Schizothyriaceae

Schizothyrium speireum on Rubus fruticosus, from Mycologues Associes.

Belongs within: Pezizomycotina.

The Schizothyriaceae are a family of fungi that are mostly saprobic epiphytes on leaves or stems (Cannon & Kirk 2007).

Characters (from Cannon & Kirk 2007): Ascomata thyrothecial, strongly flattened or crustose, rounded or elongate, opening by irregular splits; upper wall brown, composed of a single layer of more or less epidermoid cells. Interascal tissue absent, or composed only of remnants of stromatal cells. Asci more or less globose to saccate, fissitunicate, without an ocular chamber, not blueing in iodine. Ascospores hyaline to pale brown, transversely septate, without a sheath. Anamorphs unknown.

Schizothyriaceae
    |--Amazonotheca EB03
    |--Chaetoplaca EB03
    |--Henningsiella EB03
    |--Kerniomyces EB03
    |--Lecideopsella EB03
    |--Linopeltis EB03
    |--Mendogia EB03
    |--Metathyriella EB03
    |--Mycerema EB03
    |--Myriangiella EB03
    |--Neopeltella EB03
    |--Orthobellus EB03
    |--Plochmopeltis EB03
    `--Schizothyrium EB03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Cannon, P. F., & P. M. Kirk. 2007. Fungal Families of the World. CABI.

[EB03] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, G. Rambold & T. Laessøe (eds.) 2003. Outline of Ascomycota—2003. Myconet 9: 1-89.

Thecotheus

Thecotheus crustaceus, photographed by Gilbert Moyne.

Belongs within: Pezizales.

Thecotheus is a genus of fungi often found growing on animal dung.

Characters (from Yao & Spooner 2000): Apothecia sessile, globose to subglobose or cylindrical, rarely pulvinate to lenticular at first, becoming cupulate to discoid, white, becoming grey, yellow, orange to brownish; ectal excipulum of textura angularis and medullary excipulum of textura intricata and textura globulosa; asci operculate, cylindric, 4- to 32-spored (rarely 64-spored), wall amyloid, protruding from the hymenium at maturity; ascospores ellipsoid, rarely subglobose, eguttulate, hyaline to pale yellow, smooth or ornamented with granules or warts, having polar apiculi in some species, with a thick mucilaginous perisporic layer; paraphyses filiform, septate, hyaline or sometimes containing purple-brown granules.

<==Thecotheus
    |--T. africanus NU03
    |--T. biocellatus NU03
    |--T. cinereus NU03
    |--T. crustaceus [=Ascophanus crustaceus; incl. T. agranulosus] NU03
    |--T. flavidus NU03
    |--T. formosanus NU03
    |--T. harasisus NU03
    |--T. himalayensis NU03
    |--T. holmskjoldii NU03
    |--T. inaequilateralis NU03
    |--T. keithii NU03
    |--T. lindqvistii NU03
    |--T. pallens NU03
    |--T. phycophilus NU03
    |--T. rivicola NU03
    |--T. uncinatus NU03
    |--T. urinamans Nagao, Udagawa & Bougher in Nagao, Udagawa et al. 2003 NU03
    `--T. viridescens NU03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[NU03] Nagao, H., S. Udagawa, N. L. Bougher, A. Suzuki & I. C. Tommerup. 2003. The genus Thecotheus (Pezizales) in Australia: T. urinamans sp. nov. from urea-treated jarrah (Eucalyptus marginatus) forest. Mycologia 95 (4): 688-693.

Yao, Y.-J., & B. M. Spooner. 2000. Notes on British species of Thecotheus (Ascobolaceae, Pezizales), with reference to other species of the genus. Kew Bulletin 55 (2): 451-457.

Cicadellidae

Batrachomorphus angustatus, from here.

Belongs within: Clypeata.
Contains: Dikraneura, Proconiini, Cicadellini, Tungurahualini, Erythroneurini, Empoascini, Agalliini, Recilia, Athysanella, Deltocephalini, Athysanini, Euscelini, Macrostelini.

The Cicadellidae, leafhoppers, are a diverse family of small plant-feeding insects. They are distinguished from related families by presence of numerous spines on the hind tibiae; the fore wing usually has vein M₁₊₂ apically fused with RP, and males have the base of the aedeagus attached ventrally (Carver et al. 1991). Cicadellids are divided between a large number of subfamilies, the largest of which is the Deltocephalinae with ocelli on the margin of the head and males with flat, more or less triangular, genital plates. The Typhlocybinae are relatively small, delicate species, commonly with slender wings lacking an appendix on the outer part of the tegmen. The Hecalinae are tropical grass feeders with an expanded crown.

