Aconoidasida

Mature Plasmodium malariae schizont among red blood cells, from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Belongs within: Sporozoa.

The Aconoidasida are a group of sporozoans lacking the conoid in at least the asexual stages of the life cycle; members of this group include species of significance to human such as malaria-causing Plasmodium and Theileria causing diseases in livestock. Within the clade, members of the Haemosporida possess ciliated microgametes and a motile zygote with a conoid whereas Piroplasmorida lack cilia and conoids at all stages of the life cycle (Adl et al. 2012).

Characters (from Adl et al. 2019): Apical complex lacking conoid in asexual motile stages; some diploid motile zygotes (ookinetes) with conoid; macrogametes and microgametes forming independently; heteroxenous.

<==Aconoidasida [Haematozoa] AS12
    |--Nephromycida AB19
    |    |--Cardiosporidium cionae AB19, SM10
    |    `--Nephromyces Giard 1888 [Nephromycida, Nephromycidae] SM10
    |--Haemospororida [Haemosporea, Haemosporidia] AS12
    |    |--Haemoproteus columbae AS12, E-KOS07
    |    |--Leucocytozoon simondi AS12, K92
    |    |--Mesnilium AS12
    |    |--Polychromophilus dionisi G10
    |    |--Bioccala deanei G10
    |    |--Dionisia AB19
    |    |--Haemocystidium AB19
    |    |--Hepatocystis AB19
    |    |--Nycteria AB19
    |    |--Parahaemoproteus AB19
    |    |--Saurocytozoon AB19
    |    `--Plasmodium AS12
    |         |--P. berghei SM03
    |         |--P. brasilianum E83
    |         |--P. chabaudi GLB04
    |         |--P. cynomolgi NMR-H99
    |         |--P. falciparum LCK03
    |         |--P. gallinaceum PB96
    |         |--P. knowlesi E83
    |         |--P. malariae PHK96
    |         |--P. melaniferum KK54
    |         |--P. ovale PHK96
    |         |--P. reichenowi GLB04
    |         |--P. relictum D05
    |         |--P. rodhaini E83
    |         |--P. schwetzi E83
    |         |--P. vivax C-SC04
    |         `--P. yoelii GLB04
    `--Piroplasmorida [Aconoidina, Piroplasmea, Piroplasmomorphina] AS12
         |  i. s.: Anthemosoma AB19
         |         Echinozoon AB19
         |         Haemohormidium terraenovae AB19, K-M02
         |         Sauroplasma AB19
         |         Serpentoplasma AB19
         |--+--Cytauxzoon felis SM10
         |  `--Theileria [Theileriidae] SM10
         |       |--T. annulata E-KOS07
         |       |--T. buffeli FKK91
         |       |--T. hirci LC96
         |       |--T. lestoquardi SM10
         |       |--T. mutans MPV91
         |       |--T. orientalis FKK91
         |       |--T. parva SM10
         |       `--T. sergenti FKK91
         `--Babesia SM10
              |--B. bigemmina E-KOS07
              |--B. bovis LCK03
              |--B. caballi LC96
              |--B. divergens GK01
              |--B. equi PB96
              |--B. gibsoni MO08
              |--B. major LL96
              |--B. microti GK01
              |--B. motasi LC96
              |--B. odocoilei SM10
              |--B. ovata LC96
              `--B. rodhaini NMR-H99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AB19] Adl, S. M., D. Bass, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov, S. Agatha, C. Berney, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, P. Cárdenas, I. Čepička, L. Chistyakova, J. del Campo, M. Dunthorn, B. Edvardsen, Y. Eglit, L. Guillou, V. Hampl, A. A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, T. Y. James, A. Karnkowska, S. Karpov, E. Kim, M. Kolisko, A. Kudryavtsev, D. J. G. Lahr, E. Lara, L. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, D. G. Mann, R. Massana, E. A. D. Mitchell, C. Morrow, J. S. Park, J. W. Pawlowski, M. J. Powell, D. J. Richter, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, S. Shimano, F. W. Spiegel, G. Torruella, N. Youssef, V. Zlatogursky & Q. Zhang. 2019. Revisions to the classification, nomenclature, and diversity of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 66: 4–119.

[AS12] Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, D. Bass, S. S. Bowser, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, M. Dunthorn, V. Hampl, A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, E. Lara, E. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, H. McManus, E. A. D. Mitchell, S. E. Mozley-Stanridge, L. W. Parfrey, J. Pawlowski, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov & F. W. Spiegel. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–493.

[C-SC04] Cavalier-Smith, T., & E. E. Chao. 2004. Protalveolate phylogeny and systematics and the origins of Sporozoa and dinoflagellates (phylum Myzozoa nom. nov.) European Journal of Protistology 40: 185–212.

[D05] Derraik, J. G. B. 2005. Recommendations for mosquito control in zoological parks to reduce disease transmission risk. Weta 29: 16–20.

[E-KOS07] El-Kammah, K. M., L. M. I. Oyoun & S. A. Shafy. 2007. The role of Argas persicus (Acari: Ixodoidea) in the maintenance and transmission of Haemoproteus columbae and Borrelia anserina to poultry. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 215–221. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[E83] Ewald, P. W. 1983. Host-parasite relations, vectors, and the evolution of disease severity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 14: 465–485.

[FKK91] Fujisaki, K., T. Kamio & S. Kawazu. 1991. Theileria sergenti cannot be regarded as the same species as T. buffeli and T. orientalis because of its transmissibility only by Kaiseriana ticks. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 233–237. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[G10] Graciolli, G. 2010. Nycteribiidae (bat flies, spider bat flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1261–1266. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[GK01] Gray, J. S., & O. Kahl. 2001. Ticks as vectors of zoonotic pathogens in Europe. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 547–551. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[GLB04] Gray, M. W., B. F. Lang & G. Burger. 2004. Mitochondria of protists. Annual Review of Genetics 38: 477–524.

[K-M02] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002. Cods. Family Gadidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 223–261. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[KK54] Klemmer, K., & H. E. Krampitz. 1954. Zur Kenntnis der Säugetierfauna Siziliens. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35 (3–4): 121–135.

[K92] Krylov, M. V. 1992. The origin of heteroxeny in Sporozoa. Parazitologiya 26 (5): 361–368.

[LCK03] Leander, B. S., R. E. Clopton & P. J. Keeling. 2003. Phylogeny of gregarines (Apicomplexa) as inferred from small-subunit rDNA and β-tubulin. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 345–354.

[LC96] Li, D., & Q. Chen. 1996. Studies on piroplasmoses and the tick (Ixodidae) vectors in China. In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 469–471. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[LL96] Liebisch, A., & G. Liebisch. 1996. Hard ticks (Ixodidae) biting humans in Germany and their infection with Borrelia burgdorferi. In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 465–468. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[MO08] Moore, R. B., M. Oborník, J. Janouškovec, T. Chrudimský, M. Vancová, D. H. Green, S. W. Wright, N. W. Davies, C. J. S. Bolch, K. Heimann, J. Šlapeta, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, J. M. Logsdon, Jr. & D. A. Carter. 2008. A photosynthetic alveolate closely related to apicomplexan parasites. Nature 451: 959–963.

[MPV91] Mwase, E. T., R. G. Pegram & M. G. R. Varma. 1991. The development and survival of Amblyomma variegatum Fabricius (Acari: Ixodidae) under quasi-natural conditions in Zimbabwe. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 239–244. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[NMR-H99] Norén, F., Ø. Moestrup & A.-S. Rehnstam-Holm. 1999. Parvilucifera infectans Norén et Moestrup gen. et sp. nov. (Perkinsozoa phylum nov.): a parasitic flagellate capable of killing toxic microalgae. European Journal of Protistology 35: 233–254.

[PB96] Pawlowski, J., I. Bolivar, J. F. Fahrni, T. Cavalier-Smith & M. Gouy. 1996. Early origin of Foraminifera suggested by SSU rRNA gene sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 13 (3): 445–450.

[PHK96] Prescott, L. M., J. P. Harley & D. A. Klein. 1996. Microbiology 3^rd ed. Wm. C. Brown Publishers: Dubuque (Iowa).

