stereagonum Casey 1920) BB01
    |       |    `--A. (S.) errans (Say 1823) BB01
    |       `--A. (Stictanchus Casey 1920) BB01
    |            `--A. (S.) extensicolle BB01
    `--+--Liagonum xantholoma OM08, B55
       `--Platynus Bonelli 1810 OM08, BB01
            |  i. s.: P. assimilis C01
            |         P. atratus C01
            |         P. dolens C01
            |         P. gracilipes C01
            |         P. gracilis C01
            |         P. hypolithos OM08
            |         P. impressus C01
            |         P. obscurus C01
            |         P. sexpunctatus C01
            |         P. versutus C01
            |         P. viduus [incl. P. viduus var. moestus] C01
            |         P. (Batenus Motschulsky 1865) [incl. Paranchomenus Casey 1920, Platynidius Casey 1920] BB01
            |           |--‘Agonum’ hypolithos BB01
            |           `--P. (B.) mannerheimii (Dejean 1828) BB01
            |         P. (Glyptolenopsis Perrault 1991) BB01
            |           `--P. (G.) ovatulus (Bates 1884) BB01
            |         P. (Microplatynus Barr 1982) BB01
            |           `--P. (M.) pecki Barr 1982 BB01
            |--P. alternans L88
            |--P. lherminieri L88
            `--+--+--P. ellipticus L88
               |  `--P. pseudellipticus L88
               `--+--+--P. amone L88
                  |  `--+--P. wolla L88
                  |     `--+--+--P. acuniai L88
                  |        |  `--P. cubensis L88
                  |        `--+--P. laeviceps L88
                  |           `--+--P. marcus L88
                  |              `--P. ramoni L88
                  `--+--P. cinchonae L88
                     |--P. constricticeps L88
                     `--+--P. calathinus L88
                        `--+--+--P. stricticollis L88
                           |  `--+--P. rastafarius L88
                           |     `--+--P. faber L88
                           |        `--P. jamaicae L88
                           `--+--P. robustus L88
                              `--+--P. jaegeri L88
                                 |--+--P. subcordens L88
                                 |  `--P. tipoto L88
                                 `--+--P. cychrinus L88
                                    `--+--P. christophe L88
                                       `--+--P. biramosus L88
                                          `--P. transcibao L88

Agonum (Agonum) [incl. Melanagonum Casey 1920, Paragonum Casey 1920, Punctagonum Gray 1837, Taphranchus Casey 1920] BB01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BB01] Ball, G. E., & Y. Bousquet. 2001. Carabidae Latreille, 1810. In: Arnett, R. H., Jr & M. C. Thomas (eds) American Beetles vol. 1. Archostemata, Myxophaga, Adephaga, Polyphaga: Staphyliniformia pp. 32–132. CRC Press: Boca Raton.

[B55] Basilewsky, P. 1955. Carabidae (Coleoptera) de l’Angola (première partie). Diamang Publicações Culturais 27: 91–137.

[C01] Csiki, E. 1901. Bogarak [Coleopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 75–120. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[L88] Liebherr, J. K. 1988. General patterns in West Indian insects, and graphical biogeographic analysis of some circum-Caribbean Platynus beetles (Carabidae). Systematic Zoology 37 (4): 385–409.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[OM08] Ober, K. A., & D. R. Maddison. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships of tribes within Harpalinae (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as inferred from 28S ribosomal DNA and the wingless gene. Journal of Insect Science 8: 63.

[R-JC01] Roig-Juñent, S., & A. C. Cicchino. 2001. Chaltenia patagonica, new genus and species belonging to Chalteniina, a new subtribe of Zolini (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Canadian Entomologist 133: 651–670.

[VPB11] Varet, M., J. Pétillon & F. Burel. 2011. Comparative responses of spider and carabid beetle assemblages along an urban-rural boundary gradient. Journal of Arachnology 39 (2): 236–243.

Last updated: 22 December 2020.