Belongs within: Spiralia.
Contains: Stenothecoida, Monoplacophora, Cephalopoda, Bivalvia, Rostroconchia, Scoliostomatidae, Caseolus, Leiostyla, Clisospiroidea, Bellerophontoidea, Neomphaliones, Cyclobranchia, Fissobranchia, Neritimorpha, Loxonematoidea, Heterobranchia, Peruneloidea, Cyclophoroidea, Ampullariidae, Viviparoidea, Orthonematoidea, Subulitoidea, Soleniscidae, Meekospiridae, Cerithiimorpha, Hypsogastropoda.
The Conchifera are a major clade containing the majority of molluscs, ancestrally characterised by the presence of a single dorsal shell (though this shell has become reduced or lost in several derived subgroups). Relationships between the several conchiferan classes have historically been contentious; almost every possible arrangement has been proposed at one time or another.
The Gastropoda are the largest of the commonly-recognised molluscan classes. Ancestrally, gastropods have a dorsal, unchambered, often helically coiled, shell (lost in numerous derived groups) and a head with eyes and cephalic tentacles. Gastropods are also distinguished (at least in the crown group) by the process of torsion where, during development, the gut becomes U-shaped and the initially posterior anus is moved to an anterior position (Cox 1960). Whether some early fossil groups such as the Bellerophontacea with coiled but bilaterally symmetrical shells underwent torsion has been subject to some debate; consequently, some authors would dispute the classification of such groups as gastropods. The effects of torsion have also become reduced in some derived subgroups of the gastropods. Earlier classifications united those groups exhibiting full torsion through to maturity as the 'Prosobranchia', a taxon that has now been abandoned as paraphyletic. Also now regarded as paraphyletic are the 'Archaeogastropoda', a previously recognised group of gastropods with the gill ctenidia bilaterally filamented and terminally free, including essentially all living gastropods outside the Apogastropoda, in which the ctenidia become lost, or pectinate with filaments on one side only with the axis adherent to the pallial wall (Knight et al. 1960). Living 'archaeogastropods' have been divided between the Patellogastropoda, Neritimorpha and Vetigastropoda; there are also some small groups, such as the Cocculiniformia, for which there are conflicting opinions as to whether they form a clade with the Vetigastropoda or whether they represent independent lineages.
On the basis of their possession of a radula with a central tooth flanked by a small number of lateral and marginal teeth, similar to those found in some other mollusc classes, the Patellogastropoda have been suggested as the sister group to other living gastropods, though this has been contested by recent molecular analyses (Bouchet et al. 2017). The remaining living gastropods commonly have a more longitudinally flexible radula with a higher number of more differentiated lateral and marginal teeth (though this has been further modified, and sometimes secondarily reduced, in some derived lineages). The Neritimorpha and Apogastropoda are further united by the loss of a number of organs on the right side of the body, such as the right kidney. Further such losses characterise the Apogastropoda alone, such as the loss of the right auricle (Simone 2011).
Conchifera (see below for synonymy) SB12
|--+--Monoplacophora SW11
| `--Cephalopoda SW11
`--Pleistomollusca [Cyclomya] KC11
|--Bivalvia SW11
`--+--Rostroconchia SW11
`--Gastropoda (see below for synonymy) SW11
| i. s.: Spiniplatyceras FBL02
| Serpentubina Horný 1964 FBL02
| Kiviasukkaan Peel 1975 FBL02
| Pragoserpulina Frýda 1998 [Pragoserpulinidae] BR05
| `--*P. tomasi Frýda 1998 BR17
| Luoguispira Pan & Erwin 2002 PE02
| |--*L. micra Pan & Erwin 2002 PE02
| |--L. lineata Pan & Erwin 2002 PE02
| `--L. multilinea Pan & Erwin 2002 PE02
| Luoguella Pan & Erwin 2002 PE02
| |--*L. elegantula Pan & Erwin 2002 [=Gyrospira elegantula] PE02
| `--L. diana Pan & Erwin 2002 [=Gyrospira diana] PE02
| Propupa PE02
| Extendilabrum PE02
| Tetrabubispira PE02
| Kalchreuthia Gründel & Nützel 1998 GK02
| Paladilha (Lartella Cossmann 1921) GK02
| Pseudotaphrus (Pezantia Cossmann 1896) GK02
| Chlamydarion Pi02
| Derjuginella rufofasciata GAS03
| Erheria vincta GAS03
| Melanochlamis GAS03
| |--M. cylindrica HS01
| `--M. diomedea GAS03
| Yokoyamia ornatissima GAS03
| Epheria turrita KBC03
| Tersiella plicosa KBC03
| Ausola angustata KBC03
| Tegella C79
| |--T. aquilirostris KBC03
| |--T. nigrans KBC03
| `--T. verrucosa C79
| Hinia cuvieri M62
| Neritula donovani M62
| Oxytrema silicula B96
| Hystrivasum horridum Heilprin 1886 HP04
