Anthomyiidae

Emmesomyia socia, copyright James K. Lindsey.

Belongs within: Calyptratae.
Contains: Myopinini, Hydrophoriini, Eutrichota, Scathophagidae, Mycophagini, Fucelliinae, Eglini, Hylemya, Phorbia, Pegomya, Anthomyia, Acyglossini.

The Anthomyiidae are a group of small to moderately sized flies that are commonly associated with flowers and may play a significant role as pollinators. Most anthomyiids can be recognised by the presence of a cluster of hairs on the underside of the scutellum, and a faint extension of vein A₁ to the wing margin (Michelsen 2010).

Characters (from Michelsen 2010): Small to medium-sized muscoid flies, wing length 2.2–10 mm. Commonly strongly sexually dimorphic. Male abdomen usually slender and parallel-sided, cylindrical to strongly depressed with prominent U-shaped sternite 5. Ground colour of head, body and appendages often wholly or predominantly brownish-black, but shades of amber, orange-red or yellow occuring frequently, especially on frontal vitta, antenna, palpus, legs and abdomen. More or less intense layer of whitish-grey to dark brown pruinosity covering most body parts, often resulting in pattern of dark stripes, markings or bands on dorsum of thorax and abdomen; patterns often only clearly visible from certain angles of view. Pair of inclinate frontal setae usually present on frontal vitta of females and broad-fronted males. Katepisternal setae 0–2 + 1–3; meron bares, exceptionally with some irregular setulae, never with row of setae. Ventral tip of scutellum usually with ventral hairs or fine setae (occasionally absent). Basitarsus of hind leg with oustanding ventrobasal setula. M₁ not strongly curved or angled forward on distal part; vein A₁ usually traceable to margin of wing. Upper and lower calypters usually forming subequal, modest-sized lobes but exceptionally lower calypter strongly reduced.

<==Anthomyiidae [Anthomyinae, Anthomyiinae, Hylemyinae, Pegomyinae, Pegomyini] M10
    |--+--Myopinini KP10
    |  `--+--Hydrophoriini KP10
    |     `--Acridomyia Stackelberg 1929 [Acridomyiini] F92
    |          |--*A. sacharovi Stackelberg 1929 F92
    |          `--A. canadensis H87
    `--+--+--‘Hylemya’ variata KP10
       |  `--+--Eutrichota KP10
       |     `--Emmesomyia Malloch 1917 KP10, F92 [incl. Neopegomyia Malloch 1929 F92]
       |          |--‘Spilogaster’ socialis Stein 1898 [incl. *Emmesomyia unica Malloch 1917] F92
       |          |--E. dorsalis (Stein 1915) [=Pegomyia dorsalis] F92
       |          |--E. flavitarsis Suwa 1974 F92
       |          |--E. grisea (Robineau-Desvoidy 1830) [=Phorbia grisea] F92
       |          |--E. hasegawai Suwa 1979 F92
       |          |--E. kempi (Brunetti 1924) [=Pegomyia kempi] F92
       |          |--E. mjegastigmata Ma, Mou & Fan 1982 F92
       |          |--E. oriens Suwa 1974 F92
       |          |--E. ovata (Stein 1915) [=Pegomyia ovata] F92
       |          |--E. socia F92
       |          |    |--E. s. socia F92
       |          |    `--E. s. suwai Ge & Fan 1988 F92
       |          `--E. subvillica Fan, Ma & Mou 1982 F92
       `--+--+--Scathophagidae KP10
          |  `--+--Mycophagini KP10
          |     `--Hydromyza KP10
          |          |--H. confluens KP10
          |          `--H. livens KP10
          `--+--+--Fucelliinae KP10
             |  `--Eglini KP10
             `--+--Hylemyini F92
                |    |--Hylemya KP10
                |    |--Phorbia F92
                |    |--Heterostylodes Hennig 1967 [incl. Heterostylus Schnabl & Dziedicki 1911 non Faust 1890] F92
                |    |    |--*H. pratensis (Meigen 1826) [=Anthomyia pratensis] F92
                |    |    `--H. pilifera F92
                |    `--Sinohylemya Hsue 1980 F92
                |         |--*S. ctenocnema Hsue 1980 F92
                |         `--S. craspedodonta Hsue 1980 F92
                `--+--+--Pegomya KP10
                   |  `--Anthomyia KP10
                   `--+--Acyglossini KP10
                      `--Hyporitini F92
                           |--Hyporites Pokorny 1893 F92
                           |    |--*H. montana (Schiner 1862) [=Eriphia montana] F92
                           |    `--H. shakshain Suwa 1974 F92
                           `--Engyneura Stein 1907 F92
                                |--*E. setigera Stein 1907 F92
                                |--E. curvostylata Fan & Chen 1980 F92
                                |--E. gracilior Fan & Zhong 1980 F92
                                |--E. leptinostylata Fan, Van & Ma 1980 F92
                                `--E. pilipes Stein 1907 F92

