Fissurellidae

Elephant snail Scutus ambiguus, copyright Leon Altoff.

Belongs within: Vetigastropoda.
Contains: Diodora, Fissurella, Puncturella, Tugali, Emarginula.

The Fissurellidae, keyhole and slit limpets, are a group of limpet-like gastropods in which the shell bears a slit or perforation for the exhalant current from the gills. Members of the Diodorinae and Fissurellinae have an apical aperture on the shell bordered by a callus whereas Hemitoma and Emarginulinae have a more-or-less developed longitudinal slit running back from the front of the shell. In some cases the slit is only developed on the shell ventrally with only an anterior emargination or notch visible dorsally. Diodorinae and Fissurellinae may be distinguished by the shape of the callus around the aperture which is rounded in Fissurellinae but posteriorly truncate in Diodorinae. Members of the genus Scutus have a depressed shell that in life is largely covered by the expanded mantle. In Hemitoma, the shell may be moderately elevated but not conical, with a distinct internal groove and a short slit or notch anteriorly (Knight et al. 1960).

Characters (from Knight et al. 1960): Shell conical, porcellaneous; protoconch spiral; with perforation, slit, notch or emargination for passage of exhalant current; muscle scar horseshoe-shaped, open anteriorly.

<==Fissurellidae [Cervicobranchiata, Fissonellidae, Fissurellacea, Fissurelladae, Fissurelloidea, Larvadae, Patelloideae]
    |  i. s.: Leurolepas roseola McLean 1970 PP78
    |         Incisura Hedley 1904 P61
    |           `--*I. lytteltonensis (Smith 1894) P61 [=Scissurella lyttletonensis KC60]
    |         Laevinesta atlantica M84
    |--Hemitoma Swainson 1840 BR05 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |  i. s.: H. bella (Gabb 1865) [=Emarginula bella] O27
    |    |         ‘Emarginula’ clathrata Ad. & Reeve 1850 [=Subemarginula clathrata] H09
    |    |         ‘Emarginula’ cumingii Sowerby 1863 [=Subemarginula cumingii] H09
    |    |         H. golischae Dall 1916 O27
    |    |         H. yatesii Dall 1901 O27
    |    |--H. (Hemitoma) octoradiata (Gmelin 1791) KC60 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--H. (Montfortia Récluz 1843) KC60
    |    |    `--H. (*M.) australis (Quoy & Gaimard 1834) [=Emarginula australis] KC60
    |    `--H. (Montfortista Iredale 1929) KC60
    |         `--H. (*M.) excentrica (Iredale 1929) [=*Montfortista excentrica] KC60
    |--Diodorinae [Diodorini] BR17
    |    |--Diodora BR05
    |    |--Megathura Pilsbry 1890 [=Macrochasma Dall 1915] KC60
    |    |    `--M. crenulata (Sowerby 1825) KC60 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--Pseudofissurella Haber 1932 KC60
    |    |    `--*P. corallensis (Buvignier 1852) [=Fissurella corallensis] KC60
    |    |--Stromboli Berry 1954 KC60
    |    |    `--*S. beebei (Hertlein & Strong 1951) [=Fissurella beebei] KC60
    |    `--Monodilepas Finlay 1927 KC60
    |         |--*M. monilifera (Hutton 1873) P61 [=Lucapina monilifera P61, Fissuridea monilifera F27]
    |         |    |--M. m. monilifera P61
    |         |    `--M. m. cookiana Dell 1952 P61
    |         |--M. carnleyensis Powell 1955 P61
    |         |--M. diemenensis Finlay 1930 P61
    |         |--M. otagoensis Finlay 1930 P61
    |         `--M. skinneri Finlay 1928 P61
    |--Fissurellinae BR05
    |    |--Fissurella S11
    |    |--Atractotrema Cossmann 1888 KC60
    |    |    `--*A. grata (Deshayes 1861) [=Fissurella grata] KC60
    |    |--Cosmetalepas Iredale 1924 [incl. Profissurellidea Wenz 1938] KC60
    |    |    `--*C. concatenata (Crosse & Fischer 1864) KC60 [=Fissurella concatenata KC60, Fissuridea concatenata F27]
    |    |--Megatebennus Pilsbry 1890 KC60
    |    |    `--*M. bimaculatus (Dall 1872) [=Fissurellidea bimaculata] KC60
    |    |--Lucapina Gray ex Sowerby 1835 [incl. Chlamydoglyphis Pilsbry 1890, Foraminella Guilding ex Sowerby 1835] KC60
    |    |    |--L. sowerbii (Guilding ex Sowerby 1835) (see below for synonymy) KC60
    |    |    `--L. elisae Costa & Simone 2006 S11
    |    |--Amblychilepas Pilsbry 1890 [incl. Sophismalepas Iredale 1924] KC60
    |    |    |--A. javanicensis (Lamarck 1822) KC60 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |--‘Fissuridea’ nigrita [=*Sophismalepas nigrita] F27
    |    |    `--‘Sophismalepas’ oblonga M54
    |    |--Macroschisma Gray ex Sowerby 1839 [=Machrochisma Swainson 1840, Macrochisma Gray 1840] KC60
    |    |    |  i. s.: M. madreporaria Hedley 1907 H09
    |    |    |--*M. (Macroschisma) macroschisma (Humphrey ex Solander 1786) [=Patella macroschisma] KC60
    |    |    |--M. (Dolichoschisma Iredale 1940) KC60
    |    |    |    `--M. (*D.) producta Adams 1854 KC60
    |    |    `--M. (Forolepas Iredale 1940) KC60
    |    |         `--M. (*F.) tasmaniae Sowerby 1862 KC60
    |    `--Lucapinella Pilsbry 1890 KC60
    |         |--*L. callomarginata (Carpenter ex Dall 1872) [=Clypidella callomarginata] KC60
    |         |--L. gigas Usticke 1959 BC01
    |         |    |--L. g. gigas BC01
    |         |    `--L. g. oblonga Usticke 1959 BC01
    |         |--L. limatula BC01
    |         |    |--L. l. limatula BC01
    |         |    |--L. l. delicata Usticke 1969 BC01
    |         |    `--L. l. hassleri Pérez Farfante 1943 BC01
    |         `--L. nigrita (Sowerby 1834) [=Fissurella nigrita] H09
    `--Emarginulinae [Emarginulidae, Emarginulini] BR05
         |--Puncturella KC60
         |--Tugali KC60
         |--Emarginula BR05
         |--Emarginella Pilsbry 1891 KC60
         |    `--*E. cuvieri (Audouin 1826) [=Emarginula cuvieri] KC60
         |--Emersonia Haber 1932 KC60
         |    `--*E. costata (Emerson 1870) [=Cemoria costata] KC60
         |--Loxotoma Fischer 1885 KC60
         |    `--*L. neocomiensis (d’Orbigny 1843) [=Emarginula neocomiensis] KC60
         |--Vacerrena Iredale 1958 P61 [=Vacerra Iredale 1924 non Godman 1900 KC60]
         |    `--*V. demissa (Hedley 1904) [=Puncturella demissa] P61
         |--Clypidina Gray 1847 [Clypidinidae, Clypidinoidei] BR05
         |    `--*C. notata (Linnaeus 1758) [=Patella notata] BR17
         |--Rimulopsis Haber 1932 KC60
         |    |--*R. (Rimulopsis) goldfussi (Roemer 1836) [=Emarginula goldfussi] KC60
         |    `--R. (Koniakaua Haber ex Dacqué 1933) KC60
         |         `--R. (*K.) multistriata (Zittel 1873) [=Rimula multistriata] KC60
         |--Fissurellidea d’Orbigny 1839 [Fissurellideinae, Fissurellideini, Fissurellidinae] BR05
         |    |--F. (Fissurellidea) hiantula (Lamarck 1822) (see below for synonymy) KC60
         |    `--F. (Pupillaea Sowerby 1835) [=Papillaea (l. c.), Pupilia (l. c.)] KC60
         |         `--F. (*P.) aperta (Sowerby 1825) [=Fissurella aperta] KC60
         |--Rimula Defrance 1827 BR05 [=Rimularia Waldheim 1834 KC60; Rimulacea, Rimulidae]
         |    |--*R. blainvillii (Defrance 1827) BR17 [=Emarginula blainvillii BR17, *Rimularia blainvilli KC60]
         |    |--R. exquisita Adams 1853 H09
         |    |--R. mazatlanica C64
         |    `--R. mexicana Berry 1969 PP78
         |--Austriacopsis Haber 1932 KC60
         |    |--*A. (Austriacopsis) austriaca (Hörnes 1853) [=Rimula austriaca] KC60
         |    |--A. (Balinula Haber ex Dacqué 1933) KC60
         |    |    `--A. (*B.) triontina (Greco 1899) [=Emarginula triontina] KC60
         |    `--A. (Puncturellopsis Haber 1932) KC60
         |         `--A. (*P.) acuta (Eudes-Deslongchamps 1842) [=Fissurella acuta] KC60
         |--Zeidora Adams 1860 BR05 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |  i. s.: Z. lodderae Tate & May 1900 H09
         |    |         Z. maoria Powell 1937 P61
         |    |--*Z. (Zeidora) calceolina Adams 1860 P61
         |    `--Z. (Nesta Adams 1870) KC60
         |         `--Z. (*N.) candida (Adams 1870) [=*Nesta candida] KC60
         |--Montfortula Iredale 1915 [incl. Plagiorhytis Fischer 1885 non Chaudoir 1848] KC60
         |    |--*M. rugosa (Quoy & Gaimard 1834) KC60 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |--M. chathamensis Finlay 1928 P61
         |    |--M. conoidea (Reeve 1842) [=Hemitoma conoidea] F27
         |    |--M. kaawaensis (Bartrum 1919) [=Tugalia kaawaensis] F27
         |    |--M. lyallensis Mestayer 1928 P61
         |    |--M. pulchra P95
         |    `--M. variegata Adams 1852 W78
         `--Scutus Montfort 1810 BR05 (see below for synonymy)
              |  i. s.: S. anatinus (Donovan 1820) (see below for synonymy) S79
              |         S. breviculus (Blainville 1817) P61 [=Parmophorus breviculus S79, Emarginula brevicula S79]
              |         S. elongatus [=Patella elongata,; incl. Parmophorus laevis] S79
              |         ‘Parmophorus’ fragilis S79
              |         ‘Parmophorus’ fissurella S79
              |         ‘Parmophorus’ gibbosus S79
              |         ‘Parmophorus’ sinensis S79
              |         S. unguis (Linnaeus 1758) H09 (see below for synonymy)
              |--S. (Scutus) ambiguus (Chemnitz 1795) F27 (see below for synonymy)
              |--S. (Nannoscutum Iredale 1937) KC60
              |    `--S. (*N.) forsythi (Iredale 1937) [=*Nannoscutum forsythi] KC60
              `--S. (Proscutum Fischer 1885) KC60
                   `--S. (*P.) compressus (Deshayes 1861) [=Parmophorus compressus] KC60