| Benthonella tenella (Jeffreys 1869) OT04
| Chlupacispira spinosa Blodgett & Rohr 1989 FB04
| Eulepetopsis vitrea GO06
| Purkynespira Frýda & Bandel 1997 FB01
| `--P. reticulata FB01
| Streptopelma henchmani Marwick 1926 F27a
| Latirofusus Cossmann 1889 F27c
| |--*L. funiculosus F27c
| |--L. aciformis [=Fusus aciformis] F27c
| |--L. acus [=Fusus acus] F27c
| |--L. lancea [=Fusus lancea] F27c
| |--L. optatus M. & M. 1923 F27a
| `--L. spiceri (Tenison-Woods 1877) [=Fusus spiceri; incl. L. nigrofuscus Tate 1891] F27c
| Buccinulus F27a
| |--B. albus F27a
| |--B. huttoni Kirk 1882 F27a
| `--B. kirki Hutton 1873 [incl. B. gracilis Kirk 1882] F27a
| Triploca Tate 1894 F27a
| |--T. ligata F27a
| `--T. waihaoensis Marshall & Murdoch 1923 F27a
| Leucotina F27a
| |--L. casta (Adams 1853) [=Monoptgyma casta] H09
| |--L. helva Hedley 1900 H09
| `--L. pura (Adams 1855) F27a
| Sublacuna Cossmann 1899 [=Strebloramphus Tate 1898 (preoc.)] F27c
| `--*S. mirula (Tate 1898) [=*Strebloramphus mirulus] F27c
| Coptochetus asperulus [=Fusus asperulus] F27c
| Trifora Deshayes in Blainville 1828 O27b
| |--*T. perversa O27b
| |--T. callipyrga Bartsch 1907 O27b
| |--T. carpenteri Bartsch 1903 O27b
| |--T. catalinensis Bartsch 1907 O27b
| |--T. montereyensis Bartsch 1907 O27b
| |--T. pedroana Bartsch 1907 O27b
| |--T. peninsularis Bartsch 1907 O27b
| `--T. stearnsi Bartsch 1907 O27b
| Barocospira Horný 1964 FBL02
| Ibergia Blodgett & Frýda 1999 FBL02
| Crassimarginatidae BR05
| |--Yukonoconcha Frýda, Blodgett & Lenz 2002 FBL02
| | `--*Y. pedderi Frýda, Blodgett & Lenz 2002 FBL02
| `--Crassimarginata Jhaveri 1969 BR05
| |--*C. crassicosta Jhaveri 1969 FBL02
| `--C. tenuicosta Jhaveri 1969 FBL02
| Scoliostomatidae BR05
| Levihelix pusilla Gründel 2000 GK02
| Sinuginella pygmaea HS01
| Adelphotectonica reevi HS01
| Bouchetriphora pallida HS01
| Limulatys reliquus HS01
| Pisinna HS01
| |--P. manawatawhia HS01
| |--P. olivacea HS01
| | |--P. o. olivacea HS01
| | `--P. o. impressa HS01
| |--P. rekohuana HS01
| | |--P. r. rekohuana HS01
| | `--P. r. lactorubra HS01
| |--P. semiplicata HS01
| `--P. zosterophila HS01
| Sagenotriphora ampulla HS01
| Camita rotellina (Gould 1860) [=Trochus (Monodonata) rotellinus] H08
| Turcia H09
| |--T. maculata (Brazier 1877) [=Thalotia maculata] H09
| |--T. monilifera Adams 1855 H09
| `--T. montrouzieri (Fischer 1878) [=Tectaria montrouzieri] H09
| Mecoliotia spinosa Hedley 1902 H09
| Quoyia decollata (Quoy & Gaimard 1833) [=Planaxis decollatus] H09
| Eglisia tricarinata Adams & Reeve 1840 H09
| Couthouyia aculeata Hedley 1900 H09
| Oscilla tasmanica (Ten.-Woods 1877) [=Parthenia tasmanica] H09
| Elusa subulata (Adams 1855) [=Pyramidella subulata] H09
| Scalenostoma striatum Hedley 1900 H09
| Distortrix decipiens (Reeve 1844) [=Triton decipiens] H09
| Radius angasi (Reeve 1865) [=Ovulum angasi] H09
| Laimodonta conica Pease 1862 H09
| Paraplysia piperata (Smith 1884) [=Aplysia piperata] H09
| Euselenops luniceps (Cuvier 1830) [=Pleurobranchus luniceps] H09
| Placomopherus insignis Smith 1884 H09
| Adiozoptyxis Dietrich 1925 [Adiozoptyxinae, Adiozoptyxisinae] BR05
| `--*A. polymorpha (Gemmellaro 1865) [=Nerinea polymorpha] BR17
| ‘Cavolinia’ Bruguière 1791 non Abilgaard 1791 BR05
| Crenea Risso 1826 BR05
| Cypraeogemmula Vredenburg 1920 [Cypraeogemmulinae, Cypraeogemmulini] BR05
| `--*C. scabriuscula (Koenen 1890) BR17 (see below for synonymy)
| Incrispella Tasch 1963 [Incrispellidae] BR05
| `--*I. rectotortis Tasch 1963 BR17
| Japeuthria Iredale 1918 [Japeuthriinae] BR05
| `--*J. ferrea (Reeve 1847) [=Buccinum ferreum] BR17
| Kanamarua Kuroda 1951 [Kanamariidae, Kanamaruidae] BR05
| `--*K. adonis (Dall 1919) BR17 [=Colus adonis BR17, C. (Anomalosipho) adonis O27a]
| Ladamarekia Horný 1992 [Ladamarekiidae] BR05
| `--*L. miranda Horný 1992 BR17
| Megalostominae BR05
| |--Cataulus BR05
| `--Nicida BR05
| Melanioptyxis Cossmann 1896 [Melanioptyxinae] BR05
| `--*M. altararis (Cossmann 1885) [=Nerinea altararis] BR17
| Neoptyxis Wenz 1940 [Neoptyxidae] BR05
| `--*N. astrachanica (Rebinder 1902) [=Nerinea astrachanica] BR17
| Oligoptyxis Pchelintsev 1953 [Oligoptyxidae] BR05
| `--*O. turricula Pchelintsev 1953 BR17
| Yuopisthonema Nützel in Bouchet, Rocroi et al. 2017 BR17 (see below for synonymy)
| `--*Y. undulatum (Yu 1974) [=*Opisthonema undulatum] BR17
| Palaeocyclophorus Wenz 1923 BR05
| Pentaptyxis Pchelintsev 1965 [Pentaptyxidae] BR05
| `--*P. staszycii (Zeuschner 1849) [=Acteon staszycii] BR17
| Plesioplocus Pchelintsev 1953 [Plesioplocidae] BR05
| `--*P. grandis Pchelintsev 1953 BR17
| Polyodonte Fischer 1807 BR05
| Polyodonta Megerle 1811 BR05
| Protoconchoididae [Protoconchioididae] BR05
| |--Patelliconus Horný 1961 BR17, BR05 [Patelliconidae]