Anthomyiidae incertae sedis:
  Protanthomyia minuta GE05
  Coenosopsia M10
    |--C. mexicana M10
    `--C. prima M10
  Prosalpia silvestris K01
  Hammomyia BM76
    |--H. grisea BM76
    `--H. sociata BM76
  Chortophila K01
    |--C. cilicrura [incl. Anthomyia rubifrons Bigot 1885, A. rubrifrons ms, A. sanctijacobi Bigot 1885] H72
    |--C. cinerella [incl. C. pusilla] K01
    |--C. curvicauda K01
    |--C. discreta K01
    |--C. impudica K01
    |--C. lepida K01
    |--C. longula K01
    |--C. rupicapra R13
    `--C. sepia K01
  Phaonantho mallochi M10
  Taeniomyia [incl. Anthojuba] M10
  Myopinella Michelsen 2010 [=Myopella Malloch 1934 non Robineau-Desvoidy 1853] M10
    `--*M. appendiculata (Stein 1904) [=Myopina appendiculata, *Myopella appendiculata] M10
  Eremomyioides H87
  Macrophorbia houghi H87
  Anthomyiella pratincola H87
  Proboscimyia brevis H87
  Ganperdea H87
  Macateeia H87
    |--M. atra H87
    `--M. protuberans H87
  Erioischia brassicae RD77

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[H72] Huckett, H. C. 1972. Notes on Bigot's North American type-specimens at the University Museum, Oxford (Diptera: Anthomyiidae, Muscidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 48 (2): 81–85.

[H87] Huckett, H. C. 1987. Anthomyiidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1099–1114. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[K01] Kertész, K. 1901. Legyek [Dipteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 179–201. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[KP10] Kutty, S. N., T. Pape, B. M. Wiegmann & R. Meier. 2010. Molecular phylogeny of the Calyptratae (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha) with an emphasis on the superfamily Oestroidea and the position of Mystacinobiidae and McAlpine's fly. Systematic Entomology 35: 614–635.

[M10] Michelsen, V. 2010. Anthomyiidae (anthomyiid flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1271–1276. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

Last updated: 7 July 2021.

Scathophagidae

Cordilura sp., copyright S. Rae.

Belongs within: Anthomyiidae.
Contains: Scathophaga.

The Scathophagidae are a group of slender, bristly flies that are predaceous on other insects as adults. Larvae are more varied in habits, including saprophagous, predatory and plant-feeding species (Vockeroth 2010).

Characters (from Vockeroth 2010): Slender, medium-sized (body length 6.5–13 mm), strongly bristled and sometimes setose flies, subshining to densely pruinose. Wing clear or with crossveins clouded. Frons about as wide as head in both sexes, without cruciate interfrontal bristles. Arista nearly bare to plumose. Palpus slightly broadened toward apex. Anepisternum extensively bare on anteroventral portion or with abundant fine setae on anterior one-quarter; katepisternum with one strong bristle posterodorsally. Postmetacoxal bridge present or absent. Vein R₁ bare or setose above; A₁ reaching wing margin. Female abdomen with seven pairs of spiracles.

<==Scathophagidae [Cordiluridae, Scathophaginae] V10
    |--+--Norellia Robineau-Desvoidy 1830 KP10, F92 [incl. Norellitoma Wahlgren 1917 F92]
    |  |    |  i. s.: N. longiabdomina Sun 1991 F92
    |  |    |         N. triangula Sun 1991 F92
    |  |    |--+--N. spinipes (Meigen 1826) KP10, F92 (see below for synonymy)
    |  |    |  `--+--N. spinimana KP10
    |  |    |     `--N. striolata KP10
    |  |    `--+--N. liturata KP10
    |  |       `--+--N. flavicorne KP10
    |  |          `--N. mirusae KP10
    |  `--+--+--Scathophaga KP10
    |     |  `--+--Acerocnema KP10
    |     |     |    |--A. macrocera KP10
    |     |     |    `--A. rufula V87
    |     |     `--Gimnomera KP10
    |     |          |--G. cuneiventris KP10
    |     |          |--G. tarsea KP10
    |     |          `--+--G. cerea KP10
    |     |             `--G. dorsata KP10
    |     `--+--+--Cleigastra apicalis KP10
    |        |  `--Neorthacheta dissimilis KP10, V87
    |        `--+--Orthacheta cornuta KP10
    |           `--Nanna Becker 1894 KP10, F92 [incl. Amaurosoma Becker 1894 F92]
    |                |  i. s.: N. katmaiensis V87
    |                |         N. truncata Fan 1976 F92
    |                |--N. brunneicosta KP10
    |                `--+--N. tibiella KP10
    |                   `--+--N. inermis KP10
    |                      `--+--N. fasciata KP10
    |                         `--+--*N. flavipes (Fallen 1819) F92, KP10, F92 [=Cordylura flavipes F92]
    |                            `--N. articulata KP10
    `--+--Delininae KP10
       |    |--Chylizosoma vittatum KP10
       |    `--+--Americina adusta KP10, V87
       |       `--Delina nigrita KP10, V87
       `--Cordilura KP10
            |  i. s.: C. bisignata O98
            |         C. brevicornis V10
            |         C. exhumata V87
            |         C. vetusta V87
            |         C. (Cordilura) V87
            |           |--C. (C.) proboscidea V87
            |           `--C. (C.) rufipes V87
            |         C. (Acicephala) polita V87
            |         C. (Paratidia) criddlei V87
            |         C. (Scoliaphleps) ustulata V87
            |         C. (Snyderia) praeusta V87
            |--C. carbonaria KP10
            `--+--+--Phrosia albilabris KP10
               |  `--C. pudica KP10
               `--+--C. albipes KP10
                  |--C. atrata KP10
                  |--C. latifrons KP10
                  |--C. ontario KP10
                  |--C. pubera KP10
                  |--C. (Achaetella) varipes V87, KP10
                  |--+--C. ciliata KP10
                  |  `--C. umbrosa KP10
                  `--+--C. dimidata KP10
                     `--C. (Cordilurina) V87
                          |--C. (C.) fuscipes V87
                          `--C. (C.) pleuricata V87, KP10

