Dendrochirotacea

Brown psolus Psolus phantapus, copyright Anne Frijsinger.

Belongs within: Holothuroidea.
Contains: Cucumariidae.

The Dendrochirotacea are a group of sea cucumbers characterised by the presence of pharyngeal retractor muscles (Ubaghs 1978).

Characters (from Ubaghs 1978): Tentacles without ampullae; pharyngeal respirator muscles present; podia and respiratory trees usually present; madreporite free in body cavity.

<==Dendrochirotacea
    |--Dactylochirotida U78
    |    |--Vaneyellidae P66
    |    `--Rhopalodinidae P66
    `--Dendrochirotida U78
         |  i. s.: Cladodactyla senegalensis Panning 1940 B01
         |         Pseudocnus P66
         |         Thyonidium BK77 [Thyonidiinae P66]
         |           `--T. pellucidum BK77
         |         Binoculites Deflandre-Rigaud 1952 P66, B01 [incl. Cucumariopsis Frentzen 1964 FE66]
         |           |--*B. terquemi Deflandre-Rigaud 1952 FE66
         |           |--B. irregularis FE66
         |           |--B. issleri FE66
         |           |--B. jurassicus FE66
         |           `--B. perforatus FE66
         |--Cucumariidae B01
         |--Paracucumis [Paracucumidae] P66
         |--Placothuria [Placothuriidae] P66
         |--Sclerodactylidae [Sclerodactylinae] P66
         |--Schlumbergeritidae P66
         |    |--Schlumbergerites Deflandre-Rigaud 1961 FE66
         |    |    `--*S. sievertsae Deflandre-Rigaud 1961 FE66
         |    `--Amphitriodites Deflandre-Rigaud 1961 FE66
         |         `--*A. insignis Deflandre-Rigaud 1961 FE66
         |--Psolidae MG-H11
         |    |--Psolidium mccallumae O’Loughlin & Maric 2008 MG-H11
         |    |--Thyonepsolus F67
         |    `--Psolus MG-H11
         |         |--P. chitonoides WL00
         |         |--P. parmatus (Sluiter 1901) [=Psolidium parmatum] MG-H11
         |         `--P. phantapus BK77
         `--Ypsilothuriidae MG-H11
              |--Echinocucumis hispida MG-H11, BK77
              `--Ypsilothuria bitentaculata (Ludwig 1893) MG-H11

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BK77] Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1–159.

[B01] Boczarowski, A. 2001. Isolated sclerites of Devonian non-pelmatozoan echinoderms. Palaeontologia Polonica 59: 1–219.

[F67] Fell, H. B. 1967. Echinoderm ontogeny. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt S. Echinodermata 1. General characters. Homalozoa—Crinozoa (except Crinoidea) vol. 1 pp. S60–S85. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[FE66] Frizzell, D. L., & H. Exline. 1966. Holothuroidea—fossil record. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U646–U672. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[P66] Pawson, D. L. 1966. Phylogeny and evolution of holothuroids. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U641–U646. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.

[U78] Ubaghs, G. 1978. Classification of the echinoderms. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 1 pp. T359–T367. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[WL00] Wray, G. A., & C. J. Lowe. 2000. Developmental regulatory genes and echinoderm evolution. Systematic Biology 49 (1): 28–51.