Psychodoidea

Male Protoplasa fitchii, from Alexander (1981).

Belongs within: Psychodomorpha.
Contains: Phlebotominae, Psychodinae.

The Psychodoidea are a clade uniting the moth flies and sand flies of the Psychodidae with the primitive crane flies of the Tanyderidae. The Psychodidae are mostly small, very hairy flies with broadly ovate wings with veins M and often Rs each bearing four branches (Colless & McAlpine 1991).

Synapomorphies (from Blagoderov et al. 2002): Ocelli absent; sc-r terminal; M₂ convex; male genitalia inverted.

<==Psychodoidea BLM02
    |--Tanyderidae [Tanyderoidea, Tanyderomorpha] BLM02
    |    |--Praemacrochile BLM02
    |    |--Peringueyomyina A81
    |    |--Protoplasa fitchii A81
    |    |--Nothoderus australiensis CM91, M81
    |    |--Protanyderus margarita A81
    |    |--Macrochile A81
    |    |--Radinoderus occidentalis CM91
    |    `--Eutanyderus A81
    |         |--E. oreonympha CM91
    |         `--E. wilsoni CM91
    `--Psychodidae [Phlebotomidae] WI-B09
         |  i. s.: Eopericoma zherichini Kalugina in Kalugina & Kovalev 1985 RJ93
         |         Tanypsycha GE05
         |         Liassopsychodina GE05
         |         Psychotanyderus GE05
         |         Bazarella WI-B09
         |         Quatiella interdicta WM96
         |--Nannotanyderus WT11
         `--+--Phlebotominae WI-B09
            |--Psychodinae WI-B09
            |--Horaiella [Horaiellinae] WI-B09
            |--Sycoracinae WI-B09
            |    |--Sycorax WI-B09
            |    |--Aposycorax chilensis WI-B09
            |    `--Parasycorax WI-B09
            |--Bruchomyiinae WI-B09
            |    |--Bruchomyia WI-B09
            |    `--Nemapalpus WI-B09
            |         |--N. nearcticus QV81
            |         `--N. youngi WI-B09
            `--Trichomyia [Trichomyiinae] WI-B09
                 |--T. botosaneanui WM96
                 |--T. buchholzi Wagner & Masteller 1996 WM96
                 |--T. flinti Wagner & Masteller 1996 WM96
                 |--T. masneri WM96
                 |--T. nuda WI-B09
                 |--T. rawlinsi WM96
                 |--T. sattelmairi Wagner & Masteller 1996 WM96
                 |--T. urbica QV81
                 `--T. wirthi WM96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A81] Alexander, C. P. 1981. Tanyderidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 149–151. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[BLM02] Blagoderov, V. A., E. D. Lukashevich & M. B. Mostovski. 2002. Order Diptera Linné, 1758. The true flies (=Muscida Laicharting, 1781). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 227–240. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[M81] McAlpine, J. F. 1981. Morphology and terminology—adults. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 9–63. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[QV81] Quate, L. W., & J. R. Vockeroth. 1981. Psychodidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 293–300. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WI-B09] Wagner, R., & S. Ibáñez-Bernal. 2009. Psychodidae (sand flies, and moth flies or owl flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 319–335. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[WM96] Wagner, R., & E. C. Masteller. 1996. New moth flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) and a key to species from Puerto Rico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (3): 450–464.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Last updated: 29 December 2020.