Amblychilepas javanicensis (Lamarck 1822) KC60 [=Fissurella javanicensis KC60, Fissuridea javanicensis F27, Megatebennus javanicensis H09; incl. Fissurella trapezina Sowerby 1835 KC60, *Amblychilepas trapezina KC60]

Fissurellidea (Fissurellidea) hiantula (Lamarck 1822) [=Fissurella hiantula; incl. *Fissurellidea megatrema d’Orbigny 1841] KC60

Hemitoma Swainson 1840 BR05 [=Subemarginula Gray 1847 KC60; incl. Siphonella Issel 1869 non Hagenow 1851 KC60; Hemitomidae, Hemitominae BR17]

Hemitoma (Hemitoma) octoradiata (Gmelin 1791) KC60 [=Patella octoradiata KC60, Emarginula (Hemitoma) octoradiata O27; incl. E. tricostata Sowerby 1823 BR17, *Hemitoma tricostata KC60, Patella tricostata non Gmelin 1791 KC60, *Subemarginula tricostata KC60]

Lucapina sowerbii (Guilding ex Sowerby 1835) [=*Foraminella sowerbii; incl. Fissurella cancellata Sowerby 1835 non Gray 1825, *Lucapina cancellata] KC60

Megathura crenulata (Sowerby 1825) KC60 [=Fissurella crenulata KC60, Lucapina crenulata O27; incl. *Megathura californica Pilsbry 1890 KC60, *Macrochasma californicum KC60]

*Montfortula rugosa (Quoy & Gaimard 1834) KC60 [=Emarginula rugosa P61, Clypidina (*Montfortula) rugosa KC60, Hemitoma rugosa F27, Subemarginula rugosa H09]

Scutus Montfort 1810 BR05 [=Parmaphora Bowdich 1822 KC60, Parmophora Desmarest 1859 KC60, Parmophorus deBlainville 1817 KC60, Scutum Sowerby 1842 non Schumacher 1817 KC60; incl. Aviscutum Iredale 1940 KC60; Scutinae, Scutini]

Scutus anatinus (Donovan 1820) [=Patella anatina; incl. Parmophorus australis Lamarck 1822, Par. convexus, Par. elongatus Blainville 1817 non Patella elongata, Emarginula elongata, Scutus elongatus, S. tumidus Ad. 1851] S79

Scutus unguis (Linnaeus 1758) H09 [=Patella unguis H09, Mytilus lingua Lightfoot 1786 K65; incl. Scutus angustatus Adams 1851 S79, Parmophorus corrugatus S79, S. corrugatus S79, Par. elegans Gray 1825 S79, Par. emarginatus Philippi 1851 S79, Par. granulatus Blainv. 1817 S79, Scutus granulatus S79, Par. imbricatus S79, S. imbricatus S79, Par. rueppeli Philippi 1851 S79]

Scutus (Scutus) ambiguus (Chemnitz 1795) F27 [=Patella ambigua S79, *S. antipodes Montfort 1810 P61, S79, P61]

Zeidora Adams 1860 BR05 [=Zidora Fischer 1885 BR05; incl. Crepiemarginula Seguenza 1880 KC60, Legrandia Beddome 1883 non Hanley 1872 KC60; Zeidoridae, Zidoridae]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[K65] Kay, E. A. 1965. The Reverend John Lightfoot, Daniel Solander, and the Portland Catalogue. Nautilus 79 (1): 10–19.

[KC60] Knight, J. B., L. R. Cox, A. M. Keen, R. L. Batten, E. L. Yochelson & R. Robertson. 1960. Gastropoda: systematic descriptions. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt I. Mollusca 1: Mollusca—General Features, Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda—General Features, Archaeogastropoda and some (mainly Paleozoic) Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia pp. I169–I331. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[M54] Macpherson, J. H. 1954. Molluscs (sea shells and snails). In: Willis, J. M. (ed.) The Archipelago of the Recherche pp. 55–63. Australian Geographical Society: Melbourne.

