Butorides

Green heron Butorides virescens, copyright Basar.

Belongs within: Ardeidae.

Butorides is a cosmopolitan genus of small herons with a dark bill, black cap, blackish back and wings, and yellow legs.

<==Butorides
    |--B. flavicollis N87
    |--B. scapularis SS66
    |--B. stagnatilis S13 [=B. striatus stagnatilis M03]
    |--B. striatus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Ardea striata] CS77
    |    |--B. s. striatus CS77
    |    |--B. s. amurensis (Schrenck 1860) CS77
    |    |--B. s. atricapillus (Afzelius 1805) CS77
    |    |--B. s. brevipes (Ehrenberg 1833) CS77
    |    |--B. s. cinereus Mayr 1943 WS48
    |    |--B. s. macrorhynchus M03
    |    |--B. s. patens E52
    |    |--B. s. rogersi Mathews 1911 WS48
    |    `--B. s. sundevalli HSS13
    `--B. virescens (Linnaeus 1758) CS77
         |--B. v. virescens S18
         |--B. v. hypernotius S18
         `--B. v. maculatus E52

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[E52] Eisenmann, E. 1952. Annotated list of birds of Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 117 (5): 1–62.

[HSS13] Hirschfeld, E., A. Swash & R. Still. 2013. The World's Rarest Birds. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[N87] North, A. J. 1887. List of references to authentic descriptions of Australian birds' eggs. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1163–1174.

[S13] Sarasin, F. 1913. Die Vögel Neu-Caledoniens und der Loyalty-Inseln. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 1 pp. 1–78, pl. 1–3. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[SS66] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866. Catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Uyacali, Eastern Peru, with notes and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 175–201.

[S18] Stone, W. 1918. Birds of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to a collection made by Mr. Lindsey L. Jewel. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 239–280.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Metrosideros

Pohutukawa Metrosideros excelsa, photographed by Ed323.

Belongs within: Myrtaceae.

Metrosideros is a genus of trees, shrubs and lianes found between Malaysia, Australia, New Zealand and islands of the Pacific.

Characters (from Allan 1961): Aromatic shrubs, trees or woody lianes with simple, opposite, gland-dotted, exstipulate leaves. Flowers in usually terminal cymes or racemes; receptacle adnate to ovary; sepals 5, imbricate; petals 5; stamens numerous, many more than petals; filaments filiform, anthers versatile. Ovary three-celled, style filiform, ovules numerous. Capsules coriaceous, loculicidally three-valved, or dehiscence irregular; seeds linear.

<==Metrosideros Banks ex Gaertn. 1788 A61
    |--M. albiflora Sol. ex Gaertn. 1788 [incl. M. diffusa Cunn. 1839 non Melaleuca diffusa Forst. f. 1786] A61
    |--M. carminea Oliver 1928 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--M. colensoi Hook. f. 1852 A61
    |    |--M. c. var. colensoi A61
    |    `--M. c. var. pendens (Col.) Kirk 1899 [=M. pendens Col. 1880] A61
    |--M. collina ST99
    |    |--M. c. ssp. collina ST99
    |    `--M. c. ssp. polymorpha ST99
    |--M. diffusa (Forst. f.) Smith 1797 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--M. excelsa Sol. ex Gaertn. 1788 [incl. M. tomentosa Rich. 1832] A61
    |--M. fulgens Sol. ex Gaertn. 1788 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |--M. kermadecensis Oliver 1928 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--M. macropus WO05
    |--M. parkinsonii Buchan. 1883 A61
    |--M. perforata (Forster & Forster) Rich. 1832 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--M. robusta Cunn. 1839 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--M. × sub-tomentosa Carse 1927 [M. excelsa × M. robusta] A61
    |--M. umbellata Cav. 1795 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    `--M. villosa Smith 1797 C06

Metrosideros carminea Oliver 1928 [incl. M. diffusa Hook. f. 1852 nec Melaleuca diffusa Forst. f. 1786 nec Met. diffusa Cunn. 1839] A61

Metrosideros diffusa (Forst. f.) Smith 1797 [=Melaleuca diffusa Forst. f. 1786; incl. Met. hypericifolia Cunn. 1839 non Salisb. 1796, Met. subsimilis Colenso 1880] A61

Metrosideros fulgens Sol. ex Gaertn. 1788 A61 [incl. Met. aurata Colenso 1891 A61, Met. florida var. aurata A27, Melaleuca florida Forst. f. 1786 A61, Leptospermum scandens Forster & Forster 1776 A61, Metrosideros scandens (Forster & Forster) Druce 1917 A61, Met. speciosa Col. 1890 A61]

Metrosideros kermadecensis Oliver 1928 [incl. M. polymorpha Hook. f. 1864 non Gaud. 1826, M. villosa Kirk 1899 non Smith 1797] A61

Metrosideros perforata (Forster & Forster) Rich. 1832 [=Leptospermum perforatum Forster & Forster 1776, Melaleuca perforata Forst. f. 1786; incl. Metrosideros buxifolia Cunningham 1839, Mel. scandens Sol. ex Gaertn. 1788, Met. tenuifolium Colenso 1892, Met. vesiculata Colenso 1884] A61

Metrosideros robusta Cunn. 1839 [incl. M. florida Hook. f. 1849 non Melaleuca florida Forst. f. 1786, M. robusta var. intermedia Kirk 1899, M. robusta var. retusa Kirk 1899] A61

Metrosideros umbellata Cav. 1795 A61 [=Agalmanthus umbellatus C06; incl. Melaleuca lucida Forst. f. 1786 non Linn. f. 1781 A61, Met. lucida (Forster) Rich. 1832 A61]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[A27] Andersen, J. C. 1927. Popular names of New Zealand plants. Part 2. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 905–977.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[ST99] Saenz, G. S., & J. W. Taylor. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships of Meliola and Meliolina inferred from nuclear small subunit rRNA sequences. Mycological Research 103 (8): 1049–1056.

[WO05] Wilson, P. G., M. M. O'Brien, M. M. Heslewood & C. J. Quinn. 2005. Relationships within Myrtaceae sensu lato based on a matK phylogeny. Plant Systematics and Evolution 251: 3–19.

Verticordia

Plumed featherflower Verticordia plumosa, photographed by Cygnis insignis.

Belongs within: Chamelaucieae.

Verticordia, featherflowers, is an Australian genus of shrubs and small trees bearing flowers with feather-like hairs on the calyx lobes.

<==Verticordia
    |--V. chrysantha G04b
    |--V. cunninghamii LK14
    |--V. densiflora OS04
    |    |--V. d. ssp. densiflora GK00
    |    `--V. d. ssp. caespitosa GK00
    |--V. forrestii S86
    |--V. grandiflora OS04
    |--V. habrantha GK00
    |--V. helmsii G04a
    |--V. huegelii OS04
    |    |--V. h. var. huegelii OS04
    |    `--V. h. var. stylosa OS04
    |--V. insignis OS04
    |    |--V. i. ssp. insignis OS04
    |    `--V. i. ssp. compta OS04
    |--V. lindleyi H18
    |--V. nitens R35
    |--V. pennigera WO05
    |--V. picta S95
    |--V. plumosa GK00
    `--V. verticillata LK14

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G04a] Gibson, N. 2004a. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35–47.

[G04b] Gibson, N. 2004b. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H18] Houston, T. 2018. A Guide to Native Bees of Australia. CSIRO Publishing.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[R35] Rayment, T. 1935. A Cluster of Bees: Sixty essays on the life-histories of Australian bees, with specific descriptions of over 100 new species. Endeavour Press: Sydney.

