Flatidae

Siphanta acuta, copyright Jean & Fred Hort.

Belongs within: Auchenorrhyncha.

The Flatidae are a group of plant-sucking bugs characterised by conspicuous granules over the clavus of the fore wing (Carver et al. 1991).

Characters (from Carver et al. 1991): Fore wings usually broad, triangular, steeply tectiform, opaque and brightly coloured, most commonly green; clavus with conspicuous granules. Second segment of hind tarsi small, apex rounded or pointed, without spines. Nymphs usually sessile, producing copious wax filaments.

<==Flatidae
    `--Flatinae MC13
         |--Falcophantis [Phantiini] MC13
         |    `--F. westcotti MC13
         |--Flata B35
         |    |--F. candelaria G20
         |    |--F. doryca Boisduval 1835 B35
         |    `--F. io Boisduval 1835 [incl. Ricania oculata] B35
         |--Siphanta [Siphantini] MC13
         |    |--S. acuta CGW91
         |    |--S. eberhardi CGW91
         |    |--S. hebes K89
         |    `--S. patruelis MC13
         |--Barsac MC13
         `--Massila sicca MC13, CGW91

Flatidae incertae sedis:
  Sephena cinerea M83
  Anzora unicolor CGW91
  Geisha YS01
  Cenestra affinis B88
  Dworena hyacintha CGW91
  Mimophantia stictica CGW91
  Colgar peracuta R70
  Phromnia marginella RD77
  Euryphantia cinerascens K89
  Dascalina K89

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B35] Boisduval, J. B. 1835. Voyage de Découvertes de l’Astrolabe. Exécuté par ordre du Roi, pendant les années 1826–1827–1828–1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville. Faune entomologique de l'océan Pacifique, avec l'illustration des insectes nouveaux recueillis pendant le voyage vol. 2. Coléoptères et autres ordres. J. Tastu: Paris.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[K89] Kathirithamby, J. 1989. Descriptions and biological notes of the Australian Elenchidae (Strepsiptera). Invertebrate Taxonomy 3: 175–195.

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[M83] Martin, N. A. 1983. Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: an annotated species list. DSIR Entomology Division Report 3: 1–98.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[R70] Riek, E. F. 1970. Strepsiptera. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 622–635. Melbourne University Press.

[YS01] Yoshizawa, K., & T. Saigusa. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of paraneopteran orders (Insecta: Neoptera) based on forewing base structure with comments on monophyly of Auchenorrhycha (Hemiptera). Systematic Entomology 26: 1–13.

Auchenorrhyncha

Reconstruction of Permocicada integra, from here.

Belongs within: Hemiptera.
Contains: Fulgoridae, Issidae, Tropiduchidae, Meenoplidae, Dictyopharidae, Delphacidae, Achilidae, Flatidae, Derbidae, Cixiidae, Clypeata.

The Auchenorrhyncha are a diverse clade of plant-feeding bugs characterised by modification of the antennal flagellum into an annulate or segmented arista. The hind legs are often modified for leaping and bear spines on the tibiae. They are divided between the Fulgoromorpha (planthoppers) and Cicadomorpha (cicadas and leafhoppers). Fulgoromorpha have the mid coxae elongate and widely separated, and the antennae are ventral to the eyes and bear an enlarged pedicel that is often covered with warty sensilla. Cicadomorpha have the mid coxae short and not widely separated, and antennae are anterior to the eyes and the pedicel is not enlarged (Carver et al. 1991). Stem-group members of the Cicadomorpha are first known from the Permian, with the Prosbolopseidae known from the Early Permian and other groups appearing in the Late Permian (Shcherbakov & Popov 2002). The Permian Coleoscytidae are possible predecessors of the Fulgoroidea within the Fulgoromorpha. Families of fulgoroids include the Meenoplidae, characterised by having one or both of the anal veins of the forewing granulate. The Dictyopharidae are medium-sized fulgoroids with rather narrow wings that commonly have the head strongly prolonged anteriorly (Carver et al. 1991).

