Erebidae

Cotton looper moth Anomis flava, copyright Alexey Yakovlev.

Belongs within: Noctuoidea.
Contains: Sorocostia, Hypeninae, Lymantriinae, Calpinae, Catocalinae, Eublemma, Herminiinae, Hypsa, Spilosoma, Lithosiini, Arctiini, Syntomini.

The Erebidae, as recognised by Zahiri et al. (2011), are a diverse clade of noctuoid moths united by molecular phylogenetic analysis. Members of this clade have historically been divided between a number of families with many being previously included in the Noctuidae. Among subgroups previously treated as distinct families are the Arctiinae, tiger moths and related species, a diverse group of often aposematically coloured moths. Most arctiines possess a tymbal organ on the thorax that produces ultrasonic clicks; these clicks are thought to disrupt bat echolocation (Nielsen & Common 1991). The Aganainae are similarly aposematic and feed on toxic cardenolide-producing plants of the Apocynaceae and Moraceae. A clade of Arctiinae, Aganainae and Herminiinae is characterised by the possession of a pre-spiracular counter-tympanic hood, a swollen metepimeron ventral to pocket IV, and modified foretibia in the males of most genera (Zahiri et al. 2011).

<==Erebidae [Arctiidae, Aventiinae, Gonopteridae, Phytometrinae, Toxocampidae, Toxocampini] ZK11
    |--Anobini ZK11
    |    |--Anoba anguliplaga ZK11
    |    `--Marcipa ZK11
    `--+--+--+--Colobochyla salicalis ZK11
       |  |  `--Hypeninae ZK11
       |  `--+--+--Oxycilla ondo ZK11
       |     |  `--Rivula [Rivulinae] ZK11
       |     |       |--R. everta Swinhoe 1901 Sw01a
       |     |       |--R. ommatopis NC91
       |     |       `--R. sericealis V09
       |     `--+--Scoliopteryx [Scoliopterygini] ZK11
       |        |    `--S. libatrix [=Gonoptera libatrix] V09
       |        `--Anomis [Anomini] ZK11
       |             |--A. flava B88
       |             |--A. fulvida WM66
       |             |--A. involuta MC13
       |             |--A. lyona G84
       |             |--A. metaxantha ZK11
       |             `--A. sabulifera P27a
       `--+--Lymantriinae KP19
          `--+--+--+--Calpinae KP19
             |  |  `--+--+--Oxidercia toxea ZK11
             |  |     |  `--Azeta ceramina ZK11
             |  |     `--+--Panopoda [Panopodini] ZK11
             |  |        |    `--P. rufimargo ZK11
             |  |        `--Eulepidotis [Eulepidotini] ZK11
             |  |             |--E. geminata T62
             |  |             |--E. metamorpha T62
             |  |             |--E. preclara Todd 1962 T62
             |  |             `--E. rectimargo ZK11
             |  `--+--Catocalinae ZK11
             |     `--+--Lygephila ZK11
             |        |    |--L. maxima ZK11
             |        |    `--L. pastinum (Treischke 1826) JP05
             |        `--+--Scolecocampa [Scolecocampinae] ZK11
             |           |    `--S. liburna ZK11
             |           `--+--Hypenodinae ZK11
             |              |    |  i. s.: Trigonistis NC91
             |              |    |--Hypenodes humidalis ZK11
             |              |    `--+--Schrankia costaestrigalis ZK11
             |              |       `--Micronoctua [Micronoctuidae, Micronoctuinae] ZK11
             |              `--+--Saroba pustulifera ZK11
             |                 `--+--Laspeyria flexula (Denis & Schiffermüller 1775) ZK11, JP05
             |                    |--+--Corgatha nitens ZK11
             |                    |  `--Phytometra ZK11
             |                    |       |--P. agnata F92
             |                    |       |--P. gamma F92
             |                    |       `--P. vividaria (Clerck 1759) JP05
             |                    `--+--+--+--Metaemene albiguttata ZK11
             |                       |  |  `--Trisateles [Trisatelini] ZK11
             |                       |  |       `--T. emortualis ZK11
             |                       |  `--+--Prolophota trigonifera ZK11
             |                       |     `--Parascotia [Boletobiinae] ZK11
             |                       |          `--P. fuliginaria (Linnaeus 1761) JP05
             |                       `--+--Araeoptera P27b [Araeopteroninae ZK11]
             |                          |    `--A. canescens P27b
             |                          `--Eublemma ZK11