[S95] Smith, G. T. 1995. Species richness, habitat and conservation of scorpions in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 55–66.

[S86] Snelling, R. R. 1986. The taxonomy and nomenclature of some Australian paragiine wasps (Hymenoptera: Masaridae). Contributions in Science 378: 1–19.

[WO05] Wilson, P. G., M. M. O'Brien, M. M. Heslewood & C. J. Quinn. 2005. Relationships within Myrtaceae sensu lato based on a matK phylogeny. Plant Systematics and Evolution 251: 3–19.

Octopus

Common octopus Octopus vulgaris, copyright Kevin Bryant.

Belongs within: Octopodidae.

Octopus is a diverse genus of benthic octopuses with biserial suckers and a large crop. The genus may be divided between a number of morphologically distinct groups but its taxonomy remains uncertain owing to the unclear identity of the type species (O'Shea 1999).

<==Octopus Lamarck 1798 O99 [incl. Paroctopus Naef 1923 P61]
    |--*O. vulgaris Lamarck 1798 O99, L98
    |--O. africanus (Robson 1929) [=O. fontanianus var. africanus] O99
    |--O. alpheus Norman 1992 O99
    |--O. americanus G79
    |--O. apollyon S72
    |--O. aspilosomatis Norman 1992 O99
    |--O. australis Hoyle 1885 O99
    |--O. berrima Stranks & Norman 1992 O99
    |--O. bimaculatus SRT18
    |--O. bimaculoides C-S18
    |--O. bunorong O99
    |--O. campbelli (Smith 1902) [=Polypus campbelli, Joubinia campbelli, Robsonella campbelli] O99
    |--O. cirrhosus Lamarck 1798 L98
    |--O. cyaneas Gray 1929 BW09
    |--O. dierythraeus Norman 1992 O99
    |--O. fontanianus d’Orbigny 1835 O99
    |--O. gibbsi O’Shea 1999 O99
    |--O. granulatus Lamarck 1798 L98
    |--O. graptus Norman 1992 O99
    |--O. hummelincki O99
    |--O. huttoni (Benham 1943) (see below for synonymy) O99
    |--O. joubini Robson 1929 M88
    |--O. kaharoa O’Shea 1999 O99
    |--O. kaurna O99
    |--O. macropus O99
    |--O. mernoo O’Shea 1999 O99
    |--O. moschatus Lamarck 1798 L98
    |--O. oliveri (Berry 1914) [=Polypus oliveri] O99
    |--O. ornatus O99
    |--O. oshimae Sasaki 1929 O99
    |--O. pallidus O99
    |--O. punctatus Gabb 1862 C64
    |--O. rapanui Voss 1979 O99
    |--O. rubescens AFL84
    |--O. rugosus (Bosc 1792) O99
    |--O. variabilis PP64
    `--O. zealandicus (Benham 1944) P61

Octopus huttoni (Benham 1943) [=Robsonella huttoni; incl. O. adamsi Benham 1944, O. otagoensis Benham 1943, O. warringa Stranks 1989] O99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AFL84] Antonelis, G. A., Jr., C. H. Fiscus & R. L. de Long. 1984. Spring and summer prey of California sea lions, Zalophus californianus, at San Miguel Island, California, 1978-79. Fishery Bulletin 82 (1): 67–76.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[C-S18] Cavalier-Smith, T. 2018. Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences. Protoplasma 255: 297–357.

[G79] Guppy, R. J. L. 1879. First sketch of a marine invertebrate fauna of the Gulf of Paria and its neighbourhood. Part I.—Mollusca. Journal of Conchology 2: 151–172.

[L98] Lamarck, C. 1798. Extrait d'un mémoire sur le genre de la sèche, du calmar et du poulpe, vulgairement nommés, polypes de mer. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 1 (17): 129–131.

[M88] McKinstry, D. M. 1988. Bite by Octopus joubini: a case report. Nautilus 102 (3): 127–128.

[O99] O’Shea, S. 1999. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Octopoda (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir 112: 1–280.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[SRT18] Schiffer, P. H., H. E. Robertson & M. J. Telford. 2018. Orthonectids are highly degenerate annelid worms. Current Biology 28: 1970–1974.

[S72] Stunkard, H. W. 1972. Clarification of taxonomy in the Mesozoa. Systematic Zoology 21 (2): 210–214.

Sepiida

Common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis, copyright Diego Delso.

Belongs within: Neocoleoidea.

The Sepiida, cuttlefishes, are a group of broad-bodied, often benthic cephalopods with the tentacles retractile into large pockets on the head.

Sepiida MG-H11
    |  i. s.: Ceratisepia YVD98
    |--Belosepia [Belosaepiidae] YVD98
    |--Sepiadariidae MG-H11
    |    |--Sepiadarium gracilis Voss 1962 V62
    |    `--Sepioloidea d’Orbigny 1839 P61
    |         |--*S. lineolata (Quoy & Gaimard 1832) P61, MG-H11 [=Sepiola lineolata P61]
    |         `--S. pacifica (Kirk 1882) P61
    `--Sepiidae MG-H11
         |--Archaeosepia naefi Szörenyi 1933 D93
         `--Sepia Linnaeus 1758 L58
              |  i. s.: S. chirotrema Berry 1918 MG-H11
              |         S. cottoni Adam 1979 MG-H11
              |         S. cultrata Hoyle 1885 MG-H11
              |         S. elegans GW02
              |         S. esculenta Hoyle 1886 H09
              |         S. latimanus Quoy & Gaimard 1832 BW09
              |         S. media Linnaeus 1758 L58
              |         S. octopodia Linnaeus 1758 L58
              |         S. opipara (Iredale 1926) MG-H11
              |         S. pfefferi Hoyle 1885 H09
              |         S. pharaonis Ehrenberg 1831 BW09
              |         S. prionota Voss 1962 V62
              |         S. rhoda (Iredale 1954) MG-H11
              |         S. tuberculata Lamarck 1798 L98
              |--S. (Sepia) officinalis Linnaeus 1758 G20, L58
              |--S. (Amplisepia Iredale 1926) P61
              |    `--S. (*A.) apama Gray 1849 P61
              `--S. (Solitosepia Iredale 1926) P61
                   |--S. (*S.) liliana P61
                   `--S. (S.) plangon Gray 1849 P61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BW09] Bryce, C. & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[D93] Doyle, P. 1993. Mollusca: Cephalopoda (Coleoidea). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 229–236. Chapman & Hall: London.

[GW02] Giribet, G., & W. Wheeler. 2002. On bivalve phylogeny: a high-level analysis of the Bivalvia (Mollusca) based on combined morphology and DNA sequence data. Invertebrate Biology 121 (4): 271–324.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[L98] Lamarck, C. 1798. Extrait d'un mémoire sur le genre de la sèche, du calmar et du poulpe, vulgairement nommés, polypes de mer. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 1 (17): 129–131.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[V62] Voss, G. L. 1962. Six new species and two new subspecies of cephalopods from the Philippine Islands. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 169–176.

[YVD98] Young, R. E., M. Vecchione & D. T. Donovan. 1998. The evolution of coleoid cephalopods and their present biodiversity and ecology. South African Journal of Marine Science 20: 393–420.

Ungulinidae

Diplodonta globus, copyright Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.

Belongs within: Neoheterodontei.