| | `--*P. primulus (Perner 1903) [=Palaeacmaea primula] BR17
| `--Protoconchoides Shaw 1962 [=Protoconchioides (l. c.)] BR05
| |--*P. hermitensis (Resser 1945) [=Scenella hermitensis] BR17
| `--P. conula TS11
| Pseudobythinella Melville 1956 BR05
| Rhytidopilus Cossmann 1895 [=Rhytidophilus (l. c.); Rhytidophilidae, Rhytidopilidae] BR05
| `--*R. humbertinus (Buvignier 1852) [=Patella humbertina] KC60
| Styliferina Adams 1860 [Styliferinidae] BR05
| `--*S. goniochila Adams 1860 BR17 [=Alaba goniochila H09]
| Stylocheilus Gould 1852 [Stylocheilinae, Stylochiniae] BR05
| `--*S. lineolatus (Gould 1852) [=Aplysia lineolatus] BR17
| Transovula de Gregorio 1880 [Transovulini] BR05
| `--*T. schefferi (de Gregorio 1880) [=Ovula schefferi] BR17
| Papustyla pulcherrima USDI77
| Acilia franciscae TE01
| Anisus L06
| |--A. spirorbis (Linnaeus 1758) L06
| `--A. vortex (Linnaeus 1758) L06
| Bathyomphalus contortus (Linnaeus 1758) L06
| Caseolus CC06
| Leiostyla CC06
| Eucobresia media (Lowe 1854) CC06
| Heterostoma Filippi 1837 CC06, LT64 [=Heterostomum Diesing 1850 LT64]
| `--H. paupercula (Lowe 1831) [incl. Steenbergia duplex] CC06
| Spirorbula CC06
| |--S. depauperata (Lowe 1831) [incl. S. latinea (Paiva 1866)] CC06
| |--S. obtecta CC06
| `--S. squalida CC06
| Plagyrona placida (Shuttleworth 1852) CC06
| Staurodon saxicola CC06
| Actinella CC06
| |--A. arcinella CC06
| | |--A. a. arcinella CC06
| | `--A. a. papillosa CC06
| |--A. crassiuscula CC06
| |--A. effugiens CC06
| |--A. morenensis CC06
| `--A. promontoriensis CC06
| Pseudocampylaea CC06
| |--P. lowei CC06
| `--P. portosanctana CC06
| Amphorella CC06
| |--A. cimensis CC06
| |--A. gracilis CC06
| |--A. melampoides CC06
| |--A. oryza CC06
| |--A. terebella CC06
| |--A. triticea CC06
| `--A. tuberculata CC06
| Cylichnidia ovuliformis CC06
| Lemniscia michaudi CC06
| Eufenella pupoides (Adams 1860) BD86
| Clathrofenella reticulata (Adams 1860) BD86
| Heliosoma trivolvis AS07
| Allocharopa belli SC07
| Probaicalia ZZ88
| |--P. gerassimovi ZZ88
| |--P. rammelmeyeri ZZ88
| `--P. vitimensis ZZ88
| Brotiopsis wakinoensis ZZ88
| Tulotomoides talatziensis ZZ88
| Gyrodema etheridgei F71
| Magelia bidens Tenison-Woods 1878 F71
| Odontostomia cretacea Etheridge 1907 F71
| Lindoliva spengleri Petuch 1988 P89
| Armiger crista (Linnaeus 1758) P88
| Stagnicola P88
| |--S. caperata (Say 1829) P88
| |--S. catascopium (Say 1817) P88
| |--S. palustris Muller 1774 P88
| `--S. reflexa (Say 1821) P88
| Probythinella lacustris (Baker 1928) P88
| Bulimnea megasoma (Say 1824) P88
| Japonia AA88
| |--J. ciliata (Sowerby 1843) AA88
| `--J. stephanophora (Moellendorff 1895) AA88
| Gymnentome valida H75
| Ptychostylus guimarotensis Bandel 1991 B01
| Melampoides jurassicus Bandel 1991 B01
| Ittibittium Houbrick 1993 BC01
| `--I. turriculum (Usticke 1969) (see below for synonymy) BC01
| Torrella Henderson & Bartsch 1920 BC01
| `--*T. torreiana (Gundlach ex Arango y Molina 1878) [=Ctenopoma torreianum] BC01
| Pseudotorinia retifera (Dall 1892) [incl. Heliacus crystallina Usticke 1969] BC01
| Bullata Jousseaume 1875 BC01
| `--B. matthewsi (van Mol & Tursch 1967) [=Marginella (Prunum) matthewsi] BC01
| Elimia Adams & Adams 1854 BC01
| `--E. laeta (Jay 1839) [=Melania laeta] BC01
| Boonea impressa (Say 1822) [incl. Odostomia (Menestho) beauforti Jacot 1921] BC01
| Fargoa bushiana (Bartsch 1909) [incl. Odostomia charlottae Usticke 1969] BC01
| Mesophora Laseron 1958 BC01
| `--M. novem (Usticke 1969) [=Triphora novem] BC01
| Eutriphora bermudensis (Bartsch 1911) [incl. Triphora turrissimilis Usticke 1969] BC01
| Aroapyrgus Baker 1931 BC01
| `--A. dubiosus (Adams 1852) [=Truncatella dubiosa] BC01
| Chippewaella patellitheca W01
| Moerkeia Böhm 1895 NE02
| Greggelix indigena C90
| Torquilla frumentum D56
| Australorbis odhner NG13
| Sinopupoides hubeiensis NG13
| Bulgarica thessalonica (Olivier 1801) O03
| Palleseria longwelli C60
| Clavilithes rugosus C60
| Partulida spiralis C60
| Ampullella bulimoides C60
| Cepatia cepacea C60
| Palaeocyclotus exaratus C60
| Pseudorhytidopilus Cox in Knight, Cox et al. 1960 KC60
| `--*P. lennieri Cox in Knight, Cox et al. 1960 (see below for synonymy) KC60
| Atlantobellerophon Trechmann 1930 KC60
| `--*A. zealandicus Trechmann 1930 KC60
| Burdikinia Knight 1937 [=Polyamma Etheridge 1917 non Kriechbaumer 1894] KC60
| `--*B. burdikiensis (Etheridge 1917) [=*Polyamma burdikiensis] KC60
| Cinctaspira Powell 1933 KC60
| `--*C. conica Powell 1933 KC60
| ‘Conchula’ Steininger 1849 non Herrmannsen 1847 (n. d.) KC60
| `--*C. cylindracea Steininger 1849 (n. d.) KC60
| ‘Geinitzia’ Dietz 1911 nec Gemmellaro 1892 nec Handlirsch 1906 KC60
