Fabales

Bay cedar Suriana maritima, photographed by B. Navez.

Belongs within: Fabidae.
Contains: Polygalaceae, Berlinia, Bauhinia, Senna, Papilionoideae, Cassia, Caesalpinieae, Mimosoideae.

The Fabales are a clade of flowering plants supported primarily by molecular data. Within the Fabales, the greater number of species belong to the clade Fabaceae or Leguminosae, the legumes, well-known as the largest clade of plants to possess nodules containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their roots. The Fabaceae are traditionally divided into three groups recognised as either families (Caesalpiniaceae, Mimosaceae and Papilionaceae/Fabaceae) or subfamilies (Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae and Papilionoideae/Faboideae), though recent phylogenetic analyses have indicated that the caesalpinioids are paraphyletic. 'Caesalpinioids' are historically distinguished from other legumes by having the sepals generally free at the base. Among economically significant species in the group is Tamarindus indicus, tamarind, whose fruit is used in cooking. The courbaril or West Indian locust Hymenaea courbaril of the Neotropics produces a resin used in incense and varnish, as well as pulpy seed pods whose pulp is widely eaten despite their distinct odour that may be considered unpleasant. Resins are also produced by trees and shrubs of the genus Copaifera, copaiba. Cercis, the redbuds, include deciduous trees or shrubs that produce pinkish-red flowers on the bare stems in the early spring before the leaves emerge; the flowers of some species are used in salads or pickles. The tualang Koompassia excelsa of southeast Asia is one of the tallest-growing trees of tropical rainforest, reaching close to 90 metres in height. Duparquetia orchidacea, a liana found in humid tropical forests of western Africa, is placed by phylogenetic analyses as one of the most basal members of the Fabaceae.

The majority of remaining Fabales belong to the Polygalaceae; the Surianaceae and Quillaja are both small assemblages. Quillaja is a small southern South American genus of trees; the soapbark Q. saponaria gets its vernacular name from the presence of saponins in its inner bark. The Surianaceae are a group of shrub and trees characterised by the absence of nectaries and the presence of a layer of mucilage around the ovules (Angiosperm Phylogeny Website). The bay cedar Suriana maritima is pantropical and coastal in distribution. Its nut-like fruits can remain buoyant in sea water for a number of months, allowing for its wide dispersal. The remaining genera of Surianaceae are more geographically restricted: Stylobasium and Guilhoylia are endemic to Australia, while Recchia is found in Mexico.

Synapomorphies (from Angiosperm Phylogeny Website): Ellagic acid absent; vessel elements with simple perforation plates; wood often fluorescing; styloids present; calyx initiation helical; corolla clawed; carpels free; embryo green.

