Phyllodoceae

Pink mountain-heath Phyllodoce empetriformis, copyright Walter Siegmund.

Belongs within: Ericaceae.

The Phyllodoceae are a clade of boreal shrubs with flowers on articulated pedicels.

Characters (from Kron et al. 2002): Shrubs. Leaves evergreen, alternate and spiral, decussate, or whorled, ericoid or non-ericoid, entire to serrulate, convolute or revolute in bud. Leaf epidermal cells not lignified. Indumentum of glandular hairs and elongate non-glandular hairs, and sometimes papillae. Inflorescence terminal, rarely axillary, spicate, racemose, or corymbose, sometimes reduced; bracts paired and more or less basal, bracteoles usually present; calyx articulated with pedicel. Flowers 4–6-merous, actinomorphic. Calyx lobes variable in size, withering persistent or persistent; corolla sympetalous or choripetalous, rotate to urceolate, campanulate, the lobes small to large. Stamens 5–10, included or exserted, the filaments straight to curved, unicellular-pubescent or smooth; anthers smooth or roughened, lacking appendages, dehiscing by slits or terminal pores. Pollen usually with viscin threads. Ovary 2–6-locular, with axile placentation; style impressed or not; stigma truncate, sometimes slightly expanded. Fruit a septicidal capsule, sometimes partly loculicidal as well; seeds with testa cells more or less isodiametric to elongated; embryo with two cotyledons.

<==Phyllodoceae [Cladothamneae, Epigaeae, Leiophylleae, Phyllodocoideae]
    |--Elliottia KJ02
    |    |--E. bracteata KJ02
    |    `--E. racemosa KJ02
    `--+--Kalmia [incl. Leiophyllum, Loiseleuria] KJ02
       |    |--K. angustifolia KJ02
       |    |--K. polifolia KJ02
       |    `--+--K. latifolia KJ02
       |       `--+--K. buxifolia (Bergius) Gift, Kron & Stevens in Kron, Judd et al. 2002 KJ02
       |          `--K. procumbens (Linnaeus) Gift, Kron & Stevens in Kron, Judd et al. 2002 (see below for synonymy) KJ02
       `--+--+--Epigaea repens KJ02
          |  `--Rhodothamnus chamaecistus KJ02
          `--+--Kalmiopsis leachiana KJ02
             `--Phyllodoce KJ02
                  |--P. breweri W81
                  |--P. caerulea KJ02
                  |--P. empetriformis KJ02
                  |--P. nipponica KJ02
                  `--P. taxifolia [incl. Menziesia coerulea] C55

Kalmia procumbens (Linnaeus) Gift, Kron & Stevens in Kron, Judd et al. 2002 [=Azalea procumbens, Loiseleuria procumbens] KJ02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[KJ02] Kron, K. A., W. S. Judd, P. F. Stevens, D. M. Crayn, A. A. Anderberg, P. A. Gadek, C. J. Quinn & J. L. Luteyn. 2002. Phylogenetic classification of Ericaceae: molecular and morphological evidence. Botanical Review 68: 335–423.

[W81] West, E. W. 1981. Adaptive patterns in behavior of the Sierran pika, Ochotona princeps. Dissertation Abstracts International B 41: 4374.

Iodeae

Flowering twig of Iodes sp., copyright Leonardo L. Co.

Belongs within: Garryales.

The Iodeae have been recognised as a tribe within the pantropical flowering plant family Icacinaceae, though phylogenetic analysis indicates that it is paraphyletic with regard to the Phytocreneae and Sarcostigma (Kårehed 2001).

Synapomorphies (from Kårehed 2001, as unnamed clade): Leaves with prominent major veins present; flowers functionally unisexual; fruit a laterally compressed drupe; pollen with spines originating from the foot-layer; columellae more or less long and fine, often heterogeneous.