| `--*G. carinata Dietz 1911 KC60
| Kebina Vologdin 1955 KC60
| `--*K. pulchra Vologdin 1955 KC60
| Ozarkina Ulrich & Bridge 1931 [=Ozarkispira Ulrich & Bridge 1931 non Walcott 1924] KC60
| `--*O. typica (Ulrich & Bridge 1931) [=*Ozarkispira typica] KC60
| Ozarkocanus Heller 1956 KC60
| `--*O. prearcuatus Heller 1956 KC60
| Pondia Oder 1932 KC60
| `--*P. powelli Oder 1932 KC60
| Pythmenema Lamont & Gilbert 1945 KC60
| `--*P. praenantium (Phillips 1848) [=Euomphalus praenantius] KC60
| Trochotremaria Ryckholt 1860 KC60
| Umbotrochus Perner 1903 [=Umbonitrochus Cossmann 1918] KC60
| `--*U. aspersus Perner 1903 KC60
| Acevina Rusconi 1952 KC60
| `--*A. cuyunchensis (Rusconi 1952) [=Helcionella (*Acevina) cuyunchensis] KC60
| Odontosagda V18
| |--O. abbotti Vanatta 1918 V18
| |--O. blandi V18
| `--O. hilli V18
| Aplysiopsis smithi (Marcus 1961) B77
| Volvaria ficoides H86
| Cassidaria H86
| |--C. senex [=Struthiolaria senex] H86
| `--C. sulcata H86
| Sorapisella Bandel 1993 B00
| Triadoskenea Bandel 1993 B00
| `--T. ampezzana Bandel 1993 B02
| Rolandomphalus Schwardt 1992 B00
| Macrophragmus tokyoensis K10
| Fascioplex neozelanica K95
| Pseudoaclisina Yoo 1994 B02
| |--*P. turgida [=Aclisina turgida] B02
| `--P. microspirulata B02
| Palaeoalvania Yoo 1994 B02
| `--*P. talenti (Yoo 1994) [=Aclisina talenti] B02
| Sinistriconcha Heidelberger & Bandel 1999 B02
| |--*S. lierli Heidelberger & Bandel 1999 B02
| `--S. minutissima (Yoo 1988) B02
| Iberus E99
| |--I. dupuydelomei E99
| `--I. marmoratus C84
| Carinifex (Carinifex) newberryi LK84
| Amycla corniculum PP64
| Ocinebra PP64
| |--O. aciculata PP64
| `--O. edwardsi PP64
| Scabrella Sacco 1890 H22
| `--*S. scabra [=Columbella scabra] H22
| Pseudaulicina Chavan 1948 BR17
| `--*P. musicalis (Lamarck 1803) [=Voluta musicalis, Volutilithes musicalis] BR17
| Kimina Yoo 1994 B02
| |--*K. globosa Yoo 1994 B02
| |--K. australis Yoo 1994 B02
| |--K. minor Yoo 1994 B02
| `--K. yooi Frýda & Bandel 1997 B02
| Harperispira Bandel 2002 BR17
| Kiringella Rozov 1968 W01, RJ76
| |--K. kultavasaensis RJ76
| `--K. pyramidalis W01
| Palaeoniso brazieri SS16
| Burdekina JB12
| Natria JB12
| Peraubium JB12
| Stusakia pulchra F12
| Mesolanistes V-RR93
| |--M. bajanohongorensis V-RR93
| |--M. debilicostata V-RR93
| `--M. shuwalovi V-RR93
| Severynella trochlearis Hynda 1983 D94
| Lacunina Kittl 1899 TTE93
| Bullopsis Conrad 1858 TTE93
| Serradonta Okutani, Tsuchida & Fujikara 1992 AJH07
| Pleuroprocta silvatica PB27
| Trichotoxon PB27
| |--T. maculatum PB27
| | |--T. m. maculatum PB27
| | `--T. m. perforatum PB27
| |--T. pardus PB27
| `--T. ruwenzoriense PB27
| Bocageia PB27
| |--B. germaini PB27
| |--B. interioris PB27
| |--B. liocephala PB27
| `--B. runssorina PB27
| Africarion PB27
| |--A. copiosus PB27
| |--A. spatiosus PB27
| `--A. tenebrosus PB27
| Leucochroopsis E99
| |--L. apicalis E99
| |--L. dufrenoyi E99
| |--L. kleini E99
| |--L. leptoloma E99
| |--L. pisum E99
| `--L. valentinensis E99
| |--L. v. valentinensis E99
| `--L. v. sermenazensis E99
| Wenzia ramondi E99
| Megalotachea E99
| |--M. christoli E99
| |--M. delphinensis E99
| | |--M. d. delphinensis E99
| | `--M. d. tersannensis E99
| |--M. gualinoi E99
| `--M. turonensis E99
| Tudorella E99
| |--T. baudoni E99
| `--T. draparnaudi E99
| |--T. d. draparnaudi E99
| `--T. d. minor E99
| Pseudoleacina (Paraglandina) E99
| |--P. (P.) christoliana E99
| `--P. (P.) oligostropha E99
| Pseudochloritis E99
| |--P. incrassatus E99
| `--P. mollonensis E99
| Galactochilus E99
| |--G. leobersdorfensis E99
| `--G. locardi E99
| Negulus E99
| |--N. bleicheri E99
| |--N. raricostatus E99
| |--N. suturalis E99
| | |--N. s. suturalis E99
| | `--N. s. gracilis E99
| |--N. truci E99
| `--N. villafranchianus E99
| Eostrobilops E99
| |--E. aloisii E99
| |--E. fischeri E99
| `--E. patuliformis E99
| Macrozonites E99
| |--M. casteti E99
| `--M. collongeoni E99
| Fortuna seringi E99
| Truciella ballesioi E99
| Protodrepanostoma E99
| |--P. bernardii E99
| |--P. nordsiecki E99
| `--P. plioauriculatum E99
| Monoptychia monoptyx E99
| Serruluna anodon E99
| Cladopoda H79
| |--C. directa H79
| `--C. monilifera H79
|--Clisospiroidea F12
|--Bellerophontacea [Belleromorpha, Bellerophontina, Fissidorsata, Planspiralia, Prorhipidoglossa] KC60
| | i. s.: Patellostium Waagen 1880 (n. d.) KC60
| | `--*P. macrostoma (Roemer 1844) [=Bellerophon macrostoma] KC60
| | Euphemitella Tasch 1953 (n. d.) KC60
| | `--*E. emrichi Tasch 1953 KC60
| |--Bellerophontoidea BR17
| `--Isospira Koken 1897 KC60 [Isospiridae, Isospiroidea BR05]
| `--*I. bucanioides Koken 1897 BR17
`--+--Neomphaliones BR17
`--+--+--Cyclobranchia BR17
| `--Fissobranchia S11
