Belongs within: Perissodactyla.
Contains: Rhinocerotidae.
The Ceratomorpha, tapirs and rhinoceroses, are a group of graviportal, heavily built odd-toed hoofed mammals. The tapirs Tapirus are characterised by snouts with a short, fleshy proboscis and are found in forests of south-east Asia and South and Central America.
Synapomorphies (from Hooker & Dashzeveg 2004): M3 hypolophid complete; P3 paraconid strong and approaching height of paraconid; upper molars with metaconal fold consistently joined to metaconule forming complete metaloph; lower preultimate molar with hypolophid complete, comprising equal buccal and lingual segments joined into long unnotched loph, with hypoconulid median; post P1 diastema absent.
<==Ceratomorpha
|--Pachynolophus HD04
| |--P. hookeri Godinot in Godinot et al. 1987 HD04
| |--P. lavocati F02
| `--P. livinerensis F02
`--+--Karagalax mamikhelensis HD04
`--+--+--Rhinocerotidae J84
| `--+--Lophialetidae RH14
| | |--Lophialetes expeditus RH14
| | `--Schlosseria magister RH14
| `--Deperetellidae RH14
| |--Deperetella cristatum RH14
| `--Teleolophus medius RH14
`--Tapiroidea D07
| i. s.: Miotapirus Schlaikjer 1937 D07
| |--M. harrisonensis D07
| `--M. marslandensis D07
|--Helaletidae RH14
| |--Heptodon Cope 1882 HD04, D07
| | |--H. calciculus D07
| | |--H. minimus D07
| | |--H. niushanensis D07
| | |--H. posticus D07
| | `--H. tienshanensis MHL03
| `--Helaletes nanus RH14
`--Tapirus [Tapiridae] J84
| i. s.: T. americanus G96
| T. haysii R76
| |--T. h. haysii R76
| `--T. h. californicus R76
|--T. indicus FS15
`--+--T. augustus FS15
`--+--+--T. (Tapirella) bairdii G69, FS15
| `--+--T. copei FS15
| `--T. veroensis FS15
`--+--T. rondoniensis FS15
`--+--T. pinchaque FS15
`--T. terrestris FS15
Ceratomorpha incertae sedis:
Protapirus F02
Triplopus F02
Alicornops complanatum CS04
Didermoceros sumatrensis A71
Amynodentopsis JJ84
Indricotherium Forster Cooper 1911 D07
|--I. asiaticum A26
|--I. bughtiense D07
|--I. orgosensis D07
|--I. prohorovi D07
`--I. transauralicum D07
Parelasmotherium DW04
|--P. linxiaense DW04
`--P. simplum DW04
Sinotherium DW04
Shansirhinus Kretzoi 1942 DW04
|--*S. brancoi (Schlosser 1903) [=Rhinoceros brancoi] DW04
`--S. ringstromi Kretzoi 1942 DW04
Hyracodon Leidy 1850 D07
|--H. browni D07
|--H. leidyanus D07
|--H. medius D07
|--H. nebraskensis D07
|--H. petersodi D07
`--H. priscidens D07
Metamynodon Scott & Osborn 1887 D07 [Amynodontidae G88, Amynodontinae, Metamynodontini]
|--M. chadronensis D07
|--M. mckinneyi D07
`--M. planifrons D07
Cadurcodon Kretzoi 1942 D07
|--C. ardynense D07
`--C. saisanensis D07
Diceratherium Marsh 1875 D07
|--D. annectens D07
|--D. armatum D07
|--D. gregorii D07
|--D. niobrarense D07
`--D. tridactylum D07
Menoceras Troxell 1921 D07
|--M. arikarensis D07
`--M. barbouri D07
Baluchitherium A26
|--B. grangeri A26
|--B. mongoliense A26
`--B. osborni A26
Elasmotherium Fischer 1808 FS15, D07
|--E. caucasicum D07
|--E. inexpectatum D07
`--E. sibiricum D07
*Type species of generic name indicated
REFERENCES
[A26] Andrews, R. C. 1926. On the Trail of Ancient Man: A narrative of the field work of the central Asiatic expeditions. G. P. Putnam's Sons: New York.
[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.
[CS04] Chaimanee, Y., V. Suteethorn, P. Jintasakul, C. Vidthayanon, B. Murandat & J.-J. Jaeger. 2004. A new orang-utan relative from the Late Miocene of Thailand. Nature 427: 439–441.
[DW04] Deng T., Wang X., Ni X. & Liu L. 2004. Sequence of the Cenozoic mammalian faunas of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 78 (1): 8–14.
[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.
[FS15] Faurby, S., & J.-C. Svenning. 2015. A species-level phylogeny of all extant and late Quaternary extinct mammals using a novel heuristic-hierarchical Bayesian approach. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 14–26.
[F02] Froehlich, D. J. 2002. Quo vadis eohippus? The systematics and taxonomy of the early Eocene equids (Perissodactyla). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 134: 141–256.
[G96] Geoffroy, É. L. 1796. Observations sur le tapir, Tapir americanus. Bulletin de la Société Philomatique, a ses Correspondans 48–49: 1.
[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.
[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.
[HD04] Hooker, J. J., & D. Dashzeveg. 2004. The origin of chalicotheres (Perissodactyla, Mammalia). Palaeontology 47 (6): 1363–1386.
[J84] Janis, C. 1984. Odd-toed ungulates. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Hoofed Mammals pp. 40–41. Torstar Books: New York.
[JJ84] Janis, C., & P. J. Jarman. 1984. The hoofed mammals. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Hoofed Mammals pp. 28–39. Torstar Books: New York.
[MHL03] Meng, J., Y. Hu & C. Li. 2003. The osteology of Rhombomylus (Mammalia, Glires): implications for phylogeny and evolution of Glires. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 275: 1–247.
[R76] Ray, C. E. 1976. Fossil marine mammals of Oregon. Systematic Zoology 25 (4): 420–436.
[RH14] Rose, K. D., L. T. Holbrook, R. S. Rana, K. Kumar, K. E. Jones, H. E. Ahrens, P. Missiaen, A. Sahni & T. Smith. 2014. Early Eocene fossils suggest that the mammalian order Perissodactyla originated in India. Nature Communications 5: 5570.
Last updated: 31 July 2018.
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