             `--+--Hypsoropha hormosa ZK11
                `--+--+--Masca abactalis ZK11
                   |  `--Pangrapta [Pangraptinae] ZK11
                   |       |--P. bicornuta ZK11
                   |       `--P. decoralis ZK11
                   `--+--+--Herminiinae ZK11
                      |  `--Aganainae [Aganaidae, Hypsidae] ZK11
                      |       |--Digama marmorea Butl. 1877 NC91, M86b [incl. D. piepersiana Snell. 1879 M86b]
                      |       |--Agape chloropyga NC91
                      |       |--Neochera NC91
                      |       |--Hypsa WM66
                      |       |--Peridroma saucia ZK11, RC94
                      |       |--Asota ZK11
                      |       |    |--A. caricae ZK11
                      |       |    |--A. heliconia ZK11
                      |       |    `--A. iodamia NC91
                      |       |--Amerila M86b
                      |       |    |--A. astreas [=Sphinx astreas] M86b
                      |       |    |--A. brachyleuca Meyrick 1886 M86b
                      |       |    |--A. rubripes ZS10
                      |       |    |--‘Chelonia’ saucia [incl. Lithosia arthusbertrand] M86b
                      |       |    `--A. serica Meyrick 1886 M86b
                      |       |--Composia fidellissima H01
                      |       `--Pericopis biformis Schaus 1901 Sc01
                      `--Arctiinae [Nyctemeridae, Nyctemerinae] KP19
                           |  i. s.: Rhodogastria NC91
                           |           |--R. crokeri P27b
                           |           |--R. fumida Swinhoe 1901 Sw01a
                           |           `--R. roseibarba Druce 1901 D01a
                           |         Amsacta NC91
                           |         Spilosoma NC91
                           |         Ctimene synestia Meyrick 1886 M86a
                           |         Bursada M86a
                           |         Exitelica C70
                           |         Argina NC91
                           |           |--A. astrea NC91
                           |           `--A. cribraria P27b
                           |         Metacrias Meyrick 1886 PPE03, M86b
                           |           |--M. erichrysa Meyrick 1886 M86b
                           |           |--M. huttonii [=Phaos huttonii] M86b
                           |           `--M. strategica PPE03
                           |         Aloa MC13
                           |           |--A. bifrons WM66
                           |           |--A. lactinea WM66
                           |           `--A. marginata MC13
                           |         Utetheisa NC91
                           |           |--U. bella Linn. 1758 H01
                           |           |    |--U. b. bella H01
                           |           |    `--U. b. speciosa H01
                           |           |--U. lotrix NC91
                           |           |--U. pectinata NC91
                           |           |--U. pulchella WM66
                           |           `--U. pulchelloides NC91
                           |         Nyctemera NC91
                           |           |--N. amica [=Agagles amicus] M86b
                           |           |--N. annulata [=Leptosoma annulatum; incl. N. doubledayi] M86b
                           |           |--N. artemis [=Leptosoma artemis] M86a
                           |           |--N. crescens [incl. N. luctuosum] Sw01a
                           |           |--N. cribraria (Linnaeus 1758) M86b, L58 (see below for synonymy)
                           |           |--N. onetha Swinhoe 1901 Sw01a
                           |           |--N. separata M86b
                           |           |--N. tertiana M86b
                           |           `--N. varians WM66
                           |         Euplagia quadripunctaria ZK11, DS73 [incl. Callimorpha hera DS73]
                           |           |--E. q. quadripunctaria DS73
                           |           `--E. q. lutescens DS73
                           |         Calidota strigosa Wlk. 1855 H01
                           |--Lithosiini ZK11
                           `--+--Arctiini ZK11
                              `--Syntomini ZK11