Scathophagidae incertae sedis:
  Scatogera BW09
  Ernoneura argus V87
  Allomyella V87
  Neochirosia atrifrons V87
  Pleurochaetella simplicipes V87
  Staegeria V87
  Hexamitocera loxocerata V87
  Peratomyia vittata V87
  Plethochaeta varicolor V87
  Norellisoma spinimanum V87
  Cosmetopus longus V87
  Megaphthalma V87
    |--M. longicornis O98
    `--M. pallida V87
  Bucephalina (Neogimnomera) amans V87
  Brooksiella varicornis V87
  Cordylurella V87
  Huckettia nearctica V87
  Megaphthalmoides unilineatus V87
  Gonarcticus V87
  Gonatherus planiceps V87
  Parallelomma vittatum V87
  Synchysa tricincta V87
  Dromogaster incompta V87

Norellia spinipes (Meigen 1826) KP10, F92 [=Cordylura spinipes F92; incl. *N. pseudonarcissi Robineau-Desvoidy 1830 F92]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BW09] Buck, M., N. E. Woodley, A. Borkent, D. M. Wood, T. Pape, J. R. Vockeroth, V. Michelsen & S. A. Marshall. 2009. Key to Diptera families—adults. In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 95–156. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[KP10] Kutty, S. N., T. Pape, B. M. Wiegmann & R. Meier. 2010. Molecular phylogeny of the Calyptratae (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha) with an emphasis on the superfamily Oestroidea and the position of Mystacinobiidae and McAlpine's fly. Systematic Entomology 35: 614–635.

[O98] Oosterbroek, P. 1998. The Families of Diptera of the Malay Archipelago. Brill: Leiden.

[V87] Vockeroth, J. R. 1987. Scathophagidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1085–1097. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[V10] Vockeroth, J. R. 2010. Scathophagidae (dung flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1267–1269. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

Last updated: 6 July 2021.

Chrysomyinae

Oriental latrine fly Chrysomya megacephala, copyright Muhammad Mahdi Karim.

Belongs within: Calliphoridae.

The Chrysomyinae are a group of blow flies characterised by the presence of a row of hairs along the posterior margin dorsally of the stem vein (the basal section of vein R), together with a haired posterior margin on the hind coxa. Though mostly scavengers, some are known to attack living animal tissue via wounds and the screwworm fly Cochliomyia hominivorax develops as an obligate parasite of large mammals. Species of Cochliomyia may be distinguished from other members of the subfamily by the reduction of the palpus which is short, slender and filiform. The genus Chrysomya is characterised by a covering of dark appressed hair over the entirety of the dorsal surface of the lower calypter (Vargas & Wood 2010).

<==Chrysomyinae VW10
    |--Hemilucilia VW10 [Hemiluciliini S87]
    |    |--H. fuscanipennis CH37
    |    |--H. segmentaria VW10
    |    `--H. semidiaphana VW10
    `--Chrysomyini VW10
         |--Chloroprocta S87
         |    |--C. idioidea [incl. C. fuscanipennis] VW10
         |    `--C. semiviridis CH37
         |--Paralucilia wheeleri S87, M90
         |--Cochliomyia [Cochliomyiini] S87
         |    |--C. aldrichi VW10
         |    |--C. americana CH37 [=Callitroga americana A71]
         |    |--C. fontanai VW10
         |    |--C. hominivorax VW10 [=Callitroga hominivorax A71]
         |    |--C. laniaria CH37
         |    |--C. macellaria WT11
         |    `--C. minima VW10
         `--Chrysomya Robineau-Desvoidy 1830 [incl. Cyaneosomyia Séguy 1928] F92
              |  i. s.: *C. (Chrysomya) regalis Robineau-Desvoidy 1830 F92
              |         C. albiceps VW10
              |         C. defixa Walker 1857 [=C. (Compsomyia) defixa] F92
              |         C. incisuralis W01
              |         C. latifrons W01
              |         C. mallochi CM70
              |         C. saffranea CM91
              |         C. varipes W01
              |--C. rufifacies (Macquart 1843) KP10
              `--+--C. putoria KP10
                 `--C. (Compsomyia Rondani 1875) F92
                      |--C. (C.) bezziana Villeneuve 1914 F92
                      |--C. (C.) chani Kurahashi 1979 F92
                      |--C. (C.) phaonis (Séguy 1928) [=Cyaneosomyia phaonis] F92
                      |--C. (C.) megacephala (Fabricius 1784) F92, KP10, F92 [=Musca megacephala F92]
                      |--C. (C.) pinguis (Walker 1858) [=Lucilia pinguis] F92
                      `--C. (C.) thanomthini Kurahashi & Tumrasvin 1971 F92

Chrysomyinae incertae sedis:
  Compsomyiops VW10
    |--C. callipes VW10
    |--C. fulvicrura KP10
    `--C. wheeleri CH37
  Ceylonomyia Fan 1965 F92
    `--*C. nigripes (Aubertin 1932) [=Chrysomyia (Microcalliphora) nigripes] F92
  Achoetandrus Bezzi 1927 F92
    |--*A. albiceps (Wd. 1819) [=Musca albiceps] F92
    |--A. rufifacies (Macq. 1843) [=Lucilia rufifacies; incl. Chrysomyia pingi Hsieh 1958] F92
    `--A. villeneuvii (Patton 1922) [=Chrysomyia villeneuvii] F92
  Microcalliphora Townsend 1916 F92

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[CM70] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1970. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 656–740. Melbourne University Press.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[CH37] Cushing, E. C., & D. G. Hall. 1937. Some morphological differences between the screwworm fly Cochliomyia americana C. & P. and other closely allied or similar species in North America (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (7): 195–200.