The Ungulinidae are a group of infaunal bivalves commonly found in muddy sand or gravel. Members have rounded shells with a low beak, the external sculpture being smooth, punctate or concentrically ribbed.

Ungulinidae [Diplodontidae, Ungulinoidea]
    |  i. s.: Phlyctiderma (Phlyctiderma) discrepans (Carpenter 1857) PP78
    |         Felaniella MG-H11
    |           |--F. usta L10
    |           `--F. zelandica HS01
    |         Joannisiella F27a
    |           |--J. moretonensis (Deshayes 1855) [=Cyrenella moretonensis] H09
    |           |--J. novozelandica [=Lucina novozelandica, L. novaezelandiae (l. c.), Diplodonta striata] F27a
    |           `--J. sphaericula (Deshayes 1855) [=Cyrenella sphaericula] H09
    |         Brachymeris alta Conrad 1875 SB93
    |--Cycladicama cumingi (Hanley 1844) TW07
    `--+--Ungulina cuneata (Spengler 1798) TW07
       `--Diplodonta Brown 1831 TW07, G79
            |  i. s.: D. adamsi (Angas 1867) [=Mysia adamsi] H09
            |         D. ampla (Hutton 1885) F27a
            |         D. balcombensis Pritchard 1906 [=D. subquadrata Tate 1887 nec Carpenter 1855 nec Gabb 1873] F27b
            |         D. brasiliensis G79
            |         D. calculus C64
            |         D. candeana G79
            |         D. conspicua Smith 1885 H09
            |         D. corpulenta Smith 1885 H09
            |         D. ethima Melvill & Standen 1899 H09
            |         D. gabbi [=D. subquadrata Gabb 1873 non Carpenter 1855] F27b
            |         D. globosa Adams 1856 H09
            |         D. scalpta Smith 1885 H09
            |         D. semiaspera C64
            |         D. semiasperoides L10
            |         D. subcrassa Smith 1884 H09
            |         D. subglobosa Smith 1885 H09 [=Felania subglobosa C64]
            |         D. sublateralis Smith 1885 H09
            |         D. subquadrata Carpenter 1855 F27b
            |         D. suborbicularis (Tate 1887) [=Sacchia suborbicularis] F27b
            |         D. suprema Olsson 1961 PP78
            |         D. tasmanica F27a
            |--D. (Felania) TW07
            |    |--D. (F.) circularis Dunker 1846 TW07
            |    |--‘Felania’ tellinoides C64
            |    `--‘Mysia’ (F.) usta Gould 1861 C64
            |--D. (Sphaerella) orbella [=Lucina orbella; incl. Mysia tumida, Sphaerella tumida] C64
            |--D. (Zemysia Finlay 1927) P61
            |    |--D. (*Z.) zelandica (Gray 1835) [=Lucina zelandica] P61
            |    |--D. (Z.) infrequens Marwick 1926 F27a
            |    `--D. (Z.) rakiura (Powell 1939) P61
            `--D. (Zemysina Finlay 1927) P61
                 |--D. (*Z.) globus Finlay 1927 P61 [=Zemysia (*Z.) globus F27a]
                 |--D. (Z.) globularis Lamarck 1818 [=Zemysia (Z.) globularis] F27a
                 |--D. (Z.) globulosa [=Zemysia (Z.) globulosa] F27a
                 `--D. (Z.) striatula (Finlay 1927) P61 [=Zemysia (Z.) striatula F27a]

Nomen nudum: Diplodonta newtoni Cossmann 1907 F27b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[G79] Guppy, R. J. L. 1879. First sketch of a marine invertebrate fauna of the Gulf of Paria and its neighbourhood. Part I.—Mollusca. Journal of Conchology 2: 151–172.

[HS01] Hayward, B. W., A. B. Stephenson, M. S. Morley, W. M. Blom, H. R. Grenfell, F. J. Brook, J. L. Riley, F. Thompson & J. J. Hayward. 2001. Marine biota of Parengarenga Harbour, Northland, New Zealand. Records of the Auckland Museum 37: 45–80.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[L10] Lebedev, E. B. 2010. Diversity of soft-bottom mollusks in the Far Eastern Marine Reserve (Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan). In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 169–173. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[PP78] Poorman, F. L., & L. H. Poorman. 1978. Additional molluscan records from Bahía de Los Angeles, Baja California Norte. Veliger 20 (4): 369–374.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[SB93] Skelton, P. W., & M. J. Benton. 1993. Mollusca: Rostroconchia, Scaphopoda and Bivalvia. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 237–263. Chapman & Hall: London.

[TW07] Taylor, J. D., S. T. Williams, E. A. Glover & P. Dyal. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of heterodont bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Heterodonta): new analyses of 18S and 28S rRNA genes. Zoologica Scripta 36 (6): 587–606.

Gaimardiidae

Kidderia aupouria, copyright Te Papa Tongarewa.

Belongs within: Neoheterodontei.

The Gaimardiidae are a group of small, thin-shelled bivalves that commonly live attached to floating seaweed.

Gaimardiidae [Gaimardioidea]
    |--Costokidderia Finlay 1927 P61
    |    |--*C. costata (Odhner 1924) [=Kidderia costata] P61
    |    |--C. lyallensis Finlay 1927 P61
    |    `--C. pedica Finlay 1927 P61
    |--Neogaimardia Odhner 1924 P61
    |    |--*N. rostellata [=Kellia rostellata] P61
    |    |--N. finlayi Powell 1933 P61
    |    |--N. minutissima (Iredale 1908) P61 (see below for synonymy)
    |    `--N. tasmanica Beddome 1881 [=Modiolarca tasmanica] F27
    |--Gaimardia Gould 1852 P61
    |    |--*G. trapezina (Lamarck 1818) P61, TW07 [=Modiolarca trapesina P61]
    |    |    |--G. t. trapezina P61
    |    |    `--G. t. coccinea Hedley 1916 P61
    |    |--G. aucklandica Finlay 1927 P61
    |    |--G. finlayi HS01
    |    `--G. forsteriana Finlay 1927 P61
    `--Kidderia Dall 1876 P61
         |--*K. minuta P61
         |--K. acrobeles (Suter 1913) P61 [=Gaimardia acrobeles F27, Modiolarca acrobeles F27]
         |--K. aupouria Powell 1933 P61
         |    |--K. a. aupouria P61
         |    `--K. a. fiordlandica Fleming 1948 P61
         |--K. campbellica Odhner 1924 P61
         |--K. hamiltoni Finlay 1927 P61 [=Mytilus pusillus Gould 1916 non Macgillivray 1843 F27, Modiolarca pusilla F27]
         |--K. macquariensis Hedley 1916 P61
         |--K. marshalli Fleming 1948 P61
         |--K. rakiura Powell 1939 P61
         `--K. smithi Suter 1913 P61 [=Modiolarca smithi F27]

Neogaimardia minutissima (Iredale 1908) P61 [=Modiolarca minutissima F27, Gaimardia minutissima F27, Lasaea minutissima F27]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[HS01] Hayward, B. W., A. B. Stephenson, M. S. Morley, W. M. Blom, H. R. Grenfell, F. J. Brook, J. L. Riley, F. Thompson & J. J. Hayward. 2001. Marine biota of Parengarenga Harbour, Northland, New Zealand. Records of the Auckland Museum 37: 45–80.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[TW07] Taylor, J. D., S. T. Williams, E. A. Glover & P. Dyal. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of heterodont bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Heterodonta): new analyses of 18S and 28S rRNA genes. Zoologica Scripta 36 (6): 587–606.