`--Adenogonogastropoda [Branchiata, Ectophthalma, Teleohydrophila] S11
|--Neritimorpha S11
`--Apogastropoda (see below for synonymy) PC08
| i. s.: Protostylus Mansuy 1914 (n. d.) KC60
| `--*P. lantenoisi Mansuy 1914 KC60
| ‘Cyclora’ imbricata Whiteaves 1881 G88
| ‘Cyclora’ valvatiformis Whiteaves 1881 G88
|--Loxonematoidea PC08
`--+--Heterobranchia PC08
`--Caenogastropoda (see below for synonymy) PC08
| i. s.: Rhabdocolpus (Infacerithium) klebyensis Gründel 1974 GK02
| Gaeatrivia millardi Cate 1979 M03
| Serratovolva dondani Cate 1964 M03
| Decorochilina Frýda 1999 F01
| Plicatus Pan & Erwin 2002 [Plicatusidae] BR05
| |--*P. scalaris Pan & Erwin 2002 PE02
| `--P. multifilaris Pan & Erwin 2002 PE02
| Spanionema Whidborne 1891 [Spanionematidae, Spanionematoidea] BR05
| `--*S. scalaroides (Whidborne 1889) [=Loxonema scalaroides] KC60
| Spirochrysalis Kittl 1894 NE02
| `--S. protomicra Pan 1982 NE02
| Lampanella minima PC08
| Pragoscutula Frýda 1998 PC08, BR05 [Pragoscutulidae]
| `--P. wareni Frýda 1998 FB01
| Dendropupoidea (see below for synonymy) KC60
| |--Maturipupa Pilsbry 1926 KC60
| | `--*M. vermilionensis (Bradley 1872) (see below for synonymy) KC60
| |--Anthracopupa Whitfield 1881 (see below for synonymy) BR05
| | |--*A. ohioensis Whitfield 1881 KC60
| | `--A. britannica Cox 1926 TTE93
| `--Dendropupa Owen 1859 BR17 (see below for synonymy)
| |--*D. vetusta (Dawson 1859) [=Pupa vetusta] KC60
| |--D. grandaeva (Dawson 1880) TTE93
| `--D. primaeva (Matthew 1895) TTE93
| Acanthonema Grabau in Sherzer & Grabau 1909 BR05 (see below for synonymy)
| `--A. newberryi (Meek 1871) TTE93 (see below for synonymy)
| Ampezzanildidae BR17
| |--Cassianilda Bandel 1995 NE02
| |--Stuorilda Bandel 1995 NE02
| `--Ampezzanilda Bandel 1994 BR05
| `--*A. aialensis (Zardini 1980) [=Promathildia aialensis] BR17
| Kittlidiscus Haas 1953 BR05 (see below for synonymy)
| `--K. bronni (Klipstein 1845) KC60 (see below for synonymy)
| Spirostylidae [Spirostylinidae] TE01
| |--Spirostylus Kittl 1894 TE01
| | |--*S. subcolumnaris (Münster 1841) (see below for synonymy) TE01
| | `--S. linctus (Böhm 1895) (see below for synonymy) TE01
| `--Climacina TTE93
| |--C. catharinae Gemmellaro 1876 TTE93
| `--C. mariae Gemmellaro 1876 TTE93
| Peruneloidea BR17
|--Cyclophoroidea S11
`--Hydrogastropoda S11
|--Ampullariidae S11
`--Epiarthroidea [Teleobranchia, Vivipariformes, Vivipariformii] S11
|--Viviparoidea S11
`--Sorbeoconcha (see below for synonymy) S11
| i. s.: Globocornus Espinosa & Ortea 2010 [Globocornidae] BR17
| `--*G. darwini Espinosa & Ortea 2010 BR17
| Acteonina d’Orbigny 1850 BR05 (see below for synonymy)
| |--*A. carbonaria (de Koninck 1843) (see below for synonymy) BR05
| |--A. acuta (d’Orbigny 1841) [=Tornatina acuta] BR17
| `--A. obesa Stoliczka 1868 TTE93
| Orthonematoidea BR17
| Subulitina [Subulitata] GS75
| |--Subulitoidea GS75
| `--Soleniscoidea BR17
| |--Soleniscidae BR17
| |--Meekospiridae BR17
| `--Anozygidae BR17
| |--Anozyga Hoare 1980 [Anozyginae] BR05
| | `--*A. bulla Hoare 1980 BR17
| `--Tmetonema Longstaff 1912 (see below for synonymy) BR05
| `--*T. subsulcatum Longstaff 1912 KC60
| Pluviostilla BR17
|--Cerithiimorpha PC08
`--Hypsogastropoda PC08
Conchifera incertae sedis:
Canopoconus EL11
Stenothecoida R96
Aeolidiopsis Pruvot-Fol 1956 [Aeolidiopsidae] BR17
Archaeotremaria Yu 1979 (n. d.) [Archaeotremariidae, Archaeotremarioidea] BR17
`--*A. polytremata Yu 1979 (n. d.) BR17
Vitrella Clessin 1877 BR17
Crossopoma Martens 1891 BR17
`--*C. planorbulum (Lamarck 1816) (nom. cons) (see below for synonymy) BR17
‘Electra’ Albers 1850 non Lamouroux 1816 BR17
`--*E. ceylanica (Pfeiffer 1845) [=Achatina ceylanica] BR17
Granoconus Yu 1979 (n. d.) [Granoconidae] BR17
`--*G. trematus Yu 1979 (n. d.) BR17
*Xerosecta explanata (Müller 1774) [=Helix explanata] BR17
Peruinia Polinski 1922 [Peruiniinae, Peruiniini] BR17
`--*P. peruana (Troschel 1847) [=Clausilia peruana] BR17
Eucycloidea pulchella (d’Orbigny 1850) [=Purpurina pulchella] BR17
Thoralispira laevis W01
Kepinospira Yü 1963 RJ76
Pseudotheca Redlich 1899 RJ76
Siluracmaea Horny 1963 RJ76
Sinkiangodiscus Yü 1963 RJ76
Sinobellerophon Yü 1962 RJ76
Sinosinuites Yü 1963 RJ76
Acanthonema Grabau in Sherzer & Grabau 1909 BR05 [Acanthonematidae BR17, Acanthonematinae]
Acanthonema newberryi (Meek 1871) TTE93 [=Orthonema newberryi KC60; incl. *A. holopiforme Grabau 1909 KC60, BR17]
Acteonina d’Orbigny 1850 BR05 [=Actaeonina (l. c.) BR05; Acteoninidae, Acteonininae, Acteoninoidea BR17]
*Acteonina carbonaria (de Koninck 1843) [=Chemnitzia carbonaria] BR05
Anthracopupa Whitfield 1881 [Anthracopupidae, Anthracopupinae] BR05
