Tiphiidae

Female Tiphia femorata, copyright Hectonichus.

Belongs within: Euaculeata.

The Tiphiidae are a group of small wasps that develop as parasites of subterranean beetle larvae (Naumann 1991).

Characters (from Naumann 1991): Inner margins of compound eyes not strongly emarginate; pronotum freely articulating with mesothorax, mid-dorsally usually long, posterolaterally reaching tegula, ventrally rounded; mesostemum usually with plate-like extensions over mid coxae; propodeum not tripartite; fore wing without pseudovenation. Larvae with four-toothed mandibles and second pair of thoracic spiracles reduced or absent. Cocoon present.

<==Tiphiidae [Tiphidae, Tiphioidea]
    |  i. s.: Colocistis HR11
    |           |--C. crassa HH07
    |           |--C. eremi BD17
    |           `--C. sulcatus HR11
    |         Architiphia rasnitsyni Darling in Darling & Sharkey 1990 RJ93
    |         Pterombrus RD77
    |--Anthobosca Guérin de Méneville 1838 BL17 [incl. Adontothynnus Cameron 1906 T08; Anthoboscinae GE05]
    |--Diamma [Diamminae] K04
    |    `--D. bicolor N91
    |--Brachycistidinae K04
    |    |--Brachycistis timberlakei JB13
    |    `--Glyptometopa K04
    `--Tiphia [Tiphiinae] N91
         |  i. s.: T. annandalei Turner 1908 AJ30
         |         T. auripennis Bingham 1897 AJ30
         |         T. borneana Cameron 1907 AJ30
         |         T. brevipennis Lucas 1848 E12
         |         T. carbonaria Smith 1861 AJ30
         |         T. clypealis Cameron 1896–1897 AJ30
         |         T. consueta Smith 1879 AJ30
         |         T. flavipennis Smith 1858 AJ30
         |         T. fumipennis Smith 1858 AJ30
         |         T. fuscinervis Cameron 1896–1897 AJ30
         |         T. higoensis S94
         |         T. ifri S94
         |         T. implicata Cameron 1896–1897 AJ30
         |         T. incisa Cameron 1896–1897 AJ30
         |         T. intrudens Smith 1864 AJ30
         |         T. khasiana Cameron 1902 AJ30
         |         T. kisukei S94
         |         T. levisternalis S94
         |         T. maculata L02
         |         T. magnoliae S94
         |         T. nipponica S94
         |         T. ordinaria Smith 1873 AJ30
         |         T. oswini Turner 1911 AJ30
         |         T. punctata Smith 1873 AJ30
         |         T. punctifrons Cameron 1909 AJ30
         |         T. robusta Cameron 1904 AJ30
         |         T. rufipes Smith 1855 AJ30
         |         T. rufotibiata S94
         |         T. (Tengyra) sanvitali G20
         |         T. spinosa Cameron 1902 AJ30
         |         T. stigma Smith 1858 AJ30
         |         T. teranishii S94
         |         T. tibetana Turner 1908 AJ30
         |         T. transversa RD77
         |         T. vulgata S94
         |--T. (Tiphia) femorata G20
         |    |--T. f. femorata S94
         |    `--T. f. biseculata Allen & Jaynes 1930 S94, AJ30
         |--T. clauseni Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |--T. latistriata Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |--T. longitegulata Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |--T. matura Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |--T. minutopunctata Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |--T. nana Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |--T. pigmentata Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |--T. pullivora Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |--T. totopunctata Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |--T. vernalis Rohwer 1924 AJ30
         |--T. agilis group AJ30
         |    |--T. agilis Smith 1873 AJ30
         |    `--T. asericae Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |--T. bicarinata group AJ30
         |    |--T. bicarinata Cameron 1902 AJ30
         |    |--T. brevilineata Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |    |--T. cilicincta Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |    `--T. fukiensis Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |--T. capillata group AJ30
         |    |--T. capillata Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |    `--T. levipunctata Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |--T. koreana group AJ30
         |    |--T. antigenata Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |    |--T. assamensis Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |    |--T. autumnalis Rohwer 1924 AJ30
         |    |--T. communis Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |    |--T. fossata Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |    |--T. koreana Rohwer 1927 AJ30
         |    |--T. ovidorsalis Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |    `--T. tegitiplaga Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |--T. malayana group AJ30
         |    |--T. brevistigma Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |    |--T. compressa Smith 1855 AJ30
         |    `--T. malayana Cameron 1910 AJ30
         |--T. popilliavora group AJ30
         |    |--T. inconspicua Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |    |--T. nervidirecta Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |    |--T. ovinigris Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |    |--T. phyllophagae Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |    `--T. popilliavora Rohwer 1924 AJ30
         `--T. rufomandibulata group AJ30
              |--T. brevicarinata Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
              |--T. lyrata Magretti 1892 AJ30
              |--T. notopolita Allen & Jaynes 1930 [incl. T. notopolita var. intermedia Allen & Jaynes 1930] AJ30
              |--T. rufomandibulata Smith 1873 AJ30
              |--T. singularis Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
              |--T. sternocarinata Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
              `--T. sternodentata Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AJ30] Allen, H. W., & H. A. Jaynes. 1930. Contribution to the taxonomy of Asiatic wasps of the genus Tiphia (Scoliidae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum 76 (17): 1–105.

[BD17] Branstetter, M. G., B. N. Danforth, J. P. Pitts, B. C. Faircloth, P. S. Ward, M. L. Buffington, M. W. Gates, R. R. Kula & S. G. Brady. 2017. Phylogenomic insights into the evolution of stinging wasps and the origins of ants and bees. Current Biology 27: 1019–1025.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[HR11] Heraty, J., F. Ronquist, J. M. Carpenter, D. Hawks, S. Schulmeister, A. P. Dowling, D. Murray, J. Munro, W. C. Wheeler, N. Schiff & M. Sharkey. 2011. Evolution of the hymenopteran megaradiation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 60: 73–88.

[HH07] Hines, H. M., J. H. Hunt, T. K. O'Connor, J. J. Gillespie & S. A. Cameron. 2007. Multigene phylogeny reveals eusociality evolved twice in vespid wasps. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 104 (9): 3295–3299.

[JB13] Johnson, B. R., M. L. Borowiec, J. C. Chiu, E. K. Lee, J. Atallah & P. S. Ward. 2013. Phylogenomics resolves evolutionary relationships among ants, bees, and wasps. Current Biology 23: 2058–2062.