<==Iodeae
    |--Mappianthus K01
    `--+--+--+--Rhyticaryum K01
       |  |  `--+--Sarcostigma [Sarcostigmateae] K01
       |  |     `--Stachyanthus K01
       |  `--+--Hosiea K01
       |     `--+--Natsiatopsis K01
       |        `--Natsiatum K01
       `--+--+--Polyporandra K01
          |  `--Iodes K01
          |       |--I. africana K01
          |       |--I. cirrhosa K01
          |       `--I. ovalis K01
          `--Phytocreneae K01
               |--+--Miquelia K01
               |  `--Phytocrene K01
               `--+--Polycephalium K01
                  `--+--Chlamydocarya K01
                     `--Pyrenacantha K01
                          |--P. grandifolia K01
                          `--P. malvifolia K01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[K01] Kårehed, J. 2001. Multiple origin of the tropical forest tree family Icacinaceae. American Journal of Botany 88 (12): 2259–2274.

Mormoopidae

Parnell's moustached bat Pteronotus parnellii, copyright Brock Fenton.

Belongs within: Noctilionoidea.

The Mormoopidae, moustached bats and ghost-faced bats, are family of bats found in tropical and subtropical parts of the New World, characterised by complex outgrowths of the lower lip that take the place of the nose leaf found in other bat groups.

Characters (from Miller 1907): Teeth normal; humerus without secondary articulation with scapula, the tubercles short, rising scarcely above level of head, epitrochlea small, hardly more than base to large spinous process; muzzle without nose leaf; lower lip with plate-like outgrowths.

<==Mormoopidae (see below for synonymy)
    |--Mormoops Leach 1821 [incl. Aello Leach 1821] M07
    |    |--*M. blainvillii M07
    |    |--‘*Aello’ cuvieri M07
    |    |--M. magna Silva Taboada 1974 AC98
    |    `--M. megalophylla Peters 1864 MB86
    `--Pteronotus Gray 1838 K92, C57 (see below for synonymy)
         |--*P. davyi Gray 1838 [=Chilonycteris davyi, Dermonotus davyi] C57
         |    |--P. d. davyi MB86
         |    `--P. d. fulvus (Thomas 1892) MB86 [incl. P. suapurensis calvus Goodwin 1958 G69]
         |--P. gymnonotus (Wagner 1843) K06, C57 (see below for synonymy)
         |--P. macleayii (Gray 1839) K92 [=*Chilonycteris macleayii C57; incl. Lobostoma cinnamomeum G66]
         |--P. parnellii MB86 [=*Phyllodia parnellii M07]
         |    |--P. p. parnellii MB86
         |    `--P. p. mexicanus (Miller 1902) MB86 [=P. rubiginosa mexicana G69]
         |--P. personata (Wagner 1843) G69, C57 [=Chilonycteris personata C57, Chylonycteris personatus C57]
         |    |--P. p. personatus G69
         |    `--P. p. psilotis (Dobson 1878) G69, C57 [=Chilonycteris psilotis C57]
         |--P. pristinus Silva Taboada 1974 AC98
         |--P. quadridens IT07
         `--P. rubiginosa (Wagner 1843) G69, C57 [=Chilonycteris rubiginosus C57, C. rubiginosa G69]
              |--P. r. rubiginosa G69
              `--P. r. fusca (Allen 1911) G69, C57 [=Chilonycteris rubiginosa fusca C57]

Mormoopidae [Chilonycteriinae, Chilonycterinae, Lobostomidae, Lobostominae, Mormopes, Mormophidae, Mormopida, Mormopidae, Mormopinae, Mormopini, Mormopsina, Phyllodiana] ST01

Pteronotus Gray 1838 K92, C57 [incl. Chilonycteris Gray 1839 G69, C57, Dermonotus Gill 1901 C57, Lobostoma Gundlach 1840 C57, Phyllodia Gray 1843 C57]

Pteronotus gymnonotus (Wagner 1843) K06, C57 [=Chilonycteris gymnonotus C57; incl. Dermonotus suapurensis Allen 1904 C57, Pteronotus suapurensis K06]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AC98] Alcover, J. A., X. Campillo, M. Macias & A. Sans. 1998. Mammal species of the world: additional data on insular mammals. American Museum Novitates 3248: 1–29.

[C57] Cabrera, A. 1957. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. I (Metatheria—Unguiculata—Carnivora). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de Las Ciencias Naturales, Ciencias Zoológicas 4 (1): 1–307.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[G66] Gray, J. E. 1866. Notice of the examination of the type specimen of Aëllo cuvieri of Leach. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 147–148.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[K92] Klompen, J. S. H. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships in the mite family Sarcoptidae (Acari: Astigmata). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 180: i–vi, 1–154.

