Buthinae

Marbled scorpion Lychas marmoreus, copyright Reiner Richter.

Belongs within: Buthoidea.

The Buthinae are a pantropical group of scorpions with oblique, non-overlapping rows of tooth-like granules on the movable finger of the pedipalp.

<==Buthinae K77
    |--Isometroides Keyserling 1885 K77
    |    `--*I. vescus (Karsch 1880) [=Isometrus vescus; incl. Isometroides angusticaudus Keyserling 1885] K77
    |--Buthus F04
    |    |--B. cyaneus D57
    |    |--B. eupeus [incl. B. eupeus var. cognatus] K01
    |    |--B. gibbosus F04
    |    |--B. grammurus Thorell 1889 T89
    |    |--B. groutii Wood 1869 W69
    |    |--B. hottentotae T89
    |    |--B. martensi Karsch 1879 [incl. B. confucius Sim. 1880] K01
    |    |--B. occitanus GK04
    |    |--B. reticulatus D57
    |    `--B. tamulus K77
    |--Isometrus Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1828 [=Atreus Walckenaer & Gervais 1844] K77
    |    |--I. maculatus (De Geer 1778) SP10 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--I. acanthurus Pocock 1899 K77
    |    |--I. antillanus T89
    |    |--I. assamensis Oates 1888 K77
    |    |--I. atomarius T89
    |    |--I. basilicus Karsch 1879 K77
    |    |--I. brachycentrus Pocock 1899 K77
    |    |--I. feae Thorell 1889 T89
    |    |--I. formosus Pocock 1893 K77
    |    |--I. fuscus T89
    |    |--I. madagassus Roewer 1943 K77
    |    |--I. melanodactylus (Koch 1867) (see below for synonymy) K77
    |    |--I. perfidus Koch & Keyserling 1884-1885 KK90
    |    |--I. phipsoni T89
    |    |--I. rigidulus Pocock 1897 K77
    |    |--I. shoplandii Oates 1888 T89
    |    |--I. thurstoni Pocock 1893 K77
    |    |--I. thwaitesii Pocock 1897 K77
    |    `--I. vittatus Pocock 1900 K77
    `--Lychas Koch 1850 [incl. Archisometrus Kraepelin 1891, Hemilychas Hirst 1911] K77
         |--*L. scutilus Koch 1845 K77 [=Isometrus scutilus T89]
         |--L. albimanus Henderson 1919 K77
         |--L. alexandrinus Hirst 1911 (see below for synonymy) K77
         |--L. feae (Thorell 1889) K77
         |--L. flavimanus (Thorell 1888) K77
         |--L. gravelyi Henderson 1913 K77
         |--L. guineensis Lucas 1858 SP10 [=Scorpio (Lychas) guineensis K77]
         |--L. hendersoni (Pocock 1897) K77
         |--L. infuscatus (Pocock 1890) K77
         |--L. laevifrons (Pocock 1897) K77
         |--L. marmoreus (Koch 1845) (see below for synonymy) K77
         |--L. mucronatus (Fabricius 1798) K77 (see below for synonymy)
         |--L. nigrimanus (Kraepelin 1898) K77
         |--L. nigristernis (Pocock 1899) K77
         |--L. perfidus (Keyserling 1887) K77
         |--L. rugosus (Pocock 1897) K77
         |--L. scaber (Pocock 1893) K77
         |--L. shelfordi (Borelli 1904) K77
         |--L. shoplandi Oates 1888 K77
         |--L. tweediei Kopstein 1937 K77
         `--L. variatus (Thorell 1877) (see below for synonymy) K77

Isometrus maculatus (De Geer 1778) SP10 [=Scorpio maculatus K77, Lychas maculatus K77; incl. S. americanus Herbst 1800 K77, Centrurus (Isometrus) americanus K77, Lychas americanus K77, Scorpio dentatus Herbst 1800 K77, Buthus (*Isometrus) filum Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1828 K77, S. (*Atreus) filum KK90, K77, S. (Lychas) gabonensis Lucas 1858 K77]

Isometrus melanodactylus (Koch 1867) [=Lychas melanodactylus; incl. I. gracilis Thorell 1877, I. melanodactylus inflatus Glauert 1925, I. papuensis Werner 1916] K77

Lychas alexandrinus Hirst 1911 [=L. (*Hemilychas) alexandrinus; incl. L. annulatus Glauert 1925, L. mjobergi Kraepelin 1916, L. truncatus Glauert 1925] K77

Lychas marmoreus (Koch 1845) [=Tityus marmoreus, *Archisometrus marmoreus, Lychas marmoreus typicus; incl. Isometrus bituberculatus Pocock 1891, Archisometrus bituberculatus, Lychas jonesae Glauert 1925, L. marmoreus nigrescens Kraepelin 1916, L. marmoreus obscurus Kraepelin 1916, L. marmoreus splendens Kraepelin 1916] K77

Lychas mucronatus (Fabricius 1798) K77 [=Scorpio mucronatus T94, Archisometrus mucronatus T94, Isometrus mucronatus T89; incl. Tityus varius Koch 1845 T89, I. varius T89]

Lychas variatus (Thorell 1877) [=Isometrus variatus, Archisometrus variatus, Lychas marmoreus variatus; incl. Isometrus armatus Pocock 1890, Archisometrus armatus, Lychas armatus, L. spinatus besti Glauert 1925, L. marmoreus kimberleyanus Kraepelin 1916, L. lappa Glauert 1954, L. spinatus pallidus Glauert 1925, Isometrus variatus papuanus Thorell 1888, L. papuanus, L. spinatus Kraepelin 1916, Isometrus thorelli Keyserling 1885] K77

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D57] Doleschall, C. L. 1857. Bijdrage tot de kennis der Arachniden van den Indischen Archipel. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië, series 3, 3 (5–6): 399–434, pls 1–2.

[F04] Fritsch, A. 1904. Palaeozoische Arachniden. Selestverlag: Prague.

[GK04] Gantenbein, B., & P. D. Keightley. 2004. Rates of molecular evolution in nuclear genes of east Mediterranean scorpions. Evolution 58 (11): 2486–2497.

[K77] Koch, L. E. 1977. The taxonomy, geographic distribution and evolutionary radiation of Australo-Papuan scorpions. Records of the Western Australian Museum 5 (2): 83–367.

[KK90] Koch, L., & E. Keyserling. 1884–1890. Die Arachniden Australiens nach der Natur beschrieben und abgebildet vol. 2. Bauer & Raspe: Nürnberg.

[K01] Kulczyński, V. 1901. Arachnoideák [Arachnoidea]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 311–369. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[SP10] Santos, R., & C. E. Prieto. 2010. Los Assamiidae (Opiliones: Assamiidae) de Río Muni (Guinea Ecuatorial), con la descripción de ocho nuevas especies. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58 (1): 203–243.

[T89] Thorell, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XXI.—Aracnidi Artrogastri Birmani raccolti da L. Fea nel 1885–1887. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 521–729.

[T94] Thorell, T. 1894. Förteckning öfver Arachnider från Java och närgränsande öar, insamlade af docenten D:r Carl Aurivillius; jemte beskrifingar å några sydasiatiska och sydamerikanska Spindlar. Bihang till K. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 20 pt 4 (4): 1–63.

[W69] Wood, H. C., Jr. 1869. On the Phalangia and Pedipalpi collected by Professor Orton in western South America, with the description of new African species, accompanied with a plate. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 13: 435-442, pl. 17.