Rastelloidina

Tree trapdoor spider Migas sp., copyright Simon Grove.

Belongs within: Avicularoidea.
Contains: Idiopoidea.

The Rastelloidina are a clade of mygalomorph spiders characterised by the presence of a rastellum, an array of spines at the ends of the chelicerae used in digging. In members of the family Cyrtaucheniidae, the paired tarsal claws are biserially dentate in females and have a ventral S-shaped row of teeth in females, whereas the dentition of tarsal claws is generally reduced and forming a single row only in other families. The Migoidea, including the families Migidae and Actinopodidae, have short, thick cheliceral fangs that are diagonal and converging (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007).

Synapomorphies (from Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007): Fovea closed and longitudinal; rastellum present; cheliceral fangs short, thick and diagonal; palpal coxa elongate; posterior legs with spines on dorsal surface.

<==Rastelloidina
    |--Cyrtaucheniidae JD-S07
    |    |  i. s.: Fufius BFSJ08
    |    |         Acontius JD-S07
    |    |--Aporoptychiinae [Aporoptychi] JD-S07
    |    |    |--Rhytidicolus Simon 1889 S89
    |    |    |    `--*R. structor Simon 1889 S89
    |    |    |--Ancylotrypa bicornuta Strand 1906 S89, J98
    |    |    |--*Phaenothele gaujoni (Sim. 1889) S89
    |    |    |--Phaeoclita Simon 1889 S89
    |    |    |    `--*P. fauna Simon 1889 S89
    |    |    |--Aporoptychus S89
    |    |    |    |--*A. australis S89
    |    |    |    `--A. africanus Simon 1889 S89
    |    |    `--Celidotopus Simon 1889 S89
    |    |         `--*C. pulchripes Simon 1889 S89
    |    |--Cyrtaucheniinae [Cyrtauchenii] JD-S07
    |    |    |--Cyrtauchenius Thorell 1869 JD-S07
    |    |    |--Entychides S89
    |    |    `--Atmetochilus S89
    |    `--Eucteniza S89 [Euctenizinae JD-S07]
    `--Domiothelina JD-S07
         |--Idiopoidea JD-S07
         `--Migoidea JD-S07
              |--Actinopodidae [Actinopodinae] JD-S07
              |    |--Plesiolena Goloboff & Platnick 1987 JD-S07
              |    |--Actinopus Perty 1833 JD-S07
              |    |    |--A. algerianus Lucas 1846 E12
              |    |    |--A. formosus Rainbow 1896 R96
              |    |    `--A. robustus JD-S07
              |    `--Missulena Walckenaer 1805 F95 [=Eriodon Latreille 1804 C01]
              |         |--*M. occatoria Walckenaer 1805 F95 [=*Eriodon occatorium C01, Mygale (Eriodon) occatoria G20]
              |         |--M. bradleyi Rainbow 1914 F95
              |         |--M. dipsaca Faulder 1995 F95
              |         |--M. granulosa (Cambridge 1868) F95
              |         |--M. hoggi Womersley 1943 F95
              |         |--M. insignis (Cambridge 1877) F95
              |         |--M. pruinosa Levitt-Gregg 1966 F95
              |         |--M. reflexa Rainbow & Pulleine 1918 F95
              |         `--M. rutraspina Faulder 1995 F95
              `--Migidae PVD10
                   |  i. s.: Goloboffia Griswold & Ledford 2001 JD-S07
                   |         Mallecomigas Goloboff & Platnick 1987 JD-S07
                   |         Micromesomma Pocock 1895 JD-S07
                   |         Poecilomigas Simon 1903 JD-S07
                   |         Thyropoeus Pocock 1895 JD-S07
                   |--Paramigas Pocock 1895 [Paramiginae] JD-S07
                   |--Calathotarsinae [Homogoneae] JD-S07
                   |    |--Calathotarsus Simon 1903 JD-S07
                   |    |--Heteromigas Hogg 1902 R14, JD-S07
                   |    `--Homogona Rainbow 1914 R14
                   |         `--*H. pulleinei Rainbow 1914 R14
                   `--Miginae [Migae] PVD10
                        |--Moggridgea P.-Cambridge 1875 S89, JD-S07
                        |    |--M. australis Y95
                        |    `--M. tingle Main 1991 DH10
                        |--Myrtale S89
                        `--Migas Koch 1873 PVD10
                             |--*M. paradoxus Koch 1873 PVD10
                             |--M. australis Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. borealis Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. cambridgei Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. cantuarius Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. centralis Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. cumberi Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. distinctus Pickard-Cambridge 1879 PVD10
                             |--M. gatenbyi Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. giveni Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. goyeni Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. hesperus Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. hollowayi Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. insularis Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. kirki Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. kochi Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. linburnensis Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. lomasi Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. marplesi Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. minor Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. otari Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. quintus Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. sandageri Goyen 1891 PVD10
                             |--M. saxatilis Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. secundus Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. solitarius Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. taierii Todd 1945 PVD10
                             |--M. tasmani Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. toddae Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             `--M. tuhoe Wilton 1968 PVD10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BFSJ08] Bertani, R., C. S. Fukushima & P. I. da Silva Júnior. 2008. Mating behavior of Sickius longibulbi (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Ischnocolinae), a spider that lacks spermathecae. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 331–335.