Fabales [Fabanae, Fabineae]
    |--Quillaja [Quillajaceae] WM09
    |    `--Q. saponaria CP13
    `--+--Surianaceae WM09
       |    |  i. s.: Recchia mexicana T00, OB11
       |    |--Suriana maritima CP13
       |    `--+--Stylobasium spathulatum CP13
       |       `--Guilhoylia monostylis CP13
       `--+--Polygalaceae WM09
          `--Leguminosae [Caesalpiniaceae, Caesalpinioideae, Fabaceae, Leguminales, Leguminoseae, Viciaceae] CP13
               |  i. s.: Acaciophyllites GT02
               |         Spatholobus K03
               |           |--S. bracteolatus FJ99
               |           `--S. gyrocarpus K03
               |         Maniltoa H03
               |         Kingiodendron H03
               |         Serianthes H03
               |         Gleditsia H06
               |           |--G. japonica [=Gleditschi japonica] LO98
               |           `--G. triacanthos H06
               |         Lysiloma YY22
               |         Pogocybe YY22
               |         Schranckia YY22
               |           |--S. leptocarpa C55
               |           `--S. leptophylla C55
               |         Gymnocladus YY22
               |         Pentaclethra YY22
               |         Stracheya tibetica O88
               |         Ceratonia siliqua PT98, DH98
               |         Hymenocarpus circinnatus PT98
               |         Scorpiurus PT98
               |           |--S. muricatus PT98
               |           `--S. subvillosus C55
               |         Tripodium tetraphyllum PT98
               |         ‘Burtonia’ Brown 1811 non Salisbury 1807 FT93
               |         Teline ES06
               |         Pongamia SDK05
               |           |--P. glabra SK02
               |           `--P. pinnata SDK05
               |         Cynometra H09
               |           |--C. iripa NDA05
               |           `--C. ramiflora H09
               |         Elephantorrhiza CV06
               |           |--E. rangei CV06
               |           `--E. schinziana CV06
               |         Haematoxylon CV06
               |           |--H. campechianum VKC07
               |           `--H. dinteri CV06
               |         Flemingia LK14
               |           |--F. involucrata LK14
               |           |--F. lineata LK14
               |           |--F. macrophylla BMM99
               |           |--F. parviflora LK14
               |           |--F. pauciflora LK14
               |           |--F. strobilifera BB07
               |           `--F. trifoliastrum LK14
               |         Hymenaea K06
               |           |  i. s.: H. courbaril K06
               |           |         H. intermedia P92
               |           |         H. protera Poinar 1991 P92
               |           `--H. sect. Trachylobium P92
               |                |--H. oblongifolia P92
               |                |    |--H. o. var. oblongifolia P92
               |                |    `--H. o. var. latifolia P92
               |                `--H. verrucosa P92
               |         Berlinia MB09
               |         Dicymbe corymbosa AHR03
               |         Tachigali AHR03
               |           |--T. paniculata RD77
               |           `--T. rusbyi AHR03
               |         Koompassia excelsa H03, P88
               |         Intzia palembanica W01
               |         Labichea G04
               |           |--L. punctata GK00
               |           `--L. stellata G04
               |         Bauhinia B02
               |         Chamaecrista LK14
               |           |--C. absus LK14
               |           |--C. mimosoides LK14
               |           |--C. moorei LK14
               |           |--C. nomame LK14
               |           |--C. pumila PP07
               |           `--C. symonii LK14
               |         Parkinsonia aculeata LK14
               |         Saraca BB07
               |           |--S. asoca BB07
               |           `--S. thaipingensis B00
               |         Tamarindus indica LK14
               |         Tetraberlinia MB09
               |           |--T. bifoliolata MB09
               |           `--T. korupensis MB09
               |         Microberlinia bisulcata MB09
               |         Englerodendron korupense MB09
               |         Senna LK14
               |         Lophocarpinia Burkart 1957 WL09
               |           `--*L. aculeatifolia (Burkart) Burkart 1957 [=Cenostigma aculeatifolium Burkart 1944] WL09
               |         Voandzeia subterranea W10
               |         Plagiocarpus LK14
               |           |--P. conduplicatus LK14
               |           |--P. dispermus LK14
               |           `--P. lanatus LK14
               |         Aphyllodium LK14
               |           |--A. biarticulatum LK14
               |           |--A. glossocarpum LK14
               |           |--A. schindleri LK14
               |           `--A. stylosanthoides LK14
               |         Austrodolichos LK14
               |           |--A. errabundus LK14
               |           `--A. erubescens LK14
               |         Cathormion umbellatum LK14
               |           |--C. u. ssp. umbellatum LK14
               |           `--C. u. ssp. moniliforme LK14
               |         Christia australasica LK14
               |         Delonix regia LK14
               |         Dendrolobium B00
               |           |--D. cheelii LK14
               |           `--D. umbellatum B00
               |         Indigastrum parviflorum LK14
               |         Pycnospora lutescens LK14
               |         Platylobium formosum H87
               |         Schizolobium H11
               |           |--S. amazonicum ZRG01
               |           `--S. parahyba H11
               |         Phylacium bracteosum B00
               |         Vandasina retusa B00
               |         Schotia brachypetala B00
               |         Cercidium H93
               |           |--C. floridum BTA75
               |           `--C. microphyllum RJ11
               |         Hoffmannseggia glauca [incl. H. densiflora] H93
               |         Gleditschiacanthus alsaticus Lakowitz 1895 CBH93
               |         Afzelioxylon furoni Koeniguer 1973 CBH93
               |         Sindorapollis Krutzsch 1969 CBH93
               |         Palaeocassia augustifolia Ettingshausen 1867 CBH93
               |         Copaifera BV09
               |           |--C. coriacea BV09
               |           `--C. reticulata DS86
               |         Cordylia Pers. 1807 KC01
               |         Corniola Adans. 1763 KC01
               |         Corynella DC. 1825 KC01
               |         Diplotheca Hochst. 1846 KC01
               |         Ludovicia Coss. 1856 KC01
               |         Stella Medik. 1787 KC01
               |         ‘Whitfordia’ Elmer 1910 non Murrill 1908 KC01
               |         Leguminosites P92
               |         Crudia P92
               |         Sindora P92
               |--Duparquetia orchidacea CP13
               `--+--+--Cercis B14 [Cercideae CP13]
                  |  |    |--C. canadensis B14
                  |  |    |--C. occidentalis H93
                  |  |    `--C. siliquastrum Linnaeus 1753 PL04
                  |  `--+--+--Goniorrhachis marginata CP13
                  |     |  `--Barnebydendron riedelii CP13
                  |     `--+--Prioria CP13
                  |        |--Amherstieae CP13
                  |        `--+--Detarieae CP13
                  |           `--+--Brandzeia filicifolia CP13
                  |              `--Daniellia klainei CP13
                  `--+--Dialiinae CP13
                     `--+--Papilionoideae CP13
                        `--+--Umtiza CP13
                           `--+--+--Cassia CP13
                              |  `--Caesalpinieae CP13
                              `--+--+--Dinizia excelsa CP13
                                 |  |--+--Dimorphandra conjugata CP13
                                 |  |  `--Mora gonggrijpii CP13
                                 |  `--+--Arapatiella psilophylla CP13
                                 |     `--Peltophorum pterocarpum CP13, P88
                                 `--+--+--Moldenhawera brasiliensis CP13
                                    |  `--Diptychandra aurantiaca CP13
                                    `--+--Mimosoideae CP13
                                       `--Erythrophleum CP13
                                            |--E. chlorostachys LK14
                                            |--E. laboucherii C16
                                            `--E. suaveolens CP13

