Ectatommini

Gnamptogenys binghamii, copyright Kalesh Sadasivan.

Belongs within: Formicidae.
Contains: Rhytidoponera.

The name Ectatommini has been used for a cosmopolitan group of generalist ants, the 'ectaheteromorphs'. Previously included in the Ponerinae, they have been reclassified as two separate subfamilies Heteroponerinae and Ectatomminae. However, a clade uniting these two subfamilies has been supported by molecular analysis (Brady et al. 2006). The Ectatomminae are distinguished by the morphology of the metapleural gland orifice, which is directed upwards by a ventral flange of cuticle. The Heteroponerinae differ from members of the Ponerinae in that the frontal lobes covering the antennal sockets are not pinched in posteriorly (Heterick 2009).

<==Ectatommini WB03
    |--Heteroponerinae BS06
    |    |--Acanthoponera panamensis BS06
    |    |--Aulacopone H09
    |    `--Heteroponera Mayr 1887 [incl. Paranomopone Wheeler 1915] TB85
    |         |--*H. carinifrons Mayr 1887 TB85
    |         |--H. imbellis (Emery 1895) (see below for synonymy) TB85
    |         |--H. leae (Wheeler 1923) [=Acanthoponera (Anacanthoponera) leae] TB85
    |         |--H. panamensis BS06
    |         `--H. relicta (Wheeler 1915) [=*Paranomopone relicta] TB85
    `--Ectatomminae BS06
         |--+--Rhytidoponera BS06
         |  `--Ectatomma BS06
         |       |--*E. tuberculatum B03
         |       `--E. opaciventre BS06
         `--+--Typhlomyrmex rogenhoferi BS06
            `--Gnamptogenys Roger 1863 BS06, TB85 (see below for synonymy)
                 |--*G. tornata (Roger 1861) [=Ponera tornata] TB85
                 |--G. bicolor (Emery 1889) Z01 (see below for synonymy)
                 |--G. binghamii (Forel 1900) N-ZLI11, B03 [=Ectatomma (Stictoponera) binghami B03]
                 |--G. biroi (Emery 1902) [=Stictoponera biroi] TB85
                 |--G. coccina Zhou 2001 Z01
                 |--‘Ectatomma (Stictoponera)’ costatum Emery 1889 B03
                 |--‘Ponera’ coxalis Roger 1860 [=Ectatomma (*Stictoponera) coxale] B03
                 |--G. cribrata N-ZLI11
                 |--G. menadensis N-ZLI11 [=Ectatomma (Stictoponera) menadense E89]
                 |--G. modiglianii N-ZLI11
                 |--G. moelleri MO02
                 |--‘Ectatomma’ obscurum Emery 1869 [=Holcoponera obscura] TB85
                 |--G. panda (Brown 1948) [=Stictoponera panda] Z01
                 |--G. sinensis Wu & Xiao 1987 Z01
                 `--G. striatula BS06

Gnamptogenys Roger 1863 BS06, TB85 [incl. Alfaria Emery 1896 Z01, Barbourella Wheeler 1930 Z01, Commateta Santschi 1929 Z01, Emeryella Forel 1901 Z01, Holcoponera Mayr 1887 Z01, Mictoponera Forel 1901 Z01, Parectatomma Emery 1911 Z01, Poneracantha Emery 1897 Z01, Rhopalopone Emery 1897 Z01, Spaniopone Wheeler & Mann 1914 Z01, Stictoponera Mayr 1887 Z01, Tammoteca Santschi 1929 Z01, Wheeleripone Mann 1919 Z01]

Gnamptogenys bicolor (Emery 1889) Z01 [=Ectatomma (Stictoponera) bicolor B03; incl. E. bicolor var. minor Forel 1900 Z01]

Heteroponera imbellis (Emery 1895) [=Acanthoponera imbellis; incl. Ectatomma (Acanthoponera) imbellis hilare Forel 1895, A. nigra Clark 1930, A. occidentalis Clark 1926, A. (Anacanthoponera) imbellis scabra Wheeler 1923] TB85

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B03] Bingham, C. T. 1903. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera vol. 2. Ants and Cuckoo-Wasps. Taylor and Francis: London.

[BS06] Brady, S. G., T. R. Schultz, B. L. Fisher & P. S. Ward. 2006. Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103 (48): 18172–18177.

[E89] Emery, C. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XX.—Formiche di Birmania e del Tenasserim raccolte da Leonardo Fea (1885–87). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 485–520.

[H09] Heterick, B. E. 2009. A guide to the ants of south-western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 76: 1–206.

[MO02] Machado, G., & P. S. Oliveira. 2002. Maternal care in the Neotropical harvestman Bourguyia albiornata (Arachnida: Opiliones): oviposition site selection and egg protection. Behaviour 139: 1509–1524.

[N-ZLI11] Nur-Zati A. M., G. T. Lim & A. B. Idris. 2011. Checklist of ants of selected hill dipterocarp forests of peninsular Malaysia. Serangga 16 (1): 91–105.

[TB85] Taylor, R. W., & D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 1–149. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[WB03] Ward, P. S., & S. G. Brady. 2003. Phylogeny and biogeography of the ant subfamily Myrmeciinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Invertebrate Systematics 17: 361–386.

[Z01] Zhou, S. 2001. Ants of Guangxi. Guangxi Normal University Press: Guilin (China).

Last updated: 14 June 2020.

Ephialtini

Acrodactyla degener, photographed by Stefan Schmidt, ZSM.

Belongs within: Ichneumonidae.

The Ephialtini is a diverse (probably paraphyletic) group of ichneumon wasps associated with a range of insect and arachnid hosts.

Characters (from Gauld 1984): Small to moderately large; ovipositor usually as long as or longer than gaster; forewing with 3r-m present or absent; hind wing with first abscissa of Cu₁ more than 0.6 times length of cu-a.