<==Auchenorrhyncha [Cicadariae, Cicadina] SP02
    |  i. s.: Errastunus ocellaris K09
    |         Stobaera concinna PWP96
    |         Protoprosbole [Protoprosbolidae] RD77
    |           `--P. straeleni Laurentiaux 1952 NR13
    |         Listra lanata G20
    |         Poeciloptera phalaenoides G20
    |--Fulgoromorpha GE05
    |    |  i. s.: Boreocixius K-P91
    |    |         Tricrosbia K-P91
    |    |--Coleoscytidae [Coleoscytoidea] SP02
    |    `--Fulgoroidea SP02
    |         |  i. s.: Surijokocixius K-P91 [Surijokocixiidae SP02]
    |         |         Fulgoridae SP02
    |         |         Issidae SP02
    |         |         Nogodinidae SP02
    |         |           |  i. s.: Salona panorpaeformis CGW91
    |         |           |         Nurunderia chrysopoides CGW91
    |         |           `--Lipocalliini [Lipocalliinae, Nogodininae] FM08
    |         |                |--Lipocallia Kirkaldy 1906 FM08
    |         |                `--Bilbilicallia Jacobi 1928 FM08
    |         |         Kinnaridae RD77
    |         |           |--Bytrois nemoralis RD77
    |         |           `--Oeclidius RH88
    |         |                |--O. antricola RH88
    |         |                |--O. hades RH88
    |         |                `--O. minos RH88
    |         |         Tropiduchidae SP02
    |         |         Tettigometridae E02
    |         |           |--Tetigometra virescens G20
    |         |           `--Phalix titan RD77
    |         |         Meenoplidae RH88
    |         |         Hypochthonella [Hypochthonellidae] RH88
    |         |           `--H. caeca RH88
    |         |         Lalacidae GE05
    |         |           |--Carpopodus difficilis GE05
    |         |           `--Lalax mutabilis Hamilton 1990 RJ93
    |         |         Pyrilla B88
    |         |           |--P. aberrans B88
    |         |           `--P. perpusilla B88
    |         |         Dictyopharidae F05
    |         |         Eurybrachyidae K91
    |         |           |  i. s.: Gelastopsis insignis C91
    |         |           |         Eurybrachys tomentosa RD77
    |         |           `--Platybrachyini [Platybrachinae] CGW91
    |         |                |--Olonia CGW91
    |         |                |--Dardus abbreviatus CGW91, R70b
    |         |                `--Platybrachys K91
    |         |                     |--P. decemmacula K91
    |         |                     |--P. leucostigma C91
    |         |                     `--P. maculipennis CGW91
    |         |         Achilixiidae CGW91
    |         |         Acanaloniidae CGW91
    |         |           |--Acanalonia L88
    |         |           `--Philatis RD77
    |         |         Lophopidae CGW91
    |         |           |--Lophops saccharicida CGW91
    |         |           `--Kasserota CGW91
    |         |         Gengidae CGW91
    |         |           |--Gengis panoplites RD77
    |         |           `--Microeurybrachys vitrifrons RD77
    |         |         Caliscelis RD77 [Caliscelidae FM08]
    |         |         Mundopoides aptianus P92
    |         |--Delphacidae E02
    |         `--+--Achilidae E02
    |            |--Flatidae E02
    |            |--Derbidae E02
    |            |--+--Cixiidae E02
    |            |  `--Valvifulgoria RJ93 [Fulgoridiidae GE05]
    |            |       `--V. tiantungensis Lin 1986 RJ93
    |            `--Ricaniidae E02
    |                 |--Scolypopa australis (Walker 1851) CGW91, H82
    |                 |--Ricania japonica E02
    |                 |--Orosanga YS01
    |                 |--Qiyangiricania cesta Lin 1986 RJ93
    |                 `--Tritophania P92
    `--Cicadomorpha [Prosboloidea] GE05
         |  i. s.: Dysmorphoptiloides elongata K-P91
         |--Prosbolopseidae [Ivaiidae, Mundidae, Prosbolopsidae] SP02
         |    |--Mundus NR13
         |    `--Prosboloneura kondomensis RJ93
         |--Pereborioidea SP02
         |    |--Ignotalidae [Ignatolidae] SP02
         |    |--Scytophara RJ93 [Pereboriidae SP02]
         |    |    `--S. extensa RJ93
         |    `--Curvicubitus RJ93 [Curvicubitidae SP02]
         |         `--C. triassicus Hong 1984 RJ93
         `--+--Dysmorphoptilidae [Dismorphoptilidae, Eoscarterellidae] SP02
            |--Clypeata SP02
            |--Prosbolidae [Cicadopsyllidae, Permocicadopsidae, Permoglyphidae, Sojanoneuridae] SP02
            |    |--Prosbole reducta R70a
            |    |--Permoglyphis belmontensis Tillyard 1926 F71
            |    |--Sinisbole juvensis Lin 1986 RJ93
            |    `--Permocicada RJ93
            |         |--P. borealis R70a
            |         `--P. integra RJ93
            `--Palaeontinoidea SP02
                 |--Dunstaniidae SP02
                 |--Mesogereon K-P91 [Mesogereonidae SP02]
                 |    `--M. superbum K-P91
                 `--Paleontinidae [Palaeontinidae] GE05
                      |--Pseudocossus SP02
                      |--Fletcheriana triassica Evans 1956 GE05, F71
                      |--Suljuktaja NR13
                      |--Suljuktocossus NR13
                      `--Asiocossus costalis RJ93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[C91] CSIRO. 1991. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[E02] Emeljanov, A. F. 2002. Contribution to classification and phylogeny of the family Cixiidae (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha). Denisia 2002: 103–112.