[C01] Cambridge, F. O. P. 1901. A revision of the genera of the Araneae or spiders with reference to their type species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 51–65.

[DH10] Durrant, B. J., M. S. Harvey, V. W. Framenau, R. Ott & J. M. Waldock. 2010. Patterns in the composition of ground-dwelling spider communities in the Pilbara bioregion, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 78 (1): 185–204.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[F95] Faulder, R. J. 1995. Two new species of the Australian spider genus Missulena Walckenaer (Araneae: Actinopodidae). Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 73–78.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[J98] Jäger, P. 1998. Das Typenmaterial der Spinnentiere (Arachnida: Acari, Amblypygi, Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Scorpiones, Uropygi) aus dem Museum Wiesbaden. Jahrbuecher des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde 119: 81–91.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

[R96] Rainbow, W. J. 1896. Descriptions of some new Araneidae of New South Wales. No. 6. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 21 (3): 320–344, pls 18–20.

[R14] Rainbow, W. J. 1914. Studies in Australian Araneidae, no. 6, the Terretelariae. Records of the Australian Museum 10 (8): 187–270.

[S89] Simon, E. 1889. Voyage de M. E. Simon au Venezuela (Décembre 1887–Avril 1888). 4^e mémoire. Arachnides. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: 169–220, pls 1–3.

[Y95] Yen, A. L. 1995. Australian spiders: an opportunity for conservation. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 39–47.

Last updated: 26 January 2022.

Austrochiloidea

Macrogradungula moonya, copyright Szűts Tamás.

Belongs within: Neocribellatae.

The Austrochiloidea are a clade of araneomorph spiders found in southern South America and Australasia that retain two pairs of spiracular openings, with the posterior book-lungs often modified into tracheae. The Australasian Gradungulidae are characterised by strongly dissimilar claws on the first two pairs of legs, together with numerous ventral spines on the tarsi. The tarsal claws are equal in members of the Austrochilidae, found in southern South America and Tasmania (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007).

<==Austrochiloidea JD-S07
    |--Austrochilidae [Hickmaniidae] JD-S07
    |    |--Hickmania Gertsch 1985 [Hickmaniinae] JD-S07
    |    |    `--H. troglodytes [=Theridion troglodytes] FF99
    |    `--Austrochilinae JD-S07
    |         |--Thaida Karsch 1880 JD-S07
    |         |    `--T. peculiaris R14
    |         `--Austrochilus Gertsch & Zapfe 1955 JD-S07
    |              |--A. forsteri R14
    |              |--A. franckei JD-S07
    |              `--A. melon JD-S07
    `--Gradungulidae JD-S07
         |--Kayia Gray 1987 JD-S07
         |--Gradungula Forster 1955 PVD10
         |    `--*G. sorenseni Forster 1955 PVD10
         |--Tarlina Gray 1987 JD-S07
         |    `--T. woodwardi [=Gradungula woodwardi] FF99
         |--Spelungula Forster in Forster et al. 1987 PVD10
         |    `--*S. cavernicola Forster in Forster et al. 1987 PVD10
         |--Pianoa Forster in Forster et al. 1987 PVD10
         |    `--*P. isolata Forster in Forster et al. 1987 PVD10
         |--Progradungula Forster & Gray 1979 JD-S07
         |    `--P. carraiensis FF99
         `--Macrogradungula Gray 1987 JD-S07
              `--M. moonya MF01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FF99] Forster, R., & L. Forster. 1999. Spiders of New Zealand and their World-wide Kin. University of Otago Press: Dunedin (New Zealand).

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[MF01] Monteith, G. B., & L. H. Field. 2001. Australian king crickets: distribution, habitats and biology (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae). In: Field, L. H. (ed.) The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies pp. 79–94. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

[R14] Ramírez, M. J. 2014. The morphology and phylogeny of dionychan spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 390: 1–374.

Last updated: 26 January 2022.

Nesticidae

Nesticus cellulanus, copyright Gernot Kunz.

Belongs within: Araneoidea.

The Nesticidae, cave cobweb spiders, are a group of small spiders that primarily build their highly elastic cobwebs in dark locations. They are distinguished from the closely related Theridiidae by morphology of the male palp, in which the paracymbium is large and proximal, and the cymbium is rebordered (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007).

Characters (from Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007): Very small to small; eight eyes present in two rows; cheliceral fang furrow with two or three strong teeth and irregular group of numerous small denticles; labium rebordered; legs with three tarsal claws, tarsi IV with row of serrated bristles; ecribellate; entelegyne.