<==Ephialtini
    |--Pimplaetus mucronis Gupta & Tikar 1976 IR05
    |--Oxyrrhexis Foerster 1869 IR05
    |    `--*O. carbonator [=Cryptus carbonator] IR05
    |--Sinarachna Townes 1960 IR05
    |    `--*S. pallipes [=Polysphicta pallipes] IR05
    |--Camptotypus IR05
    |    |--C. borneensis Gupta & Tikar 1976 IR05
    |    `--C. rugosus (De Geer 1773) (see below for synonymy) IR05
    |--Zaglyptus indicus IR05
    |    |--Z. i. indicus IR05
    |    `--Z. i. nigrithorax Gupta 1961 IR05
    |--Flavopimpla nigromaculata IR05
    |    |--F. n. nigromaculata IR05
    |    `--F. n. mangae Betrem 1932 IR05
    |--Acropimpla IR05
    |    |--A. bifida Gupta & Tikar 1976 IR05
    |    `--A. leucostoma (Cameron 1907) (see below for synonymy) IR05
    |--Zatypota Foerster 1869 IR05
    |    |--*Z. percontaria [=Ichneumon percontarius; incl. *Lycorinopsis rhombifer] IR05
    |    `--‘Glypta’ albicoxa [incl. Polysphincta eximia, *Polysphinctopsis eximia] IR05
    |--Sericopimpla IR05
    |    |--S. flavobalteata (Cameron 1902) [=Charitopimpla flavobalteata, Philopsyche flavobalteata] IR05
    |    |--S. sagrae (Vollenhoven 1879) [=Pimpla sagrae, Charitopimpla sagrae, C. (Philopsyche) sagrae] IR05
    |    `--S. shiva Gupta & Tikar 1976 IR05
    `--Acrodactyla Haliday 1838 (see below for synonymy) IR05
         |--*A. degener (Haliday 1837) (see below for synonymy) IR05
         |--A. madida IR05
         `--‘Ichneumon’ quadrisculpta [incl. *Colpomeria laevigata Holmgren 1859] IR05

Acrodactyla Haliday 1838 [=Barypus Haliday 1837 non Laporte 1834; incl. Colpomeria Holmgren 1859, Polemophthorus Schulz 1911, Symphylus Foerster 1871 non Dallas 1851] IR05

*Acrodactyla degener (Haliday 1837) [=*Barypus degener; incl. *Symphylus hadrodactylus Foerster 1871, *Polemophthorus hadrodatylus] IR05

Acropimpla leucostoma (Cameron 1907) [=Charitopimpla leucostoma, Exeristes leucostoma; incl. Ex. pulchella Morley 1913, Epiurus taiwanensis Uchida 1928] IR05

Camptotypus rugosus (De Geer 1773) [=Ichneumon rugosus, Hemipimpla rugosa, I. vacillator Olivier 1792; incl. Pimpla bipartita Brullé 1846, Erythropimpla fruhstorferi Schulz 1906, Trichiothecus ruficeps Cameron 1903, Camptotypus ruficeps, Hemipimpla ruficeps] IR05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[IR05] Idris, A. B., & A. Rizki. 2005. Notes on the tribe Ephialtini (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) of Malaysia. Serangga 10 (1-2): 111-126.

Rhyssini

Giant ichneumon Rhyssa persuasoria, photographed by Paweł Strykowski.

Belongs within: Pimplinae.

The Rhyssini is a group of ichneumon wasps characterised by transverse rugae on the mesoscutum together with a cornute process on the hind end of the last visible tergite in females (Gauld 1984). The develop as parasitoids on wood-boring larvae of beetles and wood wasps; females have elongate ovipositors in order to drill deep into wood to find hosts. A number of species of this group have been deliberately introduced outside their native ranges to help control timber pest species. In members of the genera Epirhyssa and Megarhyssa, the first metasomal tergite is fused to the corresponding sternite, and the pronotum has a deep mediodorsal transverse groove separating off a recurved anterior lip (Gauld 1984).

Rhyssini [Rhyssinae]
    |--Cytorhyssa mesopyrrha (Mocsàry 1905) (see below for synonymy) IK05
    |--Lytarmes IK05
    |    |--L. clarippenis (Cameron 1907) [=Rhyssa clarippenis] IK05
    |    `--L. maculipennis (Smith 1858) (see below for synonymy) IK05
    |--Triancyra luzonica IK05
    |    |--T. l. luzonica IK05
    |    `--T. l. citeria Kamath & Gupta 1972 IK05
    |--Epirhyssa Cresson 1865 [incl. Rhyssonota Kriechbaumer 1890] G84
    |    |--*E. speciosa G84
    |    |--E. biroi N91
    |    `--‘*Rhyssonota’ tristis G84
    |--Myllenyxis IK05
    |    |--M. javensis Kamath & Gupta 1972 IK05
    |    |--M. kuchingensis Kamath & Gupta 1972 IK05
    |    |--M. muelleri (Vollenhoven 1879) (see below for synonymy) IK05
    |    `--M. variegate Kamath & Gupta 1972 IK05
    |--Megarhyssa Ashmead 1900 [=Megalorhyssa Schulz 1906, Thalessa Holmgren 1859 non Adams & Adams 1853] G84
    |    |--‘Ichneumon’ gigas Linnaeus 1758 L58 [incl. I. clavatus G84, *Megarhyssa clavata G84, *Thalessa clavata G84]
    |    |--M. emarginatoria G84
    |    |--‘Thalessa’ lunator R13
    |    |--M. mirabilis (Smith 1858) [=Rhyssa mirabilis, Thalessa mirabilis] IK05
    |    `--M. nortoni N91
    |--Rhyssa Gravenhorst 1829 [=Pararhyssa Walsh 1873; incl. Cryptocentrum Kirby 1837] G84
    |    |--*R. persuasoria (Linnaeus 1758) G84, L58 [=Ichneumon persuasorius G84, *Pararhyssa persuasoria G84]
    |    |--R. alaskensis G84
    |    |--R. amoena G84
    |    |--R. approximator MS01
    |    |--R. crevieri G84
    |    |--R. hoferi G84
    |    |--R. howdenorum G84
    |    |--R. jozana G84
    |    |--R. lineolata [=*Cryptocentrum lineolatum] G84
    |    `--R. nigricornis MS01
    `--Sychnostigma Baltazar 1961 [=Hierax Tossquinet 1903 non Vigors 1826] G84
         |--*S. raptor [=*Hierax raptor, Epirhyssa raptor] G84
         |--S. asperum Kamath & Gupta 1972 IK05
         |--S. bimaculatum (Cameron 1903) [=Epirhyssa bimaculata, Ahyborhyssa bimaculata] IK05
         |--S. binarium Kamath & Gupta 1972 IK05
         |--S. cruciatum (Cameron 1907) [=Epirhyssa cruciata] IK05
         |--S. flavopictum (Smith 1858) (see below for synonymy) IK05
         |--S. gephyrum Kamath & Gupta 1972 IK05
         |--S. kerrichi Kamath & Gupta 1972 IK05
         |--S. maai Kamath & Gupta 1972 IK05
         |--S. maculiceps (Cameron 1905) [=Epirhyssa maculiceps, Ahyborhyssa maculiceps] IK05
         |--S. malayanum Kamath & Gupta 1972 IK05
         |--S. nigrobalteatum (Cameron 1903) [=Epirhyssa nigrobalteata, Ahybohyssa nigrobalteata] IK05
         |--S. sarawakense Kamath & Gupta 1972 IK05
         |--S. silvaticum Kamath & Gupta 1972 IK05
         |--S. spiloptera (Cameron 1905) [=Epirhyssa spiloptera, Ahyborhyssa spiloptera] IK05
         `--S. vulgare Baltazar 1961 [=S. vulgaris] IK05