[SM10] Saffo, M. B., A. M. McCoy, C. Rieken & C. H. Slamovits. 2010. Nephromyces, a beneficial apicomplexan symbiont in marine animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 107 (37): 16190–16195.

[SM03] Saldarriaga, J. F., M. L. McEwan, N. M. Fast, F. J. R. Taylor & P. J. Keeling. 2003. Multiple protein phylogenies show that Oxyrrhis marina and Perkinsus marinus are early branches of the dinoflagellate lineage. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 355–365.

Last updated: 21 December 2019.

Myriangiales

Elsinoe veneta on raspberry leaf, copyright James Lindsey.

Belongs within: Dothideomyceta.

The Myriangiales are a group of mostly plant-pathogenic fungi, characterised by the development of a single ascus in each chamber of a well-developed, often gelatinous stroma.

Myriangiales
    |--Myriangiaceae EB03
    |    |--Myriangium duriaei EB03, PA-W02
    |    |--Anhellia EB03
    |    `--Eurytheca EB03
    `--Elsinoaceae EB03
         |--Beelia EB03
         |--Butleria EB03
         |--Hemimyriangium EB03
         |--Hyalotheles EB03
         |--Micularia EB03
         |--Molleriella EB03
         |--Saccardinula EB03
         |--Stephanotheca EB03
         |--Xenodium EV03
         `--Elsinoe EB03
              |  i. s.: E. fawcetti RA07
              |--E. veneta SS09
              `--+--E. centrolobi SS09
                 `--E. phaseoli SS09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[EB03] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, G. Rambold & T. Laessøe (eds.) 2003. Outline of Ascomycota—2003. Myconet 9: 1–89.

[PA-W02] Pang, K.-L., M. A. Abdel-Wahab, S. Sivichai, H. M. El-Sharouney & E. B. G. Jones. 2002. Jahnulales (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota): a new order of lignicolous freshwater ascomycetes. Mycological Research 106 (9): 1031–1042.

[RA07] Rodrigues, J. C. V., D. Achor, E. W. Kitajima, N. L. Nogueira & C. C. Childers. 2007. Plant diseases and injuries associated with Brevipalpus mites. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 381–390. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[SS09] Schoch, C. L., G.-H. Sung, F. López-Giráldez, J. P. Townsend, J. Miadlikowska, V. Hofstetter, B. Robbertse, P. B. Matheny, F. Kauff, Z. Wang, C. Gueidan, R. M. Andrie, K. Trippe, L. M. Ciufetti, A. Wynns, E. Fraker, B. P. Hodkinson, G. Bonito, J. Z. Groenewald, M. Arzanlou, G. S. de Hoog, P. W. Crous, D. Hewitt, D. H. Pfister, K. Peterson, M. Gryzenhout, M. J. Wingfield, A. Aptroot, S.-O. Suh, M. Blackwell, D. M. Hillis, G. W. Griffith, L. A. Castlebury, A. Y. Rossman, H. T. Lumbsch, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, A. Rauhut, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, D. M. Geiser, K. Hosaka, P. Inderbitzin, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, L. Mostert, K. O'Donnell, H. Sipman, J. D. Rogers, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Sugiyama, R. C. Summerbell, W. Untereiner, P. R. Johnston, S. Stenroos, A. Zuccaro, P. S. Dyer, P. D. Crittenden, M. S. Cole, K. Hansen, J. M. Trappe, R. Yahr, F. Lutzoni & J. W. Spatafora. 2009. The Ascomycota tree of life: a phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits. Systematic Biology 58 (2): 224–239.

Hypocreaceae

Conidiophores of Trichoderma harzianum, from the US Dept of Agriculture.

Belongs within: Hypocreales.

The Hypocreaceae are a group of fungi with stroma ranging from 1 mmm to 5 cm or more in diameter, commonly found growing on bark, wood, or on the fruiting bodies of macrofungi (Rossman et al 1999).

Characters (from Rossman et al. 1999): Stroma generally discrete or effuse, often light- to bright-coloured in shades of white, pale yellow, orange or red, rarely black. Ascomata generally immersed in stroma; if superfical then on thin, compact stroma on gill-less basidiocarps; rarely subiculum absent with a Gliocadium anamorph; anamorphs otherwise generally phialidic. Ascospores generally disarticulating, rarely transversely striate, if non-disarticulating then ascal apex often thickened and ascomata immmersed in thin to cottony subiculum on basidiocarp.

Hypocreaceae
    |--Sphaerostilbella (Henn.) Saccardo & Saccardo 1905 HM17, RS99 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--*S. lutea (Henn.) Saccardo & Saccardo 1905 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |    |--S. aureonitens (Tulasne & Tulasne) Seifert, Samuels & Gams 1985 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |    |--S. berkeleyana (Plowr. & Cooke) Samuels & Candoussau 1995 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |    `--S. novaezelandiae Seifert, Samuels & Gams 1985 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    `--+--Arachnocrea Moravec 1956 HM17, RS99
       |    |--*A. stipata (Fuckel) Moravec 1956 (see below for synonymy) RS99
       |    `--A. scabrida Doi 1972 RS99
       `--Trichoderma HM17
            |--*T. viride RS99, HM17
            |--T. harzianum [incl. Hypocrea nigricans] O96
            |--T. koningii ZU10
            |--T. lignorum C07
            |--T. reesei HH99
            `--T. rufa HM17

Hypocreaceae incertae sedis:
  Dialhypocrea Spegazzini 1919 RS99
    `--*D. puiggariana Spegazzini 1919 (see below for synonymy) RS99
  Pseudohypocrea Doi 1972 RS99
    `--*P. citrinella (Ellis & Everh.) Doi 1972 (see below for synonymy) RS99
  Rogersonia Samuels & Lodge 1996 RS99
    `--*R. striolata Samuels & Lodge 1996 RS99
  Aphysiostroma Barrasa, Martínez & Moreno 1986 RS99
    `--*A. stercorarium Barrasa, Martínez & Moreno 1986 RS99
  Hypocreopsis Karsten 1873 [=Dozya Karsten 1873 non Lacoste 1866] RS99
    |--H. lichenoides (Tode) Seaver 1910 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    `--H. rhododendri RS99
  Sarawakus Lloyd 1924 RS99
    |--*S. lycogaloides (Berkeley & Broome) Lloyd 1924 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    `--S. succisus RS99
  Podostroma Karsten 1892 [incl. Podocrea Lindau in Engler & Prantl 1897] RS99
    |--P. alutaceum (Persoon: Fries) Atkinson 1905 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |--‘Podocrea’ cornu-damae RS99
    `--‘Podocrea’ solmsii RS99
  Protocrea Petch 1937 RS99
    |--*P. farinosa (Berkeley & Broome) Petch 1937 [=Hypocrea farinosa Berkeley & Broome 1851] RS99
    |--P. delicatula Tulasne & Tulasne 1860 RS99
    `--P. latissima Mercuri & Ranalli 1976 RS99
  Hypomyces (Fries) Tulasne 1860 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |--*H. lactifluorum [=Sphaeria lactifluorum] RS99
    |--H. armeniacus [incl. Hypocrea apiculata, *Clintoniella apiculata, Hypomyces apiculatus] RS99
    |--H. asterophorus H04
    |--H. aurantius [=Sphaeria aurantia, *Bonordenia aurantia] RS99
    |--H. banningiae RS99
    |--H. chrysospermus [=*Apiocrea chrysosperma] RS99
    |--H. lateritius RS99
    |--H. lithuanicus RS99
    |--H. luteovirens [incl. Sphaeria viridis, Hypomyces viridis, *Peckiella viridis] RS99
    |--H. polyporinus RS99
    |--H. rosellus [incl. Sphaeria rhodomela, *Chiajaea rhodomela] RS99
    |--H. tremellicola [=Hypocreopsis tremellicola, Nectriopsis tremellicola] RS99
    `--H. trichothecoides RS99
  Hypocrea Fries 1825 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |--*H. rufa (Persoon: Fries) Fries 1849 [=Sphaeria rufa Persoon 1796: Fries 1822] RS99
    |--H. americana SS09
    |--H. aureoviridis RS99 [=Trichoderma aureoviride ZB10]
    |    |--H. a. f. aureoviridis RS99
    |    `--H. a. f. macrospora RS99
    |--H. avellanea RS99
    |--H. brevipes RS99
    |--H. ceramica [=Chromocrea ceramica] RS99
    |--H. cerebriformis RS99
    |--H. cervina RS99
    |--H. cinereoflava RS99
    |--H. citrina RS99
    |--H. crustalina (Schulzer, Kanitz & Knapp) Saccardo & Traverso 1910 (n. d.) (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |--H. gelatinosa [=Sphaeria gelatinosa, *Chromocrea gelatinosa, *Creopus gelatinosus] RS99
    |--H. lactea RS99
    |--H. larvata RS99
    |--H. lutea JKW03
    |--H. pallida RS99
    |--H. petersii RS99
    |--H. poronioidea RS99
    |--H. pseudokoningii RS99
    |--H. pulvinata [incl. Protocrea fungicola (Karsten) Vassilyeva 1998] RS99
    |--H. schweinitzii RS99
    `--H. spinulosa [=Chromocrea spinulosa, Creopus spinulosus] RS99
  Polystigmites T93