[M84] McLean, J. H. 1984. A case for derivation of the Fissurellidae from the Bellerophontacea. Malacologia 25 (1): 3–20.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. 2 pt 3. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[P95] Ponder, W. F. 1995. Book review: Australian Marine Shells. Prosobranch Gastropods. Parts 1 and 2. Molluscan Research 16: 97–102.

[PP78] Poorman, F. L., & L. H. Poorman. 1978. Additional molluscan records from Bahía de Los Angeles, Baja California Norte. Veliger 20 (4): 369–374.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[S79] Smith, E. A. 1879. Notes on the species of the genus Scutus. Journal of Conchology 2: 252–264.

[W78] Wells, F. E. 1978. Zonation of marine gastropods on a rocky intertidal shore in the Admiralty Gulf, Western Australia, with emphasis on the genus Nerita. Veliger 20 (3): 279–287.

Last updated: 17 October 2021.

Turbininae

Horned turban Turbo cornutus, copyright Kwansei Shell Database.

Belongs within: Vetigastropoda.

The Turbininae are a group of marine gastropods with strong, solid shells bearing a calcareous operculum; whorls may be rounded or more or less carinate. Members of the genus Turbo have shells with rounded whorls, a convex base, rounded aperture and near-circular, outwardly convex operculum (Knight et al. 1960).