[K06] Kwiecinski, G. G. 2006. Phyllostomus discolor. Mammalian Species 801: 1–11.

[MB86] Matson, J. O. & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[M07] Miller, G. S., Jr. 1907. The families and genera of bats. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Bulletin 57: i–xvii, 1–282, pl. I–XIV.

Musteloidea

Channel Islands spotted skunk Spilogale gracilis amphiala, photographed by Brian Kentosh.

Belongs within: Carnivora.
Contains: Conepatus, Procyonidae, Mustelidae.

The Musteloidea is a clade of mostly small-bodied carnivorans, including the weasels, raccoons and related taxa. Previously divided between the families Procyonidae and Mustelidae, more recent phylogenetic analyses have agreed in placing the skunks (Mephitidae) and red panda Ailurus fulgens outside the clade formed by the former two taxa. The skunks are omnivorous animals native to North and South America, commonly with contrasting black and white colour patterns and with defensive anal scent glands that produce a noxious spray.

Synapomorphies (from Flynn et al. 1988): Auditory bulla with caudal ectotympanic ventrally and posteriorly expanded, with relative shortening of carotid canal (reversed in some sublineages); alisphenoid canal absent; third upper and lower molars both absent.

<==Musteloidea [Melinae] MJ11
    |  i. s.: Megalictis Matthew 1907 D07
    |           `--M. ferox D07
    |         Bavarictis RDT09
    |         Aelurocyon FNT88
    |         Zodiolestes FNT88
    |--+--Mydaus FS15
    |  |    |--M. javanensis FS15
    |  |    `--M. marchei FS15
    |  `--Mephitidae [Mephitinae] MJ11
    |       |  i. s.: Miomephitis pilgrimi MJ11
    |       |--+--Brachyprotoma obtusata FS15
    |       |  `--Conepatus FS15
    |       `--+--Mephitis FS15
    |          |    |--M. macroura Lichtenstein 1832 MB86
    |          |    |    |--M. m. macroura [incl. M. macroura vittata] G69
    |          |    |    `--M. m. milleri Mearns 1897 MB86
    |          |    `--M. mephitis DD06
    |          |         |--M. m. mephitis B75
    |          |         |--M. m. avia B75
    |          |         |--M. m. hudsonica Richardson 1829 [=M. americana var. hudsonica] B75
    |          |         `--M. m. mesomelas B75
    |          `--Spilogale FS15
    |               |--S. pygmaea FS15
    |               `--+--S. gracilis FS15
    |                  |    |--S. g. gracilis DD06
    |                  |    |--S. g. amphiala DD06
    |                  |    `--S. g. leucoparia Merriam 1890 MB86
    |                  `--+--S. angustifrons Howell 1902 FS15, MB86 [=S. gracilis angustifrons MB86]
    |                     `--S. putorius FS15
    |                          |--S. p. putorius B75
    |                          |--S. p. ambarvalis J68
    |                          |--S. p. interrupta (Rafinesque 1820) [=Mephitis interrupta] B75
    |                          `--S. p. tropicalis G69
    `--+--Mustelictis olivieri MJ11
       `--+--Ailuridae MJ11
          |    |--Amphictis ambigua SA06, MJ11
          |    `--+--Simocyon batalleri SA06
          |       `--Ailurinae SA06
          |            |--Magerictis imperialensis SA06
          |            `--+--Pristinailurus Wallace & Wang 2004 WW04
          |               |    `--*P. bristoli Wallace & Wang 2004 WW04
          |               `--+--Ailurus fulgens WW04
          |                  |    |--A. f. fulgens R84
          |                  |    `--A. f. styani R84
          |                  `--Parailurus WW04
          |                       |--P. anglicus WW04
          |                       `--P. hungaricus WW04
          `--+--+--Procyonidae MJ11
             |  |--Broiliana WW04
             |  |--Pseudobassaris riggsi MJ11
             |  `--Stromeriella RDT09
             `--+--+--+--Mustelidae MJ11
                |  |  `--Plesiogale RDT09
                |  `--Promartes RDT09
                `--Plesictis Pomel 1846 RDT09, D07
                     |--P. genettoides D07
                     |--P. himilidens D07
                     |--P. mayeri D07
                     `--P. vireti D07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[DD06] Doty, J. B., & R. C. Dowler. 2006. Denning ecology in sympatric populations of skunks (Spilogale gracilis and Mephitis mephitis) in west-central Texas. Journal of Mammalogy 87 (1): 131–138.