Cytorhyssa mesopyrrha (Mocsàry 1905) [=Rhyssa mesopyrrha; incl. Lytarmes giganteus Enderlien 1919, Epirhyssa tuberculata Cameron 1906] IK05

Lytarmes maculipennis (Smith 1858) [=Rhyssa maculipennis; incl. R. nigritarsis Cameron 1902 non Cameron 1886, Thalessa nigritarsis, Lytarmes sumtranus Enderlein 1919, Megarhyssa variegata Mocsary 1905, L. maculipennis variegates, Rhyssa varilineata Cameron 1907, L. maculipennis varilineatus, R. variilineata (l. c.)] IK05

Myllenyxis muelleri (Vollenhoven 1879) [=Rhyssa muelleri; incl. Epirhyssa nigerrima Morley 1913, Myllenyxis nigerrima] IK05

Sychnostigma flavopictum (Smith 1858) [=Macrogaster flavopictus, Ahyborhyssa flavopicta, Epirhyssa flavopicta; incl. E. curvimaculata Cameron 1907, Sychnostigma curvimaculatum] IK05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G84] Gauld, I. D. 1984. An Introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia. British Museum (Natural History).

[IK05] Idris, A. B., & L. Khairiza. 2005. A catalogue of Neoxoridini and Rhyssini (Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) from Malaysia. Serangga 10 (1–2): 93–110.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MS01] Mocsáry, A., & V. Szépligeti. 1901. Hymenopterák [Hymenopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 121–169. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[N91] Naumann, I. D. 1991. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants, sawflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 916–1000. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

Last updated: 8 March 2021.

Neoxoridini

Eugalta cameroni, from Kyohei Watanabe.

Belongs within: Ichneumonidae.

The Neoxoridini are a group of ichneumon wasps parasitic on wood-boring beetle larvae.

Characters (from Wahl & Gauld 1998, as Poemeniini): Apical margin of clypeus without median tubercle; clypeus small and subrectangular, or large and convex; gena denticulate; mesoscutum without transverse rugae; epicnemial carina absent; metapleuron usually swollen; propodeum elongate, spiracle at or beyond midpoint; hind coxa elongate, length ≥ 2.3 × width (latter measured just past basal constriction); T1 usually without distinct lateral longitudinal carina; T1 and S1 fused; T2 without grooves.

<==Neoxoridini [Poemeniini]
    |--Cnastis vittata (Morley 1913) [=Eugalta vittata] IK05
    |--Achorocephalus nigricollis [=Pseudeugalta nigricollis] IK05
    |    |--A. n. nigricollis IK05
    |    |--A. n. maculiseutis (Cameron 1908) (see below for synonymy) IK05
    |    `--A. n. malayanus (Gupta 1980) [=Pseudeugalta nigricollis malayanus] IK05
    `--Eugalta Cameron 1899 IK05, GM79
         |--E. comis (Tosquinet 1903) [=Xorides comis] IK05
         |--E. maculiseutis (Cameron 1908) (see below for synonymy) IK05
         |--E. nigrita Gupta 1980 IK05
         `--E. santoshae Gupta 1980 IK05

Achorocephalus nigricollis maculiseutis (Cameron 1908) [=Paraxylophrurus maculiseutis, Eugalta maculiseutis, Pseudeugalta maculiscutis (l. c.), P. nigricollis maculiseutis] IK05

Eugalta maculiseutis (Cameron 1908) [=Allostomus maculiseutis non Paraxylophrurus maculiseutis Cameron 1908 (not preoc. if in dif. gen.), Eugalta borneensis Townes, Townes & Gupta 1961] IK05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1-400.

[IK05] Idris, A. B., & L. Khairiza. 2005. A catalogue of Neoxoridini and Rhyssini (Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) from Malaysia. Serangga 10 (1-2): 93-110.

Wahl, D. B., & I. D. Gauld. 1998. The cladistics and higher classification of the Pimpliformes (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Systematic Entomology 23: 265-298.

Ichneumonidae

Male Anomalon, copyright Rick Shackleton.

Belongs within: Ichneumonoidea.
Contains: Atrophini, Glyptini, Banchini, Euceros, Phygadeuontini, Hemigasterini, Cryptini, Scolobatini, Temelucha, Ophion, Enicospilus, Tersilochinae, Mesochorinae, Oxytorinae, Metopiinae, Labeninae, Brachycyrtinae, Campoplegini, Gravenhorstiini, Phytodietini, Orthocentrus, Pimplinae, Diplazontinae, Ichneumonini, Phaeogenini, Platylabini, Oedicephalini, Heresiarchini.

The Ichneumonidae, ichneumon wasps, are a diverse group of often large parasitoid wasps, often with a strongly exserted ovipositor in females. The majority of species attack larvae of holometabolous insects, though some species feed on spiders or their egg-sacs. Major subgroups of the Ichneumonidae include the Ichneumoninae, characterised by a relatively shortly projecting ovipositor (projecting by less than half the length of the hind tibia) protected by a rigid sheath (Gauld 1984). The Pimpliformes have a notch on the occiput, and T2 bears glymmae (lateral foveae) and a short and wide depression immediately near the anterior end.

Characters (from Gauld 1984): Hind wing with radio-medial crossvein arising from Rs distal to its junction with R₁. Forewing with vein 2m-cu usually present; first discal cell and first submarginal cell conjoined, not separated by vein.