Erebidae incertae sedis:
  Episparis ZK11
  Deilemera antinorii A71
  Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata W03
  Tyria jacobeae DS73
  Agyrtidia uranophila DS73
  Nicaea longipennis DS73
  Ardices curvata P27b
  Lexis nitens P27b
  Calamidia P27b
    |--C. hirta [=Lithosia hirta] M86b
    `--C. salpinctis Meyrick 1886 M86b
  Scaptesyle monogrammaria P27b
  Asura P27b
    |--A. cervicalis M86b
    |--A. habrotis Meyrick 1886 M86b
    `--A. lydia [=Pitane lydia; incl. A. gaudens] M86b
  Comarchis Meyrick 1886 M86b
    |--C. aspectatella [=Oecophora aspectatella; incl. Tinea oecophorella] M86b
    |--C. chrysochoa Meyrick 1886 M86b
    |--C. isophragma Meyrick 1886 M86b
    |--C. jocularis (Ros. 1885) [=Mosoda jocularis] M86b
    |--C. lochaga Meyrick 1886 M86b
    |--C. oblita [=Pitane oblita] M86b
    |--C. sparsana [=Conchylis sparsana; incl. Pallene gracilis Butl. 1877] M86b
    |--C. staurocola Meyrick 1886 M86b
    `--C. tineoides [=Eutane tineoides; incl. Pitane amanda] M86b
  Stauropolia nekrutenkoi GE05
  Josiomorpha penetrata GE05
  Episcea extravagans GE05
  Crocomela luxuriosa GE05
  Emydia striata [incl. E. striata var. bipunctata] P01
  Diacrisia russula P01
  Nemeophila plantaginis P01
  Hemihylea WZ10
  Deiopeia M86b
    |--D. pulchella M86b
    `--D. syringa M86b
  Hestiarcha Meyrick 1886 M86b
    `--*H. pyrrhopa Meyrick 1886 M86b
  Exotrocha Meyrick 1886 M86b
    `--*E. liboria [=Noctua liboria, Lithosia liboria] M86b
  Heterallactis Meyrick 1886 M86b
    `--*H. euchrysa Meyrick 1886 M86b
  Parelictis Meyrick 1886 M86b
    `--*P. saleuta Meyrick 1886 M86b
  Scaeodora Meyrick 1886 M86b
    |--*S. omophanes Meyrick 1886 M86b
    `--S. chionastis Meyrick 1886 M86b
  Cluaca M86b
    |--C. rubricosta M86b
    `--C. struthias Meyrick 1886 M86b
  Anestia Meyrick 1886 M86b
    `--*A. ombrophanes Meyrick 1886 M86b
  Palaexera Meyrick 1886 M86b
    `--*P. phyllodes Meyrick 1886 M86b
  Teulisna dasypyga [=Diastrophia dasypyga] M86b
  Tigrioides M86b
    |--T. alterna [=Setina alterna; incl. Lithosia transversa] M86b
    |--T. furcifera [=Setina furcifera; incl. S. trifurcata] M86b
    |--T. heminephes Meyrick 1886 M86b
    |--T. nana [=Lithosia nana] M86b
    `--T. spilarcha Meyrick 1886 M86b
  Calligenia M86b
    |--C. cyclota Meyrick 1886 M86b
    |--C. melitaula Meyrick 1886 M86b
    |--C. pyraula Meyrick 1886 M86b
    `--C. structa [=Pallene structa] M86b
  Symmetrodes Meyrick 1886 M86b
    `--*S. nitens [=Lithosia nitens; incl. L. remota] M86b
  Neobrocha Meyrick 1886 M86b
    |--N. adoxa Meyrick 1886 M86b
    `--N. phaeocyma Meyrick 1886 M86b
  Sorocostia M86b
  Mosoda M86b
    |--M. anartoides Walk. 1900 M86b
    |--M. consolatrix Ros. 1885 M86b
    |--M. jucunda [=Pallene jucunda; incl. Tospitis transitana] M86b
    |--M. ophiodes Meyrick 1886 M86b
    |--M. sejuncta [=Pitane sejuncta] M86b
    `--M. servilis Meyrick 1886 M86b
  Hectobrocha Meyrick 1886 M86b
    `--*H. pentacyma Meyrick 1886 M86b
  Chiriphe M86b
    |--C. catarrhoa Meyrick 1886 M86b
    |--C. dichotoma Meyrick 1886 M86b
    |--C. dictyota Meyrick 1886 M86b
    |--C. monogrammaria M86b
    |--C. procrena Meyrick 1886 M86b
    `--C. stenopa Meyrick 1886 M86b
  Zia tactalis [incl. Aquita horridella] M86b
  Areas M86b
    |--A. costalis [=Aloa costalis] M86b
    |--A. lactinea M86b
    `--A. marginata (Linnaeus 1758) M86b, L58 (see below for synonymy)
  Eutane M86b
    |--E. partita M86b
    `--E. terminalis [incl. E. maculata Butl. 1877] M86b
  Toxocampa metaspila WM66
  Hyphantria cunea Drury 1773 BB01
  Ecpantheria albiscripta Druce 1901 D01a
  Hyperthaema Sc01
    |--H. albipuncta Schaus 1901 Sc01
    `--H. haemacta Schaus 1901 Sc01
  Neritos Sc01
    |--N. asana D01b
    |--N. blanda Druce 1901 D01b
    `--N. sanguipuncta Schaus 1901 Sc01
  Robinsonia polyplagia Schaus 1901 Sc01
  Halisidota Sc01
    |--H. arenacea Schaus 1901 Sc01
    |--H. huaco Schaus 1901 Sc01
    |--H. pallida Schaus 1901 Sc01
    `--H. perdentata Schaus 1901 Sc01
  Amastus Sc01
    |--A. adela Schaus 1901 Sc01
    `--A. coccinator Schaus 1901 Sc01
  Ischnocampa Sv01
    |--I. nigridorsata Schaus 1901 Sc01
    `--I. nigrivena Schaus 1901 Sc01
  Turuptiana obscura Schaus 1901 Sc01
  Hyalarctia sericea Schaus 1901 Sc01
  Munonia iridescens Sc01
  Maenas Sc01
    |--M. bilinea Schaus 1901 Sc01
    `--M. salamimia F92
  Antarctia fervida Schaus 1901 Sc01
  Holomelina Sc01
    |--H. cocciniceps Schaus 1901 Sc01
    `--H. trigonifera Schaus 1901 Sc01
  Eucyane D01b
    |--E. excellens D01b
    `--E. hermaea Druce 1901 D01b
  Eucyrta D01b
    |--E. daga D01b
    `--E. lugens Druce 1901 D01b
  Elysus chrysellus Druce 1901 D01b
  Capotena elaina Swinhoe 1901 Sw01b
  Carea Sw01b
    |--C. nitida Sw01b
    |--C. ocyra Sw01b
    `--C. tarika Swinhoe 1901 Sw01b
  Erizada Walker 1865 [incl. Tinosoma Hmpsn. 1894] Sw01b
    `--E. semifervens (Walker 1864) (see below for synonymy) Sw01b