[FS15] Faurby, S., & J.-C. Svenning. 2015. A species-level phylogeny of all extant and late Quaternary extinct mammals using a novel heuristic-hierarchical Bayesian approach. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 14–26.

[FNT88] Flynn, J. J., N. A. Neff & R. H. Tedford. 1988. Phylogeny of the Carnivora. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods vol. 2. Mammals pp. 73–116. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[J68] Johnson, M. L. 1968. Application of blood protein electrophoretic studies to problems in mammalian taxonomy. Systematic Zoology 17 (1): 23–30.

[MB86] Matson, J. O., & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[MJ11] Meredith, R. W., J. E. Janečka, J. Gatesy, O. A. Ryder, C. A. Fisher, E. C. Teeling, A. Goodbla, E. Eizirik, T. L. L. Simão, T. Stadler, D. L. Rabosky, R. L. Honeycutt, J. J. Flynn, C. M. Ingram, C. Steiner, T. L. Williams, T. J. Robinson, A. Burk-Herrick, M. Westerman, N. A. Ayoub, M. S. Springer & W. J. Murphy. 2011. Impacts of the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution and KPg extinction on mammal diversification. Science 334: 521–524.

[R84] Russell, J. K. 1984. Other procyonids. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Carnivores pp. 98–99. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

[RDT09] Rybczynski, N., M. R. Dawson & R. H. Tedford. 2009. A semi-aquatic Arctic mammalian carnivore from the Miocene epoch and origin of Pinnipedia. Nature 458: 1021–1024.

[SA06] Salesa, M. J., M. Antón, S. Peigné & J. Morales. 2006. Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103: 379–382.

[WW04] Wallace, S. C., & X. Wang. 2004. Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America. Nature 431: 556–559.

Last updated: 7 August 2018.

Ceratomorpha

Skeleton of Metamynodon planifrons, from Wikimedia Commons.

Belongs within: Perissodactyla.
Contains: Tapiroidea, Hyracodontidae, Rhinocerotidae.

The Ceratomorpha, tapirs and rhinoceroses, are a group of heavily built odd-toed hoofed mammals. Early representatives were small and possibly include the European Eocene genus Pachynolophus, alternatively placed with the Palaeotheriidae. Karagalax mamikhelensis, known from the early Eocene of Pakistan, is more firmly established as a ceratomorph, resembling later forms in the reduction of the post-canine diastema.

Synapomorphies (from Hooker & Dashzeveg 2004): M₃ hypolophid complete; P₃ paraconid strong and approaching height of paraconid; upper molars with metaconal fold consistently joined to metaconule forming complete metaloph; lower preultimate molar with hypolophid complete, comprising equal buccal and lingual segments joined into long unnotched loph, with hypoconulid median; post P₁ diastema absent.