<==Cicadellidae [Aphrodidae, Coelidiidae, Euscelidae, Iassidae, Macropsidae, Spinidae, Tettigellidae]
    |--Austroagalloides [Austroagalloidinae] CGW91
    |--Signoretiinae D11
    |--Mapochiella [Eupelicinae, Eupelicini] MC13
    |--Dryadomorpha [Paraboloponinae] CGW91
    |    `--D. lotophagorum Kirkaldy 1907 K08
    |--Paradorydium [Paradorydiinae, Paradorydiini] L61
    |    |--P. elongatus (Naudé 1926) [=Dorydium elongatum] L61
    |    `--P. spatulatum (Naudé 1926) [=Dorydium spatulatum] L61
    |--Macropsinae CGW91
    |    |--Stenoscopus drummondi CGW91
    |    |--Stenopsoides turneri CGW91
    |    `--Macropsis viridis E66
    |--Kosmiopelix [Aphrodinae, Aphrodini] WEE70
    |--Euacanthella Evans 1938 FM08 [Euacanthellinae CGW91]
    |    `--E. impressa Fletcher 2008 T13
    |--Tartessinae CGW91
    |    |--Newmanniana mullensis MC13
    |    |--Protartessus spinosus MC13
    |    |--Brunotartessus fulvus CGW91
    |    `--Tartessus fulvus WEE70
    |--Cephalelinae [Cephalelini] L61
    |    |--Linacephalus foveolatus GF13, MC13
    |    `--Cephalelus L61
    |         |--C. ianthe CGW91
    |         `--C. infumatus Percheron 1832 [incl. Dorydium paradoxum Burmeister 1839] L61
    |--Evacanthinae D11
    |    |--Balbillini D11
    |    |--Evacanthini D11
    |    |--Pagaroniini D11
    |    `--Occinirvana CGW91 [Nirvaninae, Nirvanini D11]
    |         `--O. eborea CGW91
    |--Ulopinae L61
    |    |--Coloborrhis corticina Germar 1836 (see below for synonymy) L61
    |    |--Caplopa turneri Evans 1947 L61
    |    |--Rhodulopa Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |    |    `--*R. granulosa Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |    |--Kahavalu [Ulopini] MC13
    |    `--Myerslopella [Myerslopiini] CGW91
    |--Coelidiinae L61
    |    |--Palicus fuscovarius (Stål 1855) [=Coelidia fuscovaria; incl. Jassus setifer Walker 1858] L61
    |    |--Equeefa castelnaui Distant 1910 L61
    |    |--Coelidia olitoria E66
    |    `--Tharra CGW91
    |         |--T. kalypso Kirkaldy 1907 K08
    |         |--T. kassiphone Kirkaldy 1907 K08
    |         |--T. nausikaa Kirkaldy 1907 K08
    |         `--T. ogygia Kirkaldy 1907 K08
    |--Ledrinae [Ledridae] L61
    |    |  i. s.: Camptelasmus signatus Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |    |         Putoniessa nigra WEE70
    |    |--Rhotidus [Thymbrini] CGW91
    |    |--Stenocotis [Stenocotini] CGW91
    |    |    `--S. depressa CGW91
    |    `--Ledrini CGW91
    |         |--Ledra aurita G20
    |         `--Ledromorpha planirostris CGW91
    |--Cicadellinae WT07
    |    |  i. s.: Tettigella China & Fennah 1945 WT07
    |    |         Guineotetta distensa Young 1986 [incl. Maguangua biroi Wilson & Takiya 2007 (n. n.)] WT07
    |    |         Resimaguina bergmani Young 1986 WT07
    |    |         Cofana CGW91
    |    |           |--C. spectra CGW91
    |    |           `--C. unimaculata ZS10
    |    |         Ishidaella CGW91
    |    |         Decua curta HW96
    |    |--Proconiini WT07
    |    `--Cicadellini WT07
    |--Mileewinae D11
    |    |  i. s.: Amahuaka D11
    |    |--Tungurahualini D11
    |    |--Makilingia [Makilingiinae, Makilingiini] D11
    |    |--Tinteromus [Tinterominae, Tinteromini] D11
    |    `--Mileewini D11
    |         |--Ujna D11
    |         |--Processina D11
    |         `--Mileewa D11
    |              |--M. margheritae D11
    |              `--M. typhlocyboides (Signoret 1854) [=Tettigonia typhlocyboides, Cicadella typhlocyboides] L61
    |--Typhlocybinae L61
    |    |  i. s.: Typhlocyba sexpunctata S94, H01
    |    |         Amrasca devastans MC13, MHG04 [incl. A. biguttula MHG04]
    |    |         Zygina zealandica CGW91
    |    |         Edwardsiana crataegi CGW91 [incl. Typhlocyba froggatti TT02]
    |    |         Ribautiana CGW91
    |    |           |--R. tenerrima M83
    |    |           `--R. ulmi CGW91
    |    |--Erythroneurini GF13
    |    |--Empoascini GF13
    |    `--Orsalebra [Alebrini] D11
    |         `--O. robusta D11
    |--Xestocephalinae K61
    |    |--Myrmecophryne formiceticola CGW91
    |    |--Xestocephalus CGW91
    |    |    |--X. ovalis M83
    |    |    |--X. pallidiceps Kirkaldy 1907 (see below for synonymy) K08
    |    |    |--X. purpurascens Kirkaldy 1907 K08
    |    |    `--X. vitiensis Kirkaldy 1907 K08
    |    `--Portanus K61
    |         |--P. boliviensis K61
    |         |--P. elegans Kramer 1961 K61
    |         |--P. facetus Kramer 1961 K61
    |         `--P. linnavuorii Kramer 1961 K61
    |--Iassinae L61
    |    |--Trocnadini CGW91
    |    |--Reuplemmelini CGW91
    |    `--Iassini L61
    |         |--Jassus H01
    |         |    |--J. annulipes Lucas 1847 E12
    |         |    `--J. commutatus H01
    |         `--Batrachomorphus GF13
    |              |--B. adventitiosus MC13
    |              |--B. angustatus CGW91
    |              |--B. cedaranus (Naudé 1926) [=Bythoscopus cedaranus] L61
    |              `--B. subolivaceus (Stål 1855) [=Bythoscopus subolivaceus] L61
    |--Neocoelidiinae K62a
    |    |--Stenocoelidia K61
    |    |--Megacoelidia Kramer & Linnavuori 1959 K62a
    |    |--Coelidiana K62a
    |    |--Deltocoelidia Kramer 1961 K61
    |    |    `--*D. maldonadoi Kramer 1961 K61
    |    |--Tichocoelidia Kramer 1962 K62a
    |    |    `--*T. clarkei Kramer 1962 K62a
    |    `--Biza Walker 1858 K62a
    |         |--*B. crocea Walker 1858 K62a
    |         |--B. chinai Kramer 1962 K62a
    |         `--B. craspa Kramer 1962 K62a
    |--Agalliinae L61
    |    |  i. s.: Symphypyga repetekia G01
    |    |         Pachynus bimaculicollis Stål 1864 L61
    |    |         Peragallia L61
    |    |           |--P. nigrasterna (Cogan 1916) [=Agallia nigrasterna; incl. A. cuneata Cogan 1916] L61
    |    |           `--P. usambarensis (Melichar 1908) [=Agallia usambarensis] L61
    |    |--Adelungiini [Adelungiinae, Melicharellinae] G01
    |    |--Agalliini G01
    |    `--Durgulini G01
    |         |--Durgula Emeljanov 1964 G01
    |         |    `--D. lycii Emeljanov 1964 G01
    |         `--Calades Gnezdilov 2001 G01
    |              `--*C. theolex Gnezdilov 2001 G01
    |--Idiocerinae VP02
    |    |--Zaletta FM08
    |    |    |--Z. aulonias F07
    |    |    `--Z. webbi Fletcher 2007 FM08
    |    |--Pascoepus Webb 1983 F07
    |    |    |--P. candidus F07
    |    |    |--P. hyleorais F07
    |    |    |--P. insularis F07
    |    |    |--P. nymphias F07
    |    |    `--P. viridiceps (Evans 1942) [=Idiocerus viridiceps] F07
    |    |--Rosopaella CGW91
    |    |--Periacerus Viraktamath & Parvathi 2002 VP02
    |    |    |--*P. lalithae (Viraktamath 1979) [=Idioscopus lalithae] VP02
    |    |    |--P. bidentatus Viraktamath & Parvathi 2002 VP02
    |    |    `--P. lankensis Viraktamath & Parvathi 2002 VP02
    |    |--Idiocerus L61
    |    |    |--I. confusus H01
    |    |    |--I. cuneiformis Naudé 1926 L61
    |    |    |--I. lachrymalis E66
    |    |    |--I. ohopohoensis Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |    |    |--I. populi E66
    |    |    |    |--I. p. populi E66
    |    |    |    |--I. p. pallidus E66
    |    |    |    `--I. p. suturalis E66
    |    |    `--I. stigmaticalis E66
    |    `--Idioscopus F07
    |         |--I. clypealis F07
    |         `--I. nitidulus F07
    |--Hecalinae [Hecalini] HW96
    |    |--Gcaleka laticephala Naudé 1926 L61
    |    |--Dicyphonia HW96
    |    |--Hecullus HW96
    |    |--Parabolitus L61
    |    |    |--P. anceps L61
    |    |    `--P. foliaticeps Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |    |--Glossocratus Fieber 1866 L61
    |    |    |--*G. foveolatus L61
    |    |    |--G. afzelii L61
    |    |    |--G. durbanensis (Distant 1910) (see below for synonymy) L61
    |    |    `--G. major L61
    |    `--Hecalus Stål 1864 [incl. Parabolocratus Fieber 1866] L61
    |         |--*H. paykulli ([=Petalocephala paykulli] L61
    |         |--H. australis MC13
    |         |--‘Parabolocratus’ brunneus E66
    |         |--‘*Parabolocratus’ glaucescens L61
    |         `--H. virescens (Distant 1910) [=Parabolocratus virescens] L61
    |--Deltocephalinae FM08
    |    |  i. s.: Recilia K62b
    |    |         Diemoides MC13
    |    |         Thamnophryne MC13
    |    |         Athysanella HW96
    |    |--Goniagnathus Fieber 1866 [Goniagnathini] FM08
    |    |--Deltocephalini FM08
    |    |--Athysanini FM08
    |    |--Stirellus [Stenometopiini] GF13
    |    |    |--S. bicolor HW96
    |    |    `--S. fatigandus MC13
    |    `--Drabescini [Drabescinae] WT07
    |         |--Drabescus YS01
    |         |--Drakensbergena Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |         |    `--*D. fuscovittata Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |         `--Mysolis WT07
    |              |--M. biroi (Melichar 1926) [=Erythrogonia biroi, Tettigella biroi] WT07
    |              `--M. flavidorsum Walker 1869 WT07
    `--Euscelinae L61
         |  i. s.: Platymetopius undatus L61, H01
         |--Euscelini L61
         |--Macrostelini L61
         |--Scaphytopiini L61
         |    |--Scaphytopius E66
         |    `--Stymphalus L61
         |         |--S. modestus Linnavuori 1961 L61
         |         `--S. rubrolineatus L61
         |--Tetartostylus [Tetartostylini] L61
         |    |--T. angulatus Linnavuori 1961 L61
         |    |--T. longistylus Linnavuori 1961 L61
         |    |--T. parabolatus (Naudé 1926) (see below for synonymy) L61
         |    `--T. spadix (Naudé 1926) [=Chlorotettix spadix] L61
         `--Penthemiini [Penthimiinae] L61
              |--Penthimia nigra YS01, H01 [incl. P. atra H01]
              |--Citorus decurtatus Stål 1864 L61
              |--Neovulturnus vaedulcis CGW91
              |--Neodartus vaedulcis WEE70
              |--Vulturnus CGW91
              |--Ectopiocephalus australis CGW91
              `--Chinaella CGW91