*Arachnocrea stipata (Fuckel) Moravec 1956 [=Hypocrea stipata Fuckel 1871, Protocrea stipata (Fuckel) Petch 1937, Sphaeria stipata Lib. 1837 non Schweinitz 1832; incl. Hypomyces arachnoideus Schroeter in Cohn 1908, Hypocrea papyracea Ellis & Holw. 1886, Arachnocrea papyracea (Ellis & Holw.) Müller 1962, Hypomyces papyraceus (Ellis & Holw.) Seaver 1910] RS99

*Dialhypocrea puiggariana Spegazzini 1919 [=Hypocrea puiggariana (Spegazzini) Müller in Müller & von Arx 1962, Neoskofitzia puiggariana (Spegazzini) Weese 1927] RS99

Hypocrea Fries 1825 [incl. Chromocrea Seaver 1910, Creopus Link 1833, Debarya Schulzer, Kanitz & Knapp 1866] RS99

Hypocrea crustalina (Schulzer, Kanitz & Knapp) Saccardo & Traverso 1910 (n. d.) [=*Debarya crustalina Schulzer, Kanitz & Knapp 1866] RS99

Hypocreopsis lichenoides (Tode) Seaver 1910 [=Acrospermum lichenoides Tode 1790, incl. Stromatocrea cerebriformis Cooke 1952, Hypocrea digitata Ellis & Everh. 1885, Sphaeria parmelioides Montagne 1836, Hypocrea parmelioides (Montagne) Montagne 1856, S. riccioidea Bolton 1791, Dozya riccioidea (Bolton) Karsten 1873, Hypocrea riccioidea (Bolton) Berkeley 1860, *Hypocreopsis riccioidea (Bolton) Karsten 1873] RS99

Hypomyces (Fries) Tulasne 1860 [=Hypocrea subg. Hypomyces Fries 1825; incl. Apiocrea Sydow & Sydow 1921, Bonordenia Schulzer 1866, Chiajaea von Höhnel 1920, Hypocrea subg. Clintoniella Saccardo 1883, Clintoniella (Saccardo) Rehm 1900, Hypomyces subg. Peckiella Saccardo 1883, Peckiella (Saccardo) Saccardo 1891, Sepedonium] RS99

Podostroma alutaceum (Persoon: Fries) Atkinson 1905 [=Sphaeria alutacea Persoon 1797: Fries 1822, *Podocrea alutacea (Persoon: Fries) Lindau 1897; incl. *Podostroma leucopus Karsten 1892] RS99

*Pseudohypocrea citrinella (Ellis & Everh.) Doi 1972 [=Hypocrea citrinella Ellis & Everh. 1876, Arachnocrea citrinella (Ellis) Moravec 1956, Hypomyces citrinellus (Ellis) Seaver 1910] RS99

*Sarawakus lycogaloides (Berkeley & Broome) Lloyd 1924 [=Hypoxylon lycogaloides Berkeley & Broome 1873, Penzigia lycogaloides (Berkeley & Broome) Saccardo 1891, Sarcoxylon lycogaloides (Berkeley & Broome) Cooke 1883; incl. Hypocrea rhytidospora Ces. 1879, Clintoniella rhytidospora (Ces.) Saccardo & Sydow 1902] RS99

Sphaerostilbella (Henn.) Saccardo & Saccardo 1905 HM17, RS99 [=Sphaerostilbe subg. Sphaerostilbella Henn. 1901 RS99; incl. Gliocladium RS99]

Sphaerostilbella aureonitens (Tulasne & Tulasne) Seifert, Samuels & Gams 1985 [=Hypomyces aureonitens Tulasne & Tulasne 1865, Hyphonectria aureonitens (Tulasne & Tulasne) Petch 1937, Hypolyssus aureonitens (Tulasne & Tulasne) Kuntze 1898, Nectriopsis aureonitens (Tulasne & Tulasne) Maire 1911; incl. Hypomyces arenaceus Smith 1901, Nectria mycetophila Peck 1873, Nectriella mycetophila (Peck) Saccardo 1883, Nectria parvispora Winter 1886, Cucurbitaria parvispora (Winter) Kuntze 1898, *Gliocladium penicillioides, Dialonectria sulfurea Ellis & Calk. 1888, C. sulfurea (Ellis & Calk.) Kuntze 1898, Nectria sulfurea (Ellis & Calk.) Saccardo 1891] RS99

Sphaerostilbella berkeleyana (Plowr. & Cooke) Samuels & Candoussau 1995 [=Hypomyces berkeleyanus Plowr. & Cooke 1882, Hyphonectria berkeleyana (Plowr. & Cooke) Petch 1937, Hypolyssus berkeleyanus (Plowr. & Cooke) Kuntze 1898, Nectria berkeleyana (Plowr. & Cooke) Dingley 1951, Nectriopsis berkeleyana (Plowr. & Cooke) Maire 1911] RS99

*Sphaerostilbella lutea (Henn.) Saccardo & Saccardo 1905 [=Sphaerostilbe lutea Henn. 1901; incl. Stilbum aurifilum Gerard 1874, Ciliciopodium aurifilum (Gerard) Cooke 1890, Dendrostilbella aurifila (Gerard) Seifert & MacKinnon 1983, Gliocladium aurifilum (Gerard) Seifert, Samuels & Gams 1985, Stilbum mycetophilum Ahmad 1961, St. zacalloxanthum Moore 1959] RS99

Sphaerostilbella novaezelandiae Seifert, Samuels & Gams 1985 [incl. Gliocladium novaezelandiae Seifert, Samuels & Gams 1985] RS99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C07] Camerik, A. M. 2007. Ecological studies on phoretic females of dung-inhabiting Pediculaster (Acari: Heterostigmata, Pygmephoridae) species in South Africa: emigration patterns from cow and horse dung. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 649–655. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[HH99] Hasegawa, M., & T. Hashimoto. 1999. Phylogenetic position of amitochondriate protists in the evolution of eukaryotes. Biological Bulletin 196: 389–392.

[HM17] Hongsanan, S., S. S. N. Maharachchikumbura, K. D. Hyde, M. C. Samarakoon, R. Jeewon, Q. Zhao, A. M. Al-Sadi & A. H. Bahkali. 2017. An updated phylogeny of Sordariomycetes based on phylogenetic and molecular clock evidence. Fungal Diversity 84: 25–41.

[JKW03] Jacobs, K., T. Kirisits & M. J. Wingfield. 2003. Taxonomic re-evaluation of three related species of Graphium, based on morphology, ecology and phylogeny. Mycologia 95 (4): 714–727.

[O96] Okabe, K. 1996. Inhibition of hatching of Histiogaster sp. (Acaridae) by shiitake mushrooms (Lentinus edodes). In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 641–643. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[RS99] Rossman, A. Y., G. J. Samuels, C. T. Rogerson & R. Lowen. 1999. Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes). Studies in Mycology 42: 1–248.