<==Nesticidae
    |--Aituaria Esyunin & Efimik 1998 JD-S07
    |--Canarionesticus Wunderlich 1992 JD-S07
    |--Carpathonesticus Lehtinen & Saaristo 1980 JD-S07
    |--Cyclocarcina Komatsu 1942 JD-S07
    |--Gaucelmus Keyserling 1884 JD-S07
    |--Typhlonesticus Kulczynski 1914 JD-S07
    |--Baltonesticus flexuosus Wunderlich 1986 S93
    |--Heteronesticus magnoparacymbialis Wunderlich 1986 S93
    |--Howaia Lehtinen & Saaristo 1980 MG03
    |    `--*H. mogera (Yaginuma 1972) [=Nesticella mogera, Nesticus mogera] MG03
    |--Eidmannella Roewer 1935 JD-S07
    |    `--E. rostrata JD-S07
    |--Nesticella Lehtinen & Saaristo 1980 MG03
    |    |--*N. nepalensis (Hubert 1973) MG03
    |    |--N. robinsoni Lehtinen & Saaristo 1980 MG03
    |    `--N. taurama Lehtinen & Saaristo 1980 MG03
    |--Eopopino S93
    |    |--E. inopinatus Wunderlich 1986 S93
    |    |--E. longipes Petrunkevitch 1942 S93
    |    `--E. rarus Wunderlich 1986 S93
    `--Nesticus Thorell 1869 [Nesticeae] JD-S07
         |--N. akiensis T07
         |--N. akiyoshiensis T07
         |--N. cellulanus (Clerck 1757) GE02
         |--N. henderickxi JD-S07
         |--N. nasicus TH08
         |--N. noroensis T07
         `--N. silvestrii GE02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[GE02] Giribet, G., G. D. Edgecombe, W. C. Wheeler & C. Babbitt. 2002. Phylogeny and systematic position of Opiliones: a combined analysis of chelicerate relationships using morphological and molecular data. Cladistics 18: 5–70.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[MG03] Marusik, Yu. M., & E. F. Guseinov. 2003. Spiders (Arachnida: Aranei) of Azerbaijan. 1. New family and genus records. Arthropoda Selecta 12 (1): 29–46.

[S93] Selden, P. A. 1993. Arthropoda (Aglaspidida, Pycnogonida and Chelicerata). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 297–320. Chapman & Hall: London.

[TH08] Thomas, S. M., & M. Hedin. 2008. Multigenic phylogeographic divergence in the paleoendemic southern Appalachian opilionid Fumontana deprehendor Shear (Opiliones, Laniatores, Triaenonychidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46 (2): 645–658.

[T07] Tsurusaki, N. 2007. The Chugoku Mountains—a hotspot of geographical differentiation of species. Taxa 22: 3–14.

Last updated: 22 September 2019.

Ctenidae

Male Ctenus amphora, copyright Thiago G. Carvalho.

Belongs within: Dionycha.

The Ctenidae, tropical wolf spiders, are a group of actively hunting spiders that can be distinguished from true wolf spiders by the differences in their eye arrangements, with ctenids having the eye rows strongly recurved in frontal view to give a 2-4-2 arrangement in dorsal view. The ovoid carapace bears a deep depression in members of the subfamily Acantheinae but is high in the region of the fovea in Cteninae (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007). The genus Ciba includes two blind species found in caves in Cuba and Hispaniola (Bloom, Binford et al. 2014).

Characters (from Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007): Small to very large; eight eyes present in three rows, anterior lateral eyes between posterior median and posterior lateral eyes; legs with trochanters deeply notched, two tarsal claws; usually ecribellate (rarely cribellate); anterior spinnerets conical, not widely separated; entelegyne, male palp with dorsally concave median apophysis; epigyne with horns.