[K04] Kimsey, L. S. 2004. Illustrated keys to genera of the male wasps in the subfamily Thynninae (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 106 (3): 571–585.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[N91] Naumann, I. D. 1991. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants, sawflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 916–1000. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S94] Shimizu, A. 1994. Phylogeny and classification of the family Pompilidae (Hymenoptera). Tokyo Metropolitan University Bulletin of Natural History 2: 1–142.

[T08] Turner, R. E. 1908. A revision of the Thynnidae of Australia. [Hymenoptera]. Part II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 70–256.

Euaculeata

Female Methocha japonica, from here.

Belongs within: Aculeata.
Contains: Apoidea, Formicidae, Scoliidae, Pompiloidea, Tiphiidae, Thynninae, Vespidae.

The Euaculeata are a major clade of stinging wasps, united by sexually dimorphic antennae with thirteen antennomeres in males and twelve in males, and a hidden and largely desclerotised seventh metasomal tergum in females (Grimaldi & Engel 2005).

<==Euaculeata [Formicina, Heterogyna, Melliniores, Mutillariae, Praedones, Scolietae, Sphegimae] GE05
    |  i. s.: Falsiformicidae GE05
    |           |--Falsiformica cretacea Rasnitsyn 1975 P92
    |           `--Taimyrisphex pristinus Evans 1973 P92
    |--+--+--Apoidea BD17
    |  |  `--+--Formicidae BD17
    |  |     `--Armania [Armaniidae] GE05
    |  |          `--A. robusta GE05
    |  `--Scolioidea BD17
    |       |--Scoliidae JB13
    |       `--Bradynobaenidae JB13
    |            |--Typhoctes [Typhoctinae] GE05
    |            `--Apterogyna [Apterogyninae] JB13
    |                 `--A. olivieri [=Mutilla (Apterogyna) olivieri] G20
    `--+--+--Sierolomorpha GE05 [Sierolomorphidae, Sierolomorphoidea BD17]
       |  |    |--S. bicolor B11
       |  |    `--S. canadensis B11
       |  `--+--Pompiloidea PK17
       |     `--+--Tiphiidae JB13
       |        `--Thynnoidea BD17
       |             |--Chyphotes JB13 [Chyphotidae BD17, Chyphotinae]
       |             |    `--C. mellipes RBV08
       |             `--Thynnidae BD17
       |                  |--Myzinum [Myzininae] BD17
       |                  |    |--M. frontale S94
       |                  |    `--M. quinquecinctum (Fabricius 1775) [=Tiphia quinquecincta, Sphex quinquecinctus] BM76
       |                  `--+--Thynninae BD17
       |                     `--Methocha Latreille 1804 BD17, LB08 [Methochinae N91, Methocidae]
       |                          |--M. articulata PK17
       |                          |--M. formicaria (Linnaeus 1758) G20, L58 [=Mutilla formicaria G20]
       |                          |--M. ichneumonides A71
       |                          |--M. japonica S94
       |                          `--M. yasumatsui S94
       `--Vespoidea BD17
             |--Vespidae JB13
             `--+--Rhopalosomatidae JB13
                |    |--Rhopalosoma nearcticum HH07
                |    |--Mesorhopalosoma cearae Darling in Darling & Sharkey 1990 RJ93
                |    |--Propalosoma GE05
                |    |--Olixon [incl. Psyllosphex Arnold 1935] S94
                |    `--Harpagocryptus australiae R70
                `--Scolebythidae HR11
                     |  i. s.: Libanobythus Prentice & Poinar in Prentice, Poinar & Milki 1996 PPM96
                     |           `--*L. milkii Prentice & Poinar in Prentice, Poinar & Milki 1996 PPM96
                     |         Dominibythus Prentice & Poinar in Prentice, Poinar & Milki 1996 PPM96
                     |           `--*D. inopinatus Prentice & Poinar in Prentice, Poinar & Milki 1996 PPM96
                     |         Boreobythus Engel & Grimaldi 2007 B11
                     |         Cretabythus sibiricus Evans 1973 P92
                     |--+--Clystopsenella Kieffer 1911 B11
                     |  |    `--C. longiventris PPM96
                     |  `--Scolebythus Evans 1963 B11
                     |       `--S. madecassus HR11
                     `--+--Ycaploca Nagy 1975 B11
                        |    `--Y. evansi GE05
                        `--Pristapenesia Brues 1933 B11
                             |--P. inopinata B11
                             `--P. primaeva B11

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[BD17] Branstetter, M. G., B. N. Danforth, J. P. Pitts, B. C. Faircloth, P. S. Ward, M. L. Buffington, M. W. Gates, R. R. Kula & S. G. Brady. 2017. Phylogenomic insights into the evolution of stinging wasps and the origins of ants and bees. Current Biology 27: 1019–1025.

[B11] Brothers, D. J. 2011. A new Late Cretaceous family of Hymenoptera, and phylogeny of the Plumariidae and Chrysidoidea (Aculeata). ZooKeys 130: 515–542.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[HR11] Heraty, J., F. Ronquist, J. M. Carpenter, D. Hawks, S. Schulmeister, A. P. Dowling, D. Murray, J. Munro, W. C. Wheeler, N. Schiff & M. Sharkey. 2011. Evolution of the hymenopteran megaradiation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 60: 73–88.

[HH07] Hines, H. M., J. H. Hunt, T. K. O'Connor, J. J. Gillespie & S. A. Cameron. 2007. Multigene phylogeny reveals eusociality evolved twice in vespid wasps. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 104 (9): 3295–3299.

[JB13] Johnson, B. R., M. L. Borowiec, J. C. Chiu, E. K. Lee, J. Atallah & P. S. Ward. 2013. Phylogenomics resolves evolutionary relationships among ants, bees, and wasps. Current Biology 23: 2058–2062.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[N91] Naumann, I. D. 1991. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants, sawflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 916–1000. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[PK17] Peters, R. S., L. Krogmann, C. Mayer, A. Donath, S. Gunkel, K. Meusemann, A. Kozlov, L. Podsiadlowski, M. Petersen, R. Lanfear, P. A. Diez, J. Heraty, K. M. Kjer, S. Klopfstein, R. Meier, C. Polidori, T. Schmitt, S. Liu, X. Zhou, T. Wappler, J. Rust, B. Misof & O. Niehuis. 2017. Evolutionary history of the Hymenoptera. Current Biology 27 (7): 1013–1018.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[PPM96] Prentice, M. A., G. O. Poinar, Jr & R. Milki. 1996. Fossil scolebythids (Hymenoptera: Scolebythidae) from Lebanese and Dominican amber. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (4): 801–811.