[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[FM08] Fletcher, M. J., & M. L. Moir. 2008. Gunawardenea, a new genus of squat leafhoppers from Western Australia, with description of two new species (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (4): 429–436.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[H82] Helmore, D. W. 1982. Drawings of New Zealand insects. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of New Zealand 8: 1–52.

[K91] Kathirithamby, J. 1991. Strepsiptera. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 684–695. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[K09] Köhler, G. 2009. Heuschrecken (Saltatoria) und Ohrwürmner (Dermaptera) im Immissionsgebiet des Düngemittelwerkes Steudnitz/Thüringen—eine Langzeitstudie (1978–2001). Mauritiana 20 (3): 601–646.

[K-P91] Kukalová-Peck, J. 1991. Fossil history and the evolution of hexapod structures. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 141–179. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[L88] Liebherr, J. K. 1988. General patterns in West Indian insects, and graphical biogeographic analysis of some circum-Caribbean Platynus beetles (Carabidae). Systematic Zoology 37 (4): 385–409.

[NR13] Nel, A., P. Roques, P. Nel, A. A. Prokin, T. Bourgoin, J. Prokop, J. Szwedo, D. Azar, L. Desutter-Grandcolas, T. Wappler, R. Garrouste, D. Coty, D. Huang, M. S. Engel & A. G. Kirejtshuk. 2013. The earliest known holometabolous insects. Nature 503: 257–261.

[PWP96] Palmer, W. A., B. W. Willson & K. R. Pullen. 1996. The host range of Aconophora compressa Walker (Homoptera: Membracidae): a potential biological control agent for Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (4): 617–624.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[RH88] Remane, R., & H. Hoch. 1988. Cave-dwelling Fulguroidea (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha) from the Canary Islands. Journal of Natural History 22: 403–412.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[R70a] Riek, E. F. 1970a. Fossil history. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 168–186. Melbourne University Press.