<==Ichneumonidae
    |--+--+--Campopleginae [Porizontinae] G84
    |  |  |    |  i. s.: Rhorus Förster 1868 HP-W05
    |  |  |    |         Hypamblys Förster 1868 HP-W05
    |  |  |    |           `--H. albopictus (Gravenhorst 1829) HP-W05
    |  |  |    |         Bathyplectes G84
    |  |  |    |         Rhimphoctona G84
    |  |  |    |         Lathrostizus G84
    |  |  |    |         Spudasticta G84
    |  |  |    |--Nonnini G84
    |  |  |    |--Helwigiini G84
    |  |  |    `--Campoplegini PK17
    |  |  `--Anomaloninae [Anomalinae] G84
    |  |       |  i. s.: Pseudanomalon G84
    |  |       |--Gravenhorstiini PK17
    |  |       `--Anomalon Panzer 1804 (see below for synonymy) G84
    |  |            |--‘Ophion’ foliator (see below for synonymy) G84
    |  |            |--A. affine Lucas 1849 E12
    |  |            |--‘*Microcremastus’ amseli G84
    |  |            |--A. australense G84
    |  |            |--‘*Ophiononeura’ flavomaculata G84
    |  |            |--‘Nototrachis’ kozlovi [incl. *Pseudonototrachys pallidus] G84
    |  |            |--A. morleyi G84
    |  |            |--‘*Trachyopterus’ primus G84
    |  |            `--‘*Stictophion’ rufipes [incl. *Erythrophion ferrugineus] G84
    |  `--Tryphoninae G84
    |       |  i. s.: Cteniscus A71
    |       |         Anisoctenion alacer A71
    |       |         Erromenus Holmgren 1855 HP-W05
    |       |           `--E. zonator MS01
    |       |         Ctenochira Förster 1855 HP-W05
    |       |         Eridolius Förster 1868 HP-W05
    |       |         Polyblastus Hartig 1837 HP-W05
    |       |           |--P. cothurnatus A71
    |       |           |--P. elegans Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 MS01
    |       |           `--P. pedalis GWB02
    |       |--Phytodietini PK17
    |       |--Sphinctus [Sphinctini] G84
    |       |--Idiogrammatini G84
    |       |--Ankylophon Gauld 1984 [Ankylophonini] G84
    |       |    `--*A. obligatus Gauld 1984 G84
    |       |--Exenterus A71 [Exenterini G84]
    |       |    |--E. abruptorius A71
    |       |    |--E. adspersus A71
    |       |    `--E. amictorius A71
    |       |--Tryphonini G84
    |       |    |--Grypocentrus G84
    |       |    `--Tryphon MS01
    |       |         |--T. confinis MS01
    |       |         |--T. consobrinus MS01
    |       |         |--T. incestus A71
    |       |         |--T. semirufus A71
    |       |         |--T. trochanteratus MS01
    |       |         `--T. vulgaris MS01
    |       `--Oedemopsini [Eclytini, Thymaridini] G84
    |            |--Debophanes Gauld 1984 G84
    |            |    `--*D. areolatus Gauld 1984 G84
    |            |--Thymaris Foerster 1869 [=Thymarus Thomson 1883] G84
    |            |    `--‘Mesoleptus’ tener [incl. *Thymaris pulchricornis] G84
    |            `--Oedemopsis Tschek 1869 (see below for synonymy) G84
    |                 |--‘Tryphon’ scabriculus [=*Hybophanes scabriculus; incl. *Oedemopsis rogenhoferi] G84
    |                 |--O. davisi [incl. Tryphon nasutus, *Campothreptus nasutus, *Zarhynchus nasutus] G84
    |                 `--O. hobartensis G84
    `--+--Pimpliformes GWB02
       |    |  i. s.: Diacritus [Diacritinae, Diacritini] GWB02
       |    |         Orthocentrinae [Plectiscini] GWB02
       |    |           |--Orthocentrus G84
       |    |           |--Stenomacrus G84
       |    |           |--Neurateles Ratzeburg 1848 [=Neuratelus Foerster 1869] G84
       |    |           |    `--*N. papyraceus G84
       |    |           `--Plectiscus Gravenhorst 1829 [=Brephoctonus Foerster 1869] G84
       |    |                |--*P. impurator [=*Brephoctonus impurator] G84
       |    |                `--P. subtilis MS01
       |    |--Pimplinae GWB02
       |    `--+--Diplazontinae GWB02
       |       |--Cylloceria G84 [incl. Asphragis G84; Cylloceriinae GWB02]
       |       |    `--C. melancholica GWB02
       |       `--Acaenitinae GWB02
       |            |  i. s.: Arotes G84
       |            |         Phaenolobus GWB02
       |            |--Coleocentrus GWB02 [Coleocentrini G84]
       |            |    `--C. rufus GWB02
       |            `--Acaenitini G84
       |                 |--Acaenitus arator [=Ichneumon (Acaenitus) arator] G20
       |                 `--Yezoceryx G84
       |                      |--*Y. scutellaris G84
       |                      `--Y. apicipennis G84
       `--+--Buathra laborator PK17
          `--Ichneumoninae NI11
               |  i. s.: Amblyteles A71
               |           |--A. culpatorius MS01
               |           |--A. glaucatorius MS01
               |           |--A. infractorius MS01
               |           `--A. subfuscus A71
               |         Barichneumon A71
               |--Ichneumonini PK17
               |--Phaeogenini G84
               |--Platylabini NI11
               |--Trogini G84
               |--Ceratojoppini G84
               |--Eurylabus [Eurylabini] G84
               |--Heterischnus [Heterischnini] G84
               |--Zimmeriini G84
               |--Oedicephalini NI11
               |--Heresiarchini NI11
               |--Magwengiella Heinrich 1938 [Ctenocalini] G84
               |    `--*M. obtusa G84
               |--Ischnojoppa Kriechbaumer 1898 G84 [incl. Bodargus Cameron 1902 G84; Ischnojoppini NI11]
               |    `--I. luteator (Fabricius 1798) NI11 (see below for synonymy)
               |--Compsophorus NI11 [incl. Magrettia Cameron 1901 C01c; Compsophorini NI11]
               |    `--C. crassispina (Cameron 1901) NI11 (see below for synonymy)
               |--Goedartiini NI11
               |    |--Goedartia alboguttata P93
               |    `--Maraces flavobalteata Cameron 1902 (see below for synonymy) NI11
               |--Joppocryptini NI11
               |    |--Allonotus rufus Cameron 1907 NI11
               |    `--Eccoptosage NI11
               |         |--E. cincticornis (Cameron 1902) (see below for synonymy) NI11
               |         `--E. quadridentata (Cameron 1905) (see below for synonymy) NI11
               |--Listrodromini NI11
               |    |--Neotypus G84
               |    |--Anisobas kankoensis (Uchida 1932) [=Amblyteles kankoensis, Validentia kankoensis] NI11
               |    `--Listrodromus Wesmael 1845 [incl. Sogna Cameron 1907] G84
               |         |--*L. nycthemerus [=Ichneumon nycthemerus] G84
               |         `--‘*Sogna’ crassipes G84
               |--Protichneumonini G84
               |    |--Catadelphus arrogator G84, P93
               |    |--Yeppoona Gauld 1984 G84
               |    |    `--*Y. grandis Gauld 1984 G84
               |    `--Protichneumon P93
               |         |--P. fusorius P93
               |         `--P. pisorius P93
               `--Alomyini NI11
                    |--Alomya ovator G84, G20 [=Ichneumon (Alomya) ovator G20]
                    |--Megalomya G84
                    |--Lusiuxta floreni Diller 2006 NI11
                    |--Diadromus Wesmael 1845 NI11, G84 [incl. Thyraeella Holmgren 1890 G84]
                    |    |--*D. troglodytes [=Ichneumon troglodytes] G84
                    |    `--D. collaris (Gravenhorst 1829) NI11 [=Ishnus collaris NI11, *Thyraeella collaris G84]
                    `--Tycherus NI11
                         |--T. cacumencultor Diller 2006 NI11
                         `--T. sabahensis Diller 2006 NI11