Leptonidae

Pachykellya rotunda, copyright Te Papa Tongarewa.

Belongs within: Bivalvia.

The Leptonidae are a group of small byssiferous bivalves with a generally compressed shell bearing very small beaks.

<==Leptonidae P61
    |--Zemyllita Finlay 1927 P61
    |    `--*Z. stowei (Hutton 1873) P61 [=Pythina stowei P61, Myllita stowei F27]
    |--Melliteryx Iredale 1924 P61
    |    |--*M. acupuncta [=Erycina acupuncta] P61
    |    `--M. parva (Deshayes 1856) P61 [=Erycina parva F27]
    |--Arthritica Finlay 1927 P61
    |    |--*A. bifurca [=Kellia bifurca] P61
    |    |--A. crassiformis Powell 1933 P61
    |    `--A. helmsi (Hedley 1915) [=Erycina helmsi] F27
    |--Borniola Iredale 1924 P61
    |    |--*B. lepida [=Bornia lepida] P61
    |    |--B. neozelanica Powell 1937 P61
    |    `--B. reniformis HS01
    |--Lepton N79
    |    |--L. clarkiae N79
    |    |--L. meroeum Carpenter 1864 C64
    |    |--L. nitidum N79
    |    `--L. squamosum J64
    |--Myllitella Finlay 1927 P61
    |    |--*M. vivens Finlay 1927 P61
    |    |--M. finlayi (Marwick 1924) [=Myllita finlayi] F27
    |    |--M. pinguis Marwick 1928 P61
    |    `--M. tasmanica [=Myllita tasmanica] F27
    |--Pachykellya Bernard 1897 P61
    |    |--*P. edwardsi Bernard 1897 P61
    |    |--P. bernardi Powell 1927 P61
    |    |--P. concentrica Powell 1927 P61
    |    |--P. minima Powell 1931 P61
    |    `--P. rotunda Powell 1927 P61
    `--Marikellia Iredale 1936 P61
         |--*M. solida [=Kellia solida] P61
         `--M. rotunda (Deshayes 1855) P61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[HS01] Hayward, B. W., A. B. Stephenson, M. S. Morley, W. M. Blom, H. R. Grenfell, F. J. Brook, J. L. Riley, F. Thompson & J. J. Hayward. 2001. Marine biota of Parengarenga Harbour, Northland, New Zealand. Records of the Auckland Museum 37: 45–80.

[J64] Jeffreys, J. G. 1864. Report of the committee appointed for exploring the coasts of Shetland by means of the dredge. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 70–81.

[N79] Norman, A. M. 1879. The Mollusca of the fiords near Bergen, Norway. Journal of Conchology 2: 8–77.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

Perrierinidae

Perrierina mestayerae, copyright Te Papa Tongarewa.

Belongs within: Bivalvia.

The Perrierinidae are a group of small, byssiferous bivalves with a more or less angular shell.

<==Perrierinidae P61
    |--Legrandina Tate & May 1901 P61
    |    |--*L. bernardi P61
    |    |--L. aucklandica Powell 1933 P61
    |    |--L. harrisonae Powell 1935 P61
    |    `--L. turneri Powell 1939 P61
    `--Perrierina Bernard 1897 P61
         |--*P. taxodonta Bernard 1897 P61
         |--P. georgiana Fleming 1948 P61
         |--P. insulana Fleming 1933 P61
         |--P. matai Fleming 1948 P61
         |--P. mestayerae Powell 1933 P61
         |--P. perstriata Fleming 1948 P61
         |--P. subquadrangula Dell 1952 P61
         `--P. substriata Powell 1935 P61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

Montacutidae

Mysella bidentata, copyright Hans Hillewaert.

Belongs within: Heterodonta.

The Montacutidae are a group of small bivalves with a thin, rounded, inequilateral shell bearing the resilium in a large hollow or socket under the beaks.

<==Montacutidae P61
    |--Laseoneara radiata (Deshayes 1824) SB93
    |--Laubriereia emarginata (Deshayes 1860) SB93
    |--Namnetia discoides Cossmann 1905 SB93
    |--Coriareus Hedley 1907 P61
    |    |--*C. vitreus P61
    |    `--C. neozelanicus Dell 1956 P61
    |--Tahunanuia Powell 1952 P61
    |    |--*T. alata Powell 1952 P61
    |    `--T. trigonia Powell 1952 P61
    |--Rochefortula Finlay 1927 P61
    |    |--*R. reniformis (Suter 1908) [=Rochefortia reniformis] P61
    |    |--R. bidentifera (Powell 1933) P61
    |    |--R. decapitata Powell 1939 P61
    |    |--R. profunda Dell 1952 P61
    |    |--R. quadrata Dell 1956 P61
    |    `--R. taieriensis Powell 1939 P61
    |--Notolepton Finlay 1927 P61
    |    |--*N. antipodum (Filhol 1880) P61 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--N. citrinum (Hutton 1883) P61
    |    |--N. novacambrica (Hedley 1915) [=Neolepton novacambrica] F27a
    |    |--N. sanguineum (Hutton 1883) P61
    |    |--N. sublaevigatum Powell 1937 P61
    |    |--N. subobliquum Powell 1937 P61
    |    |--N. triangulare Dell 1956 P61
    |    `--N. umbonatum (Smith 1885) P61
    |--Montacuta F27a
    |    |--M. chalcedonica C64
    |    |--M. dawsoni N79
    |    |--M. divaricata Gould 1861 C64
    |    |--M. echinocardiophila BK77
    |    |--M. ferruginosa (Montagu 1803) [=Mya ferruginosa, Tellimya ferruginosa] BK77
    |    |--M. herberti Aldrich 1921 SB93
    |    |--M. obtusa C64
    |    |--M. phascolionis H64
    |    |--M. semiradiata BK77
    |    |--M. substriata (Montagu 1803) [=Mya substriata; incl. Erycina seminulum] BK77
    |    |--M. tenella BK77
    |    |--M. triquetra Verrill & Bush 1898 F27b
    |    `--M. tumidula N79
    |--Rochefortia Velain 1878 non Sw. 1788 (ICBN) F27a
    |    `--R. (Pythinella) cuneata (Verrill & Bush 1898) [=Montacuta cuneata, Mysella (P.) cuneata] H64
    `--Mysella Angas 1877 TW07, P61
         |--*M. anomala P61
         |--‘Montacuta’ acuminata Smith 1885 [=Rochefortia acuminata] H09
         |--M. alpha Powell 1937 P61
         |--M. attenuata Dell 1956 P61
         |--M. aupouria Powell 1937 P61
         |--M. beta Powell 1937 P61
         |--M. bidentata (Montagu 1803) [=Mya bidentata, Montacuta bidentata] BK77
         |--M. charcoti (Lamy 1906) P61 [=Rochefortia charcoti F27a]
         |--M. donaciformis [=Rochefortia donaciformis] F27a
         |--‘Tellimya’ ephippiolum Melvill & Standen 1899 [=Rochefortia ephippiolum] H09
         |--M. henryi (Fleming 1948) P61
         |--M. hounselli (Powell 1931) P61
         |--M. lachlani Dell 1952 P61
         |--M. larochei Powell 1940 P61
         |--M. macquariensis Hedley 1916 P61 [=Rochefortia macquariensis F27a]
         |--M. minuta (Aldrich 1921) SB93
         |--M. morioria Dell 1952 P61
         |--‘Pythina’ paula Adams 1856 [=Rochefortia paula] H09
         |--M. pedroana Dall 1889 B02
         |--M. tellinula (Odhner 1924) P61 [=Montacuta tellinula F27a]
         |--M. unidentata Odhner 1924 P61 [=Montacuta unidentata F27a]
         `--M. vitrea Laseron 1956 TW07

*Notolepton antipodum (Filhol 1880) P61 [=Kellia antipoda P61, Neolepton antipodum F27a; incl. K. sanguinea F27a, Ne. sanguineum F27a]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BK77] Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1–159.