Ctenidae
    |--Acantheinae JD-S07
    |--Viridasiinae JD-S07
    `--Cteninae SB01
         |--Ctenopsis Schmidt 1954 SB01
         |--Itatiaya Mello-Leitão 1915 SB01
         |--Ohvida BB14
         |--Isoctenus Bertkau 1880 SB01
         |    `--I. coxalis (Pickard-Cambridge 1902) FM11
         |--Ciba Bloom, Binford et al. 2014 BB14
         |    |--*C. calzada (Alayón 1985) [=Ctenus calzada] BB14
         |    `--C. seibo Alayon & Agnarsson in Bloom, Binford et al. 2014 BB14
         `--Ctenus Walckenaer 1805 SB01
              |  i. s.: *C. dubius Walckenaer 1805 SB01
              |         ‘Phoneutria’ decora Gerstäcker 1873 SB01
              |         C. dreyeri Strand 1906 J98
              |         C. fasciatus AM07
              |         C. kingsleyi JD-S07
              |         C. palembangensis Strand 1906 J98
              |         C. peregrinus Pickard-Cambridge 1900 SB01
              |         C. pergulanus JD-S07
              |         C. punctulatus B06
              |         C. trabifer Thorell 1887 K92
              |         C. unilineatus Simon 1897 [=Phoneutria unilineata] SB01
              |         C. valvularis (Van Hass 1882) [=Leptoctenus valvularis] T94
              |         C. velox SB01
              |         C. vividus SB01
              |--C. maculisternis Strand 1910 SB01
              `--+--+--C. coxalis Pickard-Cambridge 1902 SB01
                 |  `--+--C. longipes Keyserling 1891 SB01
                 |     `--C. taeniatus Keyserling 1891 SB01
                 `--+--Centroctenus Mello-Leitã 1929 SB01
                    |    |--C. auberti (Caporiacco 1954) SB01
                    |    `--C. ocelliventer (Strand 1910) SB01
                    `--+--+--C. inaja Höfer, Brescovit & Gasnier 1994 SB01
                       |  `--+--C. amphora Mello-Leitão 1930 SB01
                       |     `--C. crulsi Mello-Leitão 1930 SB01
                       `--+--C. villasboasi Mello-Leitão 1949 SB01
                          `--+--Oligoctenus Simon 1887 SB01
                             |    `--O. ornatus (Keyserling 1877) SB01
                             `--Phoneutria Perty 1833 [Phoneutriinae] SB01
                                  |  i. s.: P. eickstedtae Martins & Bertani 2007 FM11
                                  |         P. ochracea Koch 1848 (n. d.) SB01
                                  |         P. rufibarbis Perty 1833 (n. d.) [=Ctenus rufibarbis] SB01
                                  |--+--P. boliviensis (Pickard-Cambridge 1897) (see below for synonymy) SB01
                                  |  `--P. nigriventer (Keyserling 1891) (see below for synonymy) SB01
                                  `--+--P. reidyi (Pickard-Cambridge 1897) (see below for synonymy) SB01
                                     `--+--*P. fera Perty 1833 (see below for synonymy) SB01
                                        `--P. bahiensis Simó & Brescovit 2001 SB01

Ctenidae incertae sedis:
  Africactenus JD-S07
    |--A. decorosus JD-S07
    |--A. monitor JD-S07
    `--A. tenuitarsis (Strand 1908) [=Caloctenus gracilitarsis Strand 1907 (preoc.), C. tenuitarsis] J98
  Microctenus Keyserling 1877 SB01
  Parabatinga brevipes (Keyserling 1891) FM11
  Janusia muiri (Gray 1973) BB14
  Amauropelma undarra (Raven et al. 2001) BB14
  Trujillina JD-S07
  Leptoctenus byrrhus JD-S07
  Petaloctenus bossema JD-S07
  Nanoctenus longipes Wunderlich 1988 S93

Phoneutria boliviensis (Pickard-Cambridge 1897) [=Ctenus boliviensis; incl. C. chilesicus Strand 1915, Phoneutria colombiana Schmidt 1954, C. depilatus Strand 1910, P. depilata, C. nigriventroides Strand 1907, P. nigriventroides, C. peregrinoides Strand 1910, C. signativenter Strand 1910, C. valdehirsutulus Strand 1910] SB01

*Phoneutria fera Perty 1833 [=Ctenus ferus, incl. C. sus Strand 1910, Phoneutria sus] SB01

Phoneutria nigriventer (Keyserling 1891) [=Ctenus nigriventer; incl. C. keyserlingi Pickard-Cambridge 1897, Phoneutria keyserlingi, C. luederwaldti Mello-Leitão 1927, P. luederwaldti, C. paca Mello-Leitão 1922, P. paca, C. pertyi Pickard-Cambridge 1897, P. pertyi, C. rufichelis Mello-Leitão 1917, P. rufichelis] SB01

Phoneutria reidyi (Pickard-Cambridge 1897) [=Ctenus reidyi; incl. C. andrewsi Pickard-Cambridge 1897, Phoneutria andrewsi, C. forcipatus Mello-Leitão 1922] SB01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AM07] Acosta, L. E., & G. Machado. 2007. Diet and foraging. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 309–338. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[B06] Banks, N. 1906. Arachnida from the Bahamas. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 22: 185–189.

[BB14] Bloom, T., G. Binford, L. A. Esposito, G. A. Garcia, I. Peterson, A. Nishida, K. Loubet-Senear & I. Agnarsson. 2014. Discovery of two new species of eyeless spiders within a single Hispaniola cave. Journal of Arachnology 42 (2): 148–154.

[FM11] Freire-Jr, G. de B., & P. C. Motta. 2011. Effects of experimental fire regimes on the abundance and diversity of cursorial arachnids of Brazilian savannah (cerrado biome). Journal of Arachnology 39 (2): 263–272.