[SS09] Schoch, C. L., G.-H. Sung, F. López-Giráldez, J. P. Townsend, J. Miadlikowska, V. Hofstetter, B. Robbertse, P. B. Matheny, F. Kauff, Z. Wang, C. Gueidan, R. M. Andrie, K. Trippe, L. M. Ciufetti, A. Wynns, E. Fraker, B. P. Hodkinson, G. Bonito, J. Z. Groenewald, M. Arzanlou, G. S. de Hoog, P. W. Crous, D. Hewitt, D. H. Pfister, K. Peterson, M. Gryzenhout, M. J. Wingfield, A. Aptroot, S.-O. Suh, M. Blackwell, D. M. Hillis, G. W. Griffith, L. A. Castlebury, A. Y. Rossman, H. T. Lumbsch, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, A. Rauhut, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, D. M. Geiser, K. Hosaka, P. Inderbitzin, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, L. Mostert, K. O'Donnell, H. Sipman, J. D. Rogers, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Sugiyama, R. C. Summerbell, W. Untereiner, P. R. Johnston, S. Stenroos, A. Zuccaro, P. S. Dyer, P. D. Crittenden, M. S. Cole, K. Hansen, J. M. Trappe, R. Yahr, F. Lutzoni & J. W. Spatafora. 2009. The Ascomycota tree of life: a phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits. Systematic Biology 58 (2): 224–239.

[T93] Taylor, T. N. 1993. Fungi. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 9–13. Chapman & Hall: London.

[ZB10] Zvereva, L. V., & O. G. Borzykh. 2010. Filamentous fungi in the epigrowth of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (Bivalvia) in Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 215–219. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

[ZU10] Zvereva, L. V., & L. N. Usheva. 2010. Opportunistic filamentous fungi isolated from pathologically changed internal organs of the mussel Mytilus trossulus (Bivalvia) from Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 227–231. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Mycosphaerellaceae

Mycosphaerella graminicola on leaves of wheat, photographed by Maccheek.

Belongs within: Capnodiales.

The Mycosphaerellaceae are a group of often plant-pathogenic fungi including the genus Cercospora and related taxa, commonly associated with spot formation on leaves.

Mycosphaerellaceae
    |--Achorodothis EB03
    |--Cymadothea EB03
    |--Euryachora EB03
    |--Melanodothis EB03
    |--Placocrea EB03
    |--Sphaerellothecium EB03
    |--Stigmidium peltideae EB03, A96
    |--Sphaerulina EB03 [incl. Micronectriella von Höhnel 1906 RS99]
    |    `--S. pterocarpi (Racib.) Arx & Müller 1975 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |--Wernerella Navarro-Rosines, Roux & Giralt 1998 EB03, E99
    |    `--*W. maheui (Werner) Navarro-Rosines, Roux & Giralt 1998 [=Leptosphaeria maheui] E99
    `--Mycosphaerella LH04
         |  i. s.: M. africana SH05
         |         M. bellula SH05
         |         M. castanopsidis D03
         |         M. citri VC07
         |         M. confusa SH05
         |         M. fibrillosa SH05
         |         M. holuoaloana SH05
         |         M. konae SH05
         |         M. microspora SH05
         |         M. mycopappi SL02
         |         M. nubilosa SH05
         |         M. thermopsidis D03
         |         M. waimeana SH05
         |--+--M. fijiensis SS09
         |  `--Cercospora SS09
         |       |--C. apii MC03
         |       |--C. beticola SS09
         |       |--C. fusimaculans P99
         |       |--C. kikuchii SH05
         |       |--C. nicotianae BL00
         |       |--C. oryzae BH98
         |       |--C. septentrionalis ZB01
         |       `--C. vestita DP72
         `--+--M. graminicola SS09
            `--M. punctiformis SS09

Sphaerulina pterocarpi (Racib.) Arx & Müller 1975 [=Micronectria pterocarpi Racib. in Koorders 1907, *Micronectriella pterocarpi (Racib.) von Höhnel 1918] RS99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A96] Alstrup, V. 1996. Nectria tatrensis sp. nov. and other lichenicolous fungi found on the bryo-lichenological excursion in Slovakia 1993. Biologia 51: 13–14.

[BH98] Bhutta, A. R., & S. A. Hussain. 1998. Seed-bourne fungi associated with rice seed lots in Pakistan. International Rice Research Notes 28: 26–27.

[BL00] Bilski, P., M. Y. Li, M. Ehrenshaft, M. E. Daub & C. F. Chignell. 2000. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) and its derivatives are efficient singlet oxygen quenchers and potential fungal antioxidants. Photochemistry and Photobiology 71 (2): 129–134.

[D03] David, J. C. 2003. Orthographic conundrums: The problem of –opsis and –botrys. Taxon 52: 603–608.

[DP72] Deighton, F. C., & K. A. Pirozynski. 1972. Microfungi. V. More hyperparasitic hyphomycetes. Mycological Papers 128: 1–110.

[E99] Eriksson, O. E. (ed.) 1999. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 2440–2755. Myconet 2: 1–41.

[EB03] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, G. Rambold & T. Laessøe (eds.) 2003. Outline of Ascomycota—2003. Myconet 9: 1–89.

[LH04] Liu, Y. J., & B. D. Hall. 2004. Body plan evolution of ascomycetes, as inferred from an RNA polymerase II phylogeny. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 101: 4507–4512.

[MC03] Mostert, L., P. W. Crous, J. Z. Groenewald, W. Gams & R. C. Summerbell. 2003. Togninia (Calosphaeriales) is confirmed as teleomorph of Phaeoacremonium by means of morphology, sexual compatibility and DNA phylogeny. Mycologia 95 (4): 646–659.

[P99] Pinto, N. F. J. de A. 1999. Avaliação de fungicidas no controle de Sphacelia sorghi (Claviceps africana) agente etiológico da “ergot” ou doença açucarada do sorgo. Summa Phytopathologica 25: 4–8.

[RS99] Rossman, A. Y., G. J. Samuels, C. T. Rogerson & R. Lowen. 1999. Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes). Studies in Mycology 42: 1–248.

[SS09] Schoch, C. L., G.-H. Sung, F. López-Giráldez, J. P. Townsend, J. Miadlikowska, V. Hofstetter, B. Robbertse, P. B. Matheny, F. Kauff, Z. Wang, C. Gueidan, R. M. Andrie, K. Trippe, L. M. Ciufetti, A. Wynns, E. Fraker, B. P. Hodkinson, G. Bonito, J. Z. Groenewald, M. Arzanlou, G. S. de Hoog, P. W. Crous, D. Hewitt, D. H. Pfister, K. Peterson, M. Gryzenhout, M. J. Wingfield, A. Aptroot, S.-O. Suh, M. Blackwell, D. M. Hillis, G. W. Griffith, L. A. Castlebury, A. Y. Rossman, H. T. Lumbsch, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, A. Rauhut, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, D. M. Geiser, K. Hosaka, P. Inderbitzin, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, L. Mostert, K. O'Donnell, H. Sipman, J. D. Rogers, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Sugiyama, R. C. Summerbell, W. Untereiner, P. R. Johnston, S. Stenroos, A. Zuccaro, P. S. Dyer, P. D. Crittenden, M. S. Cole, K. Hansen, J. M. Trappe, R. Yahr, F. Lutzoni & J. W. Spatafora. 2009. The Ascomycota tree of life: a phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits. Systematic Biology 58 (2): 224–239.

[SL02] Schweigkofler, W., K. Lopandic, O. Molnár & H. Prillinger. 2002. Analysis of phylogenetic relationships among Ascomycota with yeast phases using ribosomal DNA sequences and cell wall sugars. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 2: 1–17.

[SH05] Selbmann, L., G. S. de Hoog, A. Mazzaglia, E. I. Friedman & S. Onofri. 2005. Fungi at the edge of life: cryptoendolithic black fungi from Antarctic desert. Studies in Mycology 51: 1–32.

[VC07] Villanueva, R. T., & C. C. Childers. 2007. Insect predators of eriophyids on Florida citrus including a new predacious Lepidoptera and two cecidomyiids. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 391–395. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[ZB01] Zhang, N., & M. Blackwell. 2001. Molecular phylogeny of dogwood anthracnose fungus (Discula destructiva) and the Diaporthales. Mycologia 93 (2): 355–365.

Erysiphaceae

Cleistothecium of Microsphaera vanbruntiana, copyright W. N. Ellis.

Belongs within: Sordariomyceta.

The Erysiphaceae are a group of fungi including the powdery mildews. Members of this family have a white mycelium producing large, non-septate conidia on simple, erect conidiophores, and indehiscent perithecia containing non-septate ascospores.