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[KP10] Kutty, S. N., T. Pape, B. M. Wiegmann & R. Meier. 2010. Molecular phylogeny of the Calyptratae (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha) with an emphasis on the superfamily Oestroidea and the position of Mystacinobiidae and McAlpine's fly. Systematic Entomology 35: 614–635.

[M90] McAlpine, J. F. 1990. Insecta: Diptera adults. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1211–1252. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[S87] Shewell, G. E. 1987. Calliphoridae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1133–1145. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[VW10] Vargas, J., & D. M. Wood. 2010. Calliphoridae (blow flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1297–1304. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[W01] Wallman, J. F. 2001. A key to the adults of species of blowflies in southern Australia known or suspected to breed in carrion. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 15: 433–437.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Last updated: 17 April 2022.

Dexiinae

Uramya halisidotae, copyright Phil Huntley-Franck.

Belongs within: Tachinidae.
Contains: Dufouriini, Dexiini.

The Dexiinae are a group of tachinid flies united by the presence of a hinge in the phallus together with close association of the postgonites with the base of the phallus. Females possess a uterus and deposit eggs containing a developed embryo (Wood & Zumbado 2010). The majority of species parasitise Lepidoptera though certain subgroups attack Coleoptera or Heteroptera. Parasitoids of adult Heteroptera form a clade including the Epigrimyiini and Euthera (Stireman et al. 2019).

<==Dexiinae [Dufouriinae, Proseninae, Voriini, Wagneriini] WZ10
    |--+--Litophasia SC19
    |  `--+--Epigrimyiini SC19
    |     |    |--Epigrimyia SC19
    |     |    |    |--E. illinoensis SC19
    |     |    |    `--E. polita W87
    |     |    `--Beskia aelops SC19
    |     `--Euthera [Eutherini] SC19
    |          |--E. setifacies SC19
    |          `--E. tentatrix WZ10
    `--+--+--+--Microsoma exigua SC19
       |  |  `--Freraea [Freraeini] SC19
       |  |       `--F. montana W87
       |  `--+--Xanthobasis angustifrons SC19
       |     `--Eutrixa exilis SC19
       `--+--+--Chaetonopsis spinosa SC19
          |  `--Stomina SC19
          `--+--+--Leptomacquartia SC19
             |  `--+--Telothyria [Telothyriini] SC19
             |     |    `--T. thecata [=Leskiopsis thecata] WZ10
             |     `--Eriothrix SC19
             |          |--E. monticola SC19
             |          `--E. penitalis W87
             `--+--Dufouriini SC19
                `--+--Phyllomya [Phyllomyina, Phyllomyini] SC19
                   |    |--P. volvulus SC19
                   |    `--P. washingtoniana W87
                   `--+--+--+--Periscepsia Gistel 1848 SC19, F92 (see below for synonymy)
                      |  |  |    |--*P. carbonaria (Panzer 1798) (see below for synonymy) F92
                      |  |  |    |--P. helymus WZ10
                      |  |  |    `--P. stylata [=Petinarctia stylata] W87
                      |  |  `--+--Myiotrixini SC19
                      |  |     |    |--Myiotrixa SC19
                      |  |     |    `--Obscuromyia SC19
                      |  |     `--Campylocheta [Campylochetini] SC19
                      |  |          |--C. plathypenae SC19
                      |  |          `--C. semiothisae WZ10
                      |  `--+--+--Muscopteryx SC19
                      |     |  |    |--M. costalis [=Websteriana costalis] W87
                      |     |  |    |--M. evexus [=Tarassophorus evexus] W87
                      |     |  |    `--M. hilaris SC19
                      |     |  `--Metopomuscopteryx tibialis SC19
                      |     `--+--Trafoia SC19
                      |        |    |--T. arctica WZ10 [=Tenuirostra arctica W87]
                      |        |    `--T. rufipalpis SC19
                      |        `--+--Micronychiops aurescens SC19
                      |           `--+--Uramya [Uramyini] SC19
                      |              |    |--U. aldrichi W87
                      |              |    |--U. halisidotae T81
                      |              |    `--U. pristis SC19
                      |              `--Thelairaporia brasiliensis SC19
                      `--Dexiini SC19