<==Ceratomorpha [Rhinocerotoidea]
    |--Pachynolophus [Pachynolophidae] HD04
    |    |--P. hookeri Godinot in Godinot et al. 1987 HD04
    |    |--P. lavocati F02
    |    `--P. livinerensis F02
    `--+--Karagalax mamikhelensis HD04
       `--+--Tapiroidea RH14
          `--+--+--Deperetellidae RH14
             |  |    |--Deperetella cristatum RH14
             |  |    |--Pachylophus Tong & Lei 1984 SM93
             |  |    |--Haagella Heissig 1978 SM93
             |  |    `--Teleolophus Matthew & Granger 1925 SM93
             |  |         `--T. medius RH14
             |  `--Lophialetidae RH14
             |       |--Lophialetes expeditus RH14
             |       |--Parabreviodon Reshetov 1975 SM93
             |       |--Kalakotia Ranga Rao 1972 SM93
             |       |--Eoletes Biryukov 1974 SM93
             |       |--Breviodon Radinsky 1965 SM93
             |       |--Simplaletes Qi 1980 SM93
             |       `--Schlosseria Matthew & Granger 1926 SM93
             |            `--S. magister RH14
             `--Rhinocerotoidea W96
                  |  i. s.: Amynodontopsis bodei Stock 1933 W96
                  |--Hyracodontidae W96
                  |--Rhinocerotidae FS15
                  `--Amynodontidae [Amynodontinae] G88
                       |--Gigantamynodon CND05
                       |--Zaisanamynodon Beliaeva 1971 H96
                       |--Megalamynodon regalis H96, P96
                       |--Paramynodon H96
                       |--Procadurcodon Gromova 1960 H96
                       |    `--*P. lrientalis Gromova 1960 H96
                       |--Amynodon Marsh 1877 SM93
                       |    |--A. advenus (Marsh 1875) [incl. A. intermedius] W96
                       |    `--A. reedi Stock 1939 W96
                       |--Cadurcodon Kretzoi 1942 R06, D07
                       |    |--C. ardynense D07
                       |    `--C. saisanensis D07
                       `--Metamynodon Scott & Osborn 1887 [Metamynodontini] D07
                            |--M. chadronensis D07
                            |--M. mckinneyi D07
                            `--M. planifrons D07

Ceratomorpha incertae sedis:
  Alicornops complanatum CS04
  Didermoceros sumatrensis A71
  Amynodentopsis JJ84
  Parelasmotherium DW04
    |--P. linxiaense DW04
    `--P. simplum DW04
  Sinotherium DW04
  Shansirhinus Kretzoi 1942 DW04
    |--*S. brancoi (Schlosser 1903) [=Rhinoceros brancoi] DW04
    `--S. ringstromi Kretzoi 1942 DW04
  Menoceras Troxell 1921 D07
    |--M. arikarensis D07
    `--M. barbouri D07
  Elasmotherium Fischer 1808 FS15, D07
    |--E. caucasicum D07
    |--E. inexpectatum D07
    `--E. sibiricum FS15

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[CS04] Chaimanee, Y., V. Suteethorn, P. Jintasakul, C. Vidthayanon, B. Murandat & J.-J. Jaeger. 2004. A new orang-utan relative from the Late Miocene of Thailand. Nature 427: 439–441.

[CND05] Clarke, J. A., M. A. Norell & D. Dashzeveg. 2005. New avian remains from the Eocene of Mongolia and the phylogenetic position of the Eogruidae (Aves, Gruoidea). American Museum Novitates 3494: 1–17.

[DW04] Deng T., Wang X., Ni X. & Liu L. 2004. Sequence of the Cenozoic mammalian faunas of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 78 (1): 8–14.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[FS15] Faurby, S., & J.-C. Svenning. 2015. A species-level phylogeny of all extant and late Quaternary extinct mammals using a novel heuristic-hierarchical Bayesian approach. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 14–26.

[F02] Froehlich, D. J. 2002. Quo vadis eohippus? The systematics and taxonomy of the early Eocene equids (Perissodactyla). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 134: 141–256.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[H96] Hanson, C. B. 1996. Stratigraphy and vertebrate faunas of the Bridgerian-Duchesnean Clarno Formation, north-central Oregon. In: Prothero, D. R., & R. J. Emry (eds) The Terrestrial Eocene–Oligocene Transition in North America pp. 206–239. Cambridge University Press.

[HD04] Hooker, J. J., & D. Dashzeveg. 2004. The origin of chalicotheres (Perissodactyla, Mammalia). Palaeontology 47 (6): 1363–1386.

[JJ84] Janis, C., & P. J. Jarman. 1984. The hoofed mammals. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Hoofed Mammals pp. 28–39. Torstar Books: New York.

[P96] Prothero, D. R. 1996. Magnetic stratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Middle Eocene Uinta Formation, Uinta Basin, Utah. In: Prothero, D. R., & R. J. Emry (eds) The Terrestrial Eocene–Oligocene Transition in North America pp. 3–24. Cambridge University Press.

[R06] Rose, K. D. 2006. The Beginning of the Age of Mammals. John Hopkins University Press: Baltimore.

[RH14] Rose, K. D., L. T. Holbrook, R. S. Rana, K. Kumar, K. E. Jones, H. E. Ahrens, P. Missiaen, A. Sahni & T. Smith. 2014. Early Eocene fossils suggest that the mammalian order Perissodactyla originated in India. Nature Communications 5: 5570.