Erysiphaceae EB03
    |--Sphaerotheca cucurbitae LK04
    `--+--Golovinomyces orontii LK04
       `--+--Phyllactinia LK04
          |    |--P. guttata ST99
          |    `--P. moricola LK04
          `--+--Leveillula taurica LK04
             |--Uncinula LK04
             |    |--U. mori LK04
             |    `--U. necator GAK07
             `--Microsphaera LK04
                  |--M. friestii LK04
                  |    |--M. f. var. friestii LK04
                  |    `--M. f. var. dahurica LK04
                  |--M. thermopsis D03
                  `--M. vanbruntiana SS09

Erysiphaceae incertae sedis:
  Erysiphe EB03
    |--E. aceris H04
    |--E. alni H04
    |--E. berberidis H04
    |--E. carpophila Sydow 1924 M26
    |    |--E. c. var. carpophila M26
    |    `--E. c. var. rubicola Murray 1926 M26
    |--E. cichoracearum LG91
    |--E. glycines SS09
    |--E. graminis [incl. Oidium monilioides] H86
    `--E. salicis H04
  Blumeria graminis EB03, SL02
  Arthrocladiella EB03
  Brasiliomyces EB03
  Bulbomicrosphaera EB03
  Bulbouncinula EB03
  Cystotheca EB03
  Medusosphaera EB03
  Neoerysiphe EB03
  Pleochaeta EB03
  Podosphaera leucotricha EB03, KD83
  Sawadaea EB03
  Setoerysiphe EB03
  Typhulochaeta EB03
  Uncinuliella EB03
  Erysiphites T93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D03] David, J. C. 2003. Orthographic conundrums: The problem of –opsis and –botrys. Taxon 52: 603–608.

[EB03] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, G. Rambold & T. Laessøe (eds.) 2003. Outline of Ascomycota – 2003. Myconet 9: 1–89.

[GAK07] Guichou, S., P. Auger & S. Kreiter. 2007. The acaricidal effect of sulfur on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) under laboratory conditions. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 535–545. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[H86] Haviland, E. 1886. On a microscopic fungus parasitic upon the Cucurbitaceae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (1): 173–175.

[KD83] Koç, N. K., & G. Défago. 1983. Studies on the host range of the hyperparasite Aphanocladium album. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 107: 214–218.

[LG91] Li, W.-H., & D. Graur. 1991. Fundamentals of Molecular Evolution. Sinauer: Sunderland (MA).

[LK04] Lutzoni, F., F. Kauff, C. J. Cox, D. McLaughlin, G. Celio, B. Dentinger, M. Padamsee, D. Hibbett, T. Y. James, E. Baloch, M. Grube, V. Reeb, V. Hofstetter, C. Schoch, A. E. Arnold, J. Miadlikowska, J. Spatafora, D. Johnson, S. Hambleton, M. Crockett, R. Shoemaker, G.-H. Sung, R. Lücking, T. Lumbsch, K. O'Donnell, M. Binder, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, C. Gueidan, K. Hansen, R. C. Harris, K. Hosaka, Y.-W. Lim, B. Matheny, H. Nishida, D. Pfister, J. Rogers, A. Rossman, I. Schmitt, H. Sipman, J. Stone, J. Sugiyama, R. Yahr & R. Vilgalys. 2004. Assembling the fungal tree of life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits. American Journal of Botany 91 (10): 1446–1480.

[M26] Murray, B. J. 1926. Four fungi on the endemic species of Rubus in New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 218–225.

[ST99] Saenz, G. S., & J. W. Taylor. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships of Meliola and Meliolina inferred from nuclear small subunit rRNA sequences. Mycological Research 103 (8): 1049–1056.

[SS09] Schoch, C. L., G.-H. Sung, F. López-Giráldez, J. P. Townsend, J. Miadlikowska, V. Hofstetter, B. Robbertse, P. B. Matheny, F. Kauff, Z. Wang, C. Gueidan, R. M. Andrie, K. Trippe, L. M. Ciufetti, A. Wynns, E. Fraker, B. P. Hodkinson, G. Bonito, J. Z. Groenewald, M. Arzanlou, G. S. de Hoog, P. W. Crous, D. Hewitt, D. H. Pfister, K. Peterson, M. Gryzenhout, M. J. Wingfield, A. Aptroot, S.-O. Suh, M. Blackwell, D. M. Hillis, G. W. Griffith, L. A. Castlebury, A. Y. Rossman, H. T. Lumbsch, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, A. Rauhut, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, D. M. Geiser, K. Hosaka, P. Inderbitzin, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, L. Mostert, K. O'Donnell, H. Sipman, J. D. Rogers, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Sugiyama, R. C. Summerbell, W. Untereiner, P. R. Johnston, S. Stenroos, A. Zuccaro, P. S. Dyer, P. D. Crittenden, M. S. Cole, K. Hansen, J. M. Trappe, R. Yahr, F. Lutzoni & J. W. Spatafora. 2009. The Ascomycota tree of life: a phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits. Systematic Biology 58 (2): 224–239.

[SL02] Schweigkofler, W., K. Lopandic, O. Molnár & H. Prillinger. 2002. Analysis of phylogenetic relationships among Ascomycota with yeast phases using ribosomal DNA sequences and cell wall sugars. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 2: 1–17.

[T93] Taylor, T. N. 1993. Fungi. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 9–13. Chapman & Hall: London.

Parholaspididae

Holaspina sp., copyright Centre for Biodiversity Genomics.

Belongs within: Eviphidoidea.

The Parholaspididae are a group of moderately to heavily sclerotised mites often found in litter and soil habitats or in tree holes in the Northern Hemisphere, often at higher altitudes. In some habitats they may be among the most abundant mites found; in a study of alpine sites in Japan, for instance, parholaspidids accounted for over a quarter of the Mesostigmata collected (Lindquist et al. 2009). Females have the peritrematal shields fused to the ventri-anal shield in Holaspulus and Neparholaspis but free in other genera (Krantz 1960).

Characters (from Lindquist et al. 2009): Posterior end of peritreme straight, joining stigmata anteriorly; genu I usually with three ventral setae; tarsus I with or without claws; paired paradactyli of pretarsi II–IV usually setiform, undivided distally; female with lateral accessory sclerites faint or absent beneath lateral margins of epigynal shield.