[R70b] Riek, E. F. 1970b. Strepsiptera. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 622–635. Melbourne University Press.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[SP02] Shcherbakov, D. E., & Yu. A. Popov. 2002. Superorder Cimicidea Laicharting, 1781: Order Hemiptera Linné, 1758. The bugs, cicadas, plantlice, scale insects, etc. [=Cimicida Laicharting, 1781, =Homoptera Leach, 1815 + Heteroptera Latreille, 1810). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 143–157. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[YS01] Yoshizawa, K., & T. Saigusa. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of paraneopteran orders (Insecta: Neoptera) based on forewing base structure with comments on monophyly of Auchenorrhycha (Hemiptera). Systematic Entomology 26: 1–13.

Last updated: 7 May 2022.

Tibicinidae

Features of Aedeastria latifrons, from De Boer (1993).

Belongs within: Clypeata.
Contains: Melampsalta.

The Tibicinidae include often smaller cicadas in which the males lack tymbal covers on the abdomen so the tymbals are completely exposed (Carver et al. 1991).

<==Tibicinidae [Tibicininae]
    |--Prasiini DB93
    |    |--Arfaka Distant 1905 DB93
    |    |--Jacatra Distant 1905 DB93
    |    |--Prasia Stål 1863 DB93
    |    `--Lembeja Distant 1892 DB93
    |         `--L. brunneosa WEE70
    `--+--Gymnotympana Stål 1861 DB93
       |--Venustria Goding & Froggatt 1904 DB93
       |--Baeturia Stål 1866 DB93, DB91
       |    |--B. flava Goding & Froggatt 1904 DB93
       |    |--B. kuroiwae (Matsumura 1913) I92
       |    `--B. loriae DB91
       |--Scottotympana De Boer 1991 DB93
       |    |--*S. biardae De Boer 1991 DB91
       |    |--S. huibregtsae De Boer 1991 DB91
       |    `--S. sahebdivanii De Boer 1991 DB91
       `--+--+--Chlorocysta Westwood 1851 DB93
          |  |--Glaucopsaltria Goding & Froggatt 1904 DB93
          |  `--Owra Ashton 1912 DB93
          `--+--+--Cystopsaltria Goding & Froggatt 1904 DB93
             |  `--Cystosoma Westwood 1842 DB93
             |       `--C. saundersii CGW91
             `--+--+--‘Baeturia’ humilis Blöte 1960 DB93
                |  `--‘Baeturia’ viridicata Distant 1897 DB93
                `--+--Thaumastopsaltria Kirkaldy 1900 DB93, DB91
                   |    |--T. lanceola DB93
                   |    |--T. sarissa DB93
                   |    `--T. sicula DB93
                   `--Aedeastria De Boer 1990 DB93
                        |--*A. cobrops DB93
                        |--A. bullata De Boer 1993 DB93
                        |--A. cheesmanae De Boer 1993 DB93
                        |--A. digitata (Blöte 1960) [=Baeturia digitata] DB93
                        |--A. dilobata De Boer 1993 DB93
                        |--A. hastulata De Boer 1993 DB93
                        |--A. kaiensis De Boer 1993 DB93
                        |--A. latifrons (Blöte 1960) [=Baeturia latifrons] DB93
                        |--A. moluccensis De Boer 1993 DB93
                        |--A. obiensis De Boer 1993 DB93
                        |--A. sepia DB93
                        `--A. waigeuensis De Boer 1993 DB93

Tibicinidae incertae sedis:
  Heuchys fusca ZA05
  Scieroptera splendidula ZA05
  Abroma ZA05
    |--A. maculicollis ZA05
    |--A. pumila (Dist. 1892) [=Tibicen pumilus] D14
    `--A. tahanensis ZA05
  Lemuriana ZA05
  Muda obtusa ZA05
  Ueana D14
    |--U. harmonia Kirk 1905 [incl. U. polymnia Kirk 1905] D14
    |--U. lifuana (Montr. 1861) [=Cicada lifuana] D14
    `--U. rosacea (Dist. 1892) [=Melampsalta rosacea] D14
  Kanakia typica Dist. 1892 D14
  Melampsalta D14
  Taurella viridis MC13
  Urabunana CGW91
  Cicadetta CGW91
    |--C. crucifera CGW91
    |--C. melete C91
    |--C. montana RD77
    |--C. rubricincta C70
    `--C. tympanistria Kirkaldy 1907 K08
  Froggattoides typicus CGW91
  Abricta curvicosta CGW91
  Tibicen E66
    |--T. canicularis E66
    |--T. chloromera E66
    |--T. dealbata E66
    |--T. dorsata E66
    |--T. linnei E66
    |--T. lyricen E66
    |--T. marginalis E66
    |--T. pruinosa E66
    |--T. robinsoniana E66
    `--T. vitripennis E66

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[C70] CSIRO. 1970. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers. Melbourne University Press.