Apogastropoda [Anaclodonta, Architectonicoida, Chalazaeata, Ctenobranchia, Davisianoidei, Dioecia, Discopoda, Ectobranchia, Entobranchia, Entomotaeniata, Gymnoglossa, Heterogastropoda, Heterostropha, Holonephridia, Homoestropha, Hydrocenoidei, Iniophthalma, Loxonematacea, Monopleurobranchia, Monotocardia, Murchisoniata, Musioglossata, Oligopteria, Orbacea, Paludinimorpha, Pectinibranchia, Pectinibranchiata, Peristomacea, Peristomania, Peristomidae, Potamophila, Procaenogastropoda, Ptenobranchiata, Pyramidellida, Pyramidellimorpha, Pyramidelliones, Pyramidelloida, Rissoellina, Solenisciformes, Spartaebranchia, Subulitiformes, Taenioglossa, Trachelobranchia, Volumina] PC08
Caenogastropoda [Architaenioglossa, Architaenioglossae, Basiophthalma, Cyclophoracea, Cyclophoroidei, Fusiformia, Globularioidei, Mesogastropoda, Mesogastropodida, Opisthophthalma, Palaeocyclophoridae, Procyclophoridae, Procyclophoroidea, Rostrifera, Teleogeophila] PC08
Conchifera [Ancyropoda, Cephalaea, Cyrtonellea, Cyrtonellina, Cyrtosoma, Diasoma, Ganglioneura, Loboconcha, Perocepala, Rhacopoda, Tubicolae, Uberes, Visceroconcha] SB12
*Crossopoma planorbulum (Lamarck 1816) (nom. cons) [=Cyclostoma planorbulum, Cyclotus planorbulus, Cyclotus planorbutus (l. c.); incl. Crossopoma cornuvenatorium (Gmelin 1791)] BR17
*Cypraeogemmula scabriuscula (Koenen 1890) BR17 [=Trivia scabriuscula BR17, Cypraea scabriuscula H09]
Dendropupa Owen 1859 BR17 [incl. Strophella Dawson 1895 KC60, Strophites Dawson 1880 non Deshayes 1832 KC60; Dendropupidae]
Dendropupoidea [Anthracopupoidea, Dendropupinae, Procyclophoroida] KC60
Gastropoda [Abranchiata, Alata, Anentomostomata, Anisobranchia, Anisopleura, Aponotoneura, Apterygia, Archaeogastropoda, Archaeoprosobranchia, Arthrocochlides, Asiphonobranchia, Asiphonata, Aspidobranchia, Auxogastropoda, Chiastoneura, Chismobranchiata, Clypeaceae, Cocculinacea, Cocculiniformia, Cochliostraca, Conivalvia, Cricostomata, Ctenobranchiata, Dicoeca, Dicranobranchia, Diotocardia, Eogastropoda, Fissuracea, Fornices, Galeroconcha, Gasteropoda, Gasteropodophora, Gasterozoa, Gastraeopoda, Gastropodea, Goniostomata, Gonyostomata, Gymnopoda, Helcionellina, Hemicyclostoma, Holostomata, Hyperstrophina, Lepadophora, Lepetellina, Limaces, Neurobranchia, Operculata, Orthogastropoda, Otidea, Paracephalophora, Paragastropoda, Patellina, Peristomatacea, Peristomatidae, Platyceratacea, Podophthalma, Prosobranchia, Prosobranchiata, Pselaphocephala, Raphidoglossa, Rhipidoglossa, Riphidoglossa, Scutibranchia, Scutiformia, Sinuata, Sinuopeoidei, Solenostomata, Streptoneura, Syncephala, Tectipeda, Triforidoidei, Trochina, Trochomorpha, Trochomorphi, Turbinimorpha, Xenophoroidei] SW11
Ittibittium turriculum (Usticke 1969) [=Bittium varium f. turricula, Alabina turricula, B. turriculum, Cerithiodes turricula] BC01
Kittlidiscus Haas 1953 BR05 [=Schizodiscus Kittl 1891 non Hall & Clarke 1888 KC60; Kittlidiscidae BR17]
*Kittlidiscus bronni (Klipstein 1845) KC60 [=Pleurotomaria bronni KC60, Schizodiscus bronni KC60; incl. P. plana Klipstein 1845 non Münster 1844 KC60, *Kittlidiscus planus BR17, *Schizodiscus planus BR17]
*Maturipupa vermilionensis (Bradley 1872) [=Pupa vermilionensis] KC60
*Pseudorhytidopilus lennieri Cox in Knight, Cox et al. 1960 [incl. Helcion castellana Lennier 1868 non Patella castellana Thurmann & Étallon 1861] KC60
Sorbeoconcha [Anandria, Aulobranchiata, Brevicommisurata, Eriophthalma, Neotaenioglossa, Omalaxoidea, Palaeocaenogastropoda, Siphonobranchei, Siphonobranchia, Siphonobranchiata, Tubispirantia]
Spirostylus linctus (Böhm 1895) [=Omphaloptycha lincta; incl. O. porrecta Böhm 1895] TE01
*Spirostylus subcolumnaris (Münster 1841) [=Melania subcolumnaris] TE01
Tmetonema Longstaff 1912 [Tmetoneminae] BR05
Yuopisthonema Nützel in Bouchet, Rocroi et al. 2017 BR17 [=Opisthonema Yu 1974 non Gill 1862 BR05; Opisthonematidae, Yuopisthonematidae]
*Type species of generic name indicated
REFERENCES
[AS07] Aardt, W. J. van, & S. S. J. Steytler. 2007. Shell permeability and desiccation physiology of the freshwater snail Bulinus (Bulinus) tropicus (Krauss). Malacologia 49 (2): 339–349.
[AJH07] Amano, K., R. G. Jenkins & Y. Hikida. 2007. A new gigantic Nucinella (Bivalvia: Solemyoida) from the Cretaceous cold-seep deposit in Hokkaido, northern Japan. Veliger 49 (2): 84–90.
[AA88] Auffenberg, K., & T. Auffenberg. 1988. Density, spatial distribution, activity patterns, and biomass of the land snail, Geophorus bothropoma Moellendorff (Prosobranchia: Helicinidae). Nautilus 102 (1): 40–45.
[B00] Bandel, K. 2000. The new family Cortinellidae (Gastropoda, Mollusca) connected to a review of the evolutionary history of the subclass Neritimorpha. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie—Abhandlungen 217 (1): 111–129.