[RBV08] Rabeling, C., J. M. Brown & M. Verhaagh. 2008. Newly discovered sister lineage sheds light on early ant evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 105 (39): 14913–14917.

[R70] Riek, E. F. 1970. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 867–959. Melbourne University Press.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S94] Shimizu, A. 1994. Phylogeny and classification of the family Pompilidae (Hymenoptera). Tokyo Metropolitan University Bulletin of Natural History 2: 1–142.

Pompilidae

Minagenia osoria, copyright Centre for Biodiversity Genomics.

Belongs within: Pompiloidea.
Contains: Ceropales, Ctenocerinae, Pompilinae, Leptodialepis, Calopompilus, Hemipepsis, Pepsini, Psoropempula, Ageniellini, Priocnemis, Dipogon.

The Pompilidae, spider hawks, are a cosmopolitan group of wasps that develop as predators or parasites of spiders.

Characters (from Shimizu 1994): Antenna usually with 13 segments in male, 12 segments in female. Maxillary galea usually with two separate sclerites, exogalea-1 and -2; maxillary palpus 6-segmented; postmentum present; labial palpus four-segmented. Pronotum freely articulating with mesothorax; anterior "collar" usually well developed; posterolateral lobes (pronotal lobes) reaching tegula and covering the first thoracic spiracle. Propleura posteriorly contiguous mesally. Prosternum sunken between bases of fore coxae except for its anterior section. Large area of intersegmental membrane present ventrally between pro- and mesothoraces. Prepectus discontinuous midventrally, the halves widely separated, extending the height of mesepisternum, being fused to it with the line of fusion forming a sulcus. Mesepisternum with a median straight oblique sulcus (posterior oblique sulcus). Mesepimeron much reduced posterodorsally on mesopleuron. Mesosternum with weak ridges or dentate projections anteromesal to midcoxal cavities. Meso- and metapleura not mutually movable although not fused. Metapostnotum often well developed, visible medially. Metepimeron slightly expanded anteroventral to endophragmal pit so that the pit is a short distance from anterior margin of metapleuron and pleural sulcus angulate. Metasternum entirely depressed except for slight ridges anterior to hind coxae, well differentiated from mesosternum, not anteriorly produced. Metapleural-propodeal sulcus entirely visible. Propodeal spiracle oblique. Forewing usually with ten closed cells. Hindwing with two closed cells and a jugal lobe; vein C+Sc+R+Rs fused basally, and C reduced to a pigmented relict vein after separating from Sc+R+Rs; free section of vein 1A absent, of vein Cu present. Basal hamuli strongly concentrated into a basal cluster at or basad to separation of vein Sc+R+S from margin. Claval furrow barely indicated. Legs usually slender and elongated. Each pair of coxae (fore, mid and hind) large and usually contiguous. Fore tibia with single calcar almost straight, not highly modified. Mid tibia with two spurs slightly dorsally flattened. Hind tibia with two spurs slightly dorsally flattened, the inner one modified as a calcar by development of basal brush of setae dorsally. Dense brush of short, erect setae on inner side of hind tibia usually well developed for its entire length. Each tarsal segment with plantula posteroventrally; arolia well developed. Female metasoma with six visible segments and male with seven segments. Spiracles exposed on the first and second terga but those on terga 3-6 or -7 often concealed by the preceding tergum. Each tergum overlapping its corresponding sternum laterally. Each sternum posteriorly overlapping front edge of the succeeding one; first sternum not depressed posteriorly. Female seventh tergum entirely hidden, but continuously sclerotized anteriorly; section 1 of gonocoxite 9 not completely divided; no lamellate valve dorsally on gonapophysis 8 (=lancet or valvula 1). Male sixth sternum with a pair of strongly sclerotized sharp hooks posteriorly; seventh sternum reduced, withdrawn beneath sixth and overlapping the apodeme-like central process of subgenital plate (eighth sternum); eighth sternum essentially simple, not reduced nor hidden; composite tergum 9-10 (abdominal tergum 10-11) with a cercus on its each side; genitalia with elongate parapenial lobes from section 2 of gonocoxite 9 (basiparamere) and often with basal hooklets on lamina volsellaris; gonapophysis 9 (aedeagus) with notal fusion well developed.