Cicadellidae incertae sedis:
  Paracephaleus WFS04
  Bothrogonia YS01
  Pandacerus Webb 1983 VP02
  Psammotettix cephalotes B08, JS03
  Tylozygus Fieber 1866 [incl. Diedrocephla; Errhomenellini] M27
    |--*T. nigrolineatus [=Tettigonia nigrolineata] M27
    `--T. bifidus BM76
  Anoplotettix L61
  Nesophrosyne L61
  Gyponana BM76
    |--G. cinerea BM76
    |--G. flavolineata BM76
    `--G. octolineata BM76
  Solenocephalus obsoletus BM76
  Chlorita H01
    |--C. viridula H01
    `--C. vittata H01
  Eupteryx wallengreni H01
  Doratura H01
    |--D. homophyla H01
    `--D. stylata H01
  Graphocraerus ventralis H01
  Thamnotettix H01
    |--T. cruentatus H01
    |--T. dilutior H01
    |--T. elegans H01
    |--T. simplex H01
    |--T. subfusculus H01
    |--T. sulphurellus H01
    `--T. torneellus H01
  Stictocoris lineatus H01
  Acocephalus H01
    |--A. elongatus H01
    |--A. nervosus H01
    |--A. rivularis H01
    `--A. trifasciatus H01
  Euacanthus H01
    |--E. acuminatus H01
    `--E. interruptus H01
  Tettigonia H01
    |--T. cuspidata [=Cicada cuspidata] L02
    |--T. lanio [=Cicada lanio] L02
    `--T. viridis (Linnaeus 1758) L02, L58 [=Cicada viridis L02]
  Bythoscopus H01
    |--B. flavicollis H01
    |--B. olivaceus E66
    `--B. rufusculus H01
  Pediopsis H01
    |--P. dispar H01
    |--P. fuscinervis H01
    `--P. virescens [incl. P. virescens var. nassata] H01
  Myangadina K-P91
  Flexamia HW96
    |--F. abbreviata HW96
    |--F. arizonensis HW96
    |--F. curvata HW96
    |--F. flexulosa HW96
    |--F. inflata HW96
    |--F. mescalero HW96
    |--F. modica HW96
    |--F. prairiana HW96
    `--F. zacate HW96
  Laevicephalus HW96
    |--L. exiguus HW96
    |--L. inconditus HW96
    |--L. mexicanus HW96
    |--L. minimus HW96
    |--L. opalinus HW96
    |--L. parvulus HW96
    `--L. vannus HW96
  Cazenus HW96
  Gillettiella HW96
    |--G. atropunctata HW96
    `--G. labiata HW96
  Polyamia HW96
    |--P. neoyavapai HW96
    `--P. satur HW96
  Lonatura salsura HW96
  Memnonia HW96
  Peconus scriptanus HW96
  Flexarida chaotica HW96
  Telusus blandus HW96
  Aceratagallia HW96
    |--A. sanguinolenta E66
    `--A. uhleri HW96
  Draeculacephala E66
    |--D. antica E66
    |--D. mollipes E66
    |--D. paludosa E66
    `--D. portola E66
  Graminella HW96
    |--G. pallidula E66
    `--G. sonorus HW96
  Endria inimica HW96
  Xerophloea HW96
    |--X. peltata HW96
    `--X. robusta HW96
  Unoka ornata HW96
  Dikraneura HW96
  Cicadula P92
    |--C. binotata H01
    |--C. euryphaessa Kirkaldy 1907 K08
    |--C. hyadas Kirkaldy 1907 K08
    |--C. sexnotata H01
    `--C. vitiensis Kirkaldy 1906 K08
  Agalliopsis novella E66
  Ciminius hartii E66
  Colladonus clitellarius E66
  Hortensia similis E66
  Keonolla dolobrata E66
  Paraphlepsius irroratus E66
  Sanctanus E66
  Norvellina helenae E66
  Oncopsis E66
  Orientus ishidae E66
  Stragania E66
    |--S. alabamensis E66
    |--S. apicalis E66
    `--S. robusta E66
  Selenocephalus obsoletus E66
  Japananus hyalinus E66
  Eutettix tenella E66, G17
  Minodrylix E66