Dexiinae incertae sedis:
  Trixa A71
  Hystricodexia echinata WZ10
  Voria Robineau-Desvoidy 1830 F92
    `--*V. ruralis (Fallén 1810) (see below for synonymy) F92
  Hyleorus Aldrich 1926 [incl. Neuroplagia Townsend 1933, Steiniomyia Townsend 1932] F92
    `--*H. elatus (Meigen 1838) [incl. Tachina setosa Brischke 1885] F92
  Kirbya [incl. Coleophasia, Hesperophasia, Hesperophasiopsis; Hesperophasiini] W87
    |--K. aldrichi W87
    |--K. pacifica WZ10
    `--K. setosa WZ10
  Wagneria W87
    |--W. pacata W87
    `--W. vernata W87
  Peteina Meigen 1838 F92
    |--*P. erinaceus Fabricius 1794 F92
    `--P. hyperdiscalis Aldrich 1926 F92
  Rhynchodexia CM70
  Thelairini F92
    |--Thelaira nigripes SC19, P93
    `--Halydaia Egger 1856 [incl. Anaperistommyia Townsend 1926, Macropia Malloch 1930] F92
         |--*H. aurea Egger 1856 F92
         `--H. luteicornis Walker 1861 [incl. Anaperistommyia optica Townsend 1926] F92
  *Argyromima mirabilis WZ10, SC19, WZ10

Periscepsia Gistel 1848 SC19, F92 [incl. Phorichaeta Rondani 1861 F92, Scopolia Robineau-Desvoidy 1830 nec Forster & Forster 1776 (ICBN) non Jaquin 1764 (ICBN) F92]

*Periscepsia carbonaria (Panzer 1798) [incl. Phorichaeta fuliginaria Rondani 1861, Wagneria nigrans Meigen 1826] F92

*Voria ruralis (Fallén 1810) [incl. V. ciliata d’Aguilar 1957, V. edentata Baranov 1932, Tachina spinicosta Palm 1876] F92

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[CM70] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1970. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 656–740. Melbourne University Press.

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[P93] Pittaway, A. R. 1993. The Hawkmoths of the Western Palaearctic. Harley Books: Colchester.

[SC19] Stireman, J. O., III, P. Cerretti, J. E. O'Hara, J. D. Blaschke & J. K. Moulton. 2019. Molecular phylogeny and evolution of world Tachinidae (Diptera). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 139: 106358.

[T81] Teskey, H. J. 1981. Key to families—larvae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 125–147. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[W87] Wood, D. M. 1987. Tachinidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1193–1269. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[WZ10] Wood, D. M., & M. A. Zumbado. 2010. Tachinidae (tachinid flies, parasitic flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1343–1417. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

Last updated: 17 April 2022.

Polideini

Male Lypha setifacies, copyright Tom Murray.

Belongs within: Tachininae.

The Polideini are a group of tachinid flies known to attack a wide range of hosts, including caterpillars, scorpions, spiders, centipedes, cockroaches, earwigs and webspinners. Embryonated eggs are deposited in locations where hosts are likely to pass; the hatching larvae are heavily sclerotised to resist desiccation and wait for an opportunity to attach themselves to a host (Wood & Zumbado 2010).

Characters (from Wood & Zumbado 2010): Anepimeral bristle very large, extending posteriorly beyond middle of lower calypter; metathoracic spiracle with almost equal outgrowths of hairs (lappets) along each side of opening, with V-shaped opening between them; syntergosternite 7+8 of male characteristically enlarged, bulbous and shiny, wider than hypandrium.

<==Polideini WZ10
    |  i. s.: Pseudobombyliomyia linellii WZ10
    |         Phobetromyia dumalis WZ10
    |         Chlorohystricia cyaneiventris WZ10
    |         Eucheirophaga lugubris WZ10
    |         Mauromyia pulla WZ10, W87
    |         Exoristoides WZ10
    |--+--Dolichostoma puntarenensis SC19
    |  `--+--Ecuadorana SC19
    |     `--Hystricia SC19
    |          |--H. abrupta WZ10
    |          |--H. amoena BW09
    |          `--H. testaceiventris W87
    `--+--Dichocera SC19
       |    |--D. lyrata SC19
       |    |--D. orientalis CW09
       |    |--D. robusta W87
       |    `--D. tridens M81
       `--+--Chrysotachina SC19
          |    |--C. alcedo WZ10
          |    `--C. slossonae SC19
          `--+--Micronychia invasor SC19
             `--+--Homalactia harringtoni SC19
                `--+--Lydina areos SC19
                   `--+--Nigrilypha gnoma SC19
                      `--Lypha SC19
                           |--L. dubia SC19
                           |--L. fumipennis T81
                           |--L. harringtoni W87
                           |--L. harrisi W87
                           `--L. setifacies WZ10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BW09] Buck, M., N. E. Woodley, A. Borkent, D. M. Wood, T. Pape, J. R. Vockeroth, V. Michelsen & S. A. Marshall. 2009. Key to Diptera families—adults. In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 95–156. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[CW09] Cumming, J. M., & D. M. Wood. 2009. Adult morphology and terminology. In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 9–50. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[M81] McAlpine, J. F. 1981. Morphology and terminology—adults. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 9–63. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[SC19] Stireman, J. O., III, P. Cerretti, J. E. O'Hara, J. D. Blaschke & J. K. Moulton. 2019. Molecular phylogeny and evolution of world Tachinidae (Diptera). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 139: 106358.

[T81] Teskey, H. J. 1981. Key to families—larvae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 125–147. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[W87] Wood, D. M. 1987. Tachinidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1193–1269. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[WZ10] Wood, D. M., & M. A. Zumbado. 2010. Tachinidae (tachinid flies, parasitic flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1343–1417. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

Last updated: 3 July 2021.