Ichneumonidae incertae sedis:
  Tanychora petiolata R02
  Tanychorella R02
  Rhyssella A71
    |--R. approximator I92
    `--R. curvipes A71
  Oocenteter [Tryponini] M38
    `--*O. tomostethae M38
  Glabrodorsum stokesii H91
  Sinicorussus luzhongensis GE05
  Ariostonia Girault 1933 G33
    `--*A. fusciapex Girault 1933 G33
  Photocryptus apicalis BM76
  Acroricnus BM76
  Hoplocryptus BM76
  Caenocryptus BM76
  Lochetica BM76
  Neorhachodes BM76 [Neorhacodinae G84]
    `--N. enslini BM76
  Erigorgus perspicillator MS01
  Nepiesta nigra Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 MS01
  Apilasta nigrifemur Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 MS01
  Trachyderma scabra MS01
  Promethes MS01
    |--P. pulchellus MS01
    `--P. sulcator MS01
  Liopsis festivus MS01
  Zootrephes MS01
    |--Z. cingulatus MS01
    `--Z. lateralis MS01
  Aniarophron MS01
    |--A. niger Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 MS01
    |--A. nigricornis MS01
    `--A. ornatus MS01
  Phthorima rossica Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 MS01
  Microcryptus MS01
    |--M. basizonius MS01
    `--M. xanthostigma Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 MS01
  Acanthocryptus MS01
    |--A. flagitator [incl. A. pumilio] MS01
    `--A. quadrispinosus MS01
  Gnathocryptus vagabundus MS01
  Stenareus transfuga MS01
  Spilocryptus MS01
  Atractodes MS01
    |--A. insignis MS01
    `--A. proprius MS01
  Exyston cinctellus MS01
  Diaborus crassiceps Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 MS01
  Mesoleptus MS01
    |--M. flavovariegatus Lucas 1849 E12
    |--M. melanocephalus MS01
    `--M. (Zemiotes) vulnerator MS01
  Cephaloglypta laricis W87
  Alcima orbitalis P93
  Amblyjoppa P93
    |--A. fuscipennis P93
    `--A. proteus P93
  Callajoppa P93
    |--C. cirrogaster P93
    `--C. exaltatoria P93
  Diphyus P93
    |--D. longigena P93
    |--D. monitorius P93
    `--D. palliatorius P93
  Lymantrichneumon disparis P93
  Hybrizon [Paxylommatidae, Paxylommatinae] G84
  Orthopelma N88 [Orthopelmatinae G84]
  Stilbopinae G84
  Agriotypus A71 [Agriotypidae, Agriotypinae G84]
    `--A. agrotypus A71
  Adelognathus Holmgren 1855 HP-W05 [Adelognathinae G84]
    |--A. cubiceps Roman 1924 HP-W05
    |--A. difformis Holmgren 1857 HP-W05
    `--A. dorsalis GWB02
  Collyria E12 [Collyriinae G84]
    |--C. armata Lucas 1849 E12
    |--C. coxator GWB02
    `--C. erythrogaster Lucas 1849 E12
  Lycorina Holmgren 1859 (see below for synonymy) G84
    |--*L. triangulifera G84
    |--‘Glypta’ acitula [=*Chlorolycorina acitula] G84
    |--L. apicalis [=*Toxophoroides apicalis] G84
    `--L. fici [=L. (*Gonioglyphus) fici] G84
  Xoridinae GWB02
    |--Ischnoceros rusticus GWB02
    `--Xorides G84
         |  i. s.: X. corcyrensis (Kriechbaumer 1894) HAB05
         |--X. (X.) reluctator (Linnaeus 1758) G20, L58 [=Ichneumon reluctator G20]
         `--X. (Cyanoxorides Cameron 1903) [incl. Spiloxorides Cameron 1903] G84
              |--X. (*C.) brookei G84
              |--X. (C.) australiensis G84
              |--X. (C.) crudelis G84
              `--‘*Spiloxorides’ ruficeps G84
  Phrudinae G84
    |--Brachyscleroma G84
    |--Earobia G84
    |--Astrenis G84
    `--Phrudus Foerster 1869 [incl. Ktenostilpnus Strobl 1901, Vendolius Roman 1914] G84
         `--*P. monilicornis [incl. *Ktenostilpnus aequearticulatus, *Vendolius stilpnius] G84
  Banchinae SNS07
    |--Atrophini SNS07
    |--Glyptini G84
    `--Banchini G84
  Euceros G84
  Cryptinae (see below for synonymy) D02
    |  i. s.: Itamoplex A71
    |         Dotocryptus bellicosus [incl. D. macrocercus] A71
    |         Sphecophaga D02
    |           |--S. orientalis Donovan 2002 [=S. vesparum israelensis Harris & Read 1999 (n. n.)] D02
    |           `--S. vesparum D02
    |                |--S. v. vesparum D02
    |                `--S. v. burra D02
    |         Nemapodius G84
    |         Oecotelma G84
    |         Pleurogyrus G84
    |         Ethelurgus G84
    |         Rhembobius G84
    |         Aritranis fugitivus G84, P93
    |         Trychosis sibirica Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 G84, MS01
    |         Theroscopus hemipterus G84
    |--Phygadeuontini G84
    |--Hemigasterini G84
    `--Cryptini G84
  Ctenopelmatinae [Megaceriini, Scolobatinae] G84
    |  i. s.: Lathrolestes G84
    |         Opheltes G84
    |--Scolobatini G84
    |--Ctenopelma A71 [Ctenopelmatini G84]
    |--Olethrodontini G84
    |--Perilissus (Spanotectus) MS01 [Perilissini G84]
    |    |--P. (S.) filicornis MS01
    |    `--P. (S.) vernalis MS01