[B01] Bandel, K. 2001. The history of Theodoxus and Neritina connected with description and systematic evaluation of related Neritimorpha (Gastropoda). Mitteilungen des Geologisch-Paläontologischen Institutes der Universität Hamburg 85: 65–164.
[B02] Bandel, K. 2002. About Heterostropha (Gastropoda) from the Carboniferous and Permian. Mitteilungen des Geologisch-Paläontologischen Institutes der Universität Hamburg 86: 45–80.
[BD86] Barash, A., & Z. Danin. 1986. Further additions to the knowledge of Indo-Pacific Mollusca in the Mediterranean Sea (Lessepsian migrants). Spixiana 9 (2): 117–141.
[B77] Bertsch, H. 1977. The Chromodoridinae nudibranchs from the Pacific coast of America.—Part I. Investigative methods and supra-specific taxonomy. Veliger 20 (2): 107–118.
[B96] Bond, C. E. 1996. Biology of Fishes 2nd ed. Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth.
[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.
[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.
[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.
[C84] Cain, A. J. 1984. Heterosematism in snails. Malacologia 25 (1): 161–172.
[CC06] Cameron, R. A. D., L. M. Cook, G. A. Goodfriend & M. B. Seddon. 2006. Fossil land snails of Porto Santo, Madeiran archipelago: change and stasis in Pleistocene to Recent times. Malacologia 49 (1): 25–59.
[C79] Cook, P. L. 1979. Some problems in interpretation of heteromorphy and colony integration in Bryozoa. In: Larwood, G., & B. R. Rosen (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms pp. 193–210. Academic Press: London.
[C60] Cox, L. R. 1960. Gastropoda: general characteristics of Gastropoda. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt I. Mollusca 1: Mollusca—General Features, Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda—General Features, Archaeogastropoda and some (mainly Paleozoic) Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia pp. I84–I169. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.
[C90] Crawford, C. S. 1990. Scorpiones, Solifugae, and associated desert taxa. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 421–475. John Wiley & Sones: New York.
[D56] Dawes, B. 1956. The Trematoda with special reference to British and other European forms. University Press: Cambridge.
[D94] Dzik, J. 1994. Evolution of 'small shelly fossils' assemblages of the early Paleozoic. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 39 (3): 247–313.
[EL11] Erwin, D. H., M. Laflamme, S. M. Tweedt, E. A. Sperling, D. Pisani & K. J. Peterson. 2011. The Cambrian conundrum: early divergence and later ecological success in the early history of animals. Science 334: 1091–1097.
[E99] Esu, D. 1999. Contribution to the knowledge of Neogene climate changes in western and central Europe by means of non-marine molluscs. In: J. Agustí, L. Rook & P. Andrews (eds) The Evolution of Neogene Terrestrial Ecosystems in Europe pp. 328–354. Cambridge University Press.
[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.
[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488-533.
[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.
[F01] Frýda, J. 2001. Discovery of a larval shell in Middle Paleozoic subulitoidean gastropods with description of two new species from the Early Devonian of Bohemia. Vĕstnik Českého Geologického Ústavu 76 (1): 29–37.
[F12] Frýda, J. 2012. Phylogeny of Palaeozoic gastropods inferred from their ontogeny. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 395–435. Springer.
[FB01] Frýda, J., & R. B. Blodgett. 2001. The oldest known heterobranch gastropod, Kuskokwimia gen. nov., from the Early Devonian of west-central Alaska, with notes on the early phylogeny of higher gastropods. Vĕstnik Českého Geologického Ústavu 76 (1): 39–53.
[FB04] Frýda, J., & R. B. Blodgett. 2004. New Emsian (Late Early Devonian) gastropods from Limestone Mountain, Medfra B-4 quadrangle, west-central Alaska (Farewell Terrane), and their paleobiogeographic affinities and evolutionary significance. Journal of Paleontology 78 (1): 111–132.
[FBL02] Frýda, J., R. B. Blodgett & A. C. Lenz. 2002. New Early Devonian gastropods from the families Crassimarginatidae (new family) and Scoliostomatidae (new family), Royal Creek area, Yukon Territory, Canada. Journal of Paleontology 76 (2): 246–255.
[GO06] Giribet, G., A. Okusu, A. R. Lindgren, S. W. Huff, M. Schrödl & M. K. Nishiguchi. 2006. Evidence for a clade composed of molluscs with serially repeated structures: monoplacophorans are related to chitons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103 (20): 7723–7728.
[GS75] Golikov, A. N., & Y. I. Starobogatov. 1975. Systematics of prosobranch gastropods. Malacologia 15 (1): 185–232.
[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.
[GK02] Gründel, J., & T. Kowalke. 2002. Palaeorissoinidae, a new family of marine and brackish water Rissooidea (Gastropoda, Littorinimorpha). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 226 (1): 43–57.
[GAS03] Gulbin, V. V., I. S. Arzamastsev & V. M. Shulkin. 2003. Ecological monitoring of the water area of Port Vostochnyi (Wrangel Bay) in the Sea of Japan (1995–2002). Russian Journal of Marine Biology 29 (5): 284–295.
[H79] Haast, J. von. 1879. Geology of the Provinces of Canterbury and Westland, New Zealand. A report comprising the results of official explorations. "Times" Office: Christchurch.
[H75] Häntzschel, W. 1975. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea Suppl. 1. Trace Fossils and Problematica 2nd ed. The Geological Society of America: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).
[HS01] Hayward, B. W., A. B. Stephenson, M. S. Morley, W. M. Blom, H. R. Grenfell, F. J. Brook, J. L. Riley, F. Thompson & J. J. Hayward. 2001. Marine biota of Parengarenga Harbour, Northland, New Zealand. Records of the Auckland Museum 37: 45–80.
[H08] Hedley, C. 1908. Studies on Australian Mollusca. Part X. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 456–489, pls 7–10.
[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.
[H22] Hedley, C. 1922. A revision of the Australian Turridae. Records of the Australian Museum 13 (6): 213–359, pls 42–56.
[HP04] Herbert, G. S., & R. W. Portell. 2004. First paleontological record of larval brooding in the calyptraeid gastropod genus Crepidula Lamarck, 1799. Journal of Paleontology 78 (2): 424–429.
[H86] Hutton, F. W. 1886. The Mollusca of the Pareora and Oamaru systems of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (1): 205–237.
[JB12] Johnson, M. E., & B. G. Baarli. 2012. Development of intertidal biotas through Phanerozoic time. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 63–128. Springer.