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

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Last updated: 31 March 2021.

Prunus

Sour cherry Prunus cerasus, photographed by Martha Modzelevich.

Belongs within: Rosales.

Prunus is a genus of trees and shrubs native to Eurasia and North America, though several species have become distributed elsewhere through human horticulture. Members of the genus are noted for their fleshy fruits with a central stone. A number of species are significant food plants, such as P. persica (peach), P. domestica (plum), P. avium (sweet cherry) and P. armeniaca (apricot), and these and other species are also grown as ornamentals. The almond Prunus dulcis differs from other cultivated species in that it is the kernel of the seed that is eaten, rather than the flesh of the fruit itself. Seeds of other species (as well as of varieties of almond not selected for raw consumption) are often toxic due to the presence of hydrocyanic acid. The wood of some species is also used for purposes such as furniture production.

Characters (from Gu & Bartholomew): Trees or shrubs, deciduous. Branchlets sometimes spine-tipped. Axillary winter bud solitary, ovoid; terminal winter bud absent. Stipules membranous, soon caducous. Leaves simple, alternate, convolute (or conduplicate) when young; petiolate or sessile; petiole apex or base of leaf blade margin with or without nectaries; leaf blade margin variously crenate or coarsely serrate. Inflorescences apparently axillary, solitary or to 3-flowered in a fascicle; bracts small, soon caducous. Flowers opening before or at same time as leaves. Hypanthium campanulate. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, white, sometimes purple-veined, rarely greenish, inserted on rim of hypanthium, imbricate. Stamens 20–30, in 2 whorls; filaments unequal. Carpel 1; ovary superior, 1-loculed, glabrous or sometimes villous; ovules 2, collateral, pendulous. Style terminal, elongated. Fruit a drupe, glabrous, often glaucous, usually with a longitudinal groove; mesocarp fleshy, not splitting when ripe; endocarp laterally compressed, smooth, rarely grooved or rugose.