    |--Pionini G84
    |    |--Hodostates G84
    |    `--Austropion Gauld 1984 G84
    |         `--*A. mandibularis Gauld 1984 G84
    |--Mesoleius Holmgren 1855 HP-W05 [Mesoleiini G84]
    |    |  i. s.: M. sternoxanthus (Gravenhorst 1829) HP-W05
    |    |         M. tenthredinis G84
    |    `--M. (Scopesis) MS01
    |         |--M. (S.) bipunctatus Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 MS01
    |         `--M. (S.) rufolabris MS01
    `--Euryproctini G84
         |--Hadrodactylus barbatus Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 G84, MS01 (see below for synonymy)
         |--Euryproctus G84
         |--Denticeria Gauld 1984 G84
         |    `--*D. cardaleae Gauld 1984 G84
         `--Megaceria Szépligeti 1908 G84
              |--*M. opheltes G84
              |--M. pagana G84
              `--M. rufiventris G84
  Cremastinae G84
    |--Temelucha G84
    |--Creagrura G84
    |--Belesica G84
    |--Gahus Gauld 1984 G84
    |    `--*G. siccus Gauld 1984 G84
    |--Dimophora Foerster 1869 [=Dimophorus Thomson 1889; incl. Oligotmema Cushman 1920] G84
    |    |--*D. robusta G84
    |    `--‘*Oligotmema’ prima G84
    |--Cremastus G84
    |    |--C. geminus MS01
    |    |--C. gracilipes B37
    |    |--C. guttifer MS01
    |    |--C. melanarius Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 MS01
    |    `--C. pungens MS01
    |--Trathala Cameron 1899 (see below for synonymy) G84
    |    |--*T. striata G84
    |    |--T. agnina M83
    |    |--‘*Epicremastus’ concolor G84
    |    |--T. flavoorbitalis G84
    |    |--‘*Paurolexis’ flavus G84
    |    `--‘*Haristaeus’ nigrifrons G84
    `--Pristomerus Curtis 1836 (see below for synonymy) G84
         |--*P. vulnerator [=Ichneumon vulnerator] G84
         |--‘*Pristocelus’ atriceps Szépligeti 1905 G84
         |--P. atrifemur Girault 1925 G25b
         |--P. austrinus [incl. Porizon agilis, *Pristomeridia agilis] G84
         |--P. bicinctus G84
         |--‘*Nesanomalon’ dimidiatum G84
         |--P. giraulti G84 (see below for synonymy)
         `--‘Ichneumon’ spinator [incl. Pristomerus appalachianus, *Neopristomerus appalachianus] G84
  Ophioninae [Enicospilini, Ophionini] G84
    |--Ophion G84
    |--Enicospilus G84
    |--Pamophion Gauld 1977 G84
    |    `--*P. sorus Gauld 1977 G84
    |--Xylophion Gauld 1979 G84
    |    |--*X. xylus [=Ophion xylus] G84
    |    `--X. ketus G84
    |--Riekophion Gauld 1977 G84
    |    |--*R. emandibulator [=Allocamptus emandibulator] G84
    |    |--R. bolus G84
    |    `--R. conspicuus G84
    |--Stauropoctonus Brauns 1889 [=Stauropodoctonus Morley 1913; incl. Nipponophion Uchida 1928] G84
    |    |--*S. bombycivorus [=Ophion bombycivorus; incl. *Nipponophion variegatus] G84
    |    |--‘Nipponophion’ chopini Girault 1932 G32
    |    `--S. torresi G84
    |--Dicamptus Szépligeti 1905 G84
    |    |--*D. giganteus G84
    |    |--D. collessi G84
    |    |--D. fuscicornis [incl. D. triangularis] G84
    |    |--D. indicus G84
    |    `--D. uptoni G84
    `--Leptophion Cameron 1901 [incl. Coiloneura Szépligeti 1905, Spilophion Cameron 1905] G84
         |--*L. longiventris [incl. L. chopini, *Coiloneura melanostigma] G84
         |--L. anici G84
         |--L. antennatus G84
         |--L. iochus G84
         |--‘*Spilophion’ maculipennis G84
         |--L. tetus G84
         |--L. unicalcaratus G84
         `--L. yampus G84
  Tersilochinae G84
  Mesochorinae G84
  Oxytorinae G84
  Metopiinae G84
  Zagryphus nasutus HR11
  Lymeon orbus HR11
  Labeninae G84
  Liaoichneumon Hong 2002 H02
    `--*L. asiatica Hong 2002 H02
  Epiurus indagator B37
  Phobetes albinopennis B37
  Holojoppinae C01a
    |--Microjoppa C01a
    `--Gathetus Cameron 1901 C01a
         `--*G. melanocerus Cameron 1901 C01a
  Dimaetha Cameron 1901 [Hemijoppinae] C01a
    `--*D. tibialis Cameron 1901 C01a
  Facydes Cameron 1901 C01a
    `--*F. purpureomaculatus Cameron 1901 C01a
  Leptojoppa Cameron 1901 [Oxypygi] C01a
    `--*L. eythrothorax Cameron 1901 C01a
  Lagenesta Cameron 1901 C01b
    `--*L. ferruginea Cameron 1901 C01b
  Zanthojoppa Cameron 1901 C01b
    `--*Z. trilineata Cameron 1901 C01b
  Xestojoppa Cameron 1901 C01b
    `--*X. olivacea Cameron 1901 C01b
  Charitojoppa Cameron 1901 C01b
    `--*C. caerulea Cameron 1901 C01b
  Gyrodonta Cameron 1901 C01c
    `--*G. flavomaculata Cameron 1901 C01c
  Myermo Cameron 1901 C01d
    `--*M. rufipes Cameron 1901 C01d
  Perisemus fulvicollis R13
  Brachycyrtinae GWB02
  Catachora minor Townes 1973 P92
  Eubaeus leiponeura Townes 1973 P92
  Urotryphon pusilus Townes 1973 P92