[J98] Jäger, P. 1998. Das Typenmaterial der Spinnentiere (Arachnida: Acari, Amblypygi, Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Scorpiones, Uropygi) aus dem Museum Wiesbaden. Jahrbuecher des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde 119: 81–91.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[K92] Karsch, F. 1892. Arachniden von Ceylon und von Minikoy gesammelt von den Herren Doctoren P. und F. Sarasin. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 36 (2): 267–310.

[S93] Selden, P. A. 1993. Arthropoda (Aglaspidida, Pycnogonida and Chelicerata). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 297–320. Chapman & Hall: London.

[SB01] Simó, M., & A. D. Brescovit. 2001. Revision and cladistic analysis of the Neotropical spider genus Phoneutria Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Ctenidae), with notes on related Cteninae. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 12 (2): 67–82.

[T94] Thorell, T. 1894. Förteckning öfver Arachnider från Java och närgränsande öar, insamlade af docenten D:r Carl Aurivillius; jemte beskrifingar å några sydasiatiska och sydamerikanska Spindlar. Bihang till K. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 20 pt 4 (4): 1–63.

Last updated: 4 October 2019.

Lycosidae

Female Xerolycosa nemoralis, from Spiders of the Netherlands.

Belongs within: Amaurobioidea.
Contains: Evippa, Lycosinae, Arctosa, Artoriinae, Piratinae, Venonia.

The Lycosidae, wolf spiders, are a cosmopolitan group of mostly ground-hunting spiders, characterised by having the anterior eyes smaller than the posterior eyes and forming a single row near the front margin of the carapace. Subgroups of the Lycosidae include the Venoniinae, a group of small, slender spiders with glistening hairs on the abdomen, found in the Indo-Australian region, that construct simple sheet webs. The Zoicinae, another Indo-Australian group, are characterised by a strong lateral apophysis on the male palp. Xerolycosa is a genus of medium-sized wolf spiders found in dry litter in the northern Palaearctic, females of which may dig shallow depressions in soil.

Characters (from Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007): Small to very large; eight eyes present in three rows, with anterior row of four small eyes, second row with two large (posterior median) eyes and third row of two intermediate-sized eyes on anterolateral surface of carapace; legs with three tarsal claws; ecribellate; male palp usually without retrolateral tibial apophysis; entelegyne; female carries egg-sac attached to spinnerets.

<==Lycosidae [Hippaseae, Hippasinae, Lycoseae, Lycosoidae]
    |--+--‘Arctosa’ ebicha PY07
    |  `--‘Arctosa’ kwangreungensis PY07
    `--+--Xerolycosa Dahl 1908 PY07, MGK03
       |    |--X. albofasciata (Brullé 1832) K55
       |    |--X. miniata (Koch 1834) MGK03
       |    `--X. nemoralis (Westring 1861) MGK03
       `--+--+--Lycosinae PY07
          |  `--+--‘Trochosa’ oraria (Koch 1876) PY07, VMP02
          |     `--+--Arctosa PY07
          |        `--Artoriinae PY07
          `--+--Piratinae PY07
             `--Venoniinae YF06
                  |  i. s.: *Satta cannibalorum Lehtinen & Hippa 1979 YF06
                  |         Agalenocosa Mello-Leitão 1944 FL13
                  |--‘Venonia’ spirocysta Chai 1991 YF06
                  `--+--Allotrochosina Roewer 1960 PY07, YF06
                     |    |--*A. schauinslandi (Simon 1899) PVD10
                     |    `--A. karri YF06
                     `--+--Venonia YF06
                        `--Anomalosa Roewer 1960 YF06
                             |--A. kochi Simon 1898 YF06
                             `--A. oz Framenau 2006 YF06