<==Prunus [incl. Cerasus, Padus] H90
    |--P. africana E09
    |--P. americana B75
    |--P. amygdalus S00
    |--P. andersonii H93
    |--P. armeniaca R-CT01
    |--P. avium C55
    |--P. buergeriana LO98
    |--P. cerasifera EH03
    |--P. cerasoides MH98
    |--P. cerasus C55
    |--P. dolichobotrys [incl. Combretum flavo-virens Laut. 1912] C78
    |--P. domestica HH03
    |--P. dulcis H93
    |--P. emarginata H93
    |--P. fasciculata H93
    |    |--P. f. var. fasciculata H93
    |    `--P. f. var. punctata H93
    |--P. fremontii H93
    |--P. grayana [incl. P. ssiori] LO98
    |--P. ilicifolia RJ11
    |    |--P. i. ssp. ilicifolia H93
    |    `--P. i. ssp. lyonii H93
    |--P. insititia C55
    |--P. jamasakura [incl. P. pseudo-cerasus] LO98
    |--P. lannesiana MH98
    |--P. laurocerasus BS01
    |--P. lusitanica H93
    |--P. mahaleb H91
    |--P. martabanicus CMT07
    |--P. maximowiczii LO98
    |--P. mira O88
    |    |--P. m. ssp. mira O88
    |    `--P. m. ssp. nepalensis O88
    |--P. mume LO98
    |--P. myrtifolia J87
    |--P. occidentalis J87
    |--P. padus ZB01
    |--P. pendula LO98
    |    |--P. p. f. pendula LO98
    |    `--P. p. f. ascendens [incl. P. subhirtella] LO98
    |--P. persica F11 [=Amygdalus persica LO98]
    |    |--P. p. var. persica H90
    |    `--P. p. var. nectarina H90
    |--P. prostrata SL06
    |--P. salicina HF03
    |--P. serotina H03
    |--P. spinosa BH02
    |--P. subcordata H93
    |--P. virginiana P93
    |    |--P. v. var. virginiana H93
    |    `--P. v. var. demissa [incl. P. virginiana var. melanocarpa] H93
    `--P. yedoensis MH98

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BS01] Bannister, P., & G. L. Strong. 2001. The distribution and population structure of the temperate mistletoe Ileostylus micranthus in the Northern Cemetery, Dunedin, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 39: 225–233.

[BH02] Bell, J. R., A. J. Haughton, N. D. Boatman & A. Wilcox. 2002. Do incremental increases of the herbicide glyphosate have indirect consequences for spider communities? Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 288–297.

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CMT07] Chakrabarty, T., V. Maina & M. Tigga. 2007. Some unrecorded medicinal plants of the Jarawa tribe of Andaman Islands. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 233–234.

[C78] Coode, M. J. E. 1978. Combretaceae. In: Womersley, J. S. (ed.) Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 1 pp. 43–110. Melbourne University Press: Carlton South (Australia).

[E09] Ensermu K. 2009. Three new species of Acanthaceae from Ethiopia. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 57–65.

[EH03] Eriksson, T., M. S. Hibbs, A. D. Yoder, C. F. Delwiche & M. J. Donoghue. 2003. The phylogeny of Rosoideae (Rosaceae) based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the trnL/F region of chloroplast DNA. International Journal of Plant Science 164 (2): 197–211.

[F11] Fraga, R. M. 2011. Family Icteridae (New World blackbirds). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 684–807. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[HF03] Halperin, J., & J. Fremuth. 2003. Contribution to the knowledge of Curculionoidea (Coleoptera) and their host plants in Israel. Zoology in the Middle East 29: 93–100.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H03] Healy, R. A. 2003. Mattirolomyces tiffanyae, a new truffle from Iowa, with ultrastructural evidence for its classification in the Pezizaceae. Mycologia 95 (4): 765–772.

[HH03] Hernández, J. R., & J. F. Hennen. 2003. Rust fungi causing galls, witches’ brooms, and other abnormal plant growths in northwestern Argentina. Mycologia 95 (4): 728–755.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[H91] Hubálek, Z. 1991. Biogeographic indication of natural foci of tick-borne infections. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 255–260. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263–276.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[P93] Pittaway, A. R. 1993. The Hawkmoths of the Western Palaearctic. Harley Books: Colchester.

[R-CT01] Ragusa-di Chiara, S., & H. Tsolakis. 2001. Phytoseiid faunas of natural and agricultural ecosystems in Sicily. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 522–529. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[SL06] Schulz, H.-J., & P. Lymberakis. 2006. First contribution to the knowledge of the Collembola fauna of the White Mountains (Lefká Óri) in west Crete (Insecta, Collembola, Isotomidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 86 (2): 229–234.

[S00] Siddiqi, M. R. 2000. Tylenchida: Parasites of plants and insects 2^nd ed. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[ZB01] Zhang, N., & M. Blackwell. 2001. Molecular phylogeny of dogwood anthracnose fungus (Discula destructiva) and the Diaporthales. Mycologia 93 (2): 355–365.

Last updated: 12 September 2020.

Fagaceae

Stand of cork oak Quercus suber, photographed by Guiliano Campus.

Belongs within: Faganae.
Contains: Castanopsis.

