Micrasterina

Red heart urchin Meoma ventricosa, copyright John Miller.

Belongs within: Atelostomata.
Contains: Spatangidae, Loveniidae, Eupatagus.

The Micrasterina is a lineage of heart urchins known from the Cretaceous to the present (Fischer 1966). They first appear in the fossil record in the form of the family Micrasteridae, known from the Upper Cretaceous to the Eocene, which possessed subanal fascioles, a mesamphisternous plastron and ethmophract to transitional apical systems with three or four gonopores (Fischer 1966).

Characters (from Fischer 1966): Petaloid spatangoids with subanal fasciole (absent in some members of Loveniidae), which may be combined with peripetalous or internal fasciole. Primary spines developed except in Micrasteridae.

<==Micrasterina [Prymnodesmia] F66
    |--+--Spatangidae F66
    |  `--Loveniidae F66
    |--Micrasteridae [Micrasterinae] F66
    |    |--Brissopneustes Cotteau 1887 F66
    |    |    `--*B. villanovae Cotteau 1887 F66
    |    |--Isopneustes Pomel 1883 F66
    |    |    |--*I. bourgeoisi (Cotteau 1869) [=Cyclaster bourgeoisi] F66
    |    |    `--I. subquadratus F66
    |    |--Ovulaster Cotteau 1884 F66
    |    |    |--*O. gauthieri Cotteau 1884 F66
    |    |    `--O. auberti F66
    |    `--Micraster Agassiz 1836 [=Pycnaster Pomel 1883] F66
    |         |  i. s.: M. cortestudinarium K79
    |         |--*M. (Micraster) coranguinum (Leske 1778) [=Spatangus coranguinum, *Pycnaster coranguinum] F66
    |         `--M. (Gibbaster Gauthier 1887) F66
    |              `--M. (*G.) fastigatus Gauthier 1887 F66
    `--Brissidae [Brissina, Cyclasteridae, Unifasciidae] F66
         |--Eupatagus F66
         |--Aguayoaster Sánchez Roig 1952 F66
         |    `--*A. aguayoi Sánchez Roig 1952 F66
         |--Anabrissus Mortensen 1950 F66
         |    `--*A. damesi (Agassiz 1881) [=Brissus damesi] F66
         |--Arcaechinus Kier 1957 F66
         |    `--*A. auraduensis Kier 1957 F66
         |--Brissopatagus Cotteau 1863 [=Brissospatagus Agassiz 1874, Brissospatangus Cotteau 1866] F66
         |    `--*B. caumonti Cotteau 1863 [=*Brissospatangus caumonti] F66
         |--Cionobrissus Agassiz 1879 [=Cionobryssus Meissner 1903] F66
         |    `--*C. revinctus Agassiz 1879 [=*Cionobryssus revinctus] F66
         |--Fernandezaster Sánchez Roig 1952 F66
         |    `--*F. mortenseni Sánchez Roig 1952 F66
         |--Fourtaunia Lambert 1902 F66
         |    `--*F. santamariae (Gauthier in Fourtau 1900) [=Hypsospatangus santamariae] F66
         |--Gillechinus Fell 1964 F66
         |    `--*G. cudmorei Fell 1964 F66
         |--Herreraster Sánchez Roig 1951 F66
         |    `--*H. herrerae Sánchez Roig 1951 F66
         |--Hikelaster Lambert & Thiéry 1920 [=Troschelia Duncan & Sladen 1883] F66
         |    `--*H. tuberculatus (Duncan & Sladen 1883) [=*Troschelia tuberculata] F66
         |--Idiobryssus Clark 1939 F66
         |    `--*I. coelus Clark 1939 F66
         |--Lajanaster Sánchez Roig 1926 F66
         |    `--*L. jacksoni Sánchez Roig 1926 F66
         |--Lissospatangus Mortensen 1950 F66
         |    `--*L. hirsutus Mortensen 1950 F66
         |--Mariania Airaghi 1901 [=Airaghia Lambert 1910] F66
         |    `--*M. marmorae (Agassiz 1847) [=Macropneustes marmorae, *Airaghia marmorae] F66
         |--Mauritianaster Lambert 1920 F66
         |    `--*M. gentili Lambert 1920 F66
         |--Megapneustes Gauthier 1898 F66
         |    `--*M. grandis Gauthier 1898 F66
         |--Migliorinia Checchia-Rispoli 1942 F66
         |    `--*M. migiurtina Checchia-Rispoli 1942 F66
         |--Neopneustes Duncan 1889 F66
         |    `--*N. micrasteroides (Agassiz 1878) [=Rhynobrissus micrasteroides] F66