[B02] Boyko, C. B. 2002. A worldwide revision of the recent and fossil sand crabs of the Albuneidae Stimpson and Blepharipodidae, new family (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Hippoidea). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 272: 1–396.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[H64] Hampson, G. R. 1964. Redescription of a commensal pelecypod, Rochefortia cuneata, with notes on ecology. Nautilus 77 (4): 125–128.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[N79] Norman, A. M. 1879. The Mollusca of the fiords near Bergen, Norway. Journal of Conchology 2: 8–77.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[SB93] Skelton, P. W., & M. J. Benton. 1993. Mollusca: Rostroconchia, Scaphopoda and Bivalvia. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 237–263. Chapman & Hall: London.

[TW07] Taylor, J. D., S. T. Williams, E. A. Glover & P. Dyal. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of heterodont bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Heterodonta): new analyses of 18S and 28S rRNA genes. Zoologica Scripta 36 (6): 587–606.

Solemya

Solemya parkinsoni, copyright Te Papa Tongarewa.

Belongs within: Opponobranchia.

Solemya, the razor clams, is a cosmopolitan genus of infaunal bivalves with an elongate ovate to subrectangular shell bearing a well-developed periostracum that extends past the calcareous margin.

Solemya Lamarck 1818 AJH07
    |  i. s.: S. biarmica G31
    |         S. occidentalis Deshayes 1857 S11
    |         S. pusilla Gould 1861 C64
    |         S. reidi GW02
    |         S. togata GW02
    |         S. valvulus C64
    |         S. velesiana Iredale 1931 M12
    |         S. velum Say 1822 SS07
    |--S. (Janeia) ZP86
    |    |--S. (J.) parallela (Beede & Rogers 1899) ZP86
    |    `--S. (J.) primaeva (Phillips 1836) ZP86
    `--S. (Zesolemya Iredale 1939) P61
         `--S. (*Z.) parkinsoni Smith 1874 P61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AJH07] Amano, K., R. G. Jenkins & Y. Hikida. 2007. A new gigantic Nucinella (Bivalvia: Solemyoida) from the Cretaceous cold-seep deposit in Hokkaido, northern Japan. Veliger 49 (2): 84–90.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[GW02] Giribet, G., & W. Wheeler. 2002. On bivalve phylogeny: a high-level analysis of the Bivalvia (Mollusca) based on combined morphology and DNA sequence data. Invertebrate Biology 121 (4): 271–324.

[G31] Grabau, A. W. 1931. The Permian of Mongolia: A report on the Permian fauna of the Jisu Honguer limestone of Mongolia and its relations to the Permian of other parts of the world. American Museum of Natural History: New York.

[M12] Morton, B. 2012. The biology and functional morphology of Nucula pusilla (Bivalvia: Protobranchia: Nuculidae) from Western Australia, Australia: primitive or miniature simplicity? Records of the Western Australian Museum 27 (2): 85–100.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[SS07] Struck, T. H., N. Schutt, T. Kusen, E. Hickman, C. Bleidorn, D. McHugh & K. M. Halanych. 2007. Annelid phylogeny and the status of Sipuncula and Echiura. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7: 57.

[ZP86] Zhang, R., & J. Pojeta Jr. 1986. New bivalves from the Datang Stage, Lower Carboniferous, Guangdong Province, China. Journal of Paleontology 60 (3): 669–679.

Nuculana

Nuculana commutata, copyright National Museum Wales.

Belongs within: Nuculanoidea.

Nuculana is a cosmopolitan genus of infaunal bivalves known from the Triassic to the present day. Members of the genus have a produced posterior end, concentric sculpture, and a narrow, oblique ligament pit.

<==Nuculana
    |--N. (*Adrana) elongata (Sowerby 1832) [=Nucula elongata] F27b
    |--N. (Ezonuculana) mactraeformis Nagao 1932 AJH07
    |--N. (Jupiteria Bellardi 1875) P61
    |    |--N. (*J.) concava [=Nucula concava] P61
    |    |--N. (J.) amuriensis Woods 1917 F27a
    |    |--N. (J.) manawatawhia Powell 1937 P61
    |    |--N. (J.) onairoensis Marwick 1926 F27a
    |    |--N. (J.) wolffi Dell 1956 P61
    |    `--N. (J.) zealedaformis Dell 1953 P61
    |--N. (Pseudoportlandia Woodring 1925) F27a
    |    |--N. (*P.) clara [=Leda clara] F27a
    |    `--N. (P.) solenelloides (Marshall 1919) [=Sarepta solenelloides] F27a
    `--N. (Saccella Woodring 1925) P61
         |--N. (*S.) commutata [=Leda commutata] P61
         |--N. (S.) bellula (Adams 1856) P61
         |--N. (S.) fastidiosa F27a
         |--N. (S.) fragilis [=Arca fragilis] F27a
         |--‘Saccella’ gordonis (Yokoyama 1920) XZ10
         |--N. (S.) hedleyi Fleming 1951 P61
         |    |--N. h. hedleyi P61
         |    `--N. h. morioria Dell 1956 P61
         `--N. (S.) semiteres (Hutton 1877) [=Leda semiteres; incl. N. belluloides Marshall 1919] F27a

Nuculana incertae sedis:
  N. abrupta (Dana 1849) [=Nucula abrupta] F71
  N. acuta (Conrad 1832) [=Nucula acuta] F27b
  N. ‘acuta’ (Sowerby 1840) [=Nucula acuta non Conrad 1832] F27b
  N. acuticauda [=Leda acuticauda] F27b
  N. alata Muller 1859 F27b
  N. apiculata (Reuss 1844) [=Nucula apiculata] F27b
  N. bellistriata [incl. N. bellistriata var. attenuata] G31
  N. chapmani Finlay 1924 [=Leda apiculata Tate 1886 non Nucula apiculata Reuss 1844] F27b
  N. concinna (Dana 1849) F71
  N. ellisi Marwick 1926 F27a
  N. etheridgei F71
  N. fossa GW02
  N. hamata B56
  N. martini Finlay 1927 [=Crassatella alata Martin 1887, N. alata non Muller 1859] F27b
  N. minuta GW02
  N. ovum [incl. N. complanata] H00
  N. pella GW02
  N. pernula GW02
  N. striata Sherrard 1959 F71
  N. taphria B56
  N. verconis (Tate 1891) MG-H11
  N. waterhousei Etheridge 1888 F71

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B56] Berry, S. S. 1956. Mollusca dredged by the Orca off the Santa Barbara Islands, California, in 1951. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (5): 150–157.

[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[GW02] Giribet, G., & W. Wheeler. 2002. On bivalve phylogeny: a high-level analysis of the Bivalvia (Mollusca) based on combined morphology and DNA sequence data. Invertebrate Biology 121 (4): 271–324.

