Microsporidia

Nosema apis, a pathogen of bees, from here.

Belongs within: Fungi.

The Microsporidia are a group of anaerobic intracellular parasites, usually found in animals, which penetrate the cells of their hosts by means of an extrusive polar tube.

Characters (from Adl et al. 2012): Obligate intracellular parasites, usually of animals; mitochondria highly reduced to mitosomes; spores with inner chitin wall and outer proteinaceous wall; without kinetosomes, centrioles or cilia; centrosomal plaque; extrusive specialized polar tube for host penetration; reproduction sexual, asexual or both.

<==Microsporidia [Microspora, Microsporida]
    |--Manubrispora C-S99
    |    |--Metchnikovella [Metchnikovellea] AS12
    |    `--Amphiamblys C-S99
    |--Minisporea C-S98
    |    |  i. s.: Buxtehudia C-S98
    |    |         Hessea C-S98
    |    `--Chytridiopsidae BJ02
    |         |--Chytridiopsis C-S98
    |         |--Cryptosporina BJ02
    |         |--Gurleya BJ02
    |         |--Napamichum BJ02
    |         |--Thelohania californica BJ02, BS94
    |         `--Intexta BJ02
    `--Microsporea [Disporea, Pleistophorea] C-S98
         |  i. s.: Spraguea lophii C-S98, C02
         |         Caudospora C-S98
         |         Amblyospora C-S98
         |         Glugea C-S98
         |           |--G. americanus C02
         |           |--G. danilewskyi D56
         |           |--G. heraldi K-M02b
         |           |--G. hertwigi K-M02a
         |           |--G. plecoglossi HH99
         |           `--G. stephani MS98
         |         Cystosporogenes operophterae BJ02
         |--Pleistophora [Pleistophoridae] BJ02
         |    |--P. culicis OH02
         |    |--P. macrozoarcidis K-MC02
         |    `--P. schubergi OH02
         |--Endoreticulatus schubergi BJ02
         `--+--Vittaforma corneae BJ02 [=Nosema corneum N00]
            `--+--+--Enterocytozoon bieneusi BJ02
               |  `--Nucleospora salmonis BJ02
               `--+--Encephalitozoon BJ02
                  |    |--E. cuniculi BJ02
                  |    `--+--E. hellem BJ02
                  |       `--E. intestinalis BJ02 [=Septata intestinalis N00]
                  `--Nosematida OV95
                       |--Telomyxidae OV95
                       |    |--Telomyxa OV95
                       |    `--Issia OV95
                       |         |--I. globulifera OV95
                       |         |--I. singulati Ovčarenko & Vima 1995 OV95
                       |         `--I. trichopterae [=Perezia trichopterae] OV95
                       `--Nosema BJ02
                            |  i. s.: N. algerae L91
                            |         N. connori N00
                            |         N. echinostomi D56
                            |         N. fumiferanae OH02
                            |         N. legeri D56
                            |         N. locustae SM03
                            |--+--+--N. bombycis BJ02
                            |  |  `--N. trichoplusiae BJ02
                            |  `--+--N. furnacalis BJ02
                            |     `--N. granulosis BJ02
                            `--+--N. apis BJ02
                               `--+--+--Vairimorpha necatrix BJ02
                                  |  `--+--N. oulemae BJ02
                                  |     `--+--N. ceranae BJ02
                                  |        `--+--N. vespula BJ02
                                  |           `--+--N. portugal BJ02
                                  |              `--‘Vairimorpha’ lymantriae BJ02
                                  `--Unikaryonidae BJ02
                                       |--Orthosomella BJ02
                                       |--*Unikaryon piriformis Canning, Lai & Lie 1974 BJ02
                                       |--Larssoniella resinellae BJ02
                                       |--Canningia Weiser et al. 1995 non Cookson & Eisenack 1960 (ICBN) BJ02
                                       `--Oligosporidium BJ02
                                            |--O. arachnicolum BJ02
                                            `--O. occidentalis Becnel, Jeyaprakash et al. 2002 BJ02

Microsporidia incertae sedis:
  Microsporidium CM07
    |--M. ceylonensis N00
    |--M. phytoseiuli BJ02
    `--M. weiseri CM07
  Trachipleistophora GLB04
    |--T. anthropophthera N00
    `--T. hominis GLB04
  Antonospora locustae JK06
  Ameson michaelis C-SC96
  Ichthyosporidium hoferi C-SC96, M02
  Brachiola vesicularum N00
  Desportesia AS12
  Edhazardia aedis BJ02
  Perezia pyraustae OH02
  Pseudopleistophorinae OV95

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AS12] Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, D. Bass, S. S. Bowser, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, M. Dunthorn, V. Hampl, A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, E. Lara, E. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, H. McManus, E. A. D. Mitchell, S. E. Mozley-Stanridge, L. W. Parfrey, J. Pawlowski, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov & F. W. Spiegel. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–493.