Rhinophoridae

Bezzimyia bisecta, copyright Centre for Biodiversity Genomics.

Belongs within: Calliphoridae.

The Rhinophoridae, woodlouse flies, are a group of calyptrate flies that develop as internal parasitoids of woodlice (Pape 2010). The body of the first instar larva carries encircling tubercles that may act as pseudopods, used by the larva to wedge itself between the sternites of its host (Wood 1987a).

Characters (from Pape 2010): Small to medium-sized (body length 3.5–8 mm) calyptrate flies. Body colour mostly brown or blackish-brown, more rarely partly or almost entirely yellow. Antenna with first flagellomere varying from short to longer than eye height; concolorous with body or strongly contrasting orange; sometimes lobate in male. Male dichoptic and with neither proclinate or reclinate orbital bristles, or semi-holoptic with fronto-orbital plates almost entirely occluded at vertex but frontal stripe only moderately narrowed. Female without proclinate orbital bristles (some species with setulae that may be reduced orbitals). Head with receding vibrissal angle (i.e. head moderately or distinctly shorter at level of vibrissa than at level of antennal insertion). Vibrissa indistinct or accompanied by long genal setae. Proboscis short; length at most slightly more than greatest diameter of fore coxa. Wing membrane hyaline, darkened along veins, fumose with white wing tip, or with various patterns of fumose bands. Vein Sc normal or with indistinct or no median concavity, i.e. mostly parallel to vein R₁. Vein M various, ending freely in wing membrane, reaching costa at wing margin, or joining vein R₄₊₅ well before wing tip. One case of female aptery known, with wings reduced to halterlike stumps. Legs with foretarsus unmodivided or laterally compressed in one or both sexes. Subscutellum moderately swollen. Abdomen oval or elongate oval. Male terminalia with cerci with separate prongs, phallus with dorsolateral processes that often have free tips. Female terminalia telescopic, cerci elongate. Egg fusiform with blunt ends, flattened dorsal side and dorsomedian plastron running full length of egg. Chorion with rugged longitudinal ridges running full length of egg and entire surface pitted with small hexagons. Plastron with somewhat irregular, delicate hexagonal meshwork. First instar larva with distinct segmentation, head with long and apparently two-segmented antenna, cephalopharyngeal skeleton with long anterior rod, mouth hooks toothed, labrum absent. Most segments encircled by setae, integument encrusted with small scale-like spines. Abdominal segment 8 equipped with terminal pair of processes having broad, vesicular bases and tapering into long slender filaments.

<==Rhinophoridae [Melanophorinae, Rhinophorinae] P10
    |--+--Stevenia SC19
    |  |    |--S. atramentaria (Meigen 1824) KP10
    |  |    |--S. deceptoria SC19
    |  |    |--S. hertingi Kugler 1978 KP10
    |  |    `--S. subpellucida F92
    |  `--Rhinomorinia sarcophagina SC19
    `--+--Phyto SC19
       |    |--P. discrepans W87a
       |    `--P. melanocephala WT11
       `--+--Paykullia maculata SC19
          `--Melanophora roralis (Linnaeus 1758) SC19, L58 [=Musca roralis G20]

Rhinophoridae incertae sedis:
  Rhinophora lepida (Linnaeus 1824) W87a, KP10
  Parafeburia maculata A71
  Trypetidomima lutea P10
  Bequaertiana PG-M04
  Shannoniella cuspidata P10
  Tricogena rubricosa [=Frauenfeldia rubricosa] W87a
  Microtarsina W87a
  Cirillia angustifrons W87a
  Malayia O98
  Bezzimyia P10
    |--B. americana W87b
    |--B. bisecta P10
    |--B. hansoni P10
    |--B. lapidicina P10
    |--B. ramicornis P10
    |--B. setifax P10
    |--B. sternothrix P10
    `--B. yepezi P10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[KP10] Kutty, S. N., T. Pape, B. M. Wiegmann & R. Meier. 2010. Molecular phylogeny of the Calyptratae (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha) with an emphasis on the superfamily Oestroidea and the position of Mystacinobiidae and McAlpine's fly. Systematic Entomology 35: 614–635.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[O98] Oosterbroek, P. 1998. The Families of Diptera of the Malay Archipelago. Brill: Leiden.

[P10] Pape, T. 2010. Rhinophoridae (woodlouse flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1337–1341. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[PG-M04] Peris, S. V., & D. González-Mora. 2004. Clave de identificación para los géneros de Calliphoridae del mundo. Subfamilias con vena remigium desnuda y creación de una nueva subfamilia. Bol. R. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. (Sec. Biol.) 99 (1–4): 115–144.

[SC19] Stireman, J. O., III, P. Cerretti, J. E. O'Hara, J. D. Blaschke & J. K. Moulton. 2019. Molecular phylogeny and evolution of world Tachinidae (Diptera). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 139: 106358.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

[W87a] Wood, D. M. 1987a. Rhinophoridae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1187–1191. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[W87b] Wood, D. M. 1987b. Tachinidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1193–1269. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

Last updated: 2 July 2021.

Sarcophaginae

Peckia chrysostoma, copyright G. McCormack.

Belongs within: Oestroidea.
Contains: Johnsoniini, Boettcheriini, Blaesoxipha, Sarcophagini.