[G31] Grabau, A. W. 1931. The Permian of Mongolia: A report on the Permian fauna of the Jisu Honguer limestone of Mongolia and its relations to the Permian of other parts of the world. American Museum of Natural History: New York.

[H00] Hodges, P. 2000. The Early Jurassic Bivalvia from the Hettangian and Lower Sinemurian of south-west Britain. Part 1. Monograph of the Paleontographical Society 614: 1–64.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[XZ10] Xu, F., & J. Zhang. 2010. Study on the bivalve faunal composition of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 7–12. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Mytilus

Blue mussels Mytilus edulis, copyright Hans Hillewaert.

Belongs within: Mytilidae.

Mytilus is a cosmopolitan genus of mussels bearing an elongate, wedge-shaped shell with a terminal beak.

<==Mytilus Linnaeus 1758 P61
    |--*M. edulis Linnaeus 1758 P61 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--M. e. edulis P61
    |    |--M. e. aoteanus Powell 1958 P61
    |    |--M. e. chilensis Hupe 1854 C96, GO78
    |    |--M. e. desolationis Lamy 1936 C96, T-Q84
    |    |--M. e. diegensis S59
    |    `--M. e. planulatus Lamarck 1819 HJ08
    |--M. adriaticus N79
    |--M. americanus [incl. M. tulipa] G79
    |--M. barbatus Linnaeus 1758 L58
    |--M. brasiliensis [incl. M. guianensis, M. semifusca] G79
    |--M. californianus Conrad 1837 R78
    |--M. canaliculatus B64
    |--M. castaneus Lightfoot 1786 K65
    |--M. coruscus Gould 1861 XZ10
    |--M. domingensis G79
    |--M. exustus Linnaeus 1758 L58 [incl. M. citrinus G79, M. sulcata G79]
    |--M. humerus Conrad 1855 C64
    |--M. hyotis Linnaeus 1758 L58
    |--M. incertus W70
    |--M. inezensis C64
    |--M. inflatus Muller 1849 F27b
    |--M. latus H86
    |--M. ligneus G79
    |--M. linguloides (Huddleston 1884) (see below for synonymy) F27b
    |--M. minganensis Mighels 1844 J49
    |--M. mirabilis (Lepsius 1878) [=Gervillea mirabilis] W60
    |--M. multiformis [incl. M. adamsianus Dkr. 1856] C64
    |--M. mytilus P75
    |--M. nicobarica [incl. M. nicobarica var. kraussii] B79
    |--M. palliopunctatus C64
    |--M. perna PP64
    |--M. phaseolinus J79
    |--M. primulafontensis Etheridge 1902 F71
    |--M. ruber Linnaeus 1758 L58
    |--M. smaragdinus H79
    |--M. sphinx W70
    |--M. splendens C64
    |--M. tenuistriatus PB27
    |--M. trossulus Gould 1950 VKK10
    |--M. unguis Linnaeus 1758 L58
    |--M. ungulatus Linnaeus 1758 L58
    |--M. variabilis P71
    `--M. viridis Linnaeus 1758 L58

*Mytilus edulis Linnaeus 1758 P61 [=M. (Eumytilus) edulis F27a; incl. M. edulis var. galloprovincialis Lamarck 1819 G84, XZ10, M. glomeratus C64, M. pedroanus Conrad 1855 C64]

Mytilus linguloides (Huddleston 1884) [=Modiola linguloides; incl. My. inflatus Moore 1870 non Muller 1849, My. moorei Cossmann 1907] F27b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B64] Bennett, E. W. 1964. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Crustacea Brachyura. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 153: 1–120.

[B79] Brazier, J. 1879. List of marine shells collected on Fitzroy Island, north coast of Australia; with notes on their geographical range. Journal of Conchology 2: 186–199.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[C96] Crame, J. A. 1996. Evolution of high-latitude molluscan faunas. In: Taylor, J. D. (ed.) Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca pp. 119–131. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[GO78] Gallardo S., C., & C. Osorio R. 1978. Hiatella solida (Sowerby, 1834) (Mollusca: Hiatellidae) on Concholepas concholepas (Bruguière, 1789) and other substrates. Veliger 20 (3): 274–278.

[G84] Gosling, E. M. 1984. The systematic status of Mytilus galloprovincialis in western Europe: a review. Malacologia 25 (2): 551–568.

[G79] Guppy, R. J. L. 1879. First sketch of a marine invertebrate fauna of the Gulf of Paria and its neighbourhood. Part I.—Mollusca. Journal of Conchology 2: 151–172.

[H79] Haast, J. von. 1879. Geology of the Provinces of Canterbury and Westland, New Zealand. A report comprising the results of official explorations. "Times" Office: Christchurch.

[HJ08] Huisman, J. M., D. S. Jones, F. E. Wells & T. Burton. 2008. Introduced marine biota in Western Australian waters. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 1–44.

[H86] Hutton, F. W. 1886. The Mollusca of the Pareora and Oamaru systems of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (1): 205–237.

[J79] Jeffreys, J. G. 1879. Notes on Colonel Montagu's collection of British shells. Journal of Conchology 2: 1–4.

[J49] Johnson, R. I. 1949. Jesse Wedgwood Mighels with a bibliography and a catalogue of his species. Occasional Papers on Mollusks 1 (14): 213–231.

[K65] Kay, E. A. 1965. The Reverend John Lightfoot, Daniel Solander, and the Portland Catalogue. Nautilus 79 (1): 10–19.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[N79] Norman, A. M. 1879. The Mollusca of the fiords near Bergen, Norway. Journal of Conchology 2: 8–77.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[P71] Por, F. D. 1971. One hundred years of Suez Canal—a century of Lessepsian migration: retrospect and viewpoints. Systematic Zoology 20 (2): 138–159.

[P75] Por, F. D. 1975. Pleistocene pulsation and preadaptation of biotas in Mediterranean seas: consequences for Lessepsian migration. Systematic Zoology 24 (1): 72–78.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[R78] Reid, R. G. B. 1978. The systematic, adaptive and physiological significance of proteolytic enzyme distribution in bivalves. Veliger 20 (3): 260–265.

[S59] Stohler, R. 1959. Range extensions of some west N. A. marines. Nautilus 72 (4): 127–130.

[T-Q84] Thiriot-Quiévreux, C. 1984. Les caryotypes de quelques Ostreidae et Mytilidae. Malacologia 25 (2): 465–476.

[VKK10] Vekhova, E. E., M. I. Kusaykin & K. V. Kiselev. 2010. The phytoplankton contribution to the diet of some mussel species (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from different parts of the Sea of Japan. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 104–108. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

[W60] Waterhouse, J. B. 1960. Some Carnian pelecypods from New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 88 (3): 425–442.

[W70] Wills, L. J. 1970. The Triassic succession in the central Midlands in its regional setting. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 126: 225–283.

[XZ10] Xu, F., & J. Zhang. 2010. Study on the bivalve faunal composition of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 7–12. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Hochstetteria

Hochstetteria pinctada, copyright Auckland War Memorial Museum.

Belongs within: Limopsoidea.

Hochstetteria is a genus of small bivalves with a thin, smooth or faintly radially ribbed shell with a distinct periostracum.