[C91] CSIRO. 1991. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[DB91] De Boer, A. J. 1991. Scottotympana, a new cicad genus from New Guinea, with the description of three new species, their taxonomy and biogeography (Homoptera, Tibicinidae). Beaufortia 42 (1): 1–11.

[DB93] De Boer, A. J. 1993. Ten species added to the genus Aedeastria De Boer, 1990, with the description of eight new species and notes on the taxonomy and biogeography (Homoptera, Tibicinidae). Beaufortia 43 (9): 140–167.

[D14] Distant, W. L. 1914. Rhynchota from New Caledonia and the surrounding islands. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 4 pp. 369–390, pls 11–12. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[E66] Evans, H. E. 1966. The Comparative Ethology and Evolution of the Sand Wasps. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[K08] Kirkaldy, G. W. 1908. A catalogue of the Hemiptera of Fiji. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 345–391, pl. 4.

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[WEE70] Woodward, T. E., J. W. Evans & V. F. Eastop. 1970. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 387–457. Melbourne University Press.

[ZA05] Zaidi, M. I., & S. Azman. 2005. Cicada fauna (Homoptera: Cicadoidea) of the National Park of Peninsular Malaysia. Serangga 10 (1–2): 49–58.

Cercopoidea

Cercopis vulnerata, copyright Frank Vassen.

Belongs within: Clypeata.

The Cercopoidea, froghoppers, are a group of plant-sucking bugs with relatively soft-bodied nymphs that live concealed in masses of spittle or calcareous tubes (Carver et al. 1991).

Characters (from Carver et al. 1991): Head variously shaped, sometimes narrowly produced anteriorly; antennae anterior to eyes; tentorium complete; paired ocelli, when present, always on the crown. Fore wing usually with short Sc; M usually basally incorporated in the same vein as CuA, never proximally associated with R; base of wing with ventral flange; hind wing with M unbranched. Mid coxae short, not widely separated. Hind coxae short, conical, laterally dilated; hind tibiae short, cylindrical, with one or two strong, lateral spines and flared apical pecten. Nymph bearing a ventral abdominal channel terminating anteriorly near openings of large mesothoracic spiracles.

<==Cercopoidea
    |--Procercopoidae GE05
    |--Cercopion RJ93 [Cercopionidae GE05]
    |    `--C. reticulata Hamilton 1990 RJ93
    |--Clastoptera BMW13 [Clastopteridae GE05]
    |    |--C. obtusa E66
    |    `--C. proteus BMW13
    |--Macherotidae GE05
    |    |  i. s.: Hindoloides appendiculata SS10
    |    |--Machaerota [Machaerotinae] CGW91
    |    |    `--M. finitima CGW91
    |    `--Enderleiniinae CGW91
    |         |--Chaetophyes compacta CGW91
    |         `--Pectinariophyes stalii CGW91
    |--Aphrophoridae [Aphrophorinae] GE05
    |    |--Perinoia speiseri Distant 1914 D14
    |    |--Philagra parva CGW91
    |    |--Bathylus albicinctus CGW91
    |    |--Anyllis leiala CGW91
    |    |--Neophilaenus lineatus RD77
    |    |--Philaenus RD77
    |    |    |--P. leucophthalmus RD77
    |    |    |--P. lineatus E66
    |    |    `--P. spumarius BM76
    |    |--Aphrophora YS01
    |    |    |--A. alni H01
    |    |    |--A. parallela BM76
    |    |    |--A. salicis H01
    |    |    `--A. spumaria RD77
    |    `--Ptyelus RD77
    |         |--P. distinctus Lucas 1847 E12
    |         |--P. goudoti RD77
    |         |--P. lineatus H01
    |         `--P. spumarius (see below for synonymy) H01
    `--Cercopidae GE05
         |--Eoscartopis YS01
         |--Aufidus trifasciatus CGW91
         |--Cercopsis vulnerata I92
         |--Lepyronia coleoptrata H01, BMW13
         |--Megastethodon urvillei CGW91
         |--Euryaulax carnifex CGW91
         |--Petyllis deprivata CGW91
         |--Tonnoiria CGW91
         |--Cephisus siccifolius S38
         |--Tomaspis RD77
         |--Eoscarta C91
         |    |--E. assimilis BM76
         |    `--E. carnifex C91
         `--Cercopis B35
              |--C. discolor Boisduval 1835 B35
              |--C. lapeyrousei Boisduval 1835 B35
              |--C. spumaria L02
              |--C. vulnerata RD77
              `--C. xanthorhina Boisduval 1835 B35