Pompilidae [Pompilii, Psammocharidae]
    |--Ceropalinae [Ceratopalinae, Ceropalini] EG06
    |    |--Ceropales E07
    |    `--Irenangelus Schulz 1906 [incl. Xanthampulex Schulz 1906] E07
    |         |--‘Agenia’ reversa Smith 1873 [incl. *Irenangelus hornus Schulz 1906] E07
    |         |--I. eberhardi S94
    |         |--I. ichneumonoides S94
    |         |--‘Xanthampulex’ luzonensis S94
    |         |--I pernix (Bingham 1896) [=Ceropales pernis, Xanthampulex pernix] S94
    |         |--I. tenuatus (Turner 1910) [=Ceropales tenuatus] E07
    |         `--‘*Xanthampulex’ trifur Schulz 1906 E07
    `--+--+--Ctenocerinae EG06
       |  `--Pompilinae EG06
       `--Pepsinae [Cryptocheilinae, Macromerinae] EG06
            |  i. s.: Cryptosalius H04
            |         Austrosalius Turner 1917 E07
            |           `--*A. artemis (Turner 1910) [=Ferreolomorpha artemis] E07
            |         Derochorses Banks 1941 E07
            |           `--*D. seminiger Banks 1941 E07
            |         Java Pate 1946 [=Dichelonyx Haupt 1938 non Harris 1826] E07
            |           |--*J. concolor (Taschenberg 1869) [=Priocnemis (Cyphononyx) concolor, *Dichelonyx concolor] E07
            |           `--J. nigrita (Fabricius 1781) E07
            |                |--J. n. nigrita E07
            |                `--J. n. aspasia (Smith 1859) (see below for synonymy) E07
            |         Leptodialepis E07
            |         Paleogenia wahisi PK17
            |         Diplonyx Saussure 1887 E07 [incl. Monodontonyx Haupt 1929 B38, E07]
            |           |--‘Monodontonyx’ javanus B38
            |           |--‘Monodontonyx’ plutonis Banks 1938 B38
            |           `--‘Monodontonyx’ sericosoma B38
            |         Taiwania Tsuneki 1989 T89
            |           |--*T. formosana Tsuneki 1989 T89
            |           `--T. rufotibialis Tsuneki 1989 T89
            |         Poecilagenia Haupt 1927 T89
            |           |--P. rubricans S94
            |           `--P. sculpturata S94
            |         Malloscelis Haupt 1936 S94
            |           `--*M. formosus (Morawitz 1889) S94, T89 [=Salius formosus S94]
            |         Clistoderes Banks 1934 T89
            |           |  i. s.: C. onoi (Ishikawa 1955) [=Priocnemis onoi] T89
            |           |         C. taiwanus Tsuneki 1989 T89
            |           |         C. thione T89
            |           |--C. (Clistoderes) iwatai S94
            |           `--C. (Paraclistoderes Ishikawa 1962) S94
            |                |--C. (P.) futabae S94
            |                |--C. (P.) impunctatus S94
            |                |--C. (P.) nakanei S94
            |                `--C. (P.) shirozui S94
            |         Lissocnemis T89
            |           |--*L. irrasus T89
            |           |--L. apollo (Banks 1934) [=Dinagenia apollo] T89
            |           |--L. niger Tsuneki 1989 T89
            |           `--L. nigricoxis Haupt 1941 T89
            |         Taiwagenia Tsuneki 1989 T89
            |           `--*T. taiwana Tsuneki 1989 T89
            |--Chirodamus Townes 1957 S94, E07 [Chirodamini EG06]
            |--Calopompilus S94
            |--Hemipepsis S94
            |--Pepsini S94
            |--Plagicurgus Roig Alsina 1982 S94
            |    `--P. metallicus S94
            |--+--Pompilocalus Roig Alsina 1989 S94
            |  |    `--P. fraternus S94
            |  `--+--Aimatocare Roig Alsina 1989 S94
            |     `--Anacyphonyx Banks 1946 S94
            |--Cyphononyx Dahlbom 1845 S94
            |    |--C. bipartitus (Lepeletier 1845) [=Salius bipartitus, Leptodialepis bipartitus] T89
            |    |--C. bretoni S94
            |    |--C. cameroni Banks 1938 B38
            |    |--C. dorsalis (Lepeletier 1745) (see below for synonymy) T89
            |    |--C. fugidipennis B38
            |    |--C. gowdeyi (Turner 1918) E07
            |    `--C. iridipennis (Smith 1859) S94, T90 (see below for synonymy)
            `--+--Psoropempula S94
               |--Ageniellini S94
               |--+--Platydialepis Haupt 1941 S94
               |  |    |--P. ryoheii (Ishikawa 1957) [=Malloscelis ryoheii] S94
               |  |    `--P. taiwanianus (Tsuneki 1989) [=Malloscelis taiwanianus] S94
               |  `--Priocnessus Banks 1925 S94
               |       |--P. hurdi S94
               |       |--P. nebulosus S94
               |       `--P. nuperus S94
               `--+--Priocnemis S94
                  |--Dipogon S94
                  |--Ctenopriocnemis Ishikawa 1962 S94
                  |    `--C. filicornis S94
                  |--Eopompilus Gussakovskij 1933 S94
                  |    |--E. internalis S94
                  |    `--E. minor S94
                  |--Caliadurgus Pate 1946 S94
                  |    |--C. bituberculatus S94
                  |    |--C. fasciatellus S94
                  |    |--C. kurosawai S94
                  |    `--C. ussuriensis (Gussakovskij 1933) (see below for synonymy) T89
                  |--Sphictostethus Kohl 1884 S94, E07 (see below for synonymy)
                  |    |--*S. gravesii (Haliday 1836) [=Pompilus gravesii] E07
                  |    |--S. aliciae (Turner 1914) [=Calopompilus aliciae, Priocnemis aliciae] E07
                  |    |--‘*Haploneura’ apogona Kohl 1884 [=*Haploneurion apogonum] E07
                  |    |--S. calvus H05
                  |    |--‘Pompilus’ flavipes Guérin-Méneville 1836 [=*Anapriocnemis flavipes] E07
                  |    |--S. fugax [=Pompilus fugax] E07
                  |    |--S. nitidus (Fabricius 1775) E07 (see below for synonymy)
                  |    `--S. xanthochrous (Turner 1915) [=Calopompilus xanthochrous, Priocnemis xanthochrous] E07
                  `--Minagenia Banks 1934 [Minageniini] S94
                       |--M. alticola Tsuneki 1989 T89
                       |--M. brevicornis T89
                       |--M. granulosa Tsuneki 1989 T89
                       |--M. julia S94
                       |--M. montisdorsa S94
                       |--M. osoria S94
                       |--M. pempuchiensis Tsuneki 1989 T89
                       `--M. taiwana Tsuneki 1989 T89

Pompilidae incertae sedis:
  Priocnemioides Rad. 1888 H37
    `--P. unifasciatus H37
  Ceropalites infelix Cockerell 1906 EG06
  Planiceps Latreille 1825 S94 [Planicepinae R70]
    |--P. aureovestitus Turner 1910 E07
    `--P. fulviventris R13
  Atelostegus Haupt 1929 S94
  Pygmachus Haupt 1930 S94
  Dromochares Haupt 1930 S94
  Gonaporus Ashmead 1902 S94
  Taeniaporus Haupt 1930 S94
  Aeluropetrus Arnold 1936 S94
  Rhynchopompilus Arnold 1934 S94
  Euplaniceps Haupt 1930 S94
  Aspidaporus Bradley 1944 S94
  Odontaporus Bradley 1944 S94
  Cosmiaporus Bradley 1944 S94
  Drepanaporus Bradley 1944 S94
  Rhabdaporus Bradley 1944 S94
  Tupiaporus Arlé 1947 S94
  Abripepsis Banks 1946 S94
  Hatanomus Tsuneki 1990 T90
    `--*H. granulosus Tsuneki 1990 T90

Caliadurgus ussuriensis (Gussakovskij 1933) [=Caricurgus ussuriensis; incl. Car. shirakii Yasumatsu 1943] T89

Cyphononyx dorsalis (Lepeletier 1745) [=Calicurgus dorsalis, Pompilus dorsalis, Priocnemis dorsalis, Salius dorsalis; incl. Salius flavus Bingham 1897, Cyphononyx flavus, Cryptoceilus flavus, Pallosoma fulvognathus Rohwer 1911, Cyphononyx fulvognathus] T89

Cyphononyx iridipennis (Smith 1859) S94, T90 [=Cryptochilus (Cyphononyx) iridipennis T90, Dichelonyx iridipennis T90, Macromeris iridipennis T90, Salius iridipennis T90; incl. Mignimia pulchripennis Smith 1875 T90, Cyphononyx pulchripennis T90]

Java nigrita aspasia (Smith 1859) [=Mygnimia aspasia, Cryptocheilus aspasia, Cyphononyx aspasia, Dichelonyx aspasia, Salius aspasia] E07

Sphictostethus Kohl 1884 S94, E07 [=Sphictonotus (l. c.) E07; incl. Anapriocnemis Haupt 1959 E07, Chrysocurgus Haupt 1937 H37, Haploneura Kohl 1884 non Loew 1850 E07, Haploneurion Kohl 1884 E07]

Sphictostethus nitidus (Fabricius 1775) E07 [=Sphex nitida E07, *Chrysocurgus nitidus E07; incl. Priocnemis wakefieldi H37]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B38] Banks, N. 1938. Some Psammocharidae from Singapore. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (8): 236–249.