Areas marginata (Linnaeus 1758) M86b, L58 [=Phalaena marginata M86b; incl. A. moorei M86b, A. roseicostis M86b]

Erizada semifervens (Walker 1864) [=Gadirtha semifervens; incl. Tinosoma hyperythrum Hmpsn. 1894, Erizada lichenaria Walker 1865] Sw01b

Nyctemera cribraria (Linnaeus 1758) M86b, L58 [=Phalaena cribraria M86b; incl. Noctua astrea M86b, Xanthesthes guttata M86b, Argina notata M86b, Bombyx pylotis M86b]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[BB01] Ball, G. E., & Y. Bousquet. 2001. Carabidae Latreille, 1810. In: Arnett, R. H., Jr & M. C. Thomas (eds) American Beetles vol. 1. Archostemata, Myxophaga, Adephaga, Polyphaga: Staphyliniformia pp. 32–132. CRC Press: Boca Raton.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[C70] Common, I. F. B. 1970. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 765–866. Melbourne University Press.

[DS73] Dickens, M., & E. Storey. 1973. The World of Moths. Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.: New York.

[D01a] Druce, H. 1901a. Descriptions of some new species of Heterocera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 74–79.

[D01b] Druce, H. 1901b. Descriptions of some new species of Lepidoptera from east Africa and tropical America. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 432–444.

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[G84] Gauld, I. D. 1984. An Introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia. British Museum (Natural History).

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[H01] Hampson, G. F. 1901. The Lepidoptera-Phalaenae of the Bahamas. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 246–261.

[JP05] Jungmann, E., & U. Poller. 2005. Neunachweise und Wiederfunde für die Schmetterlingsfauna (Insecta; Lepidoptera) des Altenburger Landes. Mauritiana 19 (2): 317–326.

[KP19] Kawahara, A. Y., D. Plotkin, M. Espeland, K. Meusemann, E. F. A. Toussaint, A. Donath, F. Gimnich, P. B. Frandsen, A. Zwick, M. dos Reis, J. R. Barber, R. S. Peters, S. Liu, X. Zhou, C. Mayer, L. Podsiadlowski, C. Storer, J. E. Yack, B. Misof & J. W. Breinholt. 2019. Phylogenomics reveals the evolutionary timing and pattern of butterflies and moths. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 116 (45): 22657–22663.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[M86a] Meyrick, E. 1886a. On some Lepidoptera from the Fly River. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (2): 241–258.

[M86b] Meyrick, E. 1886b. Revision of Australian Lepidoptera. I. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (3): 687–802.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[PPE03] Patrick, B., H. Patrick & E. Edwards. 2003. Tiger moths and pheromones. Weta 25: 14–17.

[P01] Pável, J. 1901. Lepkék [Lepidopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 171–177. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[P27a] Philpott, A. 1927a. New Zealand Lepidoptera: notes and descriptions. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 703-709.

[P27b] Philpott, A. 1927b. The maxillae in the Lepidoptera. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 721–746.

[RC94] Rice, P. J., & J. R. Coats. 1994. Insecticidal properties of several monoterpenoids to the house fly (Diptera: Muscidae), red flour beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and southern corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 87 (5): 1172–1179.

[Sc01] Schaus, W. 1901. Descriptions of some new species of Heterocera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 265–270.

[Sw01a] Swinhoe, C. 1901a. New genera and species of eastern and Australian moths. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 463–473.

[Sw01b] Swinhoe, C. 1901b. New genera and species of eastern and Australian moths (continued). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 489–501.

[T62] Todd, E. L. 1962. A new species of Eulepidotis Hübner from South America (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 269–272.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the wild fauna and flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.

[WM66] Wallace, A. R., & F. Moore. 1866. List of lepidopterous insects collected at Takow, Formosa, by Mr. R. Swinhoe. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 355–365.

[W03] Waterhouse, B. M. 2003. Know your enemy: recent records of potentially serious weeds in northern Australia, Papua New Guinea and Papua (Indonesia). Telopea 10 (1): 477–485.

[WZ10] Wood, D. M., & M. A. Zumbado. 2010. Tachinidae (tachinid flies, parasitic flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1343–1417. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[ZK11] Zahiri, R., I. J. Kitching, J. D. Lafontaine, M. Mutanen, L. Kaila, J. D. Holloway & N. Wahlberg. 2011. A new molecular phylogeny offers hope for a stable family level classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera). Zoologica Scripta 40 (2): 158–173.

[ZS10] Zborowski, P., & R. Storey. 2010. A Field Guide to Insects in Australia 3^rd ed. Reed New Holland: Sydney.

Last updated: 21 February 2021.

Platypezoidea

Male Calotarsa pallipes, copyright William Donald Newton.

Belongs within: Cyclorrhapha.
Contains: Phoridae.

The Platypezoidea are a clade of small, humpbacked flies supported by molecular phylogenetic analyses. Members of the Platypezidae, flat-footed flies, often have the hind tarsi modified, such as being enlarged and flattened in females or bearing processes in males (Chandler 2010). The Ironomyiidae are small flies restricted in the modern fauna to Australia though fossil representatives are more widespread in the Cretaceous (Grimaldi & Engel 2005).