[BJ02] Becnel, J. J., A. Jeyaprakash, M. A. Hoy & A. Shapiro. 2002. Morphological and molecular characterization of a new microsporidian species from the predatory mite Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) (Acari, Phytoseiidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 79: 163–172.

[BS94] Buss, L. W., & A. Seilacher. 1994. The phylum Vendobionta: a sister group of the Eumetazoa? Paleobiology 20 (1): 1–4.

[C02] Caruso, J. H. 2002. Goosefishes or monkfishes. Family Lophiidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 264–270. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[C-S98] Cavalier-Smith, T. 1998. A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biological Reviews 73: 203–266.

[C-S99] Cavalier-Smith, T. 1999. Zooflagellate phylogeny and the systematics of Protozoa. Biological Bulletin 196: 393–396.

[C-SC96] Cavalier-Smith, T., & E. E. Chao. 1996. Molecular phylogeny of the free-living archezoan Trepomonas agilis and the nature of the first eukaryote. Journal of Molecular Evolution 43: 551–562.

[CM07] Cokendolpher, J. C., & P. G. Mitov. 2007. Natural enemies. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 339–373. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[D56] Dawes, B. 1956. The Trematoda with special reference to British and other European forms. University Press: Cambridge.

[GLB04] Gray, M. W., B. F. Lang & G. Burger. 2004. Mitochondria of protists. Annual Review of Genetics 38: 477–524.

[HH99] Hasegawa, M., & T. Hashimoto. 1999. Phylogenetic position of amitochondriate protists in the evolution of eukaryotes. Biological Bulletin 196: 389–392.

[JK06] James, T. Y., F. Kauff, C. L. Schoch, P. B. Matheny, V. Hofstetter, C. J. Cox, G. Celio, C. Gueidan, E. Fraker, J. Miadlikowska, H. T. Lumbsch, A. Rauhut, V. Reeb, A. E. Arnold, A. Amtoft, J. E. Stajich, K. Hosaka, G.-H. Sung, D. Johnson, B. O'Rourke, M. Crockett, M. Binder, J. M. Curtis, J. C. Slot, Z. Wang, A. W. Wilson, A. Schüßler, J. E. Longcore, K. O'Donnell, S. Mozley-Standridge, D. Porter, P. M. Letcher, M. J. Powell, J. W. Taylor, M. M. White, G. W. Griffith, D. R. Davies, R. A. Humber, J. B. Morton, J. Sugiyama, A. Y. Rossman, J. D. Rogers, D. H. Pfister, D. Hewitt, K. Hansen, S. Hambleton, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, R. A. Spotts, M. Serdani, P. W. Crous, K. W. Hughes, K. Matsuura, E. Langer, G. Langer, W. A. Untereiner, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, D. M. Geiser, A. Aptroot, P. Diederich, I. Schmitt, M. Schultz, R. Yahr, D. S. Hibbett, F. Lutzoni, D. J. McLaughlin, J. W. Spatafora & R. Vilgalys. 2006. Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 443: 818–822.

[K-M02a] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002a. Smelts. Family Osmeridae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 162–170. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[K-M02b] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002b. Pipefishes and seahorses. Family Syngnathidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 321–326. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[K-MC02] Klein-MacPhee, G., & B. B. Collette. 2002. Eelpouts. Family Zoarcidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 466–474. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[L91] Liehne, P. F. S. 1991. An Atlas of the Mosquitoes of Western Australia. Health Department of Western Australia.

[MS98] Margulis, L., & K. V. Schwartz. 1998. Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth 3^rd ed. W. H. Freeman and Company: New York.

[M02] Munroe, T. A. 2002. Herrings. Family Clupeidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 111–160. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[N00] Nichols, G. L. 2000. Food-borne protozoa. British Medical Bulletin 56 (1): 209–235.

[OH02] Olsen, L. E., & M. A. Hoy. 2002. Heat curing Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) (Acari, Phytoseiidae) of a fitness-reducing microsporidium. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 79: 173–178.

[OV95] Ovčarenko, N. A., & I. Vima. 1995. [Issia singulati sp. n. (Microsporidia, Telomyxidae): a new species of Microsporidia from Chironomus singulatus Meigen larvae from Kiev’s water reservoir]. Gidrobiologicheskii Zhurnal 31 (5): 78–83.

[SM03] Saldarriaga, J. F., M. L. McEwan, N. M. Fast, F. J. R. Taylor & P. J. Keeling. 2003. Multiple protein phylogenies show that Oxyrrhis marina and Perkinsus marinus are early branches of the dinoflagellate lineage. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 355–365.