Coloborrhis corticina Germar 1836 [incl. Gubela bellicosa Distant 1910, Oclasma degenerata Melichar 1905, Ulopa sordida Stål 1864] L61

Glossocratus durbanensis (Distant 1910) [=Hecalus durbanensis; incl. H. alienus Melichar 1907-1908, H. scutellatus Distant 1910] L61

Tetartostylus parabolatus (Naudé 1926) [=Chlorotettix parabolatus; incl. T. parabolatus var. spinosus Linnavuori 1961] L61

Xestocephalus pallidiceps Kirkaldy 1907 [incl. X. pallidiceps var. contortuplicata, X. pallidiceps var. decemnotata] K08

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B08] Bartos, M. 2008. Alternative predatory tactics in a juvenile jumping spider. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 300–305.

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[D11] Dietrich, C. H. 2011. Tungurahualini, a new tribe of Neotropical leafhoppers, with notes on the subfamily Mileewinae (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae). ZooKeys 124: 19–39.

[E66] Evans, H. E. 1966. The Comparative Ethology and Evolution of the Sand Wasps. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[F07] Fletcher, M. J. 2007. The identity of Pascoepus viridiceps (Evans) based on recognition of the male and a new species of Zaletta from Barrow Island, Western Australia (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Idiocerinae). Gen. Appl. Ent. 36: 13–16.

[FM08] Fletcher, M. J., & M. L. Moir. 2008. Gunawardenea, a new genus of squat leafhoppers from Western Australia, with description of two new species (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (4): 429–436.

[G17] Girault, A. A. 1917. Descriptiones stellarum novarum. Privately published (reprinted: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 80–101).

[G01] Gnezdilov, V. M. 2001. A new tribe and new genera of the subfamily Agalliinae Kirkaldy (Homoptera, Cicadina) from Middle Asia. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 80 (4): 871–884 (transl. Entomological Review 81 (4): 1153–1161).

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[GF13] Gopurenko, D., M. Fletcher, H. Löcker & A. Mitchell. 2013. Morphological and DNA barcode species identifications of leafhoppers, planthoppers and treehoppers (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) at Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 253–285.

[HW96] Hicks, A. L., & R. F. Whitcomb. 1996. Diversity of the leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) fauna of northern Chihuahuan grasslands, with emphasis on gypsum grasslands and description of a new species of Athysanella (Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (1): 145–157.

[H01] Horváth, G. 1901. Hemipterák [Hemiptera]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 245–274. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[JS03] Jung, H.-Y., T. Sawayanagi, P. Wongkaew, S. Kakizawa, H. Nishigawa, W. Wei, K. Oshima, S. Miyata, M. Ugaki, T. Hibi & S. Namba. 2003. ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma oryzae’, a novel phytoplasma taxon associated with rice yellow dwarf disease. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 1925–1929.

[K08] Kirkaldy, G. W. 1908. A catalogue of the Hemiptera of Fiji. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 345–391, pl. 4.

[K61] Kramer, J. P. 1961. New Venezuelan leafhoppers of the subfamilies Xestocephalinae and Neocoelidiinae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 74: 235–240.

[K62a] Kramer, J. P. 1962a. A synopsis of Biza and a new allied genus (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Neocoelidiinae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 101–106.

[K62b] Kramer, J. P. 1962b. New Liberian leafhoppers of the genus Recilia (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 259–268.

[K-P91] Kukalová-Peck, J. 1991. Fossil history and the evolution of hexapod structures. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 141–179. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[L61] Linnavuori, R. 1961. Hemiptera (Homoptera): Cicadellidae. In: Hanström, B., P. Brinck & G. Rudebeck (eds) South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951 vol. 8 pp. 452–486. Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala.

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[M83] Martin, N. A. 1983. Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: an annotated species list. DSIR Entomology Division Report 3: 1–98.

[MHG04] Maynard, G. V., J. G. Hamilton & J. F. Grimshaw. 2004. Quarantine—phytosanitary, sanitary and incursion management: an Australian entomological perspective. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 318–328.

[M27] Myers, J. G. 1927. On the nomenclature of New Zealand Homoptera. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 685–690.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[S94] Southcott, R. V. 1994. Revision of the larvae of the Microtrombidiinae (Acarina, Microtrombidiidae), with notes on life histories. Zoologica 48 (2): 1–155.

[T13] Taylor, C. K. 2013. Annotated bibliography for Barrow Island terrestrial invertebrates. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 135–144.

[TT02] Triapitsyn, S. V., & D. A. J. Teulon. 2002. On the identity of Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) egg parasitoids of Froggatt’s apple leafhopper, Edwardsiana crataegi (Douglas) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), in Christchurch, New Zealand. New Zealand Entomologist 25: 91–92.