Ptyelus spumarius [incl. P. spumarius var. apicalis, P. spumarius var. fasciatus, P. spumarius var. leucocephalus] H01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[B35] Boisduval, J. B. 1835. Voyage de Découvertes de l’Astrolabe. Exécuté par ordre du Roi, pendant les années 1826–1827–1828–1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville. Faune entomologique de l'océan Pacifique, avec l'illustration des insectes nouveaux recueillis pendant le voyage vol. 2. Coléoptères et autres ordres. J. Tastu: Paris.

[BMW13] Buckman, R. S., L. A. Mound & M. F. Whiting. 2013. Phylogeny of thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) based on five molecular loci. Systematic Entomology 38: 123–133.

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[C91] CSIRO. 1991. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[D14] Distant, W. L. 1914. Rhynchota from New Caledonia and the surrounding islands. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 4 pp. 369–390, pls 11–12. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[E66] Evans, H. E. 1966. The Comparative Ethology and Evolution of the Sand Wasps. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[H01] Horváth, G. 1901. Hemipterák [Hemiptera]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 245–274. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[I92] Imes, R. 1992. The Practical Entomologist. Aurum Press: London.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S38] Snodgrass, R. E. 1938. The loral plates and the hypopharynx of Hemiptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (8): 228–236.

[SS10] Stanisic, J., M. Shea, D. Potter & O. Griffiths. 2010. Australian Land Snails vol. 1. A. field guide to eastern Australian species. Bioculture Press: Mauritius.

[YS01] Yoshizawa, K., & T. Saigusa. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of paraneopteran orders (Insecta: Neoptera) based on forewing base structure with comments on monophyly of Auchenorrhycha (Hemiptera). Systematic Entomology 26: 1–13.

Ortheziidae

Greenhouse orthezia Orthezia insignis, copyright JMK.

Belongs within: Coccinea.

The Ortheziidae are a group of scale insects in which females bear a dorsal anal opening surrounded by six setae and a band of pores. Female antennae have three to eight segments with a stout apical spur on the terminal segment (Carver et al. 1991).