<==Platypezoidea [Clythioidea, Phoroidea] WT11
    |  i. s.: Opetiala shatalkani GE05
    |--Opetiidae [Opetiinae] WT11
    |    |--Lithopetia hirsuta GE05
    |    `--Opetia nigra WT11
    `--+--Phoridea GC99
       |    |--Phoridae WT11
       |    `--Ironomyiidae WT11
       |         |--Palaeopetia laiyangensis Zhang 1987 GE05, RJ93
       |         |--Hermaeomyia GE05
       |         |--Eridomyia GE05
       |         |--Cretonomyia pristina GE05
       |         |--Sinolesta [Sinolestinae] GE05
       |         `--Ironomyia [Ironomyiinae] WT11
       |              `--I. nigromaculata WT11
       `--Platypezidae [Clythiidae] WT11
            |  i. s.: Maritulus sospes GC99
            |         Parnasos firmipes GC99
            |         Proplatypeza GE05
            |           |--P. amabilis GC99
            |           `--P. parva GC99
            |         Lebambromyia Grimaldi & Cumming 1999 GE05, GC99
            |           `--*L. acrai Grimaldi & Cumming 1999 GC99
            |         Promittor GE05
            |         Oloplatypeza GE05
            |         Bolopus C10
            |         Pamelamyia K87
            |         Orthovena K87
            |         Mesopetia GC99
            |         Oppenheimiella baltica P92
            |--Electrosania Grimaldi & Cumming 1999 GC99
            |    `--*E. cretica Grimaldi & Cumming 1999 GC99
            `--+--Melanderomyia [Melanderomyiinae] C10
               |    `--M. kahli K87
               |--Platypezininae K87
               |    |--Platypezina diversa K87
               |    `--Grossoseta pacifica K87
               |--Microsania [Microsaniinae] C10
               |    |--M. australis CM91
               |    |--M. imperfecta C10
               |    `--M. stigmaticalis C10
               |--Callomyiinae C10
               |    |--Bertamyia notata C10
               |    |--Chydaeopeza C10
               |    |--Callomyia C10
               |    |    |--C. calla C10
               |    |    `--C. gilloglyorum K87
               |    `--Agathomyia C10
               |         |--A. bella (Williston 1903) [=Callomyia bella] C10
               |         `--A. canadensis C10
               `--Platypezinae C10
                    |--Metaclythia currani K87
                    |--Polyporivora polypori K87, C10
                    |--Seri dymka K87
                    |--Paraplatypeza C10
                    |    |--P. coraxa K87
                    |    `--P. velutina WT11
                    |--Protoclythia K87
                    |    |--P. califormica K87
                    |    `--P. modesta K87
                    |--Platypeza C10
                    |    |--P. agarici RD77
                    |    |--P. brunnescens C10
                    |    `--P. consobrina K87
                    |--Lindneromyia [incl. Grossovena, Penesymmetria, Plesioclythia, Symmetricella] C10
                    |    |--L. agarici [=Plesioclythia agarici] C10
                    |    |--‘Grossovena’ carbonaria K87
                    |    |--‘Symmetricella’ mogollonensis K87
                    |    `--‘Penesymmetria’ umbrosa K87
                    `--Calotarsa K87
                         |--C. durangoensis Kessel & Young 1974 C10
                         |--C. insignis C10
                         |--C. mexicana Kessel & Young 1974 C10
                         `--C. pallipes C10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C10] Chandler, P. J. 2010. Platypezidae (flat-footed flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 715–719. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[GC99] Grimaldi, D., & J. Cumming. 1999. Brachyceran Diptera in Cretaceous ambers and Mesozoic diversification of the Eremoneura. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 239: 1–124.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[K87] Kessel, E. L. 1987. Platypezidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 681–688. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Last updated: 13 July 2021.

Helogale

Common dwarf mongoose Helogale parvula, copyright Bernard Dupont.

Belongs within: Herpestidae.

Helogale, the dwarf mongooses, is a genus of small, diurnal, social mongooses with a grizzled brown pelage found in eastern and southern Africa.

Helogale
    |--H. brunnula S78
    |--H. dybowskii S78
    |--H. hirtula S78
    |--H. ivori S78
    |--H. macmillani S78
    |--H. mimetra S78
    |--H. parvula S78
    |--H. percivali S78
    |--H. undulata S78
    |--H. varia S78
    |--H. vetula S78
    `--H. victorina S78

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[S78] Savage, R. J. G. 1978. Carnivora. In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 249–267. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

Metopininae

Phalacrotophora epeirae, copyright John R. Maxwell.

Belongs within: Phoridae.
Contains: Melaloncha, Megaselia.

The Metopininae are a diverse group of scuttle flies that generally lack strong isolated bristles on the tibiae. Members of the genus Beckerina have two or four strongly divergent supra-antennal bristles that are usually more or less reclinate and porrect; in other metopinines, these bristles (if present) are not strongly divergent and usually proclinate (Petersen 1987).

Characters (from Petersen 1987): Frons sometimes bare along margins or on anteroventral half; supra-antennal bristles variable. Tibiae usually without bristles (exceptionally with a single anterodorsal bristle very near base on mid and hind tibiae) or with rows of strong setae. Wing generally fully developed, but sometimes reduced, rudimentary, or absent in female of some species.