The Sarcophaginae are a diverse lineage of flesh flies including necrophagous, coprophagous and parasitoid forms. Most have specific diets but the New World species Sarcodexia lambens has been bred from both live and dead animals and has been known to cause human myiasis. Oxysarcodexia, a Neotropical dung-breeding genus, is characterised by the presence in males ofan apical posteroventral ctenidium of flattened bristles on the mid femur (Pape & Dahlem 2010).

Characters (from Pape & Dahlem 2010): Antennal arista usually distinctly plumose; notopleuron usually with subprimary bristles; metasternal area usually setose; hind coxa usually setose posteriorly; coxopleural streak absent; male abdominal sternites 2–4 exposed and overlapping margins of corresponding tergites.

<==Sarcophaginae [Raviniini, Sarcodexiini] PD10
    |--+--Oxysarcodexia KP10 [incl. Hybopygia Enderlein 1928 L59]
    |  |    |--O. avuncula (Lopes 1933) KP10
    |  |    |--O. cingarus S87
    |  |    |--O. timida PD10
    |  |    `--O. varia (Walker 1836) MD13 (see below for synonymy)
    |  `--+--Sinopiella rufopilosa Lopes & Tibana 1982 KP10
    |     `--Notochaetini S87
    |          |--Anolisimyia blakeae S87
    |          `--Notochaeta Aldrich 1916 KP10
    |               `--N. bufonivora [=Lepidodexia (Notochaeta) bufonivora] PD10
    `--+--+--+--Cucutomyiini F92
       |  |  `--Johnsoniini KP10
       |  `--+--Tricharaea Thomson 1868 KP10, L59 (see below for synonymy)
       |     |    |--T. brevicornis (Wiedemann 1830) (see below for synonymy) L59
       |     |    `--T. occidua (Fabricius 1794) KP10
       |     `--Sarothromyiini S87
       |          |--Sarothromyia simplex S87
       |          |--Sarcophagula occidua S87
       |          `--Sarcofahrtiopsis KP10
       |               |--S. cuneata (Townsend 1935) KP10
       |               |--S. farri S87
       |               |--S. jamaicensis BW09
       |               |--S. paterna S87
       |               `--S. thryopteronthos PD10
       `--+--+--Helicobia KP10
          |  |    |  i. s.: H. morionella PD10
          |  |    |--H. rapax (Walker 1849) KP10
          |  |    `--+--H. pilipleura Lopes 1939 KP10
          |  |       `--H. resinata (Hall 1933) KP10
          |  `--+--‘Tricharaea’ femoralis (Schiner 1868) KP10
          |     |--Boettcheriini KP10
          |     `--Engelimyia KP10
          |          |--E. bosqi PD10
          |          `--E. inops (Walker 1849) KP10
          `--+--+--+--Dexosarcophaga transita Townsend 1917 KP10
             |  |  `--+--‘Blaesoxipha’ setosa (Salem 1938) KP10
             |  |     `--Argoravinia KP10 [incl. Raviniopsis PD10]
             |  |          |--A. modesta S87
             |  |          `--A. rufiventris (Wiedemann 1830) KP10
             |  `--Protodexiini [Blaesoxiphini, Servaisiini, Tephromyiini] S87
             |       |  i. s.: Fletcherimyia fletcheri S87
             |       |         Mantidophaga S87
             |       |         Opsophyto opifera S87
             |       |         Stenaulacotheca spatulata S87
             |       |         Servaisia Robineau-Desvoidy 1863 (see below for synonymy) F92
             |       |           |--S. erythrura (Meigen 1826) (see below for synonymy) F92
             |       |           |--‘Acridiophaga’ aculeata S87
             |       |           |--S. coloradensis S87
             |       |           |--S. cothurnata (Hsue 1978) [=Blaesoxipha (Servaisia) cothurnata] F92
             |       |           |--S. fossoria (Pandellé 1896) F92
             |       |           |--S. jakovlevi Rohdendorf 1937 F92
             |       |           |--S. mixta (Rohdendorf 1928) [=Blaesoxipha mixta] F92
             |       |           |--S. rossica (Villeneuve 1911) [=Blaesoxipha rossica] F92
             |       |           `--S. subamericana (Rohdendorf 1932) [=Blaesoxipha (Servaisia) subamericana] F92
             |       |         Amblycoryphenes S87
             |       |         Agriella Villeneuve 1911 (see below for synonymy) F92
             |       |           |--*A. pandellei Villeneuve 1911 F92
             |       |           `--A. gobica (Rohdendorf 1928) [=Blaesoxipha gobica] F92
             |       |         Tephromyia Brauer & Bergenstamm 1891 F92
             |       |         Locustaevora Rohdendorf 1928 F92
             |       |--Blaesoxipha KP10
             |       `--+--Chlorosarcophaga Townsend 1919 KP10
             |          `--Spirobolomyia KP10
             |               |--S. flavipalpis (Aldrich 1916) KP10
             |               `--S. singularis S87
             `--+--+--Titanogrypa KP10
                |  |    |--T. larvicida PD10
                |  |    |--T. luculenta (Lopes 1938) KP10
                |  |    `--T. placida PD10
                |  `--Ravinia Robineau-Desvoidy 1863 KP10
                |       |--*R. striata (Fabricius 1794) [=Musca striata; incl. Sarcophaga haematodes Meigen 1826] F92
                |       |--R. acerba S87
                |       |--R. floridensis PD10
                |       `--R. querula S87
                `--+--Sarcophagini KP10
                   `--+--+--Sarcodexia KP10
                      |  |    |--S. innota S87
                      |  |    `--S. lambens (Wiedemann 1830) KP10
                      |  `--Villegasia KP10
                      |       |--V. almeidai PD10
                      |       `--V. postuncinata (Hall 1933) KP10
                      `--Peckia KP10
                           |--+--P. intermutans (Walker 1861) KP10
                           |  `--Peckiamyia minutipenis (Hall 1937) KP10
                           `--+--+--P. alvarengai Lopes & Tibana 1982 KP10
                              |  `--P. collusor (Curran & Walley 1934) KP10
                              `--+--P. chrysostoma (Wiedemann 1830) KP10
                                 |--P. gulo KP10
                                 `--P. uncinata (Hall 1933) KP10