The Fagaceae (including beech, oaks and chestnuts) are a family of trees found in a band across the Americas and Eurasia, with species in northernmost Africa and New Guinea. Many species are dominant forest trees in parts of their ranges, and the chestnuts of the genus Castanea are important food plants. As well as chestnuts, important genera in the family include the beeches Fagus and the oaks Quercus. Species of Fagus and Castanea produce one or more nuts enclosed in a spiny or prickled cupule; Quercus species produce a single acorn contained in a scaly cup (K. C. Nixon). Many oak species are used as sources as wood; the thick bark of the cork oak Quercus suber is used as the source for natural cork. Lithocarpus, the stone oaks, are a genus similar to Quercus but with erect male spikes, found in southeast and east Asia. The Trigonobalanoideae is a small group found in south-east Asia and northern South America producing one to seven trigonous nuts in an open cupule.

Characters (from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website): Hairs often stellate/branched; sclereid nests in bark, cells with large rhomboidal crystals; stomata also cyclocytic; leaves conduplicate-plicate; inflorescence branched or not; flowers often trimerous; perianth biseriate or not, 4-6(-7)-lobed; staminate flowers: bract; pollen prolate-spheroidal, not spiny, tectum with more or less flat-lying and fused rod-like elements, pistillode present; carpellate flowers: staminodes present; cupule of valves more or less spiny, fruit nut-like, trigonous; endocarp hairy inside; seed pachychalazal.