[VP02] Viraktamath, C. A., & C. Parvathi. 2002. Description of a new idiocerine genus Periacerus, Hemiptera: Cicadellidae, and two new species from India and Sri Lanka. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 488–494.

[WT07] Wilson, M. R., & D. M. Takiya. 2007. Cicadellinae (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae) described by Leopold Melichar in the Hungarian Natural History Museum. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 99: 29–48.

[WFS04] Winks, C. J., S. V. Fowler & L. A. Smith. 2004. Invertebrate fauna of boneseed, Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera (L.) T. Norl. (Asteraceae: Calenduleae), an invasive weed in New Zealand. New Zealand Entomologist 27: 61–72.

[WEE70] Woodward, T. E., J. W. Evans & V. F. Eastop. 1970. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 387–457. Melbourne University Press.

[YS01] Yoshizawa, K., & T. Saigusa. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of paraneopteran orders (Insecta: Neoptera) based on forewing base structure with comments on monophyly of Auchenorrhycha (Hemiptera). Systematic Entomology 26: 1–13.

[ZS10] Zborowski, P., & R. Storey. 2010. A Field Guide to Insects in Australia 3^rd ed. Reed New Holland: Sydney.

Last updated: 2 May 2022.

Ponerinae

Platythyrea cribrinodis, copyright Benjamin Kalyatta.

Belongs within: Formicidae.
Contains: Ponera, Leptogenys, Pachycondyla, Anochetus, Odontomachus, Hypoponera.

The Ponerinae are a group of stinging ants in which the antennal toruli (sockets) have become fused to the frontal lobe. The outer margins of the frontal lobe are convergent posteriad in genera other than Platythyrea; Platythyrea also differs from other ponerines in having a broad clypeal insertion and pectinate meso- and metatibial spurs (this last character being present in a small number of Leptogenys and Pachycondyla species), and so is placed in a separate tribe from the others (Heterick 2009). Past authors have recognised the 'Ponerinae' as encompassing a broad range of unspecialised ants, but the Ponerinae in this sense is now recognised as polyphyletic, and various genera have been removed to subfamilies such as Ectatomminae, Heteroponerinae and Amblyoponinae.

Characters (from Heterick 2009): Torulus of antenna completely fused to frontal lobe; frontal lobes rounded or triangular, with a decidedly 'pinched-in' appearance posteriorly in full-face view; anterior clypeal margin without lamellate rim; head capsule without median longitudinal carina; promesonotal suture fully developed, so pronotum and mesonotum capable of independent movement; apex of abdomen with a sting.

<==Ponerinae
    |--Platythyrea Roger 1863 FT08 [incl. Eubothroponera Clark 1930 TB85; Platythyreini H09]
    |    |--*P. punctata (Smith 1858) [=Pachycondyla punctata] TB85
    |    |--P. brunnipes (Clark 1938) [=Eubothroponera brunnipes] TB85
    |    |--P. cribrinodis A61
    |    |--P. dentinodis (Clark 1930) [=*Eubothroponera dentinodis] TB85
    |    |--P. fricuspidata N-ZLI11
    |    |--P. micans (Clark 1930) [=Eubothroponera micans] TB85
    |    |--P. mocquerysi BS06
    |    |--P. parallela (Smith 1859) FT08 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--P. sagei Forel 1900 B03
    |    |--P. turneri Forel 1895 (see below for synonymy) TB85
    |    |--P. victoriae Forel 1900 B03
    |    `--P. wroughtoni Forel 1900 B03
    `--Ponerini H09
         |  i. s.: Ponera H09
         |         Myopias Roger 1861 H09, TB85
         |           |--*M. amblyops Roger 1861 TB85
         |           `--M. tasmaniensis Wheeler 1923 [incl. Trapeziopelta diadela Clark 1934] TB85
         |         Cryptopone Emery 1893 H09, T99
         |           |--*C. testacea Emery 1893 T99 [=Amblypone testacea TB85]
         |           |--C. gilva [=Euponera gilva] WW90
         |           |--C. jinxiuensis Zhou 2001 Z01
         |           |--C. pseudogigas Zhou & Zheng 1997 Z01
         |           |--C. rotundiceps (Emery 1914) (see below for synonymy) TB85
         |           |--C. sauteri (Wheeler 1906) (see below for synonymy) Z01
         |           `--C. tengu Terayama 1999 T99
         |--+--Leptogenys BS06
         |  `--+--Pachycondyla BS06
         |     `--+--Anochetus BS06
         |        `--+--Odontomachus BS06
         |           `--Odontoponera Mayr 1862 BS06, B03
         |                `--*O. transversa (Smith 1857) Z01 (see below for synonymy)
         `--+--+--Simopelta pergandei BS06
            |  `--Thaumatomyrmex atrox BS06
            `--+--Hypoponera BS06
               `--+--Centromyrmex Mayr 1866 BS06, B03 (see below for synonymy)
                  |    |--*C. bohemanni Mayr 1866 Z01
                  |    |--C. feae Emery 1889 B03 (see below for synonymy)
                  |    `--C. sellaris BS06
                  `--+--Psalidomyrmex procerus BS06
                     `--+--Loboponera politula BS06
                        `--Plectroctena ugandensis BS06