<==Metopininae B04
    |  i. s.: Melittophora salti B04
    |         Melaloncha B04
    |         Sinophoritis Hong 2002 H02
    |           `--*S. bikerkosa Hong 2002 H02
    |         Latiarista Hong 2002 H02
    |           `--*L. intermixta Hong 2002 H02
    |--Beckerina [Beckerinini] P87
    |    |--B. aliena P87
    |    `--B. umbrimargo P87
    |--Gymnophorini B10
    |    |--Megaselia B10
    |    `--Gymnophora B10
    |         |--G. arcuata B10
    |         |--G. luteiventris P87
    |         `--G. spiracularis B10
    `--Metopinini B10
         |--Ecituncula B10
         |--Ecitophora B10
         |--Ecitoptera B10
         |--Ecitomyia wheeleri B10, P87
         |--Rhabdomyia setosa B10
         |--Lecanocerus compressiceps P87, B10
         |--*Syneura cocciphila B10, P87
         |--Woodiphora magnipalpis P87
         |--Cremersia spinicauda P87, B10
         |--Zyziphora hirtifrons P87
         |--Myrmosicarius texanus P87, B10
         |--Auxanommatidia californica P87
         |--Physoptera vesiculata P87, B10
         |--Trophithauma rostratum P87, B10
         |--Cataclinusa pachycondylae P87, B10
         |--Stenophorina petiolata P87
         |--Chonocephalus americanus P87
         |--Xanionotum mexicanum P87
         |--Commoptera solenopsidis P87, B10
         |--Acontistoptera B10
         |    |--A. brasiliensis P87
         |    `--A. melanderi P87
         |--Diocophora P87
         |    |--D. appretiata B10
         |    `--D. disparifrons P87
         |--Pericyclocera P87
         |    |--P. cata P87
         |    `--P. floricola P87
         |--Pseudacteon P87
         |    |--P. formicarum A71
         |    `--P. onyx P87
         |--Trophodeinus P87
         |    |--T. furcatus [=Bactropalpus furcatus] B10
         |    `--T. pygmaeus B10
         |--Metopina [incl. Typhlophorina] B10
         |    |--M. goeleti Grimaldi 1989 RJ93
         |    |--M. pachycondylae A71
         |    `--M. subarcuata B10
         |--Puliciphora B10
         |    |--P. borinquenensis B10
         |    |--P. imbecilla B10
         |    `--P. occidentalis P87
         |--Apocephalus P87
         |    |--A. asymmetricus B10
         |    |--A. (Mesophora) borealis P87
         |    `--A. wheeleri B10
         |--Rhyncophoromyia P87
         |    |--R. conica P87
         |    |--R. maculineura B10
         |    `--R. trivittata B10
         |--Neodohrniphora P87
         |    |--N. arnaudi P87
         |    |--N. cognata B10
         |    |--N. curvinervis B10
         |    `--N. mexicanae B10
         `--Phalacrotophora P87
              |--P. berolinensis B04
              |--P. beuki B04
              |--P. epeirae B04
              |--P. fasciata B04
              |--P. halictorum B04
              |--P. (Omapanta) longifrons P87
              |--P. quadripunctata B04
              `--P. rufiventris B04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[B04] Brown, B. V. 2004. Revision of the subgenus Udamochiras of Melaloncha bee-killing flies (Diptera: Phoridae: Metopininae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 140: 1–42.

[B10] Brown, B. V. 2010. Phoridae (hump-backed flies, scuttle flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 725–761. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[H02] Hong Y. 2002. Amber Insect of China. Beijing Scientific and Technological Publishing House.

[P87] Peterson, B. V. 1987. Phoridae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 689–712. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

Last updated: 13 July 2021.

Eristalini

Male drone fly Eristalis tenax, copyright Alvesgaspar.

Belongs within: Syrphoidea.

The Eristalini are a group of hover flies with aquatic larvae known as rat-tailed maggots. Adults have vein R₄₊₅ in the wing looped into cell r₄₊₅. In species of Eristalis, vein R₄₊₅ is less strongly sinuate and cell r₁ is petiolate wheras in members of Helophilina vein R₄₊₅ is more strongly sinuate and cell r₁ is open (Kotthoff & Schmid 2005).

<==Eristalini KS05
    |--Eristalis Latreille 1804 (nom. cons.) [incl. Tubifera Meigen 1800 (nom. rej.); Eristalina] KS05
    |    |  i. s.: E. arbustorum K01
    |    |         E. assimilis Walker 1849 [incl. E. capito] R01
    |    |         E. cingulatus T27
    |    |         E. crassipes Fabr. 1805 [=Simoides crassipes; incl. E. pachymerus] R01
    |    |         E. curtus Loew 1860 R01
    |    |         E. horticola S00
    |    |         E. quinquevittatus Macquart 1847 E12
    |    |         E. taeniops Wiedem. 1818 (see below for synonymy) R01
    |    |--E. (Eristalis) TRZ10
    |    |    |--E. (E.) oestraceus [=Syrphus (E.) oestraceus] G20
    |    |    `--E. (E.) tenax TRZ10 [=Tubifera tenax PC66]
    |    `--E. (Eoseristalis) TRZ10
    |         |--E. (E.) alleni TRZ10
    |         `--E. (E.) gatesi TRZ10
    `--Helophilina KS05
         |--Mallota posticata KS05, VT87
         |--Mesembrius KS05
         |--Myathropa florea KS05, T81
         |--Parhelophilus laetus KS05, VT87
         |--Lejops KS05
         |    |--L. (Anasimyia) bilinearis VT87
         |    |--L. (Arctosyrphus) willingii VT87
         |    |--L. (Asemosyrphus) polygrammus TRZ10
         |    |--L. (Lunomyia) cooleyi VT87
         |    `--L. (Polydontomyia) curvipes VT87
         `--Helophilus KS05
              |--H. cingulatus T27
              |--H. hochstetteri T27
              |--H. latifrons VT87
              |--H. miocaenicus (Stackelberg 1925) [=Tubifera miocaenicus, Eristalis miocaenicus] KS05
              |--H. nothobombus Kotthoff & Schmid 2005 KS05
              |--H. pendulus (Linnaeus 1758) KS05
              |--H. primarius Germar 1837 KS05
              |--H. tenax [=Syrphus (Elophilus) tenax] G20
              |--H. trivittatus (Fabricius 1805) KS05
              `--H. villeneuvi Théobald 1937 KS05

Eristalis taeniops Wiedem. 1818 [incl. E. aegyptius, E. pulchriceps, Helophilus pulchriceps, E. torridus] R01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l’Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[K01] Kertész, K. 1901. Legyek [Dipteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 179–201. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[KS05] Kotthoff, U., & U. Schmid. 2005. A new fossil hoverfly (Insecta, Diptera: Syrphidae) from the Randeck Maar (Early Miocene, south-west Germany). Palaeontology 48 (5): 1091–1096.