[SM93] Stucky, R. K., & M. C. McKenna. 1993. Mammalia. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 739–771. Chapman & Hall: London.

[W96] Walsh, S. L. 1996. S. Middle Eocene mammal faunas of San Diego County, California. In: Prothero, D. R., & R. J. Emry (eds) The Terrestrial Eocene–Oligocene Transition in North America pp. 75–119. Cambridge University Press.

Last updated: 9 February 2022.

Perognathinae

Silky pocket mouse Perognathus flavus, copyright Bob Beatson.

Belongs within: Heteromyidae.

The Perognathinae, pocket mice, are two genera Perognathus and Chaetodipus (sometimes united in a single genus) of small mouse-like heteromyid rodents found in arid regions of western North America. Their relationship is supported by biochemical data (Hafner & Hafner 1983).

<==Perognathinae HH83
    |--Chaetodipus Merriam 1889 HH83
    |    |--*C. spinatus [=Perognathus spinatus] HH83
    |    |--C. anthonyi Osgood 1900 [=Perognathus anthonyi] HH83
    |    |--C. arenarius Merriam 1894 [=Perognathus arenarius] HH83
    |    |--C. artus [=Perognathus artus] HH83
    |    |--C. baileyi [=Perognathus baileyi] HH83
    |    |--C. californicus [=Perognathus californicus] HH83
    |    |--C. dalquesti Roth 1976 [=Perognathus dalquesti] HH83
    |    |--C. fallax Merriam 1889 [=Perognathus fallax] HH83
    |    |--C. formosus (Merriam 1889) [=Perognathus formosus] HH83
    |    |--C. goldmani [=Perognathus goldmani] HH83
    |    |--C. hispidus [=Perognathus (Chaetodipus) hispidus] HH83
    |    |    |--C. h. hispidus MB86
    |    |    |--‘Perognathus’ h. spilotus Merriam 1899 B75
    |    |    `--‘Perognathus’ h. zacatecae Osgood 1900 MB86
    |    |--C. intermedius [=Perognathus intermedius] HH83
    |    |--C. lineatus Dalquest 1951 [=Perognathus lineatus] HH83
    |    |--C. nelsoni (Merriam 1894) HH83, MB86 [=Perognathus nelsoni HH83]
    |    |--C. penicillatus [=Perognathus penicillatus] HH83
    |    |    |--C. p. penicillatus MB86
    |    |    `--‘Perognathus’ p. eremicus Mearns 1898 MB86
    |    `--C. pernix [=Perognathus pernix] HH83
    `--Perognathus Wied-Neuwied 1839 HH83
         |--P. alticola IT07
         |--P. amplus IT07
         |--P. fasciatus MH03
         |--P. flavescens MH03
         |    |--P. f. flavescens B75
         |    `--P. f. perniger Osgood 1904 B75
         |--P. flavus MH03
         |    |--P. f. flavus MB86
         |    |--P. f. medius Baker 1954 MB86
         |    |--P. f. pallescens Baker 1954 MB86
         |    `--P. f. parviceps Baker 1954 MB86
         |--P. gidleyi MH03
         |--P. inornatus IT07
         |--P. longimembris HH83
         |    |--P. l. longimembris HD37
         |    `--P. l. panamintinus HD37
         |--P. merriami NB83
         |    |--P. m. merriami NB83
         |    `--P. m. gilvus NB83
         |--P. parvus HH83
         |    |--P. p. parvus HD37
         |    `--P. p. olivaceus HD37
         |--P. pearlettensis MH03
         `--P. xanthanotus IT07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[HH83] Hafner, J. C., & M. S. Hafner. 1983. Evolutionary relationships of heteromyid rodents. In Biology of Desert Rodents. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 7: 3–29.

[HD37] Hall, E. R., & S. D. Durrant. 1937. A new kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops) of Utah and Nevada. Journal of Mammalogy 18 (3): 357–359.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[MH03] Martin, R. A., R. T. Hurt, J. G. Honey & P. Peláez-Campomanes. 2003. Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene rodents fom the northern Borchers Badlands (Meade County, Kansas), with comments on the Blancan-Irvingtonian boundary in the Meade Basin. Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 985–1001.