Ponerinae incertae sedis:
  Megaponera foetens H79
  Euponera Forel 1891 E14, TB85
    `--E. ochracea E14
  Prionogenys Emery 1895 TB85
    |--*P. podenzanai Emery 1895 TB85
    |    |--P. p. podenzanai TB85
    |    `--P. p. malandensis Forel 1915 TB85
    `--P. rouxi Emery 1914 E14
  Sysphincta WW90
  Diacamma Mayr 1862 TB85
    |--*D. rugosum (Le Guillou 1841) Z01 (see below for synonymy)
    |--D. assamense Forel 1900 B03
    |--D. australe (Fabricius 1775) (see below for synonymy) TB85
    |--D. ceylonense Emery 1897 B03
    |--D. cyaneiventre André 1887 [=D. rugosum cyaniventre] B03
    |--D. longitudinale Emery 1889 E89
    |--D. scalptratum (Smith 1858) [=Ponera scalptrata] B03
    `--D. sculptum (Jerdon 1851) [=Ponera sculpta] B03
  Myopopone Roger 1861 TB85
    |--M. castanea (Smith 1860) TB85 (see below for synonymy)
    `--M. moelleri Bingham 1903 B03
  Stigmatomma Roger 1859 non Körb. 1855 (ICBN) B03
    |--*S. denticulatum B03
    |--S. belli (Forel 1900) [=Amblyopone belli] B03
    |--S. feae Emery 1894 [=Amblyopone feae] B03
    |--S. oregonense JB13
    `--S. rothneyi (Forel 1900) [=Amblyopone rothneyi] B03
  Harpegnathos Jerdon 1851 [=Drepanognathus Smith 1858, Harpegnathus (l. c.)] D37
    |--*H. saltator Jerdon 1851 Z01 (see below for synonymy)
    |--H. hobbyi Donisthorpe 1937 D37
    |--H. macgregori Wheeler & Chapman 1925 D37
    |--H. pallipes (Smith 1858) [=Ponera pallipes] D37
    `--H. venator (Smith 1858) B03 (see below for synonymy)
  Eogorgites Hong 2002 H02
    `--*E. cingulatus Hong 2002 H02
  Furcisutura Hong 2002 H02
    `--*F. wanghuacunensis Hong 2002 H02
  Eoponerites Hong 2002 H02
    `--*E. longipetiolatus Hong 2002 H02
  Longicapitia Hong 2002 H02
    `--*L. reticulata Hong 2002 H02

Centromyrmex Mayr 1866 BS06, B03 [incl. Glyphopone Forel 1913 Z01, Leptopone Arnold 1916 Z01, Promyopias Santschi 1914 Z01, Spalacomyrmex Emery 1889 B03, Typhloteras Karavaiev 1925 Z01]

Centromyrmex feae Emery 1889 B03 [=*Spalacomyrmex feae E89; incl. C. feae var. ceylonicus B03, C. donsthorpes Menozzi 1925 Z01]

Cryptopone rotundiceps (Emery 1914) [=Euponera (Trachymesopus) rotundiceps; incl. Ponera mjobegi Forel 1915] TB85

Cryptopone sauteri (Wheeler 1906) [=Pachycondyla (Pseudoponera) sauteri, Euponera (Trachymesopus) sauteri] Z01

Diacamma australe (Fabricius 1775) [=Formica australis; incl. D. australe colosseensis Forel 1915, D. australe levis Crawley 1915] TB85

*Diacamma rugosum (Le Guillou 1841) Z01 [=Ponera rugosa TB85; incl. D. vagans var. burmanum B03, D. rugosum sculpturatum var. divergens Emery 1897 Z01, D. rugosum geminatum Emery 1897 Z01, Ponera geometrica Smith 1857 Z01, D. geometricum B03, D. rugosum var. indica Santschi 1920 Z01, D. rugosum japensis Donisthorpe 1941 Z01, D. rugosum sculpturatum var. macreta Viehmeyer 1912 Z01, D. vagans var. papuanum Stitz 1911 Z01, D. rugosum st. sculpturatum var. pulchellum Santschi 1932 Z01, D. rugosum var. rothneyi B03, D. bispinosum var. saussurei Forel 1922 Z01, Ponera sculptuata Smith 1859 Z01, D. rugosum smithi Donisthorpe 1943 Z01, P. striata Smith 1860 Z01, P. vagans Smith 1860 Z01, Diacamma vagans B03, P. versicolor Smith 1857 Z01, D. versicolor B03]

*Harpegnathos saltator Jerdon 1851 Z01 [=*Drepanognathus saltator B03; incl. D. cruentatus Smith 1858 B03, Harpegnathos saltator var. cruentatus D37, H. saltator var. taprobanae Forel 1909 D37]

Harpegnathos venator (Smith 1858) B03 [=Drepanognathus venator B03; incl. H. venator var. chapmani Donisthorpe 1937 D37, H. venator var. rugosus Mayr 1862 D37]

Myopopone castanea (Smith 1860) TB85 [=Amblyopone castaneus TB85; incl. *M. maculata Roger 1861 TB85, M. rufula Roger 1861 B03]

*Odontoponera transversa (Smith 1857) Z01 [=Ponera transversa Z01; incl. P. denticulata Smith 1858 Z01, O. denticulata E89, P. reticulata Smith 1858 Z01]

Platythyrea parallela (Smith 1859) FT08 [=Ponera parallela TB85; incl. Pl. pusilla australis Forel 1915 TB85, Pl. cephalotes Viehmeyer 1924 TB85, Pl. parva Crawley 1915 TB85]

Platythyrea turneri Forel 1895 [incl. Eubothroponera bicolor Clark 1930, E. reticulata Clark 1934, E. septentrionalis Clark 1934, Pachycondyla (Bothroponera) tasmaniensis Forel 1913] TB85

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Andreae, H. 1961. Coleoptera: Cossyphodidae. In: Hanström, B., P. Brinck & G. Rudebeck (eds) South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951 vol. 8 pp. 198–216. Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala.

[B03] Bingham, C. T. 1903. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera vol. 2. Ants and Cuckoo-Wasps. Taylor and Francis: London.

[BS06] Brady, S. G., T. R. Schultz, B. L. Fisher & P. S. Ward. 2006. Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103 (48): 18172–18177.

[D37] Donisthorpe, H. 1937. A new species of Harpegnathos Jerd., with some remarks on the genus, and the other known species. (Hym. Formicidae). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 73: 196–201.

[E89] Emery, C. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XX.—Formiche di Birmania e del Tenasserim raccolte da Leonardo Fea (1885–87). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 485–520.

[E14] Emery, C. 1914. Les fourmis de la Nouvelle-Calédonie & des îles Loyalty. In: Sarasin, F. & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 4 pp. 393–436, pl. 12. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[FT08] Framenau, V. W., & M. L. Thomas. 2008. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean): identification and distribution. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 45–85.

[H09] Heterick, B. E. 2009. A guide to the ants of south-western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 76: 1–206.

[H02] Hong Y. 2002. Amber Insect of China. Beijing Scientific and Technological Publishing House.

[H79] Howse, P. E. 1979. The uniqueness of insect societies: aspects of defense and integration. In: Larwood, G. & B. R. Rosen (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms pp. 345–374. Academic Press: London.

[JB13] Johnson, B. R., M. L. Borowiec, J. C. Chiu, E. K. Lee, J. Atallah & P. S. Ward. 2013. Phylogenomics resolves evolutionary relationships among ants, bees, and wasps. Current Biology 23: 2058–2062.