Fagaceae
    |--Trigonobalanoideae T00
    |    |--Colombobalanus T00
    |    |--Formanodendron T00
    |    `--Trigonobalanus T00
    |--Castanea B14 [Castaneoideae T00]
    |    |--C. crenata [incl. C. vulgaris] LO98
    |    |--C. dentata B14
    |    |--C. sativa G98
    |    `--C. vesca C55
    |--Fagus CD07 [Fagoideae T00]
    |    |--F. benthami Ettingshausen 1886 F71
    |    |--F. crenata TMS91
    |    |--F. cunninghamii C45
    |    |--F. engleriana LI89
    |    |--F. grandifolia Ehrh. 1788 CD07
    |    |--F. hookeri Ettingshausen 1886 F71
    |    |--F. muelleri Ettingshausen 1886 F71
    |    |--F. orientalis M06
    |    |--F. sylvatica R-CT01
    |    `--F. wilkinsoni Ettingshausen 1883 F71
    `--Quercus B14 [Quercoideae T00]
         |  i. s.: Q. acuta [=Q. aluta (l. c.)] LO98
         |         Q. × acutidens [Q. cornelius-mulleri × Q. engelmannii] H93
         |         Q. acutissima MH98
         |         Q. agrifolia M93
         |           |--Q. a. var. agrifolia H93
         |           `--Q. a. var. oxyadenia H93
         |         Q. alba Linnaeus 1753 DSA04
         |         Q. alnifolia D30
         |         Q. × alvordiana [Q. douglasii × Q. john-tuckeri] H93
         |         Q. aristata BTA75
         |         Q. arizonica BT87
         |         Q. austini Ettingshausen 1886 F71
         |         Q. berberidifolia H93
         |         Q. buckleyi HH05
         |         Q. calliprinos HF03
         |         Q. candicans RJ11
         |         Q. catesbaei C55
         |         Q. chrysolepis [incl. Q. chrysolepis var. nana] H93
         |         Q. coccinea S00
         |         Q. conzatii BT87
         |         Q. copyiensis MM96
         |         Q. cornelius-mulleri H93
         |         Q. crispula MH98
         |         Q. dalechampii R-CT01
         |         Q. dampieri Ettingshausen 1886 F71
         |         Q. darwinii Ettingshausen 1883 F71
         |         Q. delechampii RCT96
         |         Q. dentata T86
         |         Q. douglasii HH05
         |         Q. drymejoides Ettingshausen 1883 F71
         |         Q. dumosa H93
         |         Q. durata H93
         |           |--Q. d. var. durata H93
         |           `--Q. d. var. gabrielensis H93
         |         Q. engelmannii H93
         |         Q. eumoryi SZ03
         |         Q. faginea R-RR-GM-S98
         |         Q. falcata S00
         |         Q. frainetto G98
         |         Q. gambellii RJ11
         |         Q. garryiana B-PEC05
         |           |--Q. g. var. garryiana H93
         |           `--Q. g. var. breweri H93
         |         Q. glauca [incl. Q. shalassica (l. c.)] LO98
         |         Q. glaucoides FZ77
         |         Q. gravesii SZ03
         |         Q. hapaloneuron Ettingshausen 1886 F71
         |         Q. harvardi W01
         |         Q. hookeri Ettingshusen 1883 F71
         |         Q. humboldtii R96
         |         Q. humilis C55
         |         Q. incana B14
         |         Q. ithaburensis HF03
         |         Q. john-tuckeri [incl. Q. turbinella var. californica] H93
         |         Q. kelloggii H93
         |         Q. laevis CS90
         |         Q. laurina BT87
         |         Q. leucotrichophora N02
         |         Q. lobata S62
         |         Q. lusitanica R-RR-GM-S98
         |         Q. × macdonaldii [Q. berberidifolia × Q. lobata] H93
         |         Q. macrocarpa Heal03
         |         Q. magnoliaefolia BT87
         |         Q. minor G17
         |         Q. mongolica LO98
         |           |--Q. m. var. mongolica LO98
         |           `--Q. m. var. grosseserrata LO98
         |         Q. myrsinaefolia MH98
         |         Q. nigra CB06
         |         Q. palmeri [incl. Q. dunnii] H93
         |         Q. palustris B00
         |         Q. parvula H93
         |           |--Q. p. var. parvula H93
         |           `--Q. p. var. shrevei H93
         |         Q. phillyraeoides MH98 [=Q. phyllirioides LO98]
         |         Q. praephilippinensis Ettingshausen 1883 F71
         |         Q. prinus CS05
         |         Q. pubescens R-CT01
         |         Q. rotundifolia [=Q. ilex ssp. rotundifolia] R-RR-GM-S98
         |         Q. rubra HH05
         |         Q. rugosa RJ11
         |         Q. sadleriana H93
         |         Q. semecarpifolia M18
         |         Q. serrata MH98 [incl. Q. glandulifera LO98]
         |         Q. sessilis N77
         |         Q. tolimensis R96
         |         Q. tomentella RJ11
         |         Q. toza C55
         |         Q. turbinella MBJ83
         |         Q. vaccinifolia H93
         |         Q. velutina CS05
         |         Q. virens P09
         |         Q. virginiana F11
         |         Q. wilkinsoni Ettingshausen 1886 F71
         |         Q. wislizenii H93
         |           |--Q. w. var. wislizenii H93
         |           `--Q. w. var. frutescens H93
         |--Q. subg. Quercus R-RR-GM-S98
         |    |--Q. petraea R-RR-GM-S98
         |    |--Q. pyrenaica R-RR-GM-S98
         |    `--Q. robur R-RR-GM-S98 [incl. Q. pedunculata C55, Q. sessiliflora C55]
         |--Q. subg. Cerris R-RR-GM-S98
         |    |--Q. cerris R-RR-GM-S98
         |    |--Q. macrolepis R-RR-GM-S98
         |    |--Q. suber R-RR-GM-S98
         |    `--Q. trojana R-RR-GM-S98
         `--Q. subg. Sclerophyllodrys R-RR-GM-S98
              |--Q. coccifera Linnaeus 1753 R-RR-GM-S98, PL04 [incl. Q. pseudococcifera R-RR-GM-S98]
              `--Q. ilex R-RR-GM-S98
                   |--Q. i. ssp. ilex R-RR-GM-S98
                   `--Q. i. ssp. ballota R-RR-GM-S98

Fagaceae incertae sedis:
  Lithocarpus Head03
    |--L. densiflorus H93
    |    |--L. d. var. densiflorus H93
    |    `--L. d. var. echinoides H93
    |--L. edulis MH98
    `--L. henryi LI89
  Castanopsis Head03
  Pasania YY22
  Eotrigonobalanus Walther & Kvaček 1989 HL08
    |--E. andreanszkyi JD05
    `--E. furcinervis (Rossmässler) Walther & Kvaček 1989 (see below for synonymy) HL08
  Chrysolepis H93
    |--C. chrysophylla [=Castanopsis chrysophylla] H93
    |    |--C. c. var. chrysophylla H93
    |    `--C. c. var. minor [=Castanopsis chrysophylla var. minor] H93
    `--C. sempervirens [=Castanopsis sempervirens] H93

Eotrigonobalanus furcinervis (Rossmässler) Walther & Kvaček 1989 [=Phyllites furcinervis Rossmässler 1840, Dryophyllum furcinerve; incl. D. album Rüffle, Müller-Stoll & Litke 1976] HL08

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BT87] Baker, E. W., & D. M. Tuttle. 1987. The false spider mites of Mexico (Tenuipalpidae: Acari). United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1706: 1–237.