[PC66] Pendergrast, J. G., & D. R. Cowley. 1966. An Introduction to New Zealand Freshwater Insects. Collins: Auckland.

[R01] Ricardo, G. 1901. Notes on Diptera from South Africa (concluded). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 89–110.

[S00] Siddiqi, M. R. 2000. Tylenchida: Parasites of plants and insects 2^nd ed. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[T81] Teskey, H. J. 1981. Morphology and terminology—larvae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 65–88. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[TRZ10] Thompson, E. C., G. E. Rotheray & M. A. Zumbado. 2010. Syrphidae (flower flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 763–792. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[T27] Thomson, G. M. 1927. The pollination of New Zealand flowers by birds and insects. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 106–125.

[VT87] Vockeroth, J. R., & F. C. Thompson. 1987. Syrphidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 713–743. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

Last updated: 12 July 2021.

Syrphus

Syrphus sp. (S. vitripennis or S. torvus), copyright Gail Hampshire.

Belongs within: Syrphidae.

Syrphus is a genus of hover flies, most diverse in the north temperate regions, whose larvae are predatory on Sternorrhyncha (Thompson et al. 2010).

Characters (from Thompson et al. 2010): Postpronotum, anterior anepisternum, metathoracic pleuron, and metasternum bare; calypter with ventral lobe pilose, with long, coarse, erect yellow pile dorsally, especially on posteromedian portion; male abdomen with five unmodified pregential segments, tergum 5 visible in dorsal view. Larva brightly patterned; ventral surface smooth, without setae, prolegs or crochets; anal segment without lappets; posterior respiratory process with dorsal spurs, stem of respiratory process long with spiracles not reaching integument, spiracles dark lined.

<==Syrphus
    |--S. abdominalis L02
    |--S. algirus Macquart 1847 E12
    |--S. arcuatus [=Mulio arcuatus] L02
    |--S. bicinctus [=Mulio bicinctus] L02
    |--S. bifasciatus K01
    |--S. bombylans L02
    |--S. caemiteriorum L02
    |--S. fuciformis L02
    |--S. inanis (Linnaeus 1758) L02, L58 [=Musca inanis L02]
    |--S. intricarius L02
    |--S. knabi T81
    |--S. luniger K01
    |--S. nemorum L02
    |--S. novaezealandiae T27
    |--S. pellucens L02
    |--S. pendulus L02
    |--S. phaeostigma TRZ10
    |--S. pipiens L02
    |--S. ribesii TRZ10
    |--S. ruficornis L02
    |--S. scriptus L02
    |--S. shorae TRZ10
    |--S. tenax L02
    |--S. torvus M90
    |--S. tristis L02
    `--S. vitripennis K01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l’Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[K01] Kertész, K. 1901. Legyek [Dipteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 179–201. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M90] McAlpine, J. F. 1990. Insecta: Diptera adults. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1211–1252. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[T81] Teskey, H. J. 1981. Key to families—larvae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1, pp. 125-147. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[TRZ10] Thompson, E. C., G. E. Rotheray & M. A. Zumbado. 2010. Syrphidae (flower flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 763–792. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[T27] Thomson, G. M. 1927. The pollination of New Zealand flowers by birds and insects. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 106–125.

Tethinidae

Dasyrhicnoessa sp., from PaDIL.

Belongs within: Ephydroidea.

The Tethinidae are a group of small to medium-sized flies usually associated with coastal marine or saline habitats. They may be distinguished from similar flies by the absence of well-developed genal setae, the presence of a single costal break and a complete cell cup in the wing, and the absence of a preapical dorsal seta on the tibiae (Mathis 2010).

Characters (from Mathis 2010): Small to medium-sized flies, body length 1.6–4 mm; frequently invested with pale yellowish to brown microtomentum. With one to four orbital and zero to four fronto-orbital setae; postocellar setae convergent or absent. Vibrissal seta various, if present usually weak. With one proepisternal seta; one proepimeral seta; anepisternum with one or more setae and some setulae posteriorly. Precoxal bridge present. Wing hyaline to infuscate or pale yellow; C with Sc break only; cell cup present but small; A₁ weakened apically, not reaching wing margin. Tibiae lacking preapical dorsal seta. Male terminalia with epandrium bearing two surstyli ventrally; anterior surstylus distinctive; posterior surstylus generally strongly setulose and lobe-like; phallapodeme long, slender; ejaculatory apodeme usually large; phallus usually elongate, ribbon-like, sinuous, subcylindrical, with a more or less dense ventral pubescence, often with several microscopic papillae. Female terminalia with two sclerotised spermathecae; cercus subcylindrical or compressed, sometimes bearing strong, spinelike setulae (pseudacanthophorites); tergites 7 and 7 mostly with characteristic pigmented areas; epiproct generally small, bearing pair of setulae dorsally on apical third; hypoproct large.