[N-ZLI11] Nur-Zati A. M., G. T. Lim & A. B. Idris. 2011. Checklist of ants of selected hill dipterocarp forests of peninsular Malaysia. Serangga 16 (1): 91–105.

[TB85] Taylor, R. W., & D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 1–149. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[T99] Terayama, M. 1999. Taxonomic studies of the Japanese Formicidae, part 4. Three new species of Ponerinae. Memoirs of the Myrmecological Society of Japan 1: 7–15.

[WW90] Wheeler, G. C., & J. Wheeler. 1990. Insecta: Hymenoptera Formicidae. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1277–1294. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[Z01] Zhou, S. 2001. Ants of Guangxi. Guangxi Normal University Press: Guilin (China).

Euscelini

Beet leafhopper Circulifer tenellus, from here.

Belongs within: Cicadellidae.

The Euscelini are a group of small to moderately large leafhoppers with a Y-shaped connective plate. They include the green rice leafhopper Nephotettix virescens, a significant pest of rice crops in eastern Asia.

<==Euscelini
    |--Neolimnus aegyptiacus (Matsumura 1908) [=Scaphoideus aegyptiacus] L61
    |--Sotanus chrissiensis Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |--Aconura flavovirescens (Stål 1855) [=Deltocephalus flavovirescens] L61
    |--Chiasmus L61
    |    |--C. hyalinus (Evans 1947) [=Postumus hyalinus] L61
    |    `--C. varicolor MC13
    |--Hypacostemma Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |    `--*H. viridissima Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |--Basutoia Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |    `--*B. brachyptera Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |--Capeolix Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |    `--*C. picturatus Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |--Paranoplus Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |    `--*P. maculatus Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |--Pachodus Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |    `--*P. filigranus Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |--Afroideus Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |    `--*A. cruciatus Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |--Houtbayana Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |    `--*H. orosioides Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |--Samuraba Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |    `--*S. elegans Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |--Phlepsius L61
    |    |--P. fuscovarius Stål 1864 L61
    |    `--P. tumidus Melichar 1911 L61
    |--Scaphoideus L61
    |    |--S. cuprescens Naudé 1926 L61
    |    |--S. productus BM76
    |    `--S. titanus TKC07
    |--Distantia L61
    |    |--D. aurea Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |    |--D. planifrons Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |    `--D. selenocephaloides Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |--Bonaspeia Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |    |--*B. straminea Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |    |--B. cristata Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |    `--B. eriocephala (Cogan 1916) [=Euscelis eriocephalus] L61
    |--Caffrolix Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |    |--*C. patruelis (Stål 1858) [=Athysanus patruelis, Thamnotettix patruelis] L61
    |    |--C. compater (Stål 1864) [=Thamnotettix compater] L61
    |    |--C. parvulus Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |    `--C. serricauda Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |--Tzitzikamaia Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |    |--*T. silvicola Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |    |--T. irrorata Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |    |--T. longipennis Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |    `--T. signaticeps Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |--Circulifer L61
    |    |--C. karrooensis (Cogan 1916) [=Thamnotettix karrooensis] L61
    |    |--C. obtusiceps Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |    |--C. pentzia (Cogan 1916) [=Thamnotettix pentzia] L61
    |    `--C. tenellus (Baker 1896) [=Thamnotettix tenellus] L61
    `--Nephotettix L61
         |--N. apicalis (Motschulsky 1859) [=Pediopsis apicalis] L61
         |--N. bipunctata BM76
         |--N. cincticeps JS03
         |--N. nigropictus JS03
         |--N. plebeius Kirkaldy 1906 K08
         `--N. virescens JS03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[JS03] Jung, H.-Y., T. Sawayanagi, P. Wongkaew, S. Kakizawa, H. Nishigawa, W. Wei, K. Oshima, S. Miyata, M. Ugaki, T. Hibi & S. Namba. 2003. ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma oryzae’, a novel phytoplasma taxon associated with rice yellow dwarf disease. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 1925–1929.

[K08] Kirkaldy, G. W. 1908. A catalogue of the Hemiptera of Fiji. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 345–391, pl. 4.

[L61] Linnavuori, R. 1961. Hemiptera (Homoptera): Cicadellidae. In: Hanström, B., P. Brinck & G. Rudebeck (eds) South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951 vol. 8 pp. 452–486. Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala.

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[TKC07] Tixier, M.-S., S. Kreiter & B. Cheval. 2007. Vineyard colonisation by predaceous mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) living in surrounding vegetation. A three year study in the south of France. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 475–487. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

Last updated: 30 January 2019.

Hecalini

Glossocratus foveolatus, photographed by Gernot Kunz.

Belongs within: Cicadellidae.

The Hecalini are a group of grass-feeding leafhoppers with an expanded crown.

Characters (from Zahniser & Dietrich 2013): Medium sized to large, somewhat to strongly dorsoventrally flattened, stramineous, yellow, green, or brown leafhoppers, sometimes with bright orange or reddish markings. Head produced and parabolically, body dorsoventrally flattened, lateral margin of pronotum as long as or longer than the basal width of the eye, ocelli closer to they eyes than the laterofrontal sutures, apodemes of male sternite I long and relatively narrow, apodemes of male sternite II broad and well-developed, male pygofer often produced or pointed posterodorsally, segment X withdrawn into the pygofer, ventral margins of the male pygofer often lobate, aedeagus often with one or two pairs of apical processes, first valvula dorsal sculpturing granulose to maculose and submarginal, first valvula often with distinctly delimited ventroapical sculpturing, second valvula usually without teeth, humpbacked dorsally, and concave ventrally.

<==Hecalini L61
    |--Gcaleka laticephala Naudé 1926 L61
    |--Parabolitus L61
    |    |--P. anceps L61
    |    `--P. foliaticeps Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |--Hecalus Stål 1864 [incl. Parabolocratus Fieber 1866] L61
    |    |--*H. paykulli ([=Petalocephala paykulli] L61
    |    |--‘*Parabolocratus’ glaucescens L61
    |    `--H. virescens (Distant 1910) [=Parabolocratus virescens] L61
    `--Glossocratus Fieber 1866 L61
         |--*G. foveolatus L61
         |--G. afzelii L61
         |--G. durbanensis (Distant 1910) (see below for synonymy) L61
         `--G. major L61

Glossocratus durbanensis (Distant 1910) [=Hecalus durbanensis; incl. H. alienus Melichar 1907-1908, H. scutellatus Distant 1910] L61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[L61] Linnavuori, R. 1961. Hemiptera (Homoptera): Cicadellidae. In: Hanström, B., P. Brinck & G. Rudebeck. South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951 vol. 8 pp. 452-486. Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala.