<==Ortheziidae
    |  i. s.: ‘Coccus’ termitinus Menge 1856 K00
    |--Ochyrocoris Menge 1856 K00
    |    `--O. electrina Menge 1856 K00
    |--Protorthezia Koteja 1987 K00
    |    `--P. aurea Koteja 1987 K00
    |--Palaeonewsteadia Koteja 1987 K00
    |    `--P. huaniae Koteja 1987 K00
    |--Nipponorthezia M96
    |    |--N. guadalcanalia CGW91
    |    `--N. obscura M96
    |--Arctorthezia Cockerell 1902 K00
    |    |--A. antiqua Koteja & Żak-Ogaza 1988 K00
    |    `--A. occidentalis GE05
    |--Newsteadia Green 1902 K00
    |    |--N. floccosa CGW91
    |    |--N. succini Koteja & Żak-Ogaza 1988 K00
    |    `--N. tristani M96
    `--Orthezia Bosc d’Antic 1784 [incl. Dorthezia] K00
         |--O. acapulcoa M96
         |--O. cacticola M96
         |--O. cataphracta H44
         |--O. caudata M96
         |--‘Dorthesia’ characias G20
         |--O. ferrisi M96
         |--O. insignis CGW91
         |--O. lasiorum M96
         |--O. mexicana M96
         |--O. occidentalis C01
         |--O. pini M96
         |--O. pinicola M96
         |--O. praelonga M96
         |--O. pseudinsignis M96
         |--O. selaginella M96
         |--O. smythi M96
         `--O. sonorensis M96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[C01] Cockerell, T. D. A. 1901. Contributions from the New Mexico Biological Station.—XI. New and little-known insects from New Mexico. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 333–337.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[H44] Hammer, M. 1944. Studies on the oribatids and collemboles of Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland 141 (3): 1–210.

[K00] Koteja, J. 2000. Advances in the study of fossil coccids (Hemiptera: Coccinea). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 69: 187–218.

[M96] Miller, D. R. 1996. Checklist of the scale insects (Coccoidea: Homoptera) of Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (1): 68–86.

Greenideidae

Greenidea ficicola, photographed by S. E. Thorpe.

Belongs within: Aphidoidea.

The Greenideidae are a group of aphids that typically bear long siphunculi with correspondingly long setae.

<==Greenideidae
    |--Cervaphidinae WP02
    `--Greenideinae [Greenideini] WP02
         |  i. s.: ‘Aphis’ macrostyla Heer 1853 WP02
         |         ‘Aphis’ morloti Heer 1853 WP02
         |         ‘Aphis’ pallescens Heer 1853 WP02
         |--Stomaphis eupetes Wegierek & Mamontova 1993 WP02
         |--Mesotrichosiphum WP02
         |--Allotrichosiphum WP02
         |--Schoutedenia ralumensis CGW91
         |--Anomalaphis comperei CGW91
         |--Meringosiphon paradisicum CGW91
         |--Eonaphis CGW91
         |--Greenidea Schouteden 1905 WP02
         |    |--*G. artocarpi (Westwood 1890) [=Siphonophora artocarpi] WP02
         |    |--G. ficicola WEE70
         |    `--G. hispanica Wegierek & Peñalver 2002 WP02
         |--Mollitrichosiphum Suenaga 1934 WP02
         |    |--*M. tenuicorpus (Okajima 1908) [=Greenidea tenuicorpus] WP02
         |    `--M. rubusensis Wegierek & Peñalver 2002 WP02
         |--Eutrichosiphum Essig & Kuwana 1918 WP02
         |    |--*E. pasaniae (Okajima 1908) [=Trichosiphum pasaniae] WP02
         |    |--E. europaeum Wegierek & Peñalver 2002 WP02
         |    `--E. izas WP02
         `--Greenideoida van der Goot 1917 WP02
              `--G. (Pentatrichosiphum Basu 1969) WP02
                   |--G. (*P.) luteum Basu 1969 WP02
                   `--G. (P.) turolensis Wegierek & Peñalver 2002 WP02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[WP02] Wegierek, P., & E. Peñalver. 2002. Fossil representatives of the family Greenideidae (Hemiptera, Aphidoidea) from the Miocene of Europe. Geobios 35: 745–757.

[WEE70] Woodward, T. E., J. W. Evans & V. F. Eastop. 1970. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 387–457. Melbourne University Press.

Aphidini

Oleander aphids Aphis nerii, copyright Andreas Kay.

Belongs within: Aphididae.

The Aphidini are a group of aphids in which the antennae are always shorter than the body, and stigmal pori on the first and second abdominal segments are relatively distant from each other.