Lycosidae incertae sedis:
  Tricca alpigena (Doleschall 1852) K02
  Brevilabus gillonorum Cornic 1980 J02
  Acantholycosa lignaria (Clerck 1757) RKD02
  Evippa MGK03
  Wadicosa Zyuzin 1985 [Wadicosinae] MGK03
    |--W. fidelis (Pickard-Cambridge 1872) MGK03
    `--W. quadrifera (Gravely 1924) MG03
  Allohogna Roewer 1955 MGK03
    `--A. singoriensis (Laxmann 1770) [=Lycosa singoriensis] MGK03
  Mustelicosa Roewer 1960 MGK03
    `--M. dimidiata (Thorell 1875) [=Trochosa dimidiata] MGK03
  Tarentuloides Doleschall 1859 K92, D59
    `--*T. boiei (Doleschall 1859) [=Lycosa (Tarentuloides) boiei] D59
  Megarctosa leopardus (Sundevall 1832) K55
  Sosippinae F07
    |--Sosippus Simon 1888 YF06
    |    `--S. nitidus (Mello-Leitão 1944) [=Hippasella nitida] C90
    `--Porrimosa C90
         |--P. callipoda (n. d.) C90
         |--P. castanea C90
         |--P. diversa (n. d.) C90
         |--P. glieschi (n. d.) C90
         |--P. harknessi C90
         |--P. lagotis C90
         `--P. securifera (n. d.) C90
  Schizocosa Chamberlin 1904 RU14
    |--S. crassipes PR01
    |--S. ocreata (Hentz 1844) RU14
    |--S. rovneri (Uetz & Dondale 1979) RU14
    |--S. saltatrix E95
    |--S. stridulans Stratton 1984 RU14
    |--S. uetzi Stratton 1997 RU14
    `--S. yurae (Strand 1908) [=Tarentula yurae, Avicosa yurae] J98
  Tarentula J98
    |--T. cinerea [incl. Aranea allodroma, Lycosa allodroma] C01
    |--T. ruricola [incl. Aranea agretyca, Lycosa agretyca] C01
    |--T. solivaga (Kulczyński 1901) [=Lycosa (Tarentula) solivaga] K01
    |--T. swakopmundensis Strand 1916 J98
    |--T. trabalis C01
    |--T. velox [=Aranea velox, Lycosa velox] C01
    `--T. vorax [=Aranea vorax, Lycosa vorax] C01
  Zoicinae FL13
    |--Zoica Simon 1898 YF06
    |--Zantheres Thorell 1887 YF06
    |--Lysania Thorell 1890 YF06
    |--Shapna Hippa & Lehtinen 1983 YF06
    `--Margonia Hippa & Lehtinen 1983 YF06
         `--M. himalayensis (Gravely 1924) [=Venonia himalayensis] YF06
  Aglaoctenus Tullgren 1905 [incl. Porrima] YF06
    `--A. lagotis (Holmberg 1876) FM11
  Anomalomma Simon 1890 YF06
    `--*A. lycosinum Simon 1890 YF06
  Tricassinae F07
  Passiena torbjoerni Lehtinen 2005 FY06
  Trabeops D90
  Piratula minuta (Emerton 1885) SB14
  Gladicosa SB14
    |--G. gulosa CM07
    `--G. pulchra (Keyserling 1877) SB14
  Donacosa merlini JD-S07
  Linoptes P92

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C01] Cambridge, F. O. P. 1901. A revision of the genera of the Araneae or spiders with reference to their type species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 51–65.

[C90] Capocasale, R. M. 1990. Las especies de la subfamilia Hippasinae de America del Sur (Araneae, Lycosidae). Journal of Arachnology 18: 131–142.

[CM07] Cokendolpher, J. C., & P. G. Mitov. 2007. Natural enemies. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 339–373. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[D59] Doleschall, C. L. 1859. Tweede Bijdrage tot de kennis der Arachniden van den Indischen Archipel. Verhandelingen der Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indie [Acta Societatis Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae] 5 (5): 1–60, pls 1–18.

[D90] Dondale, C. D. 1990. Litter Araneae (Araneida). In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 477–502. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[E95] Elgar, M. A. 1995. The duration of copulation in spiders: comparative patterns. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 1–11.

[F07] Framenau, V. W. 2007. Revision of the new Australian genus Artoriopsis in a new subfamily of wolf spiders, Artoriinae (Araneae: Lycosidae). Zootaxa 1391: 1–34.

[FL13] Framenau, V. W., & A. E. Leung. 2013. Costacosa, a new genus of wolf spider (Araneae, Lycosidae) from coastal north-west Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 173–184.

[FY06] Framenau, V. W., & J.-S. Yoo. 2006. Systematics of the new Australian wolf spider genus Tuberculosa (Araneae: Lycosidae). Invertebrate Systematics 20: 185–202.

[FM11] Freire-Jr, G. de B., & P. C. Motta. 2011. Effects of experimental fire regimes on the abundance and diversity of cursorial arachnids of Brazilian savannah (cerrado biome). Journal of Arachnology 39 (2): 263–272.

[J98] Jäger, P. 1998. Das Typenmaterial der Spinnentiere (Arachnida: Acari, Amblypygi, Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Scorpiones, Uropygi) aus dem Museum Wiesbaden. Jahrbuecher des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde 119: 81–91.

[J02] Jocqué, R. 2002. Genitalic polymorphism—a challenge for taxonomy. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 298–306.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[K92] Karsch, F. 1892. Arachniden von Ceylon und von Minikoy gesammelt von den Herren Doctoren P. und F. Sarasin. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 36 (2): 267–310.

[K02] Koponen, S. 2002. Ground-living spiders in bogs in northern Europe. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 262–267.

[K55] Kraus, O. 1955. Spinnen von Korsika, Sardinien und Elba (Arach., Araneae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 371–394.