Anomalon Panzer 1804 [=Anomalum Schulz 1906, incl. Erythrophion Cameron 1906, Microcremastus Hedwig 1961, Nototrychys Marshall 1872, Ophiononeura Cameron 1904, Pseudonototrachys Meyer 1930, Stictophion Cameron 1906, Trachynotus Gravenhorst 1829 non Latreille 1829, Trachyopterus Morley 1912; Anomalonini] G84

Compsophorus crassispina (Cameron 1901) NI11 [=*Magrettia crassispina C01c, NI11, Charitojoppa crassispina NI11, Xenojoppa crassispina NI11]

Cryptinae [Gelinae, Hemiteloidae, Pezomachoidae, Pezomachoides, Phygadeuonides, Phygadeuontinae, Phygadeuontoidae, Stilpnoidae] D02

Eccoptosage cincticornis (Cameron 1902) [=Anisobas cincticornis, Acanthojoppa cincticornis; incl. Ac. nigrinerva Cameron 1909, Eccoptosage minor Szepligeti 1910] NI11

Eccoptosage quadridentata (Cameron 1905) [=Druscia quadridentata, Druseia quadridentata Cameron 1905] NI11

Hadrodactylus barbatus Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 G84, MS01 [=Mesoleptus (Hadrodactylus) barbatus MS01]

Ischnojoppa luteator (Fabricius 1798) NI11 [=Ichneumon luteator NI11, Is. luteatrix NI11, Is. luteolator (l. c.) NI11, Joppa luteator NI11, Ic. adspersor Thunberg 1822 NI11, J. lutea Fabricius 1804 NI11, Ic. lutea NI11, *Ischnojoppa lutea G84; incl. Ic. agraensis Cameron 1897 NI11, Exephanes akonis Matsumura 1912 NI11, Atanyjoppa akonis NI11, *Bodargus rufus Cameron 1902 G84, Joppa rufa Brulle 1846 NI11]

Lycorina Holmgren 1859 [incl. Chlorolycorina Cushman 1920, Gonioglyphus Seyrig 1932, Toxophoroides Cresson 1873; Lycorininae] G84

Maraces flavobalteata Cameron 1902 [=M. flavorbalteata, Eradha flavobalteata, M. flavobalteatus] NI11

Oedemopsis Tschek 1869 [=Oedematopsis Morley 1908; incl. Campothreptus Foerster 1869, Hybophanes Foerster 1869, Zarhynchus Ashmead 1900 non Oberholser 1899] G84

‘Ophion’ foliator [=*Nototrychys foliator, *Trachynotus foliator; incl. *Anomalon cruentatus] G84

Pristomerus Curtis 1836 [incl. Neopristomerus Viereck 1912, Nesanomalon Morley 1913, Pristocelus Szépligeti 1905, Pristomeridia Ashmead 1900] G84

Pristomerus giraulti G84 [incl. P. atriceps Girault 1925 non Pristocelus atriceps Szépligeti 1905 G84, G25a]

Trathala Cameron 1899 [incl. Epicremastus Szépligeti 1905, Haristaeus Cameron 1910, Paurolexis Cameron 1907] G84

*Type species of generic name indicated

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[M83] Martin, N. A. 1983. Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: an annotated species list. DSIR Entomology Division Report 3: 1–98.

[M38] McConnell, H. S. 1938. Additional notes on Oocenteter tomostethae. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (1): 23–24.

[MS01] Mocsáry, A., & V. Szépligeti. 1901. Hymenopterák [Hymenopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 121–169. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[N88] Noonan, G. R. 1988. Biogeography of North American and Mexican insects, and a critique of vicariance biogeography. Systematic Zoology 37 (4): 366–384.

[NI11] Norhafiza, A. F., & A. B. Idris. 2011. A catalogue of Ichneumoninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Malaysia. Serangga 16 (1): 29–50.

[PK17] Peters, R. S., L. Krogmann, C. Mayer, A. Donath, S. Gunkel, K. Meusemann, A. Kozlov, L. Podsiadlowski, M. Petersen, R. Lanfear, P. A. Diez, J. Heraty, K. M. Kjer, S. Klopfstein, R. Meier, C. Polidori, T. Schmitt, S. Liu, X. Zhou, T. Wappler, J. Rust, B. Misof & O. Niehuis. 2017. Evolutionary history of the Hymenoptera. Current Biology 27 (7): 1013–1018.

[P93] Pittaway, A. R. 1993. The Hawkmoths of the Western Palaearctic. Harley Books: Colchester.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[R02] Rasnitsyn, A. P. 2002. Superorder Vespidea Laicharting, 1781. Order Hymenoptera Linné, 1758 (=Vespida Laicharting, 1781). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 242–254. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

[SNS07] Sudheer, K., T. C. Narendran & A. Saji. 2007. Taxonomy of a new ichneumonid genus from the Middle East (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 87 (2): 185–188.

[W87] Wood, D. M. 1987. Tachinidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1193–1269. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

Last updated: 18 July 2021.

Halictinae

Thrinchostoma sp., copyright Centre for Biodiversity Genomics.

Belongs within: Halictidae.
Contains: Augochlorini, Homalictus, Lasioglossum, Halictus, Sphecodes.

The Halictinae are a group of short-tongued bees commonly known as 'sweat bees', due to their habit of lapping perspiration from animals in order to collect salts. They are distinguished from other bees by the combination of a strong episternal groove continuing well below the level of the scrobe, and a strongly curved basal vein in the fore wing. Halictines may provide some of the earliest evidence for bees in the fossil record: the Late Maastrichtian (latest Cretaceous) fossil nest Uruguay has been compared to nests of the halictine tribe Augochlorini (Engel 2001). The majority of halictines nest in burrows in the ground except for some that nest in rotting wood.

Characters (from Engel 2001): Labrum of female with distal process. Clypeus longer than labrum. Pre-episternal groove strongly impressed below level of scrobe. Basal vein strongly arcuate; first submarginal cell longer than third submarginal cell. Scopa developed on metacoxa, metatrochanter, metafemur, and to varying degrees on metatibia in nonparasitic females; metabasitarusus with distal process and penicillus. Prepygidial fimbria of female distinctly divided by pseudopygidial area.