[BTA75] Baker, E. W., D. M. Tuttle & M. J. Abbatiello. 1975. The false spider mites of northwestern and north central Mexico (Acarina: Tenuipalpidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 194: 1–23.

[B-PEC05] Behan-Pelletier, V. M., B. Eamer & M. Clayton. 2005. Dendroeremaeidae n. fam., from forest trees in western North America (Acari: Oribatida: Licneremaeoidea). Acarologia 46 (4): 321–339.

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[CB06] Christopher, C. C., & G. W. Barrett. 2006. Coexistence of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) and golden mice (Ochrotomys nuttalli) in a southeastern forest. Journal of Mammalogy 87 (1): 102–107.

[C45] Colenso, W. 1845. Memoranda of an excursion, made in the Northern Island of New Zealand, in the summer of 1841–2; intended as a contribution towards the natural productions of the New Zealand groupe: with particular reference to their botany. Tasmanian Journal of Natural Science 2: 210–234.

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[D30] Druce, G. C. 1930. Account of a botanical tour in Cyprus. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 141: 50–52.

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[Head03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[Heal03] Healy, R. A. 2003. Mattirolomyces tiffanyae, a new truffle from Iowa, with ultrastructural evidence for its classification in the Pezizaceae. Mycologia 95 (4): 765–772.

[HL08] Henniger, M., & R. Leder. 2008. Eozäne Makroflora der Querfurter Mulde. Mauritiana 20 (2): 229–251.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

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[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263–276.

[LI89] Liang L.-R. & K. Ishikawa. 1989. Occurrence of Gamasellus (Acarina, Gamasida, Ologamasidae) on Tian-mu Mountains in east China. Reports of Research, Matsuyama Shinonome Junior College 20: 143–152.

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[M93] Mockford, E. L. 1993. North American Psocoptera (Insecta). Sandhill Crane Press, Inc.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

[MBJ83] Munger, J. C., M. A. Bowers & W. T. Jones. 1983. Desert rodent populations: factors affecting abundance, distribution, and genetic structure. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 7: 91–116.

[N02] Negi, H. R. 2002. Abundance and diversity of moss communities of Chopta-Tunganath in the Garhwal Himalaya. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 418–433.

[N77] Niedbała, W. 1977. Badania biocenotyczne nad mechowcami (Acari, Oribatei) Masywu Ślęży. Badania Fizjograficzne nad Polską Zachodnią, Seria C—Zoologia 30: 47–73.

[P09] Petrie, J. M. 1909. The rôle of nitrogen and its compounds in plant-metabolism. Part II.—The non-protein nitrogen in seeds. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 835–844.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

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[R-CT01] Ragusa-di Chiara, S., & H. Tsolakis. 2001. Phytoseiid faunas of natural and agricultural ecosystems in Sicily. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 522–529. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

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[R96] Righi, G. 1996. Colombian earthworms. Studies on Tropical Andean Ecosystems 4: 485–607.

[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[S62] Schuster, R. O. 1962. New species of Kewochthonius Chamberlin from California (Arachnida: Chelonethida). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 223–226.

[S00] Siddiqi, M. R. 2000. Tylenchida: Parasites of plants and insects 2^nd ed. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[SZ03] Sobek, E. A., & J. C. Zak. 2003. The Soil FungiLog procedure: method and analytical approaches toward understanding fungal functional diversity. Mycologia 95 (4): 590–602.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[T86] Tsurusaki, N. 1986. Parthenogenesis and geographic variation of sex ratio in two species of Leiobunum (Arachnida, Opiliones). Zoological Science 3: 517–532.

[TMS91] Tsurusaki, N., M. Murakami & K. Shimokawa. 1991. Geographic variation of chromosomes in the Japanese harvestman, Gagrellopsis nodulifera, with special reference to a hybrid zone in western Honshu. Zoological Science 8: 265–275.

[W01] Weissman, D. B. 2001. North and Central America Jerusalem crickets (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae): taxonomy, distribution, life cycle, ecology and related biology of the American species. In: Field, L. H. (ed.) The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies pp. 57–72. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Last updated: 25 November 2018.

Dipterocarpaceae

Stand of Dipterocarpus alatus, photographed by Tony Rodd.