Sarcophaginae incertae sedis:
  Tripanurga PD10
  Nephochaetopteryx PD10
  Panava inflata PD10
  Wulpisca PD10
  Pacatuba matthewsi PD10
  Tapacura PD10
  Retrocitomyia PD10
  Rettenmeyerina serrata PD10
  Thomazomyia pilipes PD10
  Emdenimyia PD10
    |--E. korytkowskii PD10
    `--E. meyersi PD10
  Malacophagula PD10
  Malacophagomyia PD10
  Comasarcophagini S87
    |--Comasarcophaga texana PD10
    `--Mecynocorpus salvum S87
  Udamopyga niagarana PD10
  Halliosca declinata PD10
  Chrysagria duodecimpunctata PD10, S87
  Oxyvinia panamensis PD10
  Hallimyia PD10
  Cistudinomyia cistudinis (Aldrich 1916) S87, K37 [=Sarcophaga cistudinis K37]
  Bellieria [Bellieriini] S87
    `--B. melanura S87
  Cucullomyia pedunculata S87
  Tylomyia S87
  Neophytoini S87
    |--Neophyto setosa S87
    `--Oppiopsis sheldoni S87
  0--Microcerella PD10 [Microcerellini F92]
  |    `--M. hypopygialis S87
  `--+--Sarcothromyiopsini F92
     `--+--Emblemasoma PD10 [incl. Colcondamyia PD10, Pessoamyia PD10; Emblemasomatini F92]
        |    |--‘Colcondamyia’ auditrix S87
        |    `--E. erro PD10
        `--Impariini F92
             |--Speciosia speciosa S87
             |--Abapa deleta S87
             `--Kellymyia kellyi S87

Agriella Villeneuve 1911 [incl. Anablaesoxipha Villeneuve 1928, Asioblaeoxipha Rohdendorf 1937] F92

Oxysarcodexia varia (Walker 1836) MD13 [=Sarcophaga varia MD13, *Hybopygia varia L59; incl. S. milleri Johnston & Tiegs 1922 MD13]

Servaisia Robineau-Desvoidy 1863 [incl. Acridiophaga Townsend 1917, Blaesoxiphomima Verves 1986] F92

Servaisia erythrura (Meigen 1826) [=Sarcophaga erythrura; incl. *Se. erythrocera Robineau-Desvoidy 1863] F92

Tricharaea Thomson 1868 KP10, L59 [incl. Euleucomyia Townsend 1934 L59, Leucoravinia Townsend 1928 L59, Mallonotum Aldrich 1925 L59, Xenagria Blanchard 1939 L59]

Tricharaea brevicornis (Wiedemann 1830) [=Tachina brevicornis, *Mallonotum brevicornis; incl. Dexia albicans Walker 1854, Sarcophaga albicans, Tricharaea albicans, *Euleucomyia australis Townsend 1934, Sarcophaga canescens Thomson 1869, *Xenagria mallogaster Blanchard 1939, Liopyga pellita Townsend 1931, *Leucoravinia quadraticephala Townsend 1928, *Tricharaea scatophagina Thomson 1869] L59

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BW09] Buck, M., N. E. Woodley, A. Borkent, D. M. Wood, T. Pape, J. R. Vockeroth, V. Michelsen & S. A. Marshall. 2009. Key to Diptera families—adults. In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 95–156. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[K37] Knipling, E. F. 1937. The biology of Sarcophaga cistudinis Aldrich (Diptera), a species of Sarcophagidae parasitic on turtles and tortoises. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (5): 91–101.

[KP10] Kutty, S. N., T. Pape, B. M. Wiegmann & R. Meier. 2010. Molecular phylogeny of the Calyptratae (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha) with an emphasis on the superfamily Oestroidea and the position of Mystacinobiidae and McAlpine's fly. Systematic Entomology 35: 614–635.

[L59] Lopes, H. de S. 1959. A revision of Australian Sarcophagidae (Diptera). Studia Ent. 2 (1–4): 33–67.

[MD13] Meiklejohn, K. A., M. Dowton, T. Pape & J. F. Wallman. 2013. A key to the Australian Sarcophagidae (Diptera) with special emphasis on Sarcophaga (sensu lato). Zootaxa 3680 (1): 148–189.

[PD10] Pape, T., & G. A. Dahlem. 2010. Sarcophagidae (flesh flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1313–1335. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[S87] Shewell, G. E. 1987. Sarcophagidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1159–1186. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

Last updated: 5 July 2021.