[E07] Elliott, M. G. 2007. Annotated catalogue of the Pompilidae (Hymenoptera) of Australia. Zootaxa 1428: 1–83.

[EG06] Engel, M. S., & D. A. Grimaldi. 2006. The first Cretaceous spider wasp (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 79 (4): 359–368.

[H04] Harris, A. C. 2004. Priocnemis (Trichochurgus) monachus (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) preying on Misgolas napua Forster (Mygalomorphae: Idiophidae) after opening the lids of the prey’s burrows, and notes of the affinities of Trichocurgus Haupt. Weta 27: 13–14.

[H05] Harris, A. C. 2005. House sparrows (Passer domesticus) repeatedly robbing red spider wasps (Sphictostethus nitidus) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of their paralysed spider prey (Neoramia otagoa) (Araneae: Agelenidae). Weta 29: 21–23.

[H37] Haupt, H. 1937. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Psammochariden-Fauna Australiens (Spinnenfangende Wegwespen). Subf. Claveliinae Hpt. Trib. Calicurgini nov. Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaften 91: 121–136.

[PK17] Peters, R. S., L. Krogmann, C. Mayer, A. Donath, S. Gunkel, K. Meusemann, A. Kozlov, L. Podsiadlowski, M. Petersen, R. Lanfear, P. A. Diez, J. Heraty, K. M. Kjer, S. Klopfstein, R. Meier, C. Polidori, T. Schmitt, S. Liu, X. Zhou, T. Wappler, J. Rust, B. Misof & O. Niehuis. 2017. Evolutionary history of the Hymenoptera. Current Biology 27 (7): 1013–1018.

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

[R70] Riek, E. F. 1970. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 867–959. Melbourne University Press.

[S94] Shimizu, A. 1994. Phylogeny and classification of the family Pompilidae (Hymenoptera). Tokyo Metropolitan University Bulletin of Natural History 2: 1–142.

[T89] Tsuneki, K. 1989. A study on the Pompilidae of Taiwan (Hymenoptera). Special Publications of the Japan Hymenopterists Association 35: 1–180.

[T90] Tsuneki, K. 1990. The Pompilidae of the Ryukyus (Hymenoptera). Special Publications of the Japan Hymenopterists Association 36: 1–65.

Micropterigidae

Sabatinca incongruella, copyright George W. Gibbs.

Belongs within: Lepidoptera.

The Micropterigidae are a cosmopolitan group of mandibulate moths characterised by the presence of multibranched sensilla on the antennal flagella. Larvae feed on ground-level vegetation such as liverworts or the lower leaves of grasses and other herbaceous plants (Nielsen & Common 1991).

Characters (from Nielsen & Common 1991): Small; head with raised hair-scales; ocelli present; chaetosemata absent; antennae moniliform, submoniliform or filiform, flagellar segments with multibranched sensilla (‘ascoids’); labrum centrally unsclerotised; epipharynx with asymmetrical armature; maxillary palps five-segmented; labial palps short, two- or three-segmented; fore tibial epiphysis present or absent; tibial spurs 0-0-4; fore wing with small jugum, humeral vein vestigial, Sc forked, Sc₂-R₁ cross-vein sometimes present, chorda present, R₁ sometimes forked, cross-veins CuA-CuP and CuP-2A often present; hind wing as fore wing or with Sc₂ fused with R₁, A often simple; abdomen with or without S5 gland; male S8 more or less unsclerotised; ovipositor lobes retractile, non-piercing, segments 8 and 9 without apophyses. Eggs with specialised chorion structure. Larva slug-like, prognathous, with five or six stemmata; antenna three-segmented; without adfrontal ridges and ecdysial lines; salivary orifice not on spinneret; body hexagonal in cross-section; chaetotaxy reduced, with hair-like to claviform setae; thoracic legs three- or four-segmented, with apical claw; nonmuscular prolegs devoid of crochets often on first eight abdominal segments; some species with plastron. Pupa with pointed mandibles, used for opening the cocoon, and free appendages.

<==Micropterigidae [Micropterigina, Micropterigoidea, Micropterygidae, Zeugloptera]
    |  i. s.: Neomicropteryx RD77
    |         Parasabatinca K-P91
    |           |--P. aftimacrai Whalley 1978 P92
    |           `--P. caldasae GE05
    |--Epimartyria WRM02
    |    |--E. auricrinella WRM02
    |    `--E. pardella P27
    `--+--Palaeomicra chalcophanes WRM02
       |--Micropterix WRM02 [incl. Eriocephala RD77]
       |    |--M. algeriella (Ragonot 1889) [=Eriocephala (Micropteryx) algeriella] R89
       |    |--M. ammanella RD77
       |    |--M. aruncella P27
       |    |--M. callunae A99
       |    |--M. calthella WRM02
       |    |--‘Eriocephala’ mansuetella R89
       |    `--M. pervetus Cockerell 1919 GE05, P92 [=Sabatinca perveta P92]
       `--Sabatinca WRM02
            |--S. aurella P27
            |--S. calliplaca NC91
            |--S. chrysargyra P27
            |--S. ianthina P27
            |--S. incongruella P27
            |--S. porphyrodes NC91
            |--S. proavitella Rebel 1935 [=Micropteryx proavitella] P92
            |--S. sterops NC91
            `--S. zonodoxa WRM02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A99] Ax, P. 1999. Das System der Metazoa II. Ein Lehrbuch der phylogenetischen Systematik. Gustav Fisher Verlag: Stuttgart (translated: 2000. Multicellular Animals: The phylogenetic system of the Metazoa vol. 2. Springer).