<==Tethinidae M10a
    |  i. s.: Listriomastax M10a
    |         Macrocanace V87
    |           |--M. australis V87
    |           `--M. littorea V87
    |--Suffomyia M10b [Zaleinae M10a]
    |--Horaismoptera V87 [Horaismopterinae M10a]
    |    `--H. hennigi V87
    |--Apetaenus [Apetaeninae] M10a
    |    |--A. littoreus M10a
    |    `--A. watsoni M10a
    |--Pelomyiinae M10a
    |    |--+--Pelomyiella mallochi M10a
    |    |  `--Neopelomyia rostrata M10a
    |    `--+--Pelomyia M10a
    |       |    |--P. coronata M10a
    |       |    `--P. occidentalis M10a
    |       `--Masoniella M10a
    |            |--M. advena M10a
    |            |--M. argentinaensis M10a
    |            `--M. richardsi M10a
    `--Tethininae M10a
         |--Afrotethina M04
         |--Plesiotethina Munari 2000 M04
         |    `--*P. australis Munari 2000 M04
         |--Thitena Munari 2004 M04
         |    `--*T. cadaverina Munari 2004 M04
         |--Sigaloethina Munari 2004 M04
         |    `--*S. phaia Munari 2004 M04
         |--Pseudorhicnoessa Malloch 1914 [incl. Macrotethina Malloch 1935] M04
         |    |--*P. spinipes Malloch 1914 [incl. Tethina (*Macrotethina) tibiseta Malloch 1935, P. tibiseta] M04
         |    `--P. rattii M10a
         |--Tethina Haliday in Curtis 1837 M04 [incl. Phycomyza V87]
         |    |  i. s.: T. albosetulosa M10a
         |    |         T. flavigenis M10a
         |    |         T. grisea M10a
         |    |         T. hirsuta Munari 2000 M04
         |    |         T. horripilans M10a
         |    |         T. nigriseta Malloch 1924 [=Rhicnoessa nigriseta] M04
         |    |         T. pallidiseta Malloch 1935 M04
         |    |         T. parvula M10a
         |    |--*T. (Tethina) illota (Haliday 1838) [=Opomyza (*Tethina) illota] M04
         |    `--T. (Rhicnoessa) C-T92
         |         |--T. (R.) alboguttata Strobl 1900 C-T92
         |         |--T. (R.) ochracea (Hendel 1913) C-T92 (see below for synonymy)
         |         `--T. (R.) simplex Collin 1966 C-T92
         `--Dasyrhicnoessa Hendel 1934 M04
              |  i. s.: D. serratula Malloch 1935 (n. d.) M04
              |--*D. fulva (Hendel 1913) [=Rhicnoessa fulva] M04
              |--D. aquila Munari 2002 M04
              |--D. atripes Munari 2004 M04
              |--D. bicolor Munari 2002 M04
              |--D. boninensis Sasakawa 1995 M04
              |--D. clandestina Munari 2002 M04
              |--D. ferruginea (Lamb 1914) [=Rhicnoessa ferruginea, Tethina ferruginea] M04
              |--D. fulvescens Malloch 1935 M04
              |--D. humilis Munari 2004 M04
              |--D. insularis (Aldrich 1931) (see below for synonymy) M04
              |--D. macalpinei Munari 2004 M04
              |--D. mathisi Munari 2002 M04
              |--D. ostentatrix Munari 2004 M04
              |--D. pallida Munari 2004 M04
              |--D. platypes Sasakawa 1986 M04
              |--D. sexseriata (Hendel 1913) (see below for synonymy) M04
              |--D. tripunctata Sasakawa 1974 [incl. D. phyllodes Sasakawa 1995] M04
              |--D. vockerothi Hardy & Delfinado 1980 [incl. D. occidentalis Munari 1986] M04
              |--D. yoshiyasui Sasakawa 1986 M04
              `--D. ciliata group M04
                   |--D. ciliata Munari 2004 M04
                   `--+--D. longisetosa Munari 2004 M04
                      `--D. priapus Munari 2004 M04

Dasyrhicnoessa insularis (Aldrich 1931) [=Tethina insularis, Rhicnoessa insularis; incl. Dasyrhicnoessa freidbergi Munari 1994, Tethina lasiophthalma Malloch 1933, D. lasiophthalma] M04

Dasyrhicnoessa sexseriata (Hendel 1913) [=Rhicnoessa sexstriata, Tethina sexstriata; incl. Dasyrhicnoessa asymbasia Sasakawa 1995] M04

Tethina (Rhicnoessa) ochracea (Hendel 1913) C-T92 [=Rhicnoessa ochracea M04; incl. T. canzonerii Munari 1981 M04, T. chilensis Malloch 1934 M04, Rhicnoessa texana Malloch 1913 M04, T. texana M04]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C-T92] Carles-Tolrá, M. 1992. New and interesting records of Diptera Acalyptrata from Spain. Part I: Acartophthalmidae, Opomyzidae, Anthomyzidae, Asteiidae, Carnidae, Tethinidae, Milichiidae and Cryptochetidae. Bull. Annls Soc. R. Belge Ent. 128: 343–353.

[M10a] Mathis, W. N. 2010a. Tethinidae (beach flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1109–1114. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[M10b] Mathis, W. N. 2010b. Canacidae (surf flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1115–1119. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[M04] Munari, L. 2004. Beach flies (Diptera: Tethinidae: Tethininae) from Australia and Papua New Guinea, with descriptions of two new genera and ten new species. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 29–56.

[V87] Vockeroth, J. R. 1987. Tethinidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1073–1078. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

Last updated: 11 July 2021.