Halictinae [Augochloridae]
    |  i. s.: Echthralictus Perkins & Cheesman 1928 M65
    |           |--*E. extraordinarius (Kohl 1908) [=Halictus extraordinarius] M65
    |           |--E. latro Perkins & Cheesman 1928 M65
    |           `--E. stevensoni (Cockerell 1924) [=Halictus stevensoni] M65
    |         Seladonia hotoni H18
    |--+--Caenohalictini [Caenohalictina] E01
    |  |    |--Eickwortapis Michener & Poinar 1996 E01
    |  |    |    `--*E. dominicana Michener & Poinar 1996 E01
    |  |    |--Caenohalictus E00
    |  |    |    |--C. eberhardorum E00
    |  |    |    `--C. oblitus Moure & Hurd 1987 (see below for synonymy) E00
    |  |    `--Habralictus E00
    |  |         |--H. bimaculatus E00
    |  |         `--H. canalictulatus E00
    |  |--Agapostemon GE05 [Agapostemonina, Agapostemonini E01]
    |  |    |--A. nasutus WP99
    |  |    |--A. poeyi E00
    |  |    |--A. sericeus E00
    |  |    |--A. texanus C01
    |  |    |--A. tyleri BD17
    |  |    |--A. viequesensis E00
    |  |    `--A. virescens GE05
    |  `--Augochlorini E01
    `--Halictini [Sphecodidae, Thrinchostomini] E01
         |  i. s.: Patellapis (Pachyhalictus Cockerell 1928) H18, M65
         |           |--‘*Pachyhalictus’ merescens (Cockerell 1919) M65 (see below for synonymy)
         |           |--P. (P.) albipilatus H18
         |           |--‘Pachyhalictus’ buruanus (Blüthgen 1926) [=Halictus buruanus, Lasioglossum buruanum] M65
         |           |--‘Pachyhalictus’ kalutarae [=Lasioglossum kalutarae] M65
         |           |--‘Pachyhalictus’ reticulosus [=Lasioglossum reticulosum] M65
         |           |--‘Pachyhalictus’ sigiriellus [=Lasioglossum sigiriellum] M65
         |           |--P. (P.) stirlingi (Cockerell 1910) H18, M65 (see below for synonymy)
         |           |--‘Pachyhalictus’ trizonulus (Friese 1909) [=Halictus trizonulus, Lasioglossum trizonulum] M65
         |           `--‘Pachyhalictus’ vinctus [=Lasioglossum vinctum] M65
         |         Homalictus N91
         |         Electrolictus Engel 2001 E01
         |           `--*E. antiquus Engel 2001 E01
         |         Cyrtapis Cockerell 1908 E01
         |           `--*C. anomalus Cockerell 1908 E01
         |         Prohalictus Armbruster 1938 E01
         |           `--*P. schemppi Armbruster 1938 E01
         |         Ceylonicola Friese 1918 B26
         |           `--C. atra Friese 1918 B26
         |         Dialictus E00
         |           |--D. breedi E00
         |           |--D. busckiellus E00
         |           |--D. mestrei E00
         |           |--D. ornduffi M76
         |           |--D. parvus E00
         |           `--D. proangularis E00
         |         Habralictellus auratus E00
         |         Mexalictus E00
         |           |--M. arizonensis E00
         |           |--M. mexicanus E00
         |           `--M. micheneri E00
         |         Ruizanthedella E00
         |           |--R. mutabilis E00
         |           `--R. nigrocaerulea E00
         |         Zonalictus E00
         |           |--Z. rufobasalis E00
         |           `--Z. viridifilosus E00
         |--+--Lasioglossum PK17
         |  `--Halictus PK17
         `--+--Sphecodes PK17
            `--Thrinchostoma Saussure 1890 BD17, E01 [incl. Diagozonus B26, Rostratilapis Friese 1914 B26]
                 |--T. assamense Sladen 1915 B26
                 |--T. bicometes B26
                 |--T. bryanti Meade-Waldo 1914 B26
                 |--T. flaviscapus Blüthgen 1926 B26
                 |--T. macrognathum (Friese 1914) (see below for synonymy) B26
                 |--‘Halictus’ patricius B26
                 |--T. perineti BD17
                 |--T. sladeni (Friese 1914) [=Halictus (Rostratilapis) sladeni] B26
                 `--T. tonkinense Blüthgen 1926 B26

Caenohalictus oblitus Moure & Hurd 1987 [incl. Halictus nigromarginatus Spinola 1851 non Spinola 1841] E00

‘*Pachyhalictus’ merescens (Cockerell 1919) M65 [=Halictus thoracicus merescens M65, B26, Lasioglossum merescens M65]

Patellapis (Pachyhalictus) stirlingi (Cockerell 1910) H18, M65 [=Halictus stirlingi M65, Lasioglossum stirlingi M65]

Thrinchostoma macrognathum (Friese 1914) [=Halictus (Rostratilapis) macrognathus; incl. T. macrognathum var. brunnea Blüthgen 1926] B26

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B26] Blüthgen, P. 1926. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der indo-malayischen Halictus- und Thrinchostoma-Arten. (Hym. Apidae. Halictini.). Zoologische Jahrbücher: Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere 51: 375–698.

[BD17] Branstetter, M. G., B. N. Danforth, J. P. Pitts, B. C. Faircloth, P. S. Ward, M. L. Buffington, M. W. Gates, R. R. Kula & S. G. Brady. 2017. Phylogenomic insights into the evolution of stinging wasps and the origins of ants and bees. Current Biology 27: 1019–1025.

[C01] Cockerell, T. D. A. 1901. Contributions from the New Mexico Biological Station.—X. Observations on bees collected at Las Vegas, New Mexico, and in the adjacent mountains. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 125–131.

[E00] Engel, M. S. 2000. Classification of the bee tribe Augochlorini (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 250: 1–89.

[E01] Engel, M. S. 2001. A monograph of the Baltic amber bees and evolution of the Apoidea (Hymenoptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 259: 1–192.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[H18] Houston, T. 2018. A Guide to Native Bees of Australia. CSIRO Publishing.

[M65] Michener, C. D. 1965. A classification of the bees of the Australian and South Pacific regions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 130: 1–362.

[M76] Moldenke, A. R. 1976. California pollination ecology and vegetation types. Phytologia 34 (4): 305–361.

[N91] Naumann, I. D. 1991. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants, sawflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 916–1000. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[PK17] Peters, R. S., L. Krogmann, C. Mayer, A. Donath, S. Gunkel, K. Meusemann, A. Kozlov, L. Podsiadlowski, M. Petersen, R. Lanfear, P. A. Diez, J. Heraty, K. M. Kjer, S. Klopfstein, R. Meier, C. Polidori, T. Schmitt, S. Liu, X. Zhou, T. Wappler, J. Rust, B. Misof & O. Niehuis. 2017. Evolutionary history of the Hymenoptera. Current Biology 27 (7): 1013–1018.

[WP99] Walter, D. E., & H. C. Proctor. 1999. Mites: Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

Last updated: 9 March 2021.