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[K-P91] Kukalová-Peck, J. 1991. Fossil history and the evolution of hexapod structures. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 141–179. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[P27] Philpott, A. 1927. The maxillae in the Lepidoptera. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 721–746.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[R89] Ragonot, E.-L. 1889. Descriptions qui suivent de diverses espèces nouvelles de microlépidoptères de France et d'Algérie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: cv–cvii.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[WRM02] Wiegmann, B. M., J. C. Regier & C. Mitter. 2002. Combined molecular and morphological evidence on the phylogeny of the earliest lepidopteran lineages. Zoologica Scripta 31 (1): 67–81.

Last updated: 25 April 2022.

Adeloidea

Green longhorns Adela reaumurella, copyright Nick Wood.

Belongs within: Heteroneura.

The Adeloidea are a group of small moths of which larvae include leaf-miners, gall-makers or internal borers of plants. Members include the Adelidae which have the longest antennae relative to body size of any Lepidoptera (Nielsen & Common 1991). The Cecidosidae, known from South Africa, South America and New Zealand, mostly develop as gall-formers on Anacardiaceae though larvae of the basal New Zealand Xanadoses nielseni are miners under smooth tree bark (Hoare & Dugdale 2003).

Characters (from Nielsen & Common 1991, as Incurvarioidea): Small to very small; ocelli and chaetosemata absent; antennae short to markedly longer than fore wing, scape without eye-cap, often with pecten; proboscis long, short or absent, scaled near base; maxillary palps 5-segmented to reduced; labial palps 3-segmented (rarely absent), second segment with lateral bristles; epiphysis usually present; tibial spurs 0-2-4 (rarely 0-2-2); wings usually with microtrichia, hind wing usually with frenulum and pseudofrenular bristles; male often with rows of blunt spines (pectinifers) on valva and with arrow-shaped juxta; female with long vestibulum supported by strong muscle tendons ('guy wires') and piercing ovipositor for inserting eggs in plant tissues. Larva apodous or with short prolegs, crochets in transverse rows, anal prolegs and crochets usually absent; leaf-miners later cutting out or forming flattened cases used as portable shelters while leaf-skeletonising or feeding on flowers or for pupation, or gall-makers of internal borers in stems and twigs. Pupa protruded from case at ecdysis.

<==Adeloidea [Incurvarioidea] KP19
    |--Heliozelidae NC91
    |    |  i. s.: Hoplophanes chlorochrysa NC91
    |    |--Plesiozela Karsholt & Kristensen 2003 KK03
    |    |    |--*P. nielseni Karsholt & Kristensen 2003 (see below for synonymy) KK03
    |    |    `--P. patagonica Karsholt & Kristensen 2003 KK03
    |    `--+--Antispila cornifoliella KK03, WRM02
    |       |--Heliozela KK03
    |       |    |--H. prodela NC91
    |       |    `--H. resplendella (Stainton 1851) KK03
    |       `--Coptodisca KK03
    |            |--C. kalmiella WRM02
    |            `--C. splendiferella G17
    `--+--Adelidae NC91
       |    |  i. s.: Chalceopla WRM02
       |    |           |--C. cyanella P27
       |    |           `--C. simpliciella WRM02
       |    |         Adelites P92
       |    |--Ceromitia [Nematopogoninae] NC91
       |    |    `--C. iolampra NC91
       |    `--Adelinae NC91
       |         |--Nemophora C70
       |         |    |--N. degeerella KP19
       |         |    |--N. sparsella C91
       |         |    `--N. topazias C70
       |         `--Adela Latreille 1802 L02
       |              |--*A. reaumurella [=Alucita reaumurella] L02
       |              |--A. bella P27
       |              |--A. degeerella G20
       |              |--A. kuznetzovi RJ93
       |              |--A. pantherella Guénée 1849 E12
       |              |--A. septentrionalis WRM02
       |              |--A. trigrapha WRM02
       |              `--A. viridella R13
       `--+--Crinopterygidae NC91
          `--+--Incurvariidae [Incurvariinae] NC91
             |    |  i. s.: ‘Tinea’ monophthalma NC91
             |    |         ‘Tinea’ nectaria C70
             |    |         ‘Tinea’ phauloptera C70
             |    |--Perthida glyphopa KK03, SC04
             |    |--Incurvaria masculella DG03
             |    |--Incurvarites alienella P92
             |    `--Prophalonia P92
             `--+--Prodoxidae NC91
                |    |  i. s.: Greya politella GE05, WRM02
                |    `--Prodoxinae GE05
                |         |--Parategeticula GE05
                |         |--Prodoxus GE05
                |         |    |--P. decipiens EN20
                |         |    `--P. quinquepunctella WRM02
                |         `--Tegeticula GE05
                |              |--T. alba P27
                |              |--T. cassandra EN20
                |              |--T. corruptrix GE05
                |              |--T. filamentosa RD77
                |              |--T. intermedia GE05
                |              `--T. yuccasella WRM02
                `--Cecidosidae NC91
                     |--Xanadoses Hoare & Dugdale 2003 HD03
                     |    `--*X. nielseni Hoare & Dugdale 2003 HD03
                     `--+--+--Ptisanora Meyrick 1913 [incl. Liopseustis Meyrick 1928] HD03
                        |  |    `--*P. trivialis Meyrick 1913 [incl. P. planicola Meyrick 1928] HD03
                        |  `--Scyrotis Meyrick 1909 HD03
                        |       |--*S. athleta Meyrick 1909 HD03
                        |       |--S. diplopsamma Meyrick 1918 HD03
                        |       `--S. granosa Meyrick 1912 HD03
                        `--+--Cecidoses Curtis 1835 HD03
                           |    `--*C. eremita Curtis 1835 HD03
                           |--Eucecidoses Brèthes 1916 HD03
                           |    `--*E. minutanus Brèthes 1916 HD03
                           |--Oliera Brèthes 1916 HD03
                           |    `--*O. argentinana Brèthes 1916 HD03
                           `--Dicranoses Kieffer & Jörgensen 1910 [incl. Ridiaschina Brèthes 1916] HD03
                                |--*D. capsulifex Kieffer & Jörgensen 1910 HD03
                                `--D. congregatella Brèthes 1916 HD03

*Plesiozela nielseni Karsholt & Kristensen 2003 [=P. obliqua Nielsen ex Karsholt & Kristensen 2003 (n. n.)] KK03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C70] Common, I. F. B. 1970. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 765–866. Melbourne University Press.