<==Turbininae [Astraeinae, Astraliinae, Bolmidae, Turbinacea]
    |--Rothpletzella Böhm 1895 KC60
    |    `--R. infracarinata (Kittl 1894) [=Coelocentrus infracarinatus; incl. *R. richthofeni Böhm 1895] KC60
    |--Coelobolma Cossmann 1918 KC60
    |    `--*C. corbarica Cossmann 1918 KC60
    |--Tectariopsis Cossmann 1888 KC60
    |    `--*T. henrici (Caillat 1835) [=Turbo henrici] KC60
    |--Lithopoma Gray 1850 BP79
    |    `--*L. tuber (Linné 1767) BP79 [=Trochus tuber BP79, Astraea (*Lithopoma) tuber KC60]
    |--Megastraea McLean 1970 BP79
    |    `--*M. undosa (Wood 1828) BP79 (see below for synonymy)
    |--Pomaulax Gray 1850 BP79
    |    |--*P. japonicus (Dunker 1845) BP79 [=Trochus japonicus BP79, Astraea (*Pomaulax) japonicus KC60]
    |    `--P. undosa (Wood 1828) O27 [=Astraea undosa O27, Imperator undosa F27a; incl. Turbo rutilus C64]
    |--Lunella Röding 1798 [=Ocana Adams 1861] KC60
    |    |--L. cinerea (Born 1778) (see below for synonymy) KC60
    |    |--L. reclusa F66
    |    |--L. smaragda (Gmelin 1791) P61 (see below for synonymy)
    |    `--L. undulata B97
    |--Cookia Lesson 1832 [=Tubicanthus Swainson 1840] KC60
    |    `--*C. sulcata (Martyn 1784) BP79 (see below for synonymy)
    |         |--C. s. sulcata F27a
    |         `--C. s. kielmansegi (Zelebor 1866) (see below for synonymy) F27a
    |--Senectus Swainson 1840 [Senectinae] BR05
    |    |--*S. spenglerianus (Gmelin 1791) [=Turbo spenglerianus] BR17
    |    |--S. funiculatus [incl. Callopoma depressum] C64
    |    |--S. radiata F66
    |    `--S. squamigerus C64
    |--Uvanilla Gray 1850 BP79
    |    |--*U. unguis (Wood 1828) [=Trochus unguis, Astraea (*Uvanilla) unguis] KC60
    |    |--U. buschii [=Turbo buschii] C64
    |    |--U. inermis C64
    |    `--U. olivacea C64
    |--Guildfordia Gray 1850 KC60
    |    |  i. s.: G. yoka BP79
    |    |--G. (Guildfordia) BP79
    |    |    |--*G. (G.) triumphans (Philippi 1841) KC60 [=Astralium triumphans KC60, Calcar triumphans H04]
    |    |    `--G. (G.) monilifera (Hedley & Willey 1896) [=Astralium (G.) moniliferum] BP79
    |    |--G. (Fractopella Beu 1970) BP79
    |    |    `--G. (*F.) megapex (Beu 1970) [=*Fractopella megapex] BP79
    |    `--G. (Opella Finlay 1926) BP79
    |         `--G. (*O.) subfimbriata (Suter 1917) [=Astraea subfimbriata] BP79
    |--Pachypoma Gray 1850 BP79
    |    |--*P. caelata (Gmelin 1791) [=Trochus caelatus] BP79
    |    |--P. barbarensis (Dall 1919) [=Astraea (Pachypoma) barbarensis] O27
    |    |--P. gibberosum [=Trochus gibberosus, T. gibberosus novae zelandiae Chemnitz 1780–1795 (non-binomial)] C64
    |    `--P. inaequalis (Martyn 1784) [=Astraea (Pachypoma) inaequalis] O27
    |         |--P. i. inaequalis O27
    |         |--P. i. montereyensis (Oldroyd 1927) [=Astraea inaequalis montereyensis] O27
    |         |--P. i. pacifica (Dall 1919) [=Astraea inaequalis pacifica] O27
    |         `--‘Astraea’ i. rutila B56
    |--Astralium Link 1807 BR05 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--A. calcar (Linnaeus 1758) KC60 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--A. aureus (Jonas 1844) BP79 [=Trochus aureus BP79, Astraea (*Micrastraea) aurea KC60]
    |    |--A. imperiale H04
    |    |--A. kesteveni (Iredale 1924) BP79 [=*Bellastraea kesteveni BP79, Astraea (*Bellastraea) kesteveni KC60]
    |    |--A. nobile Gray 1847 H09
    |    |--A. petrosum (Martyn 1787) [=Trochus petrosus] H09
    |    |--‘Trochus’ pileolum Reeve 1842 BP79 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--A. rhodostoma (Lamarck 1822) BW09 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--‘Trochus’ rotularius Lamarck 1822 BP79 [=Astraea (*Rugastella) rotularia KC60]
    |    |--‘Trochus’ stella Lamarck 1822 [=*Stella stella] BP79
    |    `--A. tentoriiforme (Jonas 1845) [=Trochus tentoriiformis] H09
    |--Astraea Röding 1798 BR05 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |  i. s.: A. aspinosa Usticke 1971 BC01
    |    |         A. caelata HW78
    |    |         A. longispina LYR78
    |    |         A. pileola Reeve 1842 WG71
    |    |         ‘Imperator’ serratus Carpenter 1864 C64
    |    |         A. tecta IZ77
    |    |           |--A. t. tecta IZ77
    |    |           `--A. t. americana (Gmelin 1791) IZ77
    |    |--A. (Astraea) KC60
    |    |    |--A. (A.) heliotropium (Martyn 1784) KC60 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |--A. (A.) bicarinata (Suter 1917) [=Imperator bicarinata] F27a
    |    |    `--A. (A.) hudsoniana (Johnston 1888) BP79 [=Imperator hudsoniana F27a]
    |    `--A. (Vitiastraea Ladd 1966) BP79
    |         `--A. (*V.) holmesi Ladd 1966 BP79
    |--Bolma Risso 1826 (see below for synonymy) BP79
    |    |  i. s.: B. belgica Glibert 1952 BP79
    |    |         B. borsoni (Michelotti 1847) BP79
    |    |         B. carinata [=Ormastralium carinatum; incl. O. carinatum var. prohenica Sacco 1896] BP79
    |    |         B. castrocarensis (Foresti 1876) [=Turbo rugosus var. castrocarensis, B. (*Oobolma) castrocarensis] BP79
    |    |         B. fimbriata (Borson 1821) BP79 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |         B. granifer (Martin 1883) [=Turbo (Callopoma) granifer] BP79
    |    |         B. granosa (Borson 1821) BP79
    |    |         B. kendengensis (Altena 1938) [=Astralium (Bolma) kendengensis] BP79
    |    |         B. meynardi (Michelotti 1847) BP79
    |    |         B. muricata (Dujardin 1835) BP79
    |    |         B. proborsoni Sacco 1896 BP79
    |    |         B. speciosa (Michelotti 1847) (see below for synonymy) BP79
    |    |         B. stearnsi (Ladd 1970) [=Astraea (Bolma) stearnsi] BP79
    |    |         B. subspinosa (Rovereto in Sacco 1896) [=Ormastralium subspinosum] BP79
    |    |         B. takitai (Ozaki 1954) [=Pachypoma takitai] BP79
    |    |         B. taurinensis Sacco 1896 BP79
    |    |         B. taurospeciosa (Sacco 1896) [=Ormastralium (Tylastralium) taurospeciosum] BP79
    |    |         ‘Astraea (Incilaster)’ transenna Suter 1917 [=Calcar transenna] F27a
    |    |         B. virgata (Ozaki 1954) [=Astraea virgata] BP79
    |    |--B. (Bolma) BP79
    |    `--B. (Senobolma Okutani 1964) BP79
    |         |--B. (*S.) venusta (Okutani 1964) [=*Senobolma venusta] BP79
    |         `--B. (S.) exotica (Okutani 1969) [=Senobolma exotica] BP79
    `--Turbo Linnaeus 1758 DK10 (see below for synonymy)
         |  i. s.: T. acutangulus Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. annulatus Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. auriscalpium Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         ‘Astraea’ brasiliensis Ferriera & da Cunha 1957 BP79
         |         T. castanea Gmelin 1791 (see below for synonymy) BC01
         |         T. cepoides F27a
         |         T. cimex Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. cochlus Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. concinnus Philippi 1847 H09
         |         T. corneus Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. crenatus Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. distortus Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. etheridgei Lycett 1857 F27b
         |         T. foliaceus Philippi 1846 H09
         |         T. gemmatus Reeve 1848 H09
         |         T. grangensis Pritchard 1909 [=T. hamiltonensis Pritchard 1898 non Harris 1897] F27b
         |         T. haynesi Preston 1914 BW09
         |         T. imperialis Gmelin 1791 H09
         |         T. intercostalis Menke 1843 WMJ09
         |         T. jonathani Dekker, Moolenbeek & Dance 1992 BC01
         |         T. lacteus Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. lajonkairii Deshayes 1839 H14
         |         T. margaritaceus Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. militaris C60
         |         T. muricatus Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. muscorum Linnaeus 1758 L58 [=Bulimus muscorum G40, Jaminia muscorum G40, Odostomia muscorum G40]
         |         T. neritoides Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. nivosus Reeve 1848 H09
         |         T. obtusatus Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. pagodus Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. personatus Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. politus Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. porphyrites (Martyn 1784) [=Helix porphyrites] H09
         |         T. postulatus Bartrum 1919 F27a
         |         T. radiatus Gmelin 1791 BW09
         |         T. reflexus Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. replicatus Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. rubricinctus Mighels 1845 J49
         |         T. saxosus C60 [=Callopoma saxosum C60; incl. Marmorostoma undulata C64]
         |         T. sparverius Gmelin 1791 H09
         |         T. stamineus H15 [=Ninella straminea B97]
         |         T. stolizkii H79
         |         T. supragranosus [=Trochus (Gibbula) supragranosus] B79
         |         T. tectumpersicum Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. tenisoni Finlay 1927 [=T. etheridgei Tenison-Woods 1877 non Lycett 1857] F27b
         |         T. tuber G79
         |         T. tumidulus Reeve 1848 H09
         |         T. ungulinus Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. variegatus Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--T. (Turbo) petholatus Linnaeus 1758 KC60 (see below for synonymy)
         |--T. (Barbotella Cossmann 1918) KC60
         |    `--T. (*B.) hoernesi Barbot 1869 KC60
         |--T. (Batillus Schumacher 1817) [=Angarina Bayle 1878, Delphinulopsis Wright 1878 non Laube 1868] KC60
         |    `--T. (*B.) cornutus Gmelin 1791 [=*Angarina cornuta, *Delphinulopsis cornutus] KC60
         |--T. (Callopoma Gray 1850) KC60
         |    |--T. (*C.) fluctuosus (Wood 1828) KC60 [=Callopoma fluctuosum C64]
         |    |--T. (C.) fokkesii [=Trochus (Turbo) fokkesii] C64
         |    `--‘Callopoma’ tessellatum C64
         |--T. (Carswellena Iredale 1931) KC60
         |    `--T. (*C.) exquisitus Angas 1877 KC60
         |--T. (Dentallopoma Beets 1942) KC60
         |    `--T. (*D.) denticolumellaris Beets 1942 KC60
         |--T. (Dinassovica Iredale 1937) WG71
         |    |--T. (*D.) verconis (Iredale 1937) [=*Dinassovica verconis] KC60
         |    `--T. (D.) jourdani Kiener 1839 WG71
         |--T. (Euninella Cotton 1939) DK10
         |    |--T. (*E.) gruneri Philippi 1846 DK10
         |    `--T. (E.) hamiltonensis Harris 1897 DK10
         |--T. (Halopsephus Rehder 1943) KC60
         |    `--T. (H.) haraldi Robertson 1958 [=*Halopsephus pulcher Rehder 1943 non Turbo pulcher Reeve 1842] KC60
         |--T. (Lunatica Röding 1798) [incl. Olearia Klein ex Herrmannsen 1847 non Moench 1802 (ICBN)] KC60
         |    `--T. (L.) marmoratus Linnaeus 1758 [incl. T. olearius Linnaeus 1758, *Lunatica olearia] KC60
         |--T. (Marmarostoma Swainson 1829) WG71 [=Marmorostoma (l. c.) KC60]
         |    |--T. (*M.) chrysostomus Linnaeus 1758 KC60
         |    |--T. (M.) albofasciatus Bozzetti 1994 BC01
         |    |--T. (M.) argyrostomus Linnaeus 1758 WG71
         |    |--T. (M.) pulcher Reeve 1842 WG71
         |    `--T. (M.) squamiger Reeve 1843 PP78
         |--T. (Modelia Gray 1840) BP79, P61
         |    `--T. (*M.) granosus Martyn 1784 BP79, P61 (see below for synonymy)
         |--T. (Monodon) pharaonis G20
         |--T. (Ninella Gray 1850) BP79, KC60
         |    `--T. (*N.) torquatus Gmelin 1791 BP79, WG71 [=*Ninella torquata WG71; incl. N. whitleyi Iredale 1949 WG71]
         |--T. (Sarmaticus Gray 1847) [incl. Cidaris Swainson 1840 non Leske 1778] KC60
         |    `--T. (*S.) sarmaticus Linnaeus 1758 KC60
         |--T. (Sarmaturbo Powell 1938) KC60
         |    `--T. (*S.) superbus Zittel 1864 KC60
         |--T. (Subninella Thiele 1929) BP79, KC60
         |    `--T. (*S.) undulatus Solander 1786 BP79, WG71 (see below for synonymy)
         `--T. (Taeniaturbo Woodring 1928) KC60
              `--T. (*T.) canaliculatus Hermann 1781 KC60