[MB86] Matson, J. O. & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[NB83] Nikolai, J. C. & D. M. Bramble. 1983. Morphological structure and function in desert heteromyid rodents. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 7: 44–64.

Geomyidae

Variable pocket gopher Orthogeomys heterodus, copyright INBio.

Belongs within: Castorimorpha.
Contains: Thomomys, Geomys.

The Geomyidae, pocket gophers, are a group of burrowing rodents found in North and Central America. They share the presence of externally opening, fur-lined cheek pouches with the related kangaroo rats and pocket mice of the Heteromyidae, but are distinguished by their adaptions for a fossorial lifestyle (Hafner & Hafner 1983).

<==Geomyidae
    |  i. s.: ‘Sorex’ mexicanus Kerr 1792 HH83
    |         Dikkomys B74
    |         Heterogeomys hispidus G69
    |           |--H. h. hispidus G69
    |           |--H. h. isthmicus G69
    |           |--H. h. tehuantepecus G69
    |           `--H. h. torridus G69
    |         Gregorymys MJ11
    |--Entoptychus MJ11 [Entoptychinae HH83]
    |--Pleurolicus MJ11 [Pleurolicinae HH83]
    `--Geomyinae HH83
         |--Parapliosaccomys HH83
         `--+--Thomomys GE05
            `--+--Geomys GE05
               `--+--Zygogeomys trichopus GE05
                  |--Orthogeomys GE05
                  |    |  i. s.: O. cuniculus G69
                  |    |         O. dariensis IT07
                  |    |         O. (Orthogeomys) grandis HH83
                  |    |           |--O. g. grandis G69
                  |    |           |--O. g. alleni G69
                  |    |           |--O. g. alvarezi Schaldach 1966 G69
                  |    |           |--O. g. carbo G69
                  |    |           |--O. g. felipensis G69
                  |    |           |--O. g. nelsoni G69
                  |    |           `--O. g. scalops G69
                  |    |         O. lanius IT07
                  |    |         O. matagalpae IT07
                  |    |         O. thaeleri IT07
                  |    |--O. hispidus GE05
                  |    `--+--+--O. cavator GE05
                  |       |  `--O. underwoodi GE05
                  |       `--+--O. cherriei GE05
                  |          `--O. (Macrogeomys) heterodus GE05, HH83
                  `--+--Cratogeomys GE05
                     |    |--C. castanops GE05
                     |    `--C. merriami GE05
                     `--Pappogeomys GE05
                          |--P. alcorni IT07
                          |--P. bulleri GE05
                          |--P. castanops MB86
                          |    |--P. c. castanops MB86
                          |    |--P. c. goldmani (Merriam 1895) MB86
                          |    |--P. c. rubellus (Nelson & Goldman 1934) MB86
                          |    |--P. c. subnubilus (Nelson & Goldman 1934) MB86
                          |    `--P. c. surculus Russell 1968 MB86
                          |--P. fumosus IT07
                          |--P. gymnurus HH83
                          |--P. merriami IT07
                          |--P. neglectus IT07
                          |--P. tylorhinus IT07
                          `--P. zinseri IT07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B74] Bugge, J. 1974. The cephalic arterial system in insectivores, primates, rodents and lagomorphs, with special reference to the systematic classification. Acta Anatomica 87 (Suppl 62): 1–160.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[HH83] Hafner, J. C., & M. S. Hafner. 1983. Evolutionary relationships of heteromyid rodents. In Biology of Desert Rodents. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 7: 3–29.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[MB86] Matson, J. O. & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[MJ11] Meredith, R. W., J. E. Janečka, J. Gatesy, O. A. Ryder, C. A. Fisher, E. C. Teeling, A. Goodbla, E. Eizirik, T. L. L. Simão, T. Stadler, D. L. Rabosky, R. L. Honeycutt, J. J. Flynn, C. M. Ingram, C. Steiner, T. L. Williams, T. J. Robinson, A. Burk-Herrick, M. Westerman, N. A. Ayoub, M. S. Springer & W. J. Murphy. 2011. Impacts of the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution and KPg extinction on mammal diversification. Science 334: 521–524.