<==Parholaspididae [Parholaspidae, Parholaspinae] I91
    |  i. s.: Krantzholaspis Petrova 1967 FH93
    |           `--K. zwartae (Marshall 1964) [=Neparholaspis zwartae] FH93
    |         Snaveolaspis Johnston 1969 FH93
    |           |--‘Parholaspulus’ hiasmaticus Petrova 1967 H95
    |           |--S. lobata (Krantz 1960) [=Parholaspulus lobatus] FH93
    |           |--S. parvilobata (Krantz 1960) [=Parholaspulus parvilobatus] FH93
    |           `--S. tragardhi (Krantz 1960) [=Parholaspulus tragardhi] FH93
    |         Proparholaspulus H95
    |--Calholaspis Berlese 1918 K60, FH93
    |    |--*C. superba Berlese 1918 K60, FH93
    |    |--C. appalachica (Jacot 1939) [=Macrocheles appalachicus] FH93
    |    |--C. berlesei Krantz 1960 FH93
    |    |--C. bihastata (Ewing 1920) [=Macrocheles bihastatus] FH93
    |    |--C. carolinensis (Banks 1904) [=Macrocheles carolinensis] FH93
    |    `--C. trianothrix Krantz 1963 FH93
    `--+--Holaspina Berlese 1916 H95 [incl. Neoparholaspulus Krantz 1960 K60, H95, Parholaspulus Evans 1956 H95]
       |    |--H. muscorum (Ewing 1909) FH93 (see below for synonymy)
       |    |--H. alstoni (Evans 1956) FH93, ET79 [=*Parholaspulus alstoni ET79, FH93]
       |    |--H. bakeri (Krantz 1960) [=Neoparholaspulus bakeri] FH93
       |    |--H. coalescens (Krantz 1960) FH93 [=*Neoparholaspulus coalescens K60]
       |    |--H. cuspidata (Krantz 1960) [=Neoparholaspulus cuspidatus] FH93
       |    |--H. maunaloaensis (Tenorio & Marshall 1977) [=Parholaspulus (Parholaspidellus) maunaloaensis] FH93
       |    |--‘Parholaspulus’ ochraeus LKW09
       |    |--H. schusteri (Hirschmann 1966) [=Parholaspulus schusteri] FH93
       |    `--H. solimani E-KO07
       `--+--+--Lattinella Krantz 1960 K60, FH93
          |  |    `--*L. capizzii Krantz 1960 K60
          |  |--Parholaspella Krantz 1960 K60, FH93
          |  |    |--*P. spatulata Krantz 1960 K60
          |  |    |--P. peltata Krantz 1960 FH93
          |  |    `--P. womersleyi Krantz 1960 FH93
          |  `--Parholaspis Berlese 1918 K60, ET79
          |       |--*P. desertus Berlese 1918 ET79
          |       |--P. caelebs Vitzthum 1926 K60
          |       `--P. kewensis Evans 1956 K60
          `--+--Holaspulus Berlese 1904 K60, I91
             |    |  i. s.: H. confusus Halliday 1995 H95
             |    |         H. schusteri Hirschmann 1966 H95
             |    |         H. viduus Berlese 1905 K60
             |    |--H. tweedei Evans 1956 I91, H95
             |    `--+--*H. tenuipes (Berlese 1904) I91, FH93 (see below for synonymy)
             |       `--H. serratus I91
             `--+--Gamasholaspis Berlese 1904 K60, FH93 [incl. Evansolaspis Bregetova & Koroleva 1960 FH93]
                |    |--*G. gamasoides (Berlese 1904) [=Holostaspis (*Gamasholaspis) gamasoides] K60
                |    `--G. intermedius Evans 1956 K60
                `--Neparholaspis Evans 1956 K60, FH93 [incl. Tricholaspis Evans 1956 FH93]
                     |--*N. spathulatus Evans 1956 K60 [incl. Parholaspis crispus Willmann 1940 K60, N. crispus LKW09]
                     |--N. evansi Krantz 1960 FH93
                     |--N. marginipilis (Krantz 1960) [=Tricholaspis marginipilis] K60
                     `--N. simplex Evans 1956 K60

Holaspina muscorum (Ewing 1909) FH93 [=Macrocheles muscorum FH93, H. muscarum H95; incl. Neoparholaspulus hurlbutti Krantz 1960 FH93, H. hurlbutti KA90, *H. pulchella Berlese 1916 H95]

*Holaspulus tenuipes (Berlese 1904) I91, FH93 [=Holostaspis (Holaspulus) tenuipes I91; incl. Parholaspis pachylaelapsoides Schweizer 1932 H95, Macrocheles tridentifer Ewing 1913 FH93]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[E-KO07] El-Kammah, K. M., & L. M. I. Oyoun. 2007. Taxonomic records of mite species associated with animal and poultry farms in the Nile delta, vally and N. Sinai Egypt. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 223–232. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[ET79] Evans, G. O., & W. M. Till. 1979. Mesostigmatic mites of Britain and Ireland (Chelicerata: Acari-Parasitiformes). An introduction to their external morphology and classification. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 35: 139–270.

[FH93] Farrier, M. H., & M. K. Hennessey. 1993. Soil-inhabiting and free-living Mesostigmata (Acari-Parasitiformes) from North America: an annotated checklist with bibliography and index. North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, Technical Bulletin 302: i–xvi, 1–408.

[H95] Halliday, R. B. 1995. A new genus and two new species of Parholaspididae from Australia and Papua New Guinea (Acarina: Mesostigmata). Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 209–217.

[I91] Ishikawa, K. 1991. Phylogenetic systematics and zoogeography of the genus Holaspulus Berlese (Acarina, Gamasida, Parholaspididae). In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 2 pp. 129–134. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[K60] Krantz, G. W. 1960. A re-evaluation of the Parholaspinae Evans 1956 (Acarina: Mesostigmata: Macrochelidae). Acarologia 2 (4): 393–433.

[KA90] Krantz, G. W., & B. D. Ainscough. 1990. Acarina: Mesostigmata (Gamasida). In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 583–665. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[LKW09] Lindquist, E. E., G. W. Krantz & D. E. Walter. 2009. Order Mesostigmata. In: Krantz, G. W., & D. E. Walter (eds) A Manual of Acarology 3^rd ed. pp. 124–232. Texas Tech University Press.

Last updated: 18 April 2021.

Uroobovella

Deutonymphs of Uroobovella marginatus on red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, from Porcelli et al. (2009). Legend from source: a, phoretic deutonymphs on pygidium; b, mites tethered (black arrows) on thorax and head; c, d, phoretic form from dorsum and venter, respectively, black arrow on terminal anus; e, left stigma; f, deutonymph: black arrow on left chelicera; g, conidia of Curvularia attached to shield seta of a deutonymph.

Belongs within: Uropodoidea.

Uroobovella is a genus of uropodoid mites in which both sexes have pedofossae and accessory setae in the intercoxal region. Metapodal lines are present and the female genital shield often bears an anterior projection in species of the subgenus Fuscuropoda; both these features are absent in the type subgenus (Evans & Till 1979). Species of Uroobovella may primarily feed on fungi and organic debris in animal nests and insect galleries (Lindquist et al. 2009).

Characters (from Evans & Till 1979): Dorsal shield not divided. Levator tendon of movable digit of chelicera with sclerotised node. Palpfemur with five setae. Forked pilus dentis absent. Both sexes with accessory setae in the intercoxal region and pedofossae. Femur I with nine setae; genu I with a pair of ventral setae; genu III and IV without ventral setae.

<==Uroobovella Berlese 1903 [incl. Austruropoda Womersley 1955] H98
    |--*U. (Uroobovella) obovata (Canestrini & Berlese 1884) [=Uropoda obovata] ET79
    `--U. (Fuscuropoda Vitzthum 1924) ET79 [incl. Pseuduropoda Oudemans 1936 FH93]
         |--U. (*F.) marginatus (Koch 1839) H98, ET79, H98 [=Notaspis marginata H98, Uropoda (*F.) marginata ET79]
         |--‘Fuscouropoda’ agitans WP98
         |--‘Fuscuropoda’ moneta (Gervais in Walckenaer 1844) [=Uropoda moneta] FH93
         |--‘Fuscuropoda’ tricuspis Sellnick 1973 FH93
         `--U. (F.) vegetans (DeGeer 1768) LKW09, FH93 (see below for synonymy)

Uroobovella incertae sedis:
  U. ambigua Hirschmann 1979 FH93
  U. assatomarginata VKC07
  U. attaae Hirschmann 1972 FH93
  U. australiensis Wisniewski & Hirschmann 1992 H98
  U. australiobovata Zirngiebl-Nicol & Hirschmann 1975 H98
  U. australiovalis Zirngiebl-Nicol & Hirschmann 1975 H98
  U. bicarinata Trägårdh 1931 T31
  U. cassida Fox 1948 FH93
  U. coprophila (Womersley 1960) [=Cilliba coprophila] H98
  U. cribraria (Ewing 1909) [=Uropoda cribraria] FH93
  U. cristobalensis Hirschmann 1979 FH93
  U. cylliboides Hull 1923 (n. d.) [=Urobovella (l. c.) cylliboides] H98
  U. danyii Kontschán 2007 K07
  U. decui Huţu 1977 FH93
  U. elimata T31
  U. faceta VKC07
  U. fimicola (Berlese 1903) EU03
  U. flagelligerformis Hirschmann 1979 FH93
  U. folsomi (Ewing 1909) [=Uropoda folsomi] FH93
  U. hamata Hirschmann 1979 FH93
  U. japonica VKC07
  U. levis Pearse & Wharton in Pearse, Patterson et al. 1936 FH93
  U. ligulaformis Hirschmann 1979 FH93
  U. magna Hiramatsu & Hirschmann 1977 L86
  U. marmorea LKW09
  U. mazatlana Hirschmann 1979 FH93
  U. mexicana Hirschmann 1979 FH93
  U. michiganensis (Vitzthum 1926) [=Uropoda michiganensis] FH93
  U. moseri Hirschmann 1972 FH93
  U. negreai Huţu 1977 FH93
  U. notabilis S61
  U. orri Hirschmann 1972 [=Nenteria orri Moser & Roton 1972 (n. n.)] FH93
  U. orrisimilis Zirngiebl-Nicol & Hirschmann 1975 H98
  U. pearsei (Wharton 1938) [=Uropoda pearsei] FH93
  U. peteti (Coineau & Travé 1964) K07
  U. pyriformis LKW09
  U. sellnickivillosella Hirschmann 1979 FH93
  U. setosa Pearse & Wharton in Pearse, Patterson et al. 1936 FH93
  U. similizairensis Hirschmann 1981 FH93
  U. spinosa Pearse & Wharton in Pearse, Patterson et al. 1936 FH93
  U. spinulipes (Canestrini 1884) [=Uropoda spinulipes, Centrouropoda spinulipes] H98
  U. tamena Hirschmann 1979 FH93
  U. tasmanica (Womersley 1955) [=Austruropoda tasmanica] H98
  U. treati Hirschmann 1980 FH93