Astraea Röding 1798 BR05 [=Canthorbis Swainson 1840 KC60, Imperator Montfort 1810 KC60, Macropelmus Gistel 1848 KC60; Imperatorina, Imperatorinae]

Astraea (Astraea) heliotropium (Martyn 1784) KC60 [=Trochus heliotropium P61, *Imperator heliotropia F27a; incl. Trochus imperialis Gmelin 1791 KC60, *Astraea imperialis P61, *Canthorbis imperialis KC60, *Imperator imperialis BR17, *Macropelmus imperialis KC60, Liotia solitaria Suter 1908 F27a, Angaria solitaria F27a]

Astralium Link 1807 BR05 [incl. Bellastraea Iredale 1924 BP79, Calcar Montfort 1810 KC60, Cyclocantha Swainson 1840 KC60, Distellifer Iredale 1937 BP79, Micrastraea Cotton 1939 BP79, Pagocalcar Iredale 1937 BP79, Rugastella Iredale 1937 BP79, Stella Herrmannsen 1849 non Medik. 1787 (ICBN) KC60]

Astralium calcar (Linnaeus 1758) KC60 [=Turbo calcar KC60, Astraea (Astralium) calcar KC60, Calcar calcar KC60, *Cyclocantha calcar BP79; incl. *Astralium deplanatum Link 1807 BP79, *Calcar sporio Montfort 1810 BP79]

Astralium rhodostoma (Lamarck 1822) BW09 [=Trochus rhodostomus BP79; incl. *Distellifer wallisi Iredale 1937 BP79, Astraea (*Distellifer) wallisi KC60]

Bolma Risso 1826 [=Bolina (l. c.) non Rafinesque 1815; incl. Oobolma Sacco 1896, Ormastralium Sacco 1896, Tylastralium Sacco 1896] BP79

Bolma fimbriata (Borson 1821) BP79 [=Trochus fimbriatus BP79, Astraea (*Ormastralium) fimbriata KC60, *Ormastralium fimbriatum BP79]

Bolma speciosa (Michelotti 1847) [=Turbo speciosa, Ormastralium (Tylastralium) speciosum, Turbo michelotti Cossmann 1918, *Tylastralium michelotti] BP79

*Cookia sulcata (Martyn 1784) BP79 [=Trochus sulcatus BP79, Astraea (*Cookia) sulcata KC60, Lithopoma (*C.) sulcata BP79, Turbo sulcatus P61, *Tubicanthus sulcatus KC60]

Cookia sulcata kielmansegi (Zelebor 1866) [=Risella kielmansegi; incl. Astrea sulcata davisii Stowe 1872, Astralium pyramidale Webster 1905] F27a

Lunella cinerea (Born 1778) [=Turbo (Lunella) cinereus; incl. T. versicolor Gmelin 1791, *Lunella versicolor, *Ocana versicolor] KC60

Lunella smaragda (Gmelin 1791) P61 [=Helix smaragdus F27a, Turbo (Lunella) smaragdus F27a; incl. Turbo (Lunella) radina Webster 1905 F27a]

*Megastraea undosa (Wood 1828) BP79 [=Trochus undosus BP79; incl. T. balaenarum C64, T. gigas C64, T. undatus (n. n.) C64]

‘Trochus’ pileolum Reeve 1842 BP79 [=*Pagocalcar pileolum BP79; incl. T. limbiferus Kiener 1850 BP79, Astraea (Pagocalcar) limbifera KC60]

Turbo Linnaeus 1758 DK10 [=Laeviturbo Cossmann 1918 KC60, Turbonus BR05; incl. Amphiboliturbo Magne 1940 KC60, Neocollonia Kuroda & Habe 1954 KC60]

Turbo castanea Gmelin 1791 [incl. T. castaneus muricatus Usticke 1959 non T. muricatus Linnaeus 1758 L58, T. castaneus versicolor Usticke 1959 non T. versicolor Gmelin 1791] BC01

Turbo (*Modelia) granosus Martyn 1784 BP79, P61 [=*Modelia granosa P61, Trochus granosus F27a; incl. Pseudoliotia imperforata Suter 1908 F27a, Collonista imperforata F27a, Leptothyra imperforata F27a, Liotia (Arene) shandi Suter 1908 F27a]

Turbo (*Subninella) undulatus Solander 1786 BP79, WG71 [=Limax undulatus H09, *Subninella undulata WG71; incl. Turbo simsoni P79]

*Turbo (Turbo) petholatus Linnaeus 1758 KC60 [=*Laeviturbo petholatus KC60; incl. T. petholatus var. humerosus Smith 1907 BC01]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B56] Berry, S. S. 1956. Mollusca dredged by the Orca off the Santa Barbara Islands, California, in 1951. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (5): 150–157.

[BP79] Beu, A. G., & W. F. Ponder. 1979. A revision of the species of Bolma Risso, 1826 (Gastropoda: Turbinidae). Records of the Australian Museum 32 (1): 1–68.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[B79] Brazier, J. 1879. List of marine shells collected on Fitzroy Island, north coast of Australia; with notes on their geographical range. Journal of Conchology 2: 186–199.

[B97] Brazier, J. 1897. Note on the shells found in kitchen middens at Bondi Bay. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 21 (4): 817–818.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[C60] Cox, L. R. 1960. Gastropoda: general characteristics of Gastropoda. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt I. Mollusca 1: Mollusca—General Features, Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda—General Features, Archaeogastropoda and some (mainly Paleozoic) Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia pp. I84–I169. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[DK10] Darragh, T. A., & G. W. Kendrick. 2010. Eocene molluscs from the Merlinleigh Sandstone, Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 26 (1): 23–41.

[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[F66] Fraser, L. 1866. Communication of a list of mollusks collected by R. Swinhoe, Esq., in Formosa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 146.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[G40] Gray, J. E. 1840. A Manual of the Land and Fresh-water Shells of the British Islands, with figures of each of the kinds. By William Turton, M.D. A new edition, thoroughly revised and much enlarged. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans: London.

[G79] Guppy, R. J. L. 1879. First sketch of a marine invertebrate fauna of the Gulf of Paria and its neighbourhood. Part I.—Mollusca. Journal of Conchology 2: 151–172.

[H79] Haast, J. von. 1879. Geology of the Provinces of Canterbury and Westland, New Zealand. A report comprising the results of official explorations. "Times" Office: Christchurch.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[H15] Hedley, C. 1915. Presidential address. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 49 (1): 1–77, pls 1–7.

[HW78] Hoffman, D. L., & P. J. Weldon. 1978. Flight responses of two intertidal gastropods (Prosobranchia: Trochidae) to sympatric predatory gastropods from Barbados. Veliger 20 (4): 361–366.

[H14] Hosie, A. M. 2014. Review of the stalked barnacle genus Koleolepas (Cirripedia: Thoracica: Koleolepadidae), with new records from Australian waters. Records of the Western Australian Museum 29 (1): 1–9.