<==Hochstetteria Vélain 1878 P61
    |--*H. aviculoides Velain 1878 P61
    |--H. acutangula Powell 1935 P61
    |--H. crenella Velain 1878 [=Philobrya crenella] F27
    |--H. hamiltoni (Hedley 1916) P61
    |--H. meleagrina Bernard 1896 P61 [=Philippiella meleagrina F27]
    |--H. modiolina Velain 1878 F27
    |--H. modiolus (Suter 1913) P61
    |--H. munita Finlay 1930 P61
    |--H. pinctada Finlay 1930 P61
    |--H. sculpturalis Dell 1956 P61
    `--H. trapezina F27

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

Cyclopecten

Cyclopecten secundus, copyright Te Papa Tongarewa.

Belongs within: Pectinoidea.

Cyclopecten is a genus of deep-sea scallops with a minute, thin, rounded shell.

<==Cyclopecten Verrill 1897 F27
    |  i. s.: C. alaskenis (Dall 1872) W84
    |         C. culebrensis (Smith 1885) W84
    |         C. exquisitus Grau 1959 PP78
    |         C. favus F27
    |         C. murrayi (Smith 1885) [=Pecten murrayi] H09
    |         C. nanus Verrill & Bush 1897 W84
    |         C. obliquus F27
    |         C. thalassinus (Dall 1886) W84
    `--C. (Cyclochlamys Finlay 1927) P61
         |--C. (*C.) transennus (Suter 1913) [=Pecten transenna] P61
         |--C. (C.) aupouria Powell 1937 P61
         |--C. (C.) mestayerae Dell 1956 P61
         |--C. (C.) powelli Dell 1956 P61
         `--C. (C.) secundus Finlay 1927 P61 [=Cyclochlamys secundus F27]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[PP78] Poorman, F. L., & L. H. Poorman. 1978. Additional molluscan records from Bahía de Los Angeles, Baja California Norte. Veliger 20 (4): 369–374.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[W84] Waller, T. R. 1984. The ctenolium of scallop shells: functional morphology and evolution of a key family-level character in the Pectinacea (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Malacologia 25 (1): 203–219.

Mimachlamys

Doughboy scallops Mimachlamys asperrima, copyright Peter Southwood.

Belongs within: Pectinidae.

Mimachlamys is a genus of medium-sized to large scallops, with highly unequal auricles and both primary and secondary spinous radial macrosculpture, that live byssally attached to rocks or coral.

Mimachlamys Iredale 1929 P61
    |--*M. asperrima (Lamarck 1819) P61, MG-H11 [=Chlamys (*Mimachlamys) asperrima P61]
    |--M. celator (Finlay 1928) [=Chlamys (Mimachlamys) celator] P61
    |--M. dichroa (Suter 1909) [=Chlamys (Mimachlamys) dichroa] P61
    |--M. gemmulata (Reeve 1853) [=Chlamys (Mimachlamys) gemmulata] P61
    |    |--M. g. gemmulata P61
    |    |--M. g. consociata (Smith 1915) [=Chlamys (Mimachlamys) gemmulata consociata] P61
    |    `--M. g. radiata (Hutton 1873) P61 [=Pecten radiatus H08, Chlamys (Mimachlamys) gemmulata radiata P61]
    |--M. kiwaensis (Powell 1933) [=Chlamys (Mimachlamys) kiwaensis] P61
    |--M. nobilis PC11
    |--M. suprasilis (Finlay 1928) [=Chlamys (Mimachlamys) suprasilis] P61
    |    |--M. s. suprasilis P61
    |    `--M. s. crepusculi (Fleming 1948) [=Chlamys (Mimachlamys) suprasilis crepusculi] P61
    |--M. taiaroa (Powell 1952) [=Chlamys (Mimachlamys) taiaroa] P61
    |--M. zeelandona (Hertlein 1931) [=Chlamys (Mimachlamys) zeelandona] P61
    `--M. zelandiae (Gray 1843) [=Chlamys (Mimachlamys) zelandiae] P61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[H08] Hedley, C. 1908. Studies on Australian Mollusca. Part X. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 456–489, pls 7–10.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[PC11] Plazzi, F., A. Ceregato, M. Taviani & M. Passamonti. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of bivalve mollusks: ancient radiations and divergences as revealed by mitochondrial genes. PLoS One 6 (11): e27147.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

Limidae

Spiny file shell Lima lima, copyright Hectonichus.

Belongs within: Pectinida.

The Limidae, file shells, are a group of bivalves with an ovate to subtrigonal shell that commonly live attached in fissures by byssal threads, though some species are able swimmers by flapping the valves.

<==Limidae
    |--Austrolima nimbifera M54
    |--Ctenoides annulata (Lamarck 1819) MG-H11
    |--Ctenostreon pectiniformis JB12, F71
    |--Notolimea Iredale 1924 F27a
    |    `--*N. australis [=Lima australis] F27a
    |--Plicacesta Vokes 1963 DK08
    |    `--*P. smithi (Sowerby 1888) DK08
    |--Divarilima Powell 1958 P61
    |    `--*D. sydneyensis (Hedley 1904) [=Lima sydneyensis] P61
    |--Limaria MG-H11
    |    |--L. fragilis (Gmelin 1791) MG-H11
    |    `--L. hians GW02
    |--Escalima Iredale 1929 P61
    |    |--*E. murrayi (Smith 1891) P61, F27a (see below for synonymy)
    |    `--E. regularis Powell 1955 P61
    |--Palaeolima SB93
    |    |--P. furcoplicata DX84
    |    |--P. scabrosa G31
    |    `--P. simplex (Phillips 1836) SB93
    |--Plagiostoma Sowerby 1814 RC78
    |    |--P. beyrichii TE01
    |    |--P. giganteum Sowerby 1814 RC78
    |    `--P. striata (Schlotheim 1820) KL04
    |--Mantellum Adams & Adams 1858 F27a
    |    |--*M. inflatum [=Ostrea inflata] F27a
    |    |--M. basilanicum Ad. & Reeve 1850 [=Lima basilanica; incl. L. angulata Sowerby 1843 non Munster 1841] F27a
    |    |--M. hians [=Ostrea hians] F27a
    |    |--M. inconspicuum Marwick 1926 F27a
    |    |--M. marwicki (Powell 1926) [=Lima marwicki] F27a
    |    `--M. polynema (Tate 1886) [=Lima polynema] F27a
    |--Limea Bronn 1831 F27a
    |    |  i. s.: L. torresiana (Smith 1885) [=Limatula torresiana] H09
    |    |         L. transenna Tate 1886 F27b
    |    |--*L. (Limea) strigiliata (Brocchi 1814) [=Ostrea strigiliata] S98
    |    `--L. (Pseudolimea Arkell in Douglas & Arkell 1932) S98
    |         |--L. (*P.) duplicata (Sowerby 1827) [=Plagiostoma duplicata] S98
    |         |--L. (P.) flabellulina (Darragh & Kendrick 1991) [=Pseudolimea flabellulina] S98
    |         `--L. (P.) woodsi (Suter 1921) (see below for synonymy) S98
    |--Limatula Searles Wood 1839 P61
    |    |--*L. subauriculata P61
    |    |--L. aupouria Powell 1937 P61
    |    |--L. demiradiata Allen 2004 F05
    |    |--L. jeffreysiana F27a
    |    |--L. maoria Finlay 1927 P61
    |    |--L. pygmaea (Philippi 1845) P61
    |    |--L. strangei [=Lima strangei; incl. Lima jacksonensis] F27a
    |    |--L. suteri (Dall 1908) P61
    |    |--L. thalassae Allen 2004 F05
    |    `--L. trulla Marwick 1926 F27a
    |--Acesta B65
    |    |  i. s.: A. angolensis [=Lima (Acesta) angolensis] B65
    |    |         A. goliath [=Lima (Acesta) goliath] B65
    |    |         A. patagonica [=Lima (Acesta) patagonica] B65
    |    |--A. excavata PC11 [=Lima (Acesta) excavata B65, Ostrea excavata N79]
    |    `--+--A. bullisi PC11
    |       `--A. oophaga PC11
    `--Lima Bruguière 1797 RC78
         |--*L. lima (Linnaeus 1758) P61, F27a (see below for synonymy)
         |--L. alata Roemer 1836 F27b
         |--L. ‘alata’ Lycett 1850 non Roemer 1836 F27b
         |--L. ales Finlay 1927 [=L. alata Hedley 1898 nec Roemer 1836 nec Lycett 1850] F27b
         |--L. arcuata Sowerby 1843 H09
         |--L. bassii [incl. L. colorata] H86b
         |--L. bullata (Born 1780) F27a [=Ostrea bullata H09, Limatula bullata F27a]
         |--L. crassa [incl. Limea sarsii Lovén 1846, Lima sarsii] N79
         |--L. dieneri G31
         |--L. elliptica PP64
         |--L. fasciata (Linnaeus 1758) [=Ostrea fasciata] H09
         |--L. hemphilli B56
         |--L. hians (Gmelin 1791) R78
         |--L. huttoni Suter 1914 [=L. multiradiata Hutton 1873 non Gabb 1868] F27b
         |--L. inflata Lamarck 1819 H09
         |--L. krotowi G31
         |--L. laevigata McCoy 1844 F27b
         |--L. levitesta Finlay 1927 [=L. laevigata Hutton 1873 non McCoy 1844] F27b
         |--L. linguatula Lamarck 1819 H09
         |--L. loscombei [=Radula loscombei] PP64
         |--L. marlburiensis Woods 1917 F27a
         |--L. mestayerae Marwick 1924 P61
         |--L. multiradiata Gabb 1868 F27b
         |--L. nimbifer Iredale 1924 MG-H11
         |--L. orientalis [incl. L. dehiscens] C64
         |--L. pacifica PC11
         |    |--L. p. pacifica PC11
         |    `--L. p. galapagensis PC11
         |--L. palaeata H86a
         |--L. paucisulcata H86a
         |--L. pellucida WE63
         |--L. permiana G31
         |--L. retifera G31
         |--L. scabra [incl. L. aspera, L. fragilis, L. glacialis] G79
         |--L. striatoplicata G31
         |--L. subauriculata N79
         |--L. subovata U79
         |--L. tenera H09
         |--L. vulgaris (Link 1807) MG-H11
         |--L. wacoensis Roemer 1852 W77
         |--L. watersi Marwick 1926 F27a
         `--L. zealandica Sowerby 1876 P61