Uroobovella (Fuscuropoda) vegetans (DeGeer 1768) LKW09, FH93 [=Acarus vegetans FH93, Cilliba vegetans S61, Cyllibano vegetans S22, Ixodes (Uropoda) vegetans G20, *Pseudouropoda vegetans E57, Uropoda vegetans E57; incl. Uropoda obscura S61]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[EU03] Ekiz, A. N., & R. Urhan. 2003. A new record of Uroobovella Berlese, 1903 (Acari: Uropodina) from Turkey with some ecological notes. Zoology in the Middle East 29: 105–111.

[E57] Evans, G. O. 1957. An introduction to the British Mesostigmata (Acarina) with keys to families and genera. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 43: 203–259.

[ET79] Evans, G. O., & W. M. Till. 1979. Mesostigmatic mites of Britain and Ireland (Chelicerata: Acari-Parasitiformes). An introduction to their external morphology and classification. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 35: 139–270.

[FH93] Farrier, M. H., & M. K. Hennessey. 1993. Soil-inhabiting and free-living Mesostigmata (Acari-Parasitiformes) from North America: an annotated checklist with bibliography and index. North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, Technical Bulletin 302: i–xvi, 1–408.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[H98] Halliday, R. B. 1998. Mites of Australia: A checklist and bibliography. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood.

[K07] Kontschán, J. 2007. Some new records of Uropodina mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) from Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro with descriptions of two new species. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 99: 177–188.

[LKW09] Lindquist, E. E., G. W. Krantz & D. E. Walter. 2009. Order Mesostigmata. In: Krantz, G. W., & D. E. Walter (eds) A Manual of Acarology 3^rd ed. pp. 124–232. Texas Tech University Press.

[L86] Luxton, M. 1986. Mites (Arachnida: Acari) from the coast of Hong Kong. In: B. Morton (ed.) Proceedings of the Second International Marine Biological Workshop: The Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China, Hong Kong, 1986 pp. 667–671. Hong Kong University Press.

[S22] Schweizer, J. 1922. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der terrestrischen Milbenfauna der Schweiz. Verhandl. Naturf. Ges. Basel 33: 23–112, 4 pls.

[S61] Schweizer, J. 1961. Die Landmilben der Schweiz (Mittelland, Jura und Alpen): Parasitiformes Reuter, mit 246 Arten und Varietäten und 268 meist kombinierten Originalzeichnungen. Denkschriften der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft [Mémoires de la Société Helvétique des Sciences Naturelles] 84: i–vii, 1–207.

[T31] Trägårdh, I. 1931. Acarina from the Juan Fernandez Islands. Natural History of Juan Fernandez and Easter Islands 3 (4): 553–628.

[VKC07] Vázquez, M. M., H. Klompen & C. I. Chargoy. 2007. Study of the Uropodina (Acari: Mesostigmata) in tropical forests of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico and Belize. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 43–50. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[WP98] Walter, D. E., & H. C. Proctor. 1998. Feeding behaviour and phylogeny: observations on early derivative Acari. Experimental and Applied Acarology 22: 39–50.

Last updated: 7 April 2021.

Histiostomatidae

Deutonymph of Myianoetus, copyright Olivier9099.

Belongs within: Astigmatina.
Contains: Histiostoma.

The Histiostomatidae are a group of astigmatan mites found on wet substrates, most commonly feeding by filtering organic particles and microorganisms from the water film. Most species are associated with isolated or ephemeral habitats and some may have the shortest development times of any astigmatan mites, going through their entire life cycle in as little as six days (OConnor 2009).

Characters (from OConnor 2009): Adult with body not dorsoventrally flattened; chelicerae laterally compressed, often attenuate, usually with numerous finely divided teeth, nonchelate; palpi with terminal solenidion and usually at least one elongate eupathidial seta, normal setae strongly reduced, usually reflexed outward; genital papillae ring-like, usually not directly associated with the genital opening; female genital valves fused to body posteriorly, open anteriorly forming a transverse oviporus. Deutonymph with Legs III–IV with femur-genu-tibia-tarsus partially or completely fused; legs III–IV flexed at trochanter-femur articulation and directed anteriorly in repose; rostral and lamellar pairs of setae absent; setae 4b absent.

<==Histiostomatidae [Anoeteae, Anoetidae, Anoetoidea, Histiostomina] W07
    |--Bonomoia W07
    `--+--+--Pelzneria W07
       |  `--Myianoetus Oudemans 1929 W07, H98 [incl. Anoetostoma Womersley 1941 H98]
       |       |--M. dyucei Fain & Domrow 1980 H98
       |       |--M. muscarum A-B91
       |       |--M. oudemansi (Womersley 1941) [=Anoestostoma oudemansi, Anoetostoma oudemansi] H98
       |       `--M. travei Fain 1976 F76
       `--+--Glyphanoetus W07
          |--+--Aphodanoetus W07
          |  `--+--Rhopalanoetus W07
          |     `--Spinanoetus W07
          `--Histiostoma W07

Histiostomatidae incertae sedis:
  Hexanoetus O09
  Ameranoetus P90
  Anoetus O09
    |--A. fimetarius (Canestrini & Berlese 1881) [=Histiostoma fimetarium, Hypopus fimetarius] V25
    |--A. gladiger V25
    |--A. lorentzi Oudemans 1905 V25
    |--A. muscarum V25
    `--A. toxopei Oudemans 1927 O28
  Copronomoia O09
  Tensiostoma veliaphilum O09
  Fibulanoetus O09
  Peripatetes O09
  Scolianoetus O09
  Kanoetus O09
  Curculanoetus O09
  Chiloanoetus O09
  Prowichmannia O09
  Nepenthanoetus O09
  Loxanoetus Fain 1970 H98
    `--L. lenae Domrow & Ladds 1984 H98
  Otanoetus O09
  Amyzanoetus Fain 1976 F76
    `--*A. halophilus Fain 1976 F76
  Comyianoetus O09
  Xenanoetus kofrankova O09
  Chiropteranoetus Womersley 1942 H98
    `--C. chalinolobus Womersley 1942 H98
  Austranoetus Fain 1976 F76
    `--*A. kerguelenensis Fain 1976 F76

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A-B91] Athias-Binche, F. 1991. Ecology and evolution of phoresy in mites. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 27–41. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[F76] Fain, A. 1976. Acariens récoltés par le Dr. J. Travé aux iles subantarctiques II. Familles Acaridae, Anoetidae, Ereynetidae et Tarsonemidae (astigmates et prostigmates). Acarologia 18 (2): 302–328.

[H98] Halliday, R. B. 1998. Mites of Australia: A checklist and bibliography. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood.

[O09] OConnor, B. M. 2009. Cohort Astigmatina. In: Krantz, G. W., & D. E. Walter (eds) A Manual of Acarology 3^rd ed. pp. 565–657. Texas Tech University Press.

[O28] Oudemans, A. C. 1928. Fauna Buruana. Acari. Treubia 7 (Suppl. 2): 37–100.

[P90] Philips, J. R. 1990. Acarina: Astigmata (Acaridida). In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 757–778. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[V25] Vitzthum, H. 1925. Fauna sumatrensis. (Beitrag no. 5). Acarinae. Supplementa Entomologica 11: 1–79.