[C91] CSIRO. 1991. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[DG03] Davis, D. R., & P. Gentili. 2003. Andesianidae, a new family of monotrysian moths (Lepidoptera: Andesianoidea) from South America. Invertebrate Systematics 17: 15–26.

[EN20] Eggli, U., & R. Nyffeler (eds) 2020. Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Monocotyledons 2^nd ed. Springer.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l’Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[G17] Girault, A. A. 1917. Descriptiones stellarum novarum. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 80–101).

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[HD03] Hoare, R. J. B., & J. S. Dugdale. 2003. Description of the New Zealand incurvarioid Xanadoses nielseni, gen. nov., sp. nov. and placement in Cecidosidae (Lepidoptera). Invertebrate Systematics 17: 47–57.

[KK03] Karsholt, O., & N. P. Kristensen. 2003. Plesiozela, gen. nov. from temperate South America: apparent sister-group of the previously known Heliozelidae (Lepidoptera: Incurvarioidea: Heliozelidae). Invertebrate Systematics 17: 39–46.

[KP19] Kawahara, A. Y., D. Plotkin, M. Espeland, K. Meusemann, E. F. A. Toussaint, A. Donath, F. Gimnich, P. B. Frandsen, A. Zwick, M. dos Reis, J. R. Barber, R. S. Peters, S. Liu, X. Zhou, C. Mayer, L. Podsiadlowski, C. Storer, J. E. Yack, B. Misof & J. W. Breinholt. 2019. Phylogenomics reveals the evolutionary timing and pattern of butterflies and moths. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 116 (45): 22657–22663.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[P27] Philpott, A. 1927. The maxillae in the Lepidoptera. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 721–746.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[SC04] Stone, C., & N. C. Coops. 2004. Assessment and monitoring of damage from insects in Australian eucalypt forests and commercial plantations. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 283–292.

[WRM02] Wiegmann, B. M., J. C. Regier & C. Mitter. 2002. Combined molecular and morphological evidence on the phylogeny of the earliest lepidopteran lineages. Zoologica Scripta 31 (1): 67–81.

Last updated: 25 April 2022.

Ditrysia

Bucculatrix cristatella, copyright Ilia Ustyantsev.

Belongs within: Heteroneura.
Contains: Tineidae, Apoditrysia, Yponomeutoidea, Gracillariidae, Lyonetiidae, Psychinae.

The Ditrysia are a major clade of Lepidoptera accounting for some 98% of the species of the order. They are characterised by female genitalia with an internal connection between the copulatory opening and ovipore, as well as by large apodemes on the second abdominal sternite and short bands rather than long fibres in the proboscis muscles (Grimaldi & Engel 2005). Basal members of the clade, historically gathered into the superfamily Tineoidea (now recognised as non-monophyletic) are small to medium-sized species with narrow, typically grey fore wings that often retain the M vein in the discal cell. Most lack ocelli though prominent ocelli are retained in the Douglasiidae (Nielsen & Common 1991). The Simaethistiidae are a small, poorly known group of basal ditrysians found in eastern Asia and Australia

<==Ditrysia [Gracillarioidea, Papilionina, Tineina, Tineites, Tineoidea, Tortrices]
    |--Meessiinae [Meessiidae] KP19
    |    |--Meessia leopoldella YS10
    |    |--Demobrotis NC91
    |    `--Eudarcia simulatricella KP19
    `--+--+--+--Tineidae KP19
       |  |  `--Dryadaula [Dryadaulidae] KP19
       |  |       `--D. visaliella KP19
       |  `--+--Apoditrysia GE05
       |     `--+--+--Yponomeutoidea KP19
       |        |  `--Roeslerstammiidae [Amphitheridae, Amphitherinae] NC91
       |        |       |--Amphithera heteroleuca KP19, NC91
       |        |       |--Enchoptila idiopis P27
       |        |       |--Thereutis NC91
       |        |       |--Macarangela leucochrysa NC91, C91
       |        |       |--Nematobola NC91
       |        |       |--Chalcoteuches phlogera NC91
       |        |       `--Roeslerstammia NC91
       |        `--+--Gracillariidae KP19
       |           `--+--Bucculatricidae NC91
       |              |    |--Ogmograptis scribula NC91
       |              |    `--Bucculatrix KP19
       |              |         |--B. alaternella Constant 1890 C90
       |              |         |--B. cristatella KP19
       |              |         |--B. gossypii NC91
       |              |         |--B. helichrysella Constant 1890 C90
       |              |         `--B. platani RJ93
       |              `--+--Lyonetiidae KP19
       |                 |--Bedellia NC91 [Bedelliidae M03, Bedelliinae]
       |                 |    |--B. psamminella L27
       |                 |    `--B. somnulentella P27
       |                 `--Heliodinidae M03
       |                      |--Thylacosceles acridomima P27
       |                      |--Heliodines princeps NC91
       |                      |--Epicroesa ambrosia NC91
       |                      |--Baltonides roeselliformis RJ93
       |                      `--Vanicela P27
       |                           |--V. disjunctella P27
       |                           `--V. xenadelpha P27
       `--Psychidae B37
            |  i. s.: Liothula omnivora WFS04
            |         Solenobia triquetrella D51
            |         Iphierga macarista NC91
            |         Epichnopteryx plumella (Denis & Schiffermüller 1775) JP05
            |         Canephora JP05
            |           |--C. hirsuta Poda 1761 JP05
            |           `--C. unicolor RD77
            |         Paramictoides febretta YS10
            |         Pachythelia unicolor YS10
            |         Apterona YS10
            |         Plutorectis G84
            |         Paracharactis MC13
            |         Cryptothelea GE05
            |           |--C. cardiophaga IR05
            |           |--C. gloverii VC07
            |           `--C. junodi F92
            |         Luffia YS10
            |           |--L. ferchaultella BC91
            |           `--L. lapidella YS10
            |         Animula huebneri H01
            |         Cochliotheca RD77
            |           |--C. crenulella RD77
            |           `--C. helix RD77
            |         Acanthopsyche opacella [incl. A. atra] RD77
            |         Amicta RD77
            |         Sterrhopteryx pristinella Rebel 1934 P92
            |--Psychinae NC91
            |--Oiketicinae KP19
            |    |--Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis KP19
            |    `--Oiketicus G84
            |         |--O. elongatus G84
            |         `--O. kirbyi L81
            `--Taleporiinae NC91
                 |--Ctenocompa C70
                 |--Narycia saxosa C70, P27
                 |--Trigonocyttara clandestina C70
                 |--Lepidoscia arctiella C70
                 |--Cebysa leucotelus C70, NC91
                 `--Taleporia JP05
                      |--T. cawthronella P27
                      `--T. tubulosa (Retzius 1783) JP05