<==Aphidini NNA-ZPH05
    |--Toxoptera NNA-ZPH05
    |    |--T. aurantii B88
    |    |--T. citricidus (Kirkaldy 1907) (see below for synonymy) NNA-ZPH05
    |    `--T. graminum RD77
    `--Aphis Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |  i. s.: A. absinthii Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. acaenovinae CGW91
         |         A. armoraciae PS96
         |         A. betulae Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. brassicae Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. bursaria Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. cardui Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. chloris CGW91
         |         A. cirsii Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. craccae Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. craccivora CGW91
         |         A. crassicauda Smith & Eckel 1996 SE96
         |         A. duranta CK15
         |         A. evonymi R13
         |         A. fabae A71
         |         A. gossypii WFS04
         |         A. helianthi PS96
         |         A. holodisci PS96
         |         A. jaceae Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. lactucae Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. lugentis PS96
         |         A. lychnidis Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. maidiradicis GE05
         |         A. neogillettei PS96
         |         A. padi Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. papaveris S61
         |         A. pastinacae Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. pini Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. platylobii CGW91
         |         A. pomi PS96
         |         A. populi Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. pruni G20
         |         A. quercus Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. ribis Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. roboris Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. rosae Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. rumicis Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. salicariae PSM96
         |         A. salicis Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. sambuci Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. spiraecola CGW91
         |         A. tanaceti Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. tiliae Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. ulmi Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. varians PS96
         |         A. viburni I92
         |         A. viburnicola SE96
         |         A. viburniphila Patch 1917 SE96
         `--A. (Aphis) F05
              |--A. (A.) jacetana García Prieto & Nieto Nafría 2005 F05
              |--A. (A.) mastichinae Pérez Hidalgo & Nieto Nafría 2005 F05
              |--A. (A.) nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe 1841 MF05
              |--A. (A.) orocantabrica García Prieto & Nieto Nafría 2005 F05
              `--A. (A.) zamorana García Prieto & Nieto Nafría 2005 F05

Toxoptera citricidus (Kirkaldy 1907) [=Myzus citricidus, T. citricida; incl. Aphis aeglis Shinji 1922, Paratoxoptera argentinensis Blanchard 1944, A. nigricans van der Goot 1917, A. tavaresi Del Guercio 1908] NNA-ZPH05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[CK15] Calvo, F. J., M. Knapp, Y. M. van Houten, H. Hoogerbrugge & J. E. Belda. 2015. Amblyseius swirskii: what made this predatory mite such a successful biocontrol agent? Experimental and Applied Acarology 65: 419–433.

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[I92] Imes, R. 1992. The Practical Entomologist. Aurum Press: London.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MF05] Monserrat, V. J., & S. de Freitas. 2005. Contribución al conocimiento de los crisópidos de Coquimbo, Patagonia y Tierra del Fuego (Argentina, Chile) (Insecta, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae). Graellsia 61 (2): 163–179.

[NNA-ZPH05] Nieto Nafría, J. M., M. A. Alonso-Zarazaga & N. Pérez Hidalgo. 2005. Toxoptera citricida or Toxoptera citricidus? The validity of a specific name (Hemiptera, Aphididae, Aphidini). Graellsia 61 (1): 141–142.

[PS96] Pike, K. S., P. Starý, R. Miller, D. Allison, L. Boydston, G. Graf & T. Miller. 1996. New species and host records of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) from the Pacific northwest, U.S.A. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (3): 570–591.

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[SE96] Smith, C. F., & R. W. Eckel. 1996. Aphis crassicauda, n. sp. (Homoptera: Aphididae), with a key to alate species of Aphis on Viburnum spp. in the United States. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (1): 44–49.

[S61] Southcott, R. V. 1961. Studies on the systematics and biology of the Erythraeoidea (Acarina), with a critical revision of the genera and subfamilies. Australian Journal of Zoology 9: 367–610.

[WFS04] Winks, C. J., S. V. Fowler & L. A. Smith. 2004. Invertebrate fauna of boneseed, Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera (L.) T. Norl. (Asteraceae: Calenduleae), an invasive weed in New Zealand. New Zealand Entomologist 27: 61–72.