[W07] Wirth, S. 2007. Phylogeny and character transformations of the Histiostomatidae. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 607–615. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

Last updated: 10 May 2019.

Rhizoglyphini

Bulb mites Rhizoglyphus robini, from here.

Belongs within: Rhizoglyphinae.
Contains: Schwiebea.

The Rhizoglyphini are a group of acarid mites characterised by the lack of seta aa on the first tarsus. Klimov (1998) divided this lineage into two tribes, Rhizoglyphini and Thyreophagini, based on the appearance of seta ba on the first two tarsi (stout and spine-like in 'Rhizoglyphini', weak and stick-like in 'Thyreophagini') but these divisions were not shown as reciprocally monophyletic by OConnor (2001).

<==Rhizoglyphini [Thyreophagini] K98
    |--+--Boletacarus Volgin & Mironov 1980 O01, K98
    |  |--Bromeliaglyphus O01
    |  |--Mesorhizoglyphus Kadzhaya 1966 O01, K98
    |  |    `--M. colchicus K98
    |  `--Rhizoglyphus Claparede 1869 O01, K98
    |       |--R. callae YM91
    |       |--R. echinopus (Fumouze & Robin 1868) [=Tyroglyphus echinopus] H98
    |       |--R. longispinosus H07
    |       |--R. robini Claparède 1869 W91
    |       |--R. setosus H07
    |       |--R. termitum Womersley 1941 H98
    |       `--R. tsutienensis H07
    `--+--Boletoglyphus Volgin 1953 O01, K98 [incl. Fantovia Samšińák 1957 K98]
       |    |--B. (Boletoglyphus) boletophagi (Türk & Türk 1952) (see below for synonymy) K98
       |    `--B. (Ellipsopus Fain & Ide 1976) [incl. Lindquistia Mahunka 1977] K98
       |         `--B. (*E.) ornatus (Fain & Ide 1976) (see below for synonymy) K98
       `--+--+--Calvoliella cyclopis O01
          |  `--+--Histiogaster Berlese 1883 O01, K98
          |     |    |--*H. carpio G39
          |     |    |--H. anops N96
          |     |    |--H. arborsignis O01
          |     |    |--H. rotundus N96
          |     |    `--H. xylophaga J37
          |     `--Thyreophagus Rondani 1874 O01, K98 (see below for synonymy)
          |          |--*T. entomophagus (Laboulbene 1852) K98 (see below for synonymy)
          |          |--T. cooremani Fain 1982 K98
          |          |--T. gallegoi Portus & Gomez 1980 C-RSV-S88
          |          `--T. odyneri Fain 1982 K98
          `--+--Troupeauia O01
             |--Naiacus O01
             |--Stereoglyphus O01 [incl. Troglocoptes Fain 1966 O01, K98]
             |    |--‘Schwiebea’ barbei Cooreman 1959 [=Troglocoptes barbei] F76
             |    `--‘*Troglocoptes’ luciae Fain 1966 F76
             |--Lamtoglyphus O01
             |--Passaloglyphus O01
             |--Naiadacarus [Naiadacarinae] O01
             |    `--N. arboricolus N07
             |--Lasioacarus [Lasioacarini] O01
             |    `--L. nidicolus C91
             `--Schwiebea O01

Rhizoglyphini incertae sedis:
  Michaelopus Fain & Johnston 1974 K98
    |--*M. corticalis (Michael 1885) K98 (see below for synonymy)
    |--M. africanus (Mahunka 1974) K98
    |--M. angustus (Banks 1906) K98
    |--M. annae Sevastianov & Kivganov 1992 K98
    |--M. athiasae Fain 1982 K98
    |--M. berlesiana (Zachvatkin 1941) K98
    |--M. evansi Fain 1982 K98
    |--M. gallegoi (Portus & Gomez 1980) K98
    |    |--M. g. gallegoi K98
    |    `--M. g. mauritianus Fain 1982 K98
    |--M. incanus Fain & Rack 1987 K98
    |--M. johnstoni Fain 1982 K98
    |--M. leclercqi Fain 1982 K98
    |--M. lignieri (Zachvatkin 1953) [=Monieziella lignieri] K98
    |--M. macfarlanei Fain 1982 K98
    |--M. magnus (Berlese 1910) K98
    |--M. passerinus Cruz 1990 K98
    |--M. polezhaevi (Zachvatkin 1953) K98
    |--M. rwandanus Fain 1982 K98
    |--M. sminthurus Fain & Johnston 1974 K98
    |--M. spinitarsis Fain 1982 K98
    |--M. tridens Fain & Lukoschus 1986 K98
    `--M. vermicularis (Fain & Lukoschus 1982) K98
  Capillaroglyphus Klimov 1998 K98
    `--*C. polypori Klimov 1998 K98
  Acarotalpa Volgin 1966 K98
  Rhizoglyphoides Volgin 1978 K98
  Megninietta Jacot 1936 (n. d.) F76
    |--*M. ulmi Jacot 1936 F76
    `--M. terrena Jacot 1937 J37

Nomen nudum: Monieziella oryctis Kamenskiy 1940 [=Michelopus oryctis] K98

Boletoglyphus (Boletoglyphus) boletophagi (Türk & Türk 1952) [=Schwiebea boletophagi, *Fantovia boletophagi; incl. *Boletoglyphus cribrosus Volgin 1953] K98

Boletoglyphus (*Ellipsopus) ornatus (Fain & Ide 1976) [=*Ellipsopus ornatus; incl. *Lindquistia bolitotheri Mahunka 1977] K98

*Michaelopus corticalis (Michael 1885) K98 [=Tyroglyphus corticalis K98, Histiogaster corticalis H98, Monieziella corticalis H98, Thyreophagus corticalis H98]

Thyreophagus Rondani 1874 O01, K98 [=Fumouzea Zachvatkin 1953 K98, Monieziella Berlese 1897 K98]

*Thyreophagus entomophagus (Laboulbene 1852) K98 [=Acarus entomophagus K98, *Fumouzea entomophaga K98, Histiogaster entomophagus H98, *Monieziella entomophaga K98]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C91] Chmielewski, W. 1991. Stored products mites (Acaroidea) in Polish bee hives. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 615–619. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[C-RSV-S88] Corpuz-Raros, L. A., G. C. Sabio & M. Velasco-Soriano. 1988. Mites associated with stored products, poultry houses and house dust in the Philippines. Philippine Entomologist 7 (3): 311–321.

[F76] Fain, A. 1976. Acariens récoltés par le Dr. J. Travé aux iles subantarctiques II. Familles Acaridae, Anoetidae, Ereynetidae et Tarsonemidae (astigmates et prostigmates). Acarologia 18 (2): 302–328.

[G39] Grandjean, F. 1939. La chaetotaxie des pattes chez les Acaridiae. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France 64: 50–60.

[H98] Halliday, R. B. 1998. Mites of Australia: A checklist and bibliography. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood.

[H07] Ho, C.-C. 2007. Crop mite pests of southeast Asia and tropical far east. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 259–266. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[J37] Jacot, A. P. 1937. Six new mites from western North Carolina. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (6): 163–166.

[K98] Klimov, P. B. 1998. A new tribe of acarid mites of the subfamily Rhizoglyphinae (Acariformes, Acaridae). Far Eastern Entomologist 59: 1–19.

[K91] Kuwahara, Y. 1991. Pheromone studies on astigmatid mites—alarm, aggregation and sex. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 43–52. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[N96] Nannelli, R. 1996. Biological obsevations on Michaelopus corticalis (Mich.) and Histiogaster carpio (Kramer) (Acaridae) associated with chestnut blight fungus. In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 67–69. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[N07] Norton, R. A. 2007. Holistic acarology and ultimate causes: examples from the oribatid mites. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 3–20. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[O01] OConnor, B. M. 2001. Historical ecology of the Acaridae (Acari): phylogenetic evidence for host and habitat shifts. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 76–82. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[W91] Walzl, M. G. 1991. Comparison of the sclerotized structures of Acaridae and Glycyphagidae used for copulation. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 2 pp. 283–286. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[YM91] Yaninek, J. S., & G. J. de Moraes. 1991. A synopsis of classical biological control of mites in agriculture. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 133–149. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.