[K01] Kulczyński, V. 1901. Arachnoideák [Arachnoidea]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 311–369. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[MG03] Marusik, Yu. M., & E. F. Guseinov. 2003. Spiders (Arachnida: Aranei) of Azerbaijan. 1. New family and genus records. Arthropoda Selecta 12 (1): 29–46.

[MGK03] Marusik, Yu. M., E. F. Guseinov & S. Koponen. 2003. Spiders (Arachnida: Aranei) of Azerbaijan. 2. Critical survey of wolf spiders (Lycosidae) found in the country with description of three new species and brief review of Palaearctic Evippa Simon, 1885. Arthropoda Selecta 12 (1): 47–65.

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

[PY07] Park, Y. C., J.-S. Yoo, M. P. Schwarz, N. Murphy & J.-P. Kim. 2007. Molecular phylogeny of east Asian wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) inferred from mitochondrial 12S ribosomal DNA. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 100 (1): 1–8.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[PR01] Punzo, F., & C. Reeves. 2001. Geographical variation in male courtship behaviour of the giant whipscorpion Mastigoproctus giganteus (Lucas) (Arachnida, Uropygi). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 12 (2): 93–96.

[RKD02] Relys, V., S. Koponen & D. Dapkus. 2002. Annual differences and species turnover in peat bog spider communities. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 416–424.

[RU14] Rutledge, J. M., & G. W. Uetz. 2014. Juvenile experience and adult female mating preferences in two closely related Schizocosa species. Journal of Arachnology 42 (2): 170–177.

[SB14] Suter, R. B., & K. Benson. 2014. Nocturnal, diurnal, crepuscular: activity assessments of Pisauridae and Lycosidae. Journal of Arachnology 42 (2): 178–191.

[VMP02] Vink, C. J., A. D. Mitchell & A. M. Paterson. 2002. A preliminary molecular analysis of phylogenetic relationships of Australasian wolf spider genera (Araneae, Lycosidae). Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 227–237.

[YF06] Yoo, J.-S., & V. W. Framenau. 2006. Systematics and biogeography of the sheet-web building wolf spider genus Venonia (Araneae: Lycosidae). Invertebrate Systematics 20: 675–712.

Last updated: 22 January 2022.

Oxyopidae

Male striped lynx spider Oxyopes salticus, from Kaldari.

Belongs within: Amaurobioidea.

The Oxyopidae, lynx spiders, are actively hunting spiders found living on vegetation. They may capture flying prey in midair by jumping towards it, or they may spin small webs (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007). Species of the genus Peucetia are bright green in coloration; others are mostly brown.

Characters (from Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007): Small to large; eight eyes present forming a hexagon occupying a small area on edge of carapace, tapetum grate-like, secondary eyes without tapetum; clypeus wide; legs with prominent setae, trochanters notched, three tarsal claws; ecribellate; entelegyne.

<==Oxyopidae
    |--Hostus Simon 1898 JD-S07
    |--Megullia Thorell 1897 JD-S07
    |--Pseudohostus Rainbow 1915 JD-S07
    |--Schaenicoscelis Simon 1898 JD-S07
    |--Tapinillus Simon 1898 JD-S07
    |--Tapponia Simon 1885 JD-S07
    |--Planoxyopes eximius Petrunkevitch 1963 P92
    |--Hamataliwa Keyserling 1887 JD-S07
    |    `--H. grisea TF98
    |--Peucetia Thorell 1869 [Peucetieae] JD-S07
    |    |--P. flava Keyserling 1877 M-FR08
    |    |--P. formosensis Kishida 1930 TYM08
    |    |--P. lampei Strand 1906 J98
    |    |--P. longipes JD-S07
    |    |--P. madagascariensis JD-S07
    |    |--P. rubrigastra M-L31
    |    |--P. rubrolineata Keyserling 1877 M-FR08
    |    `--P. viridans Hentz 1832 M-FR08
    `--Oxyopes Latreille 1804 [Oxyopeae] PVD10
         |--*O. heterophthalmus (Latreille 1804) [=Aranea heterophthalma] C01
         |--O. aglossus (Chamberlin 1929) TF98
         |--O. camponis Strand 1915 J98
         |--O. ceylonicus Karsch 1892 K92
         |--O. gracilipes (White 1849) PVD10
         |--O. gregarius FF99
         |--O. javanus Thorell 1887 T94
         |--O. lineata G20
         |--O. macilentus K. 1878 R13
         |--O. salticus (Hentz 1845) TF98
         |--O. scalaris MC02
         |--O. shweta JD-S07
         |--O. succini Petrunkevitch 1958 S93
         `--O. variegatus H04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C01] Cambridge, F. O. P. 1901. A revision of the genera of the Araneae or spiders with reference to their type species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 51–65.