[KBC03] Kashin, I. A., E. V. Bagaveeva & S. F. Chaplygina. 2003. Fouling communities of hydrotechnical constructions in Nakhodka Bay (Sea of Japan). Russian Journal of Marine Biology 29: 267–283.
[KC60] Knight, J. B., L. R. Cox, A. M. Keen, R. L. Batten, E. L. Yochelson & R. Robertson. 1960. Gastropoda: systematic descriptions. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt I. Mollusca 1: Mollusca—General Features, Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda—General Features, Archaeogastropoda and some (mainly Paleozoic) Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia pp. I169–I331. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.
[KC11] Kocot, K. M., J. T. Cannon, C. Todt, M. R. Citarella, A. B. Kohn, A. Meyer, S. R. Santos, C. Schander, L. L. Moroz, B. Lieb & K. M. Halanych. 2011. Phylogenomics reveals deep molluscan relationships. Nature 477: 452–456.
[K95] Köhler, R. 1995. A new species of the fossil turtle Psephophorus (order Testudines) from the Eocene of the South Island, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 25: 371–384.
[K10] Kostina, E. E. 2010. Distribution of macrobenthic communities in the intertidal zone of the Vietnamese islands. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 109–111. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
[L06] Lewin, I. 2006. The gastropod communities in the lowland rivers of agricultural areas—their biodiversity and bioindicative value in the Ciechanowska Upland, central Poland. Malacologia 49 (1): 7–23.
[LK84] Linsley, R. M., & W. M. Kier. 1984. The Paragastropoda: a proposal for a new class of Paleozoic Mollusca. Malacologia 25 (1): 241–254.
[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 2. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.
[M03] Meyer, C. P. 2003. Molecular systematics of cowries (Gastropoda: Cypraeidae) and diversification patterns in the tropics. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79: 401–459.
[M62] Monniot, F. 1962. Recherches sur les graviers a Amphioxus de la région de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie et Milieu 13: 231–322.
[NG13] Ni, X., D. L. Gebo, M. Dagosto, J. Meng, P. Tafforeau, J. J. Flynn & K. C. Beard. 2013. The oldest known primate skeleton and early haplorhine evolution. Nature 498: 60–64.
[NE02] Nützel, A., & D. H. Erwin. 2002. Battenizyga, a new Early Triassic gastropod genus with a discussion of the caenogastropod evolution at the Permian/Triassic boundary. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 76 (1): 21–27.
[OT04] Olabarria, C., & M. H. Thurston. 2004. Patterns of morphological variation of the deep-sea gastropod Troschelia berniciensis (King, 1846) (Buccinidae) from the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Molluscan Studies 70: 59–66.
[O27a] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927a. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. 2 pt 1. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).
[O27b] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927b. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. 2 pt 2. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).
[O03] Örstan, A. 2003. The rediscovery of Zonites algirus in İstanbul, Turkey (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Zonitidae). Zoology in the Middle East 29: 75–78.
[PE02] Pan, H.-Z., & D. H. Erwin. 2002. Gastropods from the Permian of Guangxi and Yunnan Provinces, south China. Journal of Paleontology 76 (Memoir 56): 1–49.
[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.
[P89] Petuch, E. J. 1989. New species of Malea (Gastropoda: Tonnidae) from the Pleistocene of southern Florida. Nautilus 103 (3): 92–95.
[P02] Pickford, M. 2002. Early Miocene grassland ecosystem at Bukwa, Mount Elgon, Uganda. Comptes Rendus Palevol 1: 213–219.
[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.
[P88] Pip, E. 1988. Niche congruency of freshwater gastropods in central North America with respect to six water chemistry parameters. Nautilus 102 (2): 65–72.
[PC08] Ponder, W. F., D. J. Colgan, J. M. Healy, A. Nützel, L. R. L. Simone & E. E. Strong. 2008. Caenogastropoda. In: Ponder, W. F., & D. L. Lindberg (eds) Phylogeny and Evolution of the Mollusca pp. 331–383. University of California Press: Berkeley.
[R96] Runnegar, B. 1996. Early evolution of the Mollusca: the fossil record. In: Taylor, J. D. (ed.) Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca pp. 77–87. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
[RJ76] Runnegar, B., & P. A. Jell. 1976. Australian Middle Cambrian molluscs and their bearing on early molluscan evolution. Alcheringa 1 (2): 109–138.
[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.
[SW11] Smith, S. A., N. G. Wilson, F. E. Goetz, C. Feehery, S. C. S. Andrade, G. W. Rouse, G. Giribet & C. W. Dunn. 2011. Resolving the evolutionary relationships of molluscs with phylogenomic tools. Nature 480: 364–367.
[SC07] Stanisic, J., R. A. D. Cameron, B. M. Pokryszko & J. C. Nekola. 2007. Forest snail faunas from S. E. Queensland and N. E. New South Wales (Australia): patterns of local and regional richness and differentiation. Malacologia 49 (2): 445–462.
[SS16] Süssmilch, C. A., & W. G. Stone. 1916. Geology of the Jenolan Caves district. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 49 (3): 332–384, pls 55–56.
[SB12] Sutton, M. D., D. E. G. Briggs, D. J. Siveter, D. J. Siveter & J. D. Sigwart. 2012. A Silurian armoured aplacophoran and implications for molluscan phylogeny. Nature 490: 94–97.
[TE01] Tong, J., & D. H. Erwin. 2001. Triassic gastropods of the southern Qinling Mountains, China. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 92: 1–47.
[TS11] Tortello, M. F., & N. M. Sabattini. 2011. Totoralia, a new conical-shaped mollusk from the Middle Cambrian of western Argentina. Geologica Acta 9 (2): 175–185.
[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.
[USDI77] USDI (United States Department of the Interior). 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants—republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420–36431.
[V18] Vanatta, E. G. 1918. Two new shells from Hayti. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 237–238.
[V-RR93] Vickers-Rich, P., & T. H. Rich. 1993. The ICI Australia Catalogue of the Great Russian Dinosaurs Exhibition 1993–1995. Monash University.
[W01] Wagner, P. J. 2001. Gastropod phylogenetics: progress, problems and implications. Journal of Paleontology 75 (6): 1128–1140.
[ZZ88] Zhu G.-X. & Zhou Y.-Z. 1988. Fresh-water molluscan fauna across Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary in southeast Jilin. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 27 (6): 713–721.
No comments:
Post a Comment
Markup Key:
- <b>bold</b> = bold
- <i>italic</i> = italic
- <a href="http://www.fieldofscience.com/">FoS</a> = FoS