Belongs within: Malvales.

The Dipterocarpaceae are a pantropical family of forest trees, many of which are dominant in lowland rain forests. They may be divided between the subfamilies Dipterocarpoideae, found in southern Asia and Australasia, and Monotoideae, found in Africa and South America. Some species in Asia are economically significant hardwood sources.

Characters (from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website): Triterpenoid dipterocarpol and sesquiterpene oleoresins present; cork also outer cortical; cambium storied; tyloses present; cortical bundles present; secretory cavities in pith; nodes also 5:5; petiole geniculate; hairs tufted, peltate, etc.; leaves spiral and two-ranked; inflorescence axillary, often branched; androecium initiation centrifugal, anthers more or less versatile, with prolonged connective, median carpel abaxial, ovules apical, stigma slightly lobed or not; calyx thinnish, enlarging somewhat in fruit; seed usually 1, testa vascularized; cotyledons often folded.

<==Dipterocarpaceae
    |--Monotoideae T00
    |    |--Monotes T00
    |    |--Marquesia T00
    |    `--Pseudomonotes T00
    `--Dipterocarpus PA-W02 [Dipterocarpoideae T00]
         |--D. alatus PA-W02
         |--D. costatus BAN98
         |--D. grandiflorus P88
         |--D. kerrii Z02
         `--D. oblongifolius P88

Dipterocarpaceae incertae sedis:
  Shorea PL12
    |--S. albida H03
    |--S. assamica Z94
    |--S. curtisii W01
    |--S. laevifolia N77
    |--S. lepidota PL12
    |--S. macroptera W01
    |--S. parvistipulata K03
    |--S. paucifolia W01
    `--S. robusta LJ03
  Hopea VP93
    |--H. mollissima VP93
    `--H. papuana C78
  Anisoptera WM09
    |--A. marginata WM09
    `--A. thurifera C78
  Woburnia porosa Stopes 1912 CBH93
  Parashorea malaanonan CBH93, K03
  Dipterocarpoxylon CBH93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BAN98] Baum, D. A., W. S. Anderson & R. Nyffeler. 1998. A durian by any other name: taxonomy and nomenclature of the core Malvales. Harvard Papers in Botany 3 (2): 315–330.

[C78] Clunie, N. M. U. 1978. The vegetation. In: Womersley, J. S. (ed.) Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 1 pp. 1–11. Melbourne University Press: Carlton South (Australia).

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[K03] Kulip, J. 2003. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and other useful plants of Muruts in Sabah, Malaysia. Telopea 10 (1): 81–98.

[LJ03] Lim, Y. W., & H. S. Jung. 2003. Irpex hydnoides, sp. nov. is new to science, based on morphological, cultural and molecular characters. Mycologia 95 (4): 694–699.

[N77] Nooteboom, H. P. 1977. Symplocaceae. Flora Malesiana, Series I—Spermatophyta, Flowering Plants 8 (2): 205–274.

[PA-W02] Pang, K.-L., M. A. Abdel-Wahab, S. Sivichai, H. M. El-Sharouney & E. B. G. Jones. 2002. Jahnulales (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota): a new order of lignicolous freshwater ascomycetes. Mycological Research 106 (9): 1031–1042.

[PL12] Peñalver, E., C. C. Labandeira, E. Barrón, X. Delclòs, P. Nel, A. Nel, P. Tafforeau & C. Soriano. 2012. Thrips pollination of Mesozoic gymnosperms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (22): 8623–8628.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[VP93] Vu V. D., Pham M. G., Nguyen N. C., D. Tuoc, P. Arctander & J. MacKinnon. 1993. A new species of living bovid from Vietnam. Nature 363: 443–445.

[WM09] Wang, H., M. J. Moore, P. S. Soltis, C. D. Bell, S. F. Brockington, R. Alexandre, C. C. Davis, M. Latvis, S. R. Manchester & D. E. Soltis. 2009. Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (10): 3853–3858.

[W01] Watling, R. 2001. The relationships and possible distributional patterns of boletes in south-east Asia. Mycological Research 105 (12): 1440–1448.

[Z02] Zherikhin, V. V. 2002. Pattern of insect burial and conservation. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 17–63. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[Z94] Zimmerman, E. C. 1994. Australian Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) vol. 2. Brentidae, Eurhynchidae, Apionidae and a chapter on immature stages by Brenda May. CSIRO Australia.

Last updated: 20 July 2021.