[FF99] Forster, R., & L. Forster. 1999. Spiders of New Zealand and their World-wide Kin. University of Otago Press: Dunedin (New Zealand).

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[J98] Jäger, P. 1998. Das Typenmaterial der Spinnentiere (Arachnida: Acari, Amblypygi, Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Scorpiones, Uropygi) aus dem Museum Wiesbaden. Jahrbuecher des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde 119: 81–91.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[K92] Karsch, F. 1892. Arachniden von Ceylon und von Minikoy gesammelt von den Herren Doctoren P. und F. Sarasin. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 36 (2): 267–310.

[M-L31] Mello-Leitão, C. F. de. 1931. Notas sobre arachnideos argentinos. Annaes da Academia Brasileira de Sciencias 3 (2): 83–97.

[MC02] Miliczky, E. R., & C. O. Calkins. 2002. Spiders (Araneae) as potential predators of leafroller larvae and egg masses (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in central Washington apple and pear orchards. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 78 (2): 140–150.

[M-FR08] Morais-Filho, J. C., & G. Q. Romero. 2008. Microhabitat use by Peucetia flava (Oxyopidae) on the glandular plant Rhyncanthera dichotoma (Melastomataceae). Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 374–378.

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[R13] Rainbow, W. J. 1913. Arachnida from the Solomon Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 10 (1): 1–16.

[S93] Selden, P. A. 1993. Arthropoda (Aglaspidida, Pycnogonida and Chelicerata). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 297–320. Chapman & Hall: London.

[TYM08] Tennent, W. J., M. Yasuda & K. Morimoto. 2008. Lansania Journal of arachnology and zoology—a rare and obscure Japanese natural history journal. Archives of Natural History 35 (2): 252–280.

[T94] Thorell, T. 1894. Förteckning öfver Arachnider från Java och närgränsande öar, insamlade af docenten D:r Carl Aurivillius; jemte beskrifingar å några sydasiatiska och sydamerikanska Spindlar. Bihang till K. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 20 pt 4 (4): 1–63.

[TF98] Townsend, V. R., Jr & B. E. Felgenhauer. 1998. The cuticular scales of lynx spiders (Araneae, Oxyopidae). Journal of Morphology 236: 223–231.

Last updated: 22 January 2022.

Crataegus

Common hawthorn Crataegus monogyna, copyright Jean-Pol Grandmont.

Belongs within: Rosaceae.

Crataegus, the hawthorns, is a diverse genus of often thorny shrubs and small trees found in northern temperate regions.

Characters (from Flora of China): Shrubs, subshrubs, or small trees, deciduous, rarely evergreen, armed, rarely unarmed; buds ovoid or subglobose. Leaves simple, stipulate, venation craspedodromous, margin serrate and lobed or partite, rarely entire. Inflorescences corymbose, sometimes flowers solitary. Hypanthium campanulate. Sepals 5. Petals 5, white, rarely pinkish. Stamens 5–25; carpels 1–5, connate, but free apically. Ovary inferior or semi-inferior, with 2 ovules per locule, but one rudimentary. Fruit a pome, with persistent sepals at apex; carpels bony when mature, each locule with 1 seed; seed erect, cotyledons plano-convex.

<==Crataegus
    |--C. coccinea Linnaeus 1753 [incl. C. pedicellata Sargent 1901] PCM03
    |--C. cordata [=Mespilus cordata] PCM03
    |--C. dodgei PCM03
    |--C. holmesiana PCM03
    |--C. intricata PCM03
    |--C. laciniata R-CT01
    |--C. laevigata TG88
    |--C. magniflora PCM03
    |--C. maximowiczii [incl. C. sanguinea] LO98
    |--C. mollis PCM03
    |--C. monogyna BH02
    |--C. nigra PCM03
    |--C. oxyacantha C55
    |--C. phaenopyrum PCM03
    `--C. pringlei PCM03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BH02] Bell, J. R., A. J. Haughton, N. D. Boatman & A. Wilcox. 2002. Do incremental increases of the herbicide glyphosate have indirect consequences for spider communities? Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 288–297.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263–276.

[PCM03] Phipps, J. B., S. Cafferty & J. A. Macklin. 2003. Lectotypification of Crataegus coccinea L. and its conspecificity with C. pedicellata Sarg. (Rosaceae). Taxon 52: 337–338.

[R-CT01] Ragusa-di Chiara, S., & H. Tsolakis. 2001. Phytoseiid faunas of natural and agricultural ecosystems in Sicily. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 522–529. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[TG88] Tepfer, D., A. Goldmann, N. Pamboukdjian, M. Maille, A. Lepingle, D. Chevalier, J. Dénarié & C. Rosenberg. 1988. A plasmid of Rhizobium meliloti 41 encodes catabolism of two compounds from root exudate of Calystegium sepium. Journal of Bacteriology 170 (3): 1153–1161.