Zahniser, J. N., & C. H. Dietrich. 2013. A review of the tribes of Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 45: 1-211.

Cicadellini

Erythrogonia quadriplagiata, photographed by Marco Gaiani.

Belongs within: Cicadellidae.

The Cicadellini is a group of sharpshooter leafhoppers characterised by the extension of the frons a short distance onto the vertex.

Characters (from Takiya & Cavichioli 2005): Ocelli located on crown, nearly always closer to posterior margin than to apex or anterolateral margin; frontogenal sutures almost always extending onto crown up to or near ocelli; antennal ledges usually not strongly protruberant in dorsal view; face usually inflated, not pubescent; proepisternum exposed; forewings with inner apical cell parallel to long axis of wing; posterior knees (femur-tibia articulation) usually attaining lateral lobe of pronotum at rest position; posterior tibiae with macrosetae in four regular rows and usually compressed laterally; male pygofer and/or subgenital plates nearly always with macrosetae and/or microsetae not evenly dispersed.

<==Cicadellini
    |--Sphinctogonia comitatula Melichar 1926 WT07
    |--Willeiana vallonia Distant 1908 [incl. Cardioscarta rogata Melichar 1932] WT07
    |--Rotigonalia Young 1986 WT07
    |    `--R. concedula (Melichar 1926) [=Cyclogonia rudicula var. concedula] WT07
    |--Kolla Distant 1908 WT07
    |    `--K. elongatula (Melichar 19510 [=Poeciloscarta elongatula] WT07
    |--Janastana Young 1977 WT07
    |    `--J. erupta (Melichar 1932) [=Cardioscarta erupta] WT07
    |--Ramosulus Young 1977 WT07
    |    `--R. fulgidus (Melichar 1932) [=Cardioscarta fulgida] WT07
    |--Lautereria Young 1977 WT07
    |    `--L. oriunda (Melichar 1932) [=Cardioscarta oriunda] WT07
    |--Mascarenotettix Evans 1954 WT07
    |    `--M. retinens (Melichar 1951) [=Poeciloscarta retinens] WT07
    |--Madranga Young 1986 WT07
    |    `--M. salebra (Melichar 1951) [=Poeciloscarta salebra] WT07
    |--Kogigonalia Young 1977 WT07
    |    `--K. spectabilis (Melichar 1932) [=Cardioscarta spectabilis] WT07
    |--Cicadella SP02
    |    |--C. spectra (Distant 1908) [=Tettigoniella spectra] L61
    |    `--C. viridis SP02
    |--Neiva WT07
    |    |--N. rufipes Melichar 1925 WT07
    |    `--N. variolata (Melichar 1925) [incl. Acharista maculata Melichar 1925] WT07
    |--Poecilocarda WT07
    |    |--P. binaria (Signoret 1860) [incl. Poeciloscarta mocquerysii Melichar 1951] WT07
    |    `--P. minuscula Linnavuori 1961 L61
    |--Sibovia China 1927 WT07
    |    |--S. aprica (Melichar 1926) [=Entogonia aprica] WT07
    |    |--S. conjuncta (Melichar 1926) [=Entogonia conjuncta] WT07
    |    `--S. praevia (Melichar 1926) [=Entogonia praevia] WT07
    |--Juliaca Melichar 1926 WT07
    |    |--J. bilineata (Melichar 1951) [=Microgoniella bilineata] WT07
    |    |--J. dorsisignata (Melichar 1951) [=Microgoniella (Microscita) dorsisignata] WT07
    |    |--J. homalina (Melichar 1932) [=Cardioscarta homalina] WT07
    |    |--J. limboclavula (Osborn 1926) [incl. Microgoniella obstinatula Melichar 1951] WT07
    |    `--J. pedisequula [incl. Microgoniella elegans Melichar 1951] WT07
    |--Soosiulus Young 1977 WT07
    |    |--S. comitatulus (Melichar 1932) [=Cardioscarta comitatula] WT07
    |    |--S. klagesi Young 1977 WT07
    |    |--S. sermunculus (Melichar 1932) [=Cardioscarta sermuncula] WT07
    |    |--S. servulus (Melichar 1932) [=Cardioscarta servula] WT07
    |    |--S. solidus (Melichar 1932) [=Cardioscarta solida] WT07
    |    `--S. velocissimus (Melichar 1932) [=Cardioscarta velocissima] WT07
    `--Erythrogonia Melichar 1926 WT07
         |--E. duplicata Melichar 1926 WT07
         |--E. eburata Melichar 1926 WT07
         |--E. onerata Melichar 1926 WT07
         |--E. partita Melichar 1926 WT07
         |--E. phoenicia (Signoret 1853) [=E. phoenicea (l. c.); incl. E. hospita Melichar 1926] WT07
         |--E. quadriplagiata (Walker 1851) [incl. E. gracilis Melichar 1926] WT07
         |--E. separata Melichar 1926 WT07
         |--E. socialis Melichar 1926 WT07
         |--E. sparta Melichar 1926 WT07
         `--E. velox Melichar 1926 WT07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[L61] Linnavuori, R. 1961. Hemiptera (Homoptera): Cicadellidae. In: Hanström, B., P. Brinck & G. Rudebeck. South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951 vol. 8 pp. 452-486. Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala.

[SP02] Shcherbakov, D. E., & Yu. A. Popov. 2002. Superorder Cimicidea Laicharting, 1781: Order Hemiptera Linné, 1758. The bugs, cicadas, plantlice, scale insects, etc. [=Cimicida Laicharting, 1781, =Homoptera Leach, 1815 + Heteroptera Latreille, 1810). In History of Insects (A. P. Rasnitsyn & D. L. J. Quicke, eds) pp. 143-157. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

Takiya, D. M., & R. R. Cavichioli. 2005. The new South American sharpshooter genus Lanceoscarta gen.n. (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae) with description of three new species. Entomologische Abhandlungen 62 (2): 175-183.

[WT07] Wilson, M. R., & D. M. Takiya. 2007. Cicadellinae (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae) described by Leopold Melichar in the Hungarian Natural History Museum. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 99: 29-48.