[IZ77] Ingham, R. E., & J. A. Zischke. 1977. Prey preferences of carnivorous intertidal snails in the Florida Keys. Veliger 20 (1): 49–51.

[J49] Johnson, R. I. 1949. Jesse Wedgwood Mighels with a bibliography and a catalogue of his species. Occasional Papers on Mollusks 1 (14): 213–231.

[KC60] Knight, J. B., L. R. Cox, A. M. Keen, R. L. Batten, E. L. Yochelson & R. Robertson. 1960. Gastropoda: systematic descriptions. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt I. Mollusca 1: Mollusca—General Features, Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda—General Features, Archaeogastropoda and some (mainly Paleozoic) Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia pp. I169–I331. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[LYR78] Linsley, R. M., E. L. Yochelson & D. M. Rohr. 1978. A reinterpretation of the mode of life of some Paleozoic frilled gastropods. Lethaia 11: 105–112.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. 2 pt 3. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[P79] Petterd, W. F. 1879. Critical remarks on the Rev. J. E. Tenison Woods' "Census of Tasmanian shells". Journal of Conchology 2: 353–354.

[PP78] Poorman, F. L., & L. H. Poorman. 1978. Additional molluscan records from Bahía de Los Angeles, Baja California Norte. Veliger 20 (4): 369–374.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[WMJ09] Wells, F. E., M. Mulligan & D. S. Jones. 2009. Prevention of introduction of species brought into Geraldton Harbour, Western Australia, by the dredge Leonardo da Vinci. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (2): 153–158.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

Last updated: 19 October 2021.

Polinices

Milk moonsnail Polinices lacteus, copyright Deb Devers.

Belongs within: Naticidae.

Polinices is a genus of mostly white moon snails found in the Indo-Pacific oceans. They possess a brown corneous operculum, a medium to thick parietal callus and a partially to completely filled umbilicus.

Characters (from Oldroyd 1927): Shell oval or suboval, solid, smooth, spire short, sharp; aperture semicircular, inner lip oblique, callous, callus extending into umbilicus. Operculum corneous. Colour usually white, sometimes coloured but not banded or spotted.

<==Polinices Montfort 1810 [Poliniceinae, Polinicina, Polynicidae] BR05
    |--P. hepaticus (Röding 1798) S11
    `--+--P. lacteus (Guilding 1833) S11
       `--P. uberinus (Orbigny 1842) S11

Polinices incertae sedis:
  *P. albus Montfort 1810 BR17 [=Natica alba H09]
  P. albumen (Linnaeus 1758) [=Nerita albumen] H09
  P. ambiguus Suter 1913 (n. d.) F27
  P. aurantium (Bolten 1798) [=Albula aurantium] H09
  P. bifasciata C64
  P. columnaris (Recluz 1850) [=Natica columnaris] H09
  P. conicus (Lamarck 1822) WG71 [=Natica conicus H09]
  P. didyma (Bolten 1798) [=Albula didyma] H09
  P. duplicatus (Say 1822) F77
  P. filosa (Reeve 1855) [=Natica filosa] H09
  P. flemingiana (Recluz 1843) [=Natica flemingiana] H09
  P. hacketti Marincovich 1975 BC01
  P. huttoni M49
  P. incei (Philippi 1851) WG71 [=Natica incei H09]
  P. intracrassus Finlay 1924 [=Natica callosa Hutton 1873 (preoc.)] F27
  P. limi Pilsbry 1931 [=P. rapulum limi] BC01
  P. mammilla (Linnaeus 1758) BW09 [=Nerita mamilla H09]
  P. melanostomus (Gmelin 1799) BW09 [=Natica melanostoma H09]
  P. melanostomoides (Quoy & Gaimard 1833) [=Natica melanostomoides] H09
  P. mellosus Hedley 1924 WG71
  P. nanus Moller 1842 O27
  P. nuxcastanea (Martyn 1786) [=Nerita nuxcastanea] H09
  P. otis [=Natica otis; incl. P. fusca] C64
  P. perspicua C64
  P. peselephanti (Link 1807) MG-H11
  P. plumbeus (Lamarck 1822) [=Natica plumbea] H09
  P. powisiana (Recluz 1844) BW09
  P. pseudoredemptus JB12
  P. pyriformis Recluz 1844 WG71
  P. simiae (Deshayes 1838) BW09
  P. sordidus Swainson 1821 WG71
  P. triseriata (Say 1826) W78
  P. uber [incl. Natica virginea] O27

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[F77] Franz, D. R. 1977. Size and age-specific predation by Lunatia heros (Say, 1822) on the surf clam Spisula solidissima (Dillwyn, 1817) off western Long Island, New York. Veliger 20 (2): 144–150.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[JB12] Johnson, M. E., & B. G. Baarli. 2012. Development of intertidal biotas through Phanerozoic time. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 63–128. Springer.

[M49] Mason, B. 1949. The geology of Mandamus-Pahau district, north Canterbury. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (3): 403–428.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. 2 pt 3. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[W78] West, D. L. 1978. Reproductive biology of Colus stimpsoni (Prosobranchia: Buccinidae). I. Male genital system. Veliger 20 (3): 266–273.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

Last updated: 12 June 2021.

Zoila

Zoila friendii, copyright S. & A. Nappo.

Belongs within: Cypraeidae.

Zoila is a genus of medium- to large-sized cowries currently restricted to coasts of Australia, though fossils indicate a wider distribution in the western Pacific in the past. Members of this genus are direct developers, without a planktonic larval stage (Meyer 2003).

<==Zoila Jousseaume 1884 [Zoilinae] BR05
    |  i. s.: Z. gigas (McCoy 1867) [=Cypraea (Zoila) gigas] WG71
    |         Z. mariellae M03
    |         Z. perlae M03
    |--Z. marginata Gaskoin 1849 M03 [=Cypraea (Zoila) marginata WG71]
    |--Z. rosselli Cotton 1948 M03 [=Cypraea (Zoila) rosselli WG71]
    |--Z. venusta Sowerby 1846 M03 [=Cypraea (Zoila) venusta WG71; incl. C. catei Schilder 1963 WG71]
    |    |--Z. v. venusta BC01
    |    `--Z. v. episema (Iredale 1939) BC01 (see below for synonymy)
    `--+--Z. decipiens Smith 1880 M03 [=Cypraea (Zoila) decipiens WG71]
       |--Z. eludens Raybaudi 1991 M03
       `--+--Z. friendii Gray 1831 M03 [=Cypraea (Zoila) friendii WG71; incl. C. friendii f. contraria WG71]
          |    |--Z. f. friendii MG-H11
          |    |--Z. f. jeaniana Cate 1968 MG-H11 [=Cypraea friendii f. jeaniana WG71]
          |    |--Z. ‘jenaiana’ sherylae Raybaudi 1990 M03
          |    `--Z. f. vercoi Schilder 1930 MG-H11 [=Cypraea friendii f. vercoi WG71]
          `--Z. thersites Gaskoin 1849 [=Cypraea (Zoila) friendii thersites] M03

Zoila venusta episema (Iredale 1939) BC01 [=Cypraea venusta episema WG71; incl. Z. venusta sorrentensis Schilder 1963 BC01, C. venusta sorrentensis WG71]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1-2): 1-397.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B. & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1-170.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1-191.