         |--Plesiaster Pomel 1883 F66
         |    `--*P. peini (Coquand 1862) [=Micraster peini] F66
         |--Plesiopatagus Pomel 1883 [=Plesiospatangus Cotteau 1886] F66
         |    `--*P. cotteaui (de Loriol 1880) [=Eupatagus cotteaui, *Plesiospatangus cotteaui] F66
         |--Radiobrissus Fourtau 1913 F66
         |    `--*R. gneffensis Fourtau 1913 F66
         |--Rhynobrissus Agassiz 1872 [=Rhinobrissus Quenstedt 1874, Rhinobryssus Meissner 1903] F66
         |    `--*R. pyramidalis Agassiz 1872 [=*Rhinobrissus pyramidalis, *Rhinobryssus pyramidalis] F66
         |--Rojasia Sánchez Roig 1951 F66
         |    `--*R. rojasi Sánchez Roig 1951 F66
         |--Spatagobrissus Clark 1923 F66
         |    `--*S. mirabilis Clark 1923 F66
         |--Spatangomorpha Boehm 1882 F66
         |    `--*S. eximia Boehm 1882 F66
         |--Stomaporus Cotteau 1888 F66
         |    `--*S. hispanicus Cotteau 1888 F66
         |--Trachypatagus Pomel 1869 [incl. Leiopatagus Pomel 1869 (n. n.), Liopatagus (l. c.)] F66
         |    `--*T. oranensis Pomel 1869 F66
         |--Unifascia Cooke 1959 F66
         |    `--*U. carolinensis (Clark 1915) [=Macropneustes carolinensis] F66
         |--Anametalia Mortensen 1950 F66
         |    |--*A. sternaloides (Bolau 1874) [=Brissus sternaloides] F66
         |    `--A. regularis (Clark 1925) MG-H11
         |--Cyclaster Cotteau 1856 F66
         |    |--*C. declivus Cotteau 1856 F66
         |    `--C. recens F66
         |--Diplodetus Schlüter 1900 F66
         |    |--*D. (Diplodetus) brevistella Schlüter 1900 F66
         |    `--D. (Protobrissus Lambert 1907) F66
         |         `--D. (*P.) mortenseni (Lambert 1907) [=*Protobrissus mortenseni] F66
         |--Pharaonaster Lambert 1920 F66
         |    |--*P. (P.) ammon (Agassiz 1847) [=Macropneustes ammon] F66
         |    `--P. (Thebaster Checchia-Rispoli 1941) F66
         |         `--P. (*T.) fischeri (de Loriol 1881) [=Macropneustes fischeri] F66
         |--Brissus Gray 1825 (nom. cons.) (see below for synonymy) F66
         |    |--*B. unicolor (Leske 1778) [=Spatangus brissus unicolor, *Bryssus unicolor] F66
         |    |--B. agassizii Döderlein 1885 MG-H11 [=B. (*Allobrissus) agassizii F66]
         |    |--‘*Sandiegoaster’ durhami Sánchez Roig 1952 F66
         |    `--B. latecarinatus (Leske 1778) BM09
         |--Macropneustes Agassiz 1847 [incl. Plagiopneustes Fourtau 1905] F66
         |    |  i. s.: M. crassus [=*Plagiopneustes crassus] F66
         |    |--*M. (Macropneustes) deshayesi Agassiz 1847 F66
         |    `--M. (Deakia Pavay 1875) F66
         |         `--M. (*D.) rotundata (Pavay 1875) [=*Deakia rotundata] F66
         |--Plagiobrissus Pomel 1883 (see below for synonymy) F66
         |    |--*P. (Plagiobrissus) grandis (Gmelin 1788) (see below for synonymy) F66
         |    `--P. (Rhabdobrissus Cotteau 1889) [=Rhabdobryssus Meissner 1903; incl. Mortensaster Lambert 1922] F66
         |         |--P. (*R.) jullieni (Cotteau 1889) [=*Rhabdobrissus jullieni, *Rhabdobryssus jullieni] F66
         |         `--‘Metalia’ costae Gasco 1876 [=*Mortensaster costae] F66
         |--Gualtieria Agassiz 1847 [=Gaultieria (l. c.), Gualteria (l. c.), Gualtiera (l. c.)] F66
         |    |--*G. (Gualtieria) orbignyana Agassiz 1847 F66
         |    |--G. (Blaviaster Lambert 1920) [=Temnaster Lambert 1912 non Verrill 1894] F66
         |    |    `--G. (*B.) grossouvrei (Lambert 1912) [=Temnaster grossouvrei] F66
         |    `---G. (Granobrissoides Lambert 1920) F66
         |          `--G. (*G.) australiae Cotteau 1889 F66
         |--Brissopsis Agassiz in Agassiz & Desor