Nomen nudum: Limea neozelanica A27

*Escalima murrayi (Smith 1891) P61, F27a [=Lima murrayi P61, Mantellum murrayi F27a; incl. Limea acclinis Hedley 1905 F27a, Limea acclinus (l. c.) F27a]

*Lima lima (Linnaeus 1758) P61, F27a [=Ostrea lima P61; incl. L. squamosa F27a, Pecten (Lima) squamosus G20, L. tetrica C64]

Limea (Pseudolimea) woodsi (Suter 1921) [=Lima (Limatula) woodsi, Lima (Limatula) huttoni Woods 1917 non L. huttoni Suter 1914] S98

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A27] Allan, R. S. 1927. The geology and palaeontology of the Lower Waihao Basin, south Canterbury, New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 265–309.

[B56] Berry, S. S. 1956. Mollusca dredged by the Orca off the Santa Barbara Islands, California, in 1951. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (5): 150–157.

[B65] Boss, K. J. 1965. Note on Lima (Acesta) angolensis. Nautilus 79 (2): 54–58.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[DK08] Darragh, T. A., & G. W. Kendrick. 2008. Silicified Eocene molluscs from the Lower Murchison district, Southern Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (3): 217–246.

[DX84] Ding Y., Xia G., Duan C., Li W., Liu X. & Liang Z. 1984. Study on the early Permian stratigraphy and fauna in Zhesi district, Nei Mongol Zizhiqu (Inner Mongolia). Bulletin Tianjin Institure Geol. Min. Res. 10.

[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.

[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[GW02] Giribet, G., & W. Wheeler. 2002. On bivalve phylogeny: a high-level analysis of the Bivalvia (Mollusca) based on combined morphology and DNA sequence data. Invertebrate Biology 121 (4): 271–324.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[G31] Grabau, A. W. 1931. The Permian of Mongolia: A report on the Permian fauna of the Jisu Honguer limestone of Mongolia and its relations to the Permian of other parts of the world. American Museum of Natural History: New York.

[G79] Guppy, R. J. L. 1879. First sketch of a marine invertebrate fauna of the Gulf of Paria and its neighbourhood. Part I.—Mollusca. Journal of Conchology 2: 151–172.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[H86a] Hutton, F. W. 1886a. The Mollusca of the Pareora and Oamaru systems of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (1): 205–237.

[H86b] Hutton, F. W. 1886b. Notes on some Australian Tertiary fossils. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (2): 481–482.

[JB12] Johnson, M. E., & B. G. Baarli. 2012. Development of intertidal biotas through Phanerozoic time. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 63–128. Springer.

[KL04] Klug, C. & A. Lehmkuhl. 2004. Soft-tissue attachment structures and taphonomy of the Middle Triassic nautiloid Germanonautilus. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49 (2): 243–258.

[M54] Macpherson, J. H. 1954. Molluscs (sea shells and snails). In: Willis, J. M. (ed.) The Archipelago of the Recherche pp. 55–63. Australian Geographical Society: Melbourne.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[N79] Norman, A. M. 1879. The Mollusca of the fiords near Bergen, Norway. Journal of Conchology 2: 8–77.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[PC11] Plazzi, F., A. Ceregato, M. Taviani & M. Passamonti. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of bivalve mollusks: ancient radiations and divergences as revealed by mitochondrial genes. PLoS One 6 (11): e27147.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[R78] Reid, R. G. B. 1978. The systematic, adaptive and physiological significance of proteolytic enzyme distribution in bivalves. Veliger 20 (3): 260–265.

[RC78] Roth, B., & E. V. Coan. 1978. Nomenclatural notes on Hinnites giganteus (Gray). Veliger 20 (3): 297–298.

[SB93] Skelton, P. W., & M. J. Benton. 1993. Mollusca: Rostroconchia, Scaphopoda and Bivalvia. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 237–263. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S98] Stilwell, J. D. 1998. Late Cretaceous Mollusca from the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. Alcheringa 22 (1): 29–85.

[TE01] Tong, J., & D. H. Erwin. 2001. Triassic gastropods of the southern Qinling Mountains, China. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 92: 1–47.

[U79] d'Urban, W. S. M. 1879. The Mollusca of Barents Sea, between Spitzbergen and Novaya Zemblia. Journal of Conchology 2: 88–94.

[WE63] Warmke, G. L., & D. S. Erdman. 1963. Records of marine mollusks eaten by bonefish in Puerto Rican waters. Nautilus 76 (4): 115–120.

[W77] White, C. A. 1877. Report upon the invertebrate fossils collected in portions of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, by parties of the expeditions of 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874. U.S. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (1): 1–219, pls 1–21.