[M03] Meyer, C. P. 2003. Molecular systematics of cowries (Gastropoda: Cypraeidae) and diversification patterns in the tropics. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79: 401-459.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

Euspira

Pale northern moon snail Euspira pallida, copyright Kwansei Shell Database.

Belongs within: Naticidae.

Euspira is a genus of moon snails found living in cooler waters.

<==Euspira Agassiz 1838 [Euspiridae, Euspirinae] BR05
    |--‘Natica’ labellata Lamarck 1804 [incl. N. glaucinoides Sowerby 1812, *Euspira glaucinoides] S98
    |--E. acosmita (Dall 1919) [=Polinices (Euspira) acosmitus] O27
    |--E. algida (Gould 1848) [=Natica algida, Polinices (Euspira) algida] O27
    |--E. barrierensis (Marwick 1924) [=Uber (Euspira) barrierensis] F27a
    |--E. canonica (Dall 1919) [=Polinices (Euspira) canonicus] O27
    |--E. caurina (Gould 1847) [=Natica caurina, Polinices (Euspira) caurinus] O27
    |--E. draconis (Dall 1903) [=Polinices (Euspira) draconis] O27
    |--E. edgari Finlay 1927 [=N. levis Smith 1896 non N. laevis Weerth 1884] F27b
    |--E. eyrensis Finlay 1927 (see below for synonymy) F27b
    |--E. gronlandica (Beck in Moller 1842) [=Polinices (Euspira) gronlandicus] O27
    |--E. monterona (Dall 1919) [=Polinices (Euspira) monteronus] O27
    |--E. pallida (Broderip & Sowerby 1829) [=Polinices (Euspira) pallida] O27
    |--E. pila (Pilsbury 1911) V89
    |--E. plicispira (Kuroda 1961) MG-H11
    |--E. politiana (Dall 1919) [=Polinices (Euspira) politianus] O27
    `--E. selwyniana (Wilckens 1922) [=Natica selwyniana, Lunatia selwyniana; incl. N. ingrata Wilckens 1922] S98

Euspira eyrensis Finlay 1927 [=Natica variabilis Moore 1870 non Reeve 1855; incl. N. lineata Etheridge 1872 non Bolten 1798] F27b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. II pt. III. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[S98] Stilwell, J. D. 1998. Late Cretaceous Mollusca from the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. Alcheringa 22 (1): 29–85.

[V89] Vermeij, G. J. 1989. Habitat and form of Crepidula grandis in Japan, with comments on habitat specialization in calyptraeid gastropods. Nautilus 103 (3): 89–91.

Xenophoridae

Xenophora pallidula, copyright C. R. McClain.

Belongs within: Stromboidea.

The Xenophoridae, carrier shells, are a group of more or less conical shells that commonly cement foreign bodies such as stones or discarded shells to their own shell to provide defence and/or camouflage. They are sediment feeders, consuming forams and other detritus. The shell has a ventrally porcellanous peripheral flange in species of Onustus but a non-porcellanous flange in Xenophora.

Characters (from Wikipedia): Shells small to rather large (diameter of base without attachments 19–160 mm; height of shell 21–100 mm), depressed to conical, with narrow to wide, simple to spinose peripheral edge or flange separating spire from base. Aperture large, base broad, rather flattened, often umbilicate. Periostracum very thin or wanting. Protoconch depressed-conical, multispiral (rarely paucispiral). Teleoconch usually with foreign objects attached in spiral series to peripheral flange and, sometimes, remainder of dorsum, at least on early whorls. Operculum horny, yellowish to brown, nucleus lateral, with simple growth lamellae, sometimes with conspicuous radial striae or hollow radial ribs.

<==Xenophoridae
    |--Onustus Swainson 1840 [Onustidae] BR05
    |    |--*O. indicus (Gmelin 1971) [=Trochus indicus] BR17
    |    |--O. caribaeus (Petit 1856) S11
    |    `--O. prognatus Finlay 1926 F27
    `--Xenophora Fischer von Waldheim 1807 BR17 [incl. Phorus Montfort 1810 BR05]
         |--X. conchyliophora (Born 1780) S11 (see below for synonymy)
         |--‘Trochus’ agglutinans Lamarck 1804 [=*Phorus agglutinans] BR17
         |--X. cerea (Reeve 1845) MG-H11 [=Phorus cereus H09]
         |--X. corrugata (Reeve 1842) F27
         |--X. exuta (Reeve 1842) MG-H11 [=Phorus exutus H09]
         |--X. gigantea Schepman 1909 MG-H11
         |--X. grasi Roman & Mazeran 1920 TTE93
         |--X. helvacea Philippi 1851 H09
         |--X. indica (Gmelin 1791) MG-H11
         |--X. japonica (Kuroda & Habe 1971) K07
         |--X. lindae Petuch & Drolshagen 2009 P12
         |--X. mediterranea PP64
         |--X. neozelanica Suter 1908 P61 [=Onustus neozelanicus F27]
         |--X. pallidula (Reeve 1842) MG-H11 [=Phorus pallidulus H09]
         |--X. rhytida Cossmann 1899 [=Peasiella rhytida] R89
         |--X. simpsoni Stanton 1893 TTE93
         |--X. solarioides (Reeve 1845) [=Phorus solarioides] H09
         |--X. tatei Harris 1897 [=X. (Tugurium) tatei] DK08
         `--X. tulearensis Stewart & Kosuge 1993 BC01

Xenophora conchyliophora (Born 1780) S11 [=Trochus conchyliophorus BR17, *X. laevigata Fischer von Waldheim 1807 BR17]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[DK08] Darragh, T. A., & G. W. Kendrick. 2008. Silicified Eocene molluscs from the Lower Murchison district, Southern Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (3): 217–246.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[K07] Kamenev, G. M. 2007. The taxonomic position of Bentharca xenophoricola (Kuroda, 1929) and Bentharca rubrotincta Kuroda & Habe in Habe, 1958 (Bivalvia: Arcidae). Malacologia 49 (2): 351–365.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[P12] Petuch, E. J. 2012. Miocene asteroid impacts: proposed effects on the biogeography and extinction patterns of eastern North American gastropods. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 967–981. Springer.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[R89] Reid, D. G. 1989. Systematic revision of the Recent species of Peasiella Nevill, 1885 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae), with notes on the fossil species. Nautilus 103 (2): 43–69.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.

Last updated: 3 October 2021.

Ovulidae

Common egg cowrie Ovula ovum feeding on Sarcophyton, copyright In-Depth Images Kwajalein.

Belongs within: Cypraeoidea.

The Ovulidae, egg and spindle cowries, are a group of marine gastropods with usually brightly coloured and patterned mantles that live and feed on the polyps of cnidarians (Wilson & Gillett 1971). Ovulids generally differ from the true cowries of the Cypraeidae in lacking regular teeth on the inner lip.