Ditrysia incertae sedis:
  Azinis hilarella WM66
  Apoprogonidae NC91
  Cerostoma Latreille 1802 L02
    |--*C. dorsatum [=Ypsolophus dorsatus] L02
    `--C. persicella F92
  Simaethistiidae GE05
  Pseudarbelidae NC91
  Arrhenophanidae NC91
  Acrolophus D01 [Acrolophidae GE05]
    |--A. boucardi Druce 1901 D01
    |--A. linus Druce 1901 D01
    `--A. underwoodi Druce 1901 D01
  Eucryptogona [Eriocottidae] NC91
    `--E. trichobathra NC91
  Douglasiidae NC91
    |--Douglasia Stainton 1854 [=Douglassia (l. c.) non Bartsch 1934] P66
    |--Tinagma leucanthes NC91
    `--Klimeschia NC91
  Melusina [Compsoctenidae] RD77
    `--M. energa RD77
  Euplocamus guttella G20

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BC91] Baker, G. T., & A. Chandrapatya. 1991. Fine structure of the chorion of the broak mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Prostigmata: Tarsonemidae). In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 2 pp. 325–328. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[B37] Balduf, W. V. 1937. Bionomic notes on the common bagworm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Haw., (Lepid., Psychidae) and its insect enemies (Hym., Lepid.). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (7): 169–184.

[C70] Common, I. F. B. 1970. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 765–866. Melbourne University Press.

[C90] Constant, A. 1890. Description de dix espèces nouvelles de microlépidoptères de la faune française. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: cxxiv–cxxvi.

[C91] CSIRO. 1991. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[D51] Dobzhansky, T. 1951. Genetics and the Origin of Species 3^rd ed. Columbia University Press: New York.

[D01] Druce, H. 1901. Descriptions of some new species of Lepidoptera from east Africa and tropical America. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 432–444.

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[G84] Gauld, I. D. 1984. An Introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia. British Museum (Natural History).

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[H01] Hampson, G. F. 1901. The Lepidoptera-Phalaenae of the Bahamas. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 246–261.

[IR05] Idris, A. B., & A. Rizki. 2005. Notes on the tribe Ephialtini (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) of Malaysia. Serangga 10 (1–2): 111–126.

[JP05] Jungmann, E., & U. Poller. 2005. Neunachweise und Wiederfunde für die Schmetterlingsfauna (Insecta; Lepidoptera) des Altenburger Landes. Mauritiana 19 (2): 317–326.

[KP19] Kawahara, A. Y., D. Plotkin, M. Espeland, K. Meusemann, E. F. A. Toussaint, A. Donath, F. Gimnich, P. B. Frandsen, A. Zwick, M. dos Reis, J. R. Barber, R. S. Peters, S. Liu, X. Zhou, C. Mayer, L. Podsiadlowski, C. Storer, J. E. Yack, B. Misof & J. W. Breinholt. 2019. Phylogenomics reveals the evolutionary timing and pattern of butterflies and moths. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 116 (45): 22657–22663.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[L27] Lindsay, S. 1927. A list of the Lepidoptera of Deans Bush, Riccarton, Canterbury. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 693–696.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[M03] McQuillan, P. B. 2003. The giant Tasmanian ‘pandani’ moth Proditrix nielseni, sp. nov. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutoidea: Plutellidae s. l.) Invertebrate Systematics 17: 59–66.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[P27] Philpott, A. 1927. The maxillae in the Lepidoptera. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 721–746.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[P66] Powell, A. W. B. 1966. The molluscan families Speightiidae and Turridae: an evaluation of the valid taxa, both Recent and fossil, with lists of characteristic species. Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum 5: 1–184, pls 1–23.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[VC07] Villanueva, R. T., & C. C. Childers. 2007. Insect predators of eriophyids on Florida citrus including a new predacious Lepidoptera and two cecidomyiids. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 391–395. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[WM66] Wallace, A. R., & F. Moore. 1866. List of lepidopterous insects collected at Takow, Formosa, by Mr. R. Swinhoe. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 355–365.

[WFS04] Winks, C. J., S. V. Fowler & L. A. Smith. 2004. Invertebrate fauna of boneseed, Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera (L.) T. Norl. (Asteraceae: Calenduleae), an invasive weed in New Zealand. New Zealand Entomologist 27: 61–72.

[YS10] Yefremova, Z. A., & I. S. Strakhova. 2010. A review of the species of the genus Elasmus Westwood (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) from Russia and neighboring countries. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 89 (3): 634–661.

Last updated: 25 April 2022.

Oecophorinae

Barea consignatella, copyright Donald Hobern.

Belongs within: Gelechioidea.

The Oecophorinae are a group of moths in which Rs and M₁ of the hind wing are nearly parallel, the abdominal terga are densely spinose, and the male usually has a beak-like gnathos (Nielsen & Common 1991).

<==Oecophorinae NC91
    |--Garrha carnea NC91
    |--Thema chlorochyta NC91
    |--Chrysonoma fascialis NC91
    |--Hippomacha callista NC91
    |--Aristeis hepialella NC91
    |--Heliocausta hemiteles NC91
    |--Hofmannophila pseudospretella NC91
    |--Endrosis sarcitrella NC91
    |--Oecophora Latreille 1802 L02
    |    |--*O. sulphurella [=Tinea sulphurella] L02
    |    `--O. linneella G20
    |--Philobota NC91
    |    |--P. disjunctella P27
    |    |--P. productella NC91
    |    `--P. xiphostola P27
    |--Wingia NC91
    |    |--W. aurata ZS10
    |    |--W. lambertella P27
    |    `--W. rectiorella NC91
    `--Barea NC91
         |--B. ambigua L27
         |--B. confusella L27
         |--B. consignatella NC91
         `--B. leucocephala P27

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[L27] Lindsay, S. 1927. A list of the Lepidoptera of Deans Bush, Riccarton, Canterbury. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 693–696.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[P27] Philpott, A. 1927. The maxillae in the Lepidoptera. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 721–746.

[ZS10] Zborowski, P., & R. Storey. 2010. A Field Guide to Insects in Australia 3^rd ed. Reed New Holland: Sydney.