<==Ovulidae (see below for synonymy)
    |--Aclyvolva Cate 1973 [Aclyvolvinae] BR17
    |    `--*A. lanceolata (Sowerby 1849) [=Ovulum lanceolatum] BR17
    |--Sulcocypraea Conrad 1865 BR05 [Sulcocypraeinae BR17, Sulcocypraeini]
    |    `--*S. lintea (Conrad 1848) [=Cypraea lintea] BR17
    |--Eocypraeinae BR17
    |    |--Eocypraea Cossmann 1903 BR05 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |--*E. inflata (Lamarck 1802) [=Cypraea inflata, *Cypraeacites inflatus] BR17
    |    |    `--E. pilulosa (Stoliczka 1867) TTE93
    |    `--Prionovolva Iredale 1930 BR17, WG71 [Prionovolvinae]
    |         |--*P. brevis (Sowerby 1828) [=Ovulum breve] BR17
    |         `--P. cavanaghi Iredale 1931 WG71
    |--Simnia Risso 1826 BR05 [Simniinae BR17, Simniini]
    |    |--*S. nicaeensis Risso 1826 BR17
    |    |--S. acicularis Lamarck 1811 O27
    |    |--S. aequalis Sowerby 1832 M03
    |    |--S. deflexa [=Ovula (Simnia) deflexa] O27
    |    |--S. patula WG71
    |    |--S. variabilis Adams 1850 O27
    |    `--S. vidleri Sowerby 1881 [=Ovulum vidleri] O27
    |--Ovulinae [Ovulini] M03
    |    |--Volva Röding 1798 non Adans. 1763 (ICBN) [Volvinae, Volvini] BR05
    |    |    |--*V. volva (Linnaeus 1758) BR17 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |--V. kilburni Cate 1975 BC01
    |    |    |--V. nectarea Iredale 1930 WG71
    |    |    `--V. philippinarum Sowerby 1848 WG71
    |    `--Ovula Bruguière 1789 BR05 [=Amphiperas Gray 1847 BR17]
    |         |--*O. ovum (Linnaeus 1758) [=Bulla ovum, *Amphiperas ovum] BR17
    |         |--O. adriatica PP64
    |         |--O. avena [incl. O. neglecta] C64
    |         |--O. costellata Lamarck 1810 WG71
    |         |--O. margarita Sowerby 1849 H09
    |         |--O. oviformis G20
    |         |--O. patula M01
    |         |--O. punctata Duclos 1830 H09
    |         `--O. tortilis (Martyn 1784) [=Cypraea tortilis] H09
    `--Pediculariinae [Pediculariadae, Pediculariidae, Pediculariinae] BR17
         |--Pedicularia Swainson 1840 [Pediculariini] BR05
         |    |  i. s.: P. californica Newcomb 1864 O27
         |    |         P. decussata (Gould 1855) S11
         |    |         P. pacifica Pease 1865 M03
         |    |--*P. (Pedicularia) sicula Swainson 1840 BR17
         |    `--P. (Pediculariona Iredale 1935) P61
         |         |--P. (*P.) stylasteris P61
         |         `--P. (P.) maoria Powell 1937 P61
         `--Cypraediini [Cypraediinae, Jenneriinae] BR17
              |--Cypraedia Swainson 1840 BR05
              |    `--*C. cancellata Swainson 1840 BR17
              |--Cyproglobina de Gregorio 1880 [Cyproglobinini] BR05
              |    `--*C. corbuloides (Bellardi 1852) [=Cypraea corbuloides] BR17
              |--Jenneria Jousseaume 1884 M03, BR05
              |    `--*J. pustulata (Lightfoot 1786) [=Cypraea pustulata] BR17
              `--Pseudocypraea Schilder 1927 BR17, BR05 [Pseudocypraeinae, Pseudocypraeini]
                   `--*P. adamsonii (Gray in Sowerby 1832) [=Cypraea adamsonii] BR17

Ovulidae incertae sedis:
  Neosimnia Fischer 1884 WG71
    |--N. barbarensis (Dall 1892) [=Ovula (Simnia) deflexa barbarense, Simnia (Neosimnia) barbarensis] O27
    |--N. catalinensis (Berry 1816) [=Simnia (Neosimnia) catalinensis] O27
    |--N. depressa Sowerby 1875 WG71
    |--N. quaylei S59
    `--N. uniplicata (Sowerby 1848) [=Simnia (Neosimnia) uniplicata] O27
  Primovula Thiele 1925 WG71
    `--P. (Primovula) howlandae Cate 1974 BC01
  Diminovula Iredale 1930 BC01
    |--D. nielseni (Cate 1976) [=Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) nielseni] BC01
    `--D. punctata (Duclos 1831) [=Primovula (Diminovula) punctata] WG71
  Calpurnus Montfort 1810 WG71
    |--C. lacteus Lamarck 1810 BW09
    `--C. verrucosus (Linné 1758) S11
  Phenacovolva BC01
    |--P. (Turbovula) greenbergae Cate 1974 BC01
    |--P. haynesi (Sowerby 1889) MG-H11
    |--P. (Turbovolva) kashiwajimensis Cate & Azuma in Cate 1973 BC01
    |--P. tokioi Cate 1973 M03
    |--P. (Calcaria) wakayamaensis Cate & Azuma in Cate 1973 BC01
    `--P. (Pellasimnia) weaveri Cate 1973 BC01, M03
         |--P. w. weaveri BC01
         `--P. w. pseudogracilis Cate & Azuma in Cate 1973 BC01
  Prosimnia semperi (Weinkauff 1881) BW09
  Xandraovula pagoda Cate 1973 MG-H11
  Adamantia BC01
    |--A. florida Kuroda 1958 M03
    `--A. horai (Cardin 1994) [=Primovula (Adamantia) horai] BC01
  Crenavolva BC01
    |--C. (Cuspivolva) baltea Cate 1973 BC01
    |--C. rosewateri Cate 1973 M03
    `--C. tokuoi Azuma 1989 M03
  Cymbovula queenslandica Cate 1974 BC01
  Cyphoma S11
    |--C. gibbosum (Linné 1758) S11
    |--C. rhomba Cate 1978 BC01
    `--C. signatum Pilsbry & McGinty 1939 S11
  Dentiovula spectabilis Cate 1975 BC01
  Kuroshiovolva Azuma & Cate 1971 BC01
    `--*K. shingoi Azuma & Cate 1971 BC01
  Pseudosimnia wieseorum Lorenz 1987 BC01, ES88
  Pseudocyphoma intermedium (Sowerby 1828) S11
  Simnialena uniplicata (Sowerby 1848) S11
  Cymbula acicularis (Lamarck 1810) S11
  Radius C64
    |--R. angasi (Reeve 1865) [=Ovulum angasi] H09
    |--R. avena C64
    |--R. similis C64
    `--R. variabilis C64

Eocypraea Cossmann 1903 BR05 [incl. Cypraeacites Schlotheim 1820 (nom. inv.) BR17; Cypraeacitinae, Cypraeacitini, Eocypraeini]

Ovulidae [Amphiperasidae, Amphiperatidae, Amphiperatinae, Amphiperatini, Dactyloglossa, Digitiglossa, Eocypraeidae, Eocypraeinae, Ovuladae, Ovuloidea, Ovuloidei]

*Volva volva (Linnaeus 1758) BR17 [=Bulla volva BR17, Ovula volva H09; incl. Volva textoria Röding 1798 BR17]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[ES88] Emerson, W. K., & W. E. Sage III. 1988. A new species of Vasum (Gastropoda: Turbinellidae) from off Somalia. Nautilus 102 (1): 36–39.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[M03] Meyer, C. P. 2003. Molecular systematics of cowries (Gastropoda: Cypraeidae) and diversification patterns in the tropics. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79: 401–459.

[M01] M'Intosh, W. C. 1901. The coloration of marine animals. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 221–240.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. 2 pt 2. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[S59] Stohler, R. 1959. Range extensions of some west N. A. marines. Nautilus 72 (4): 127–130.

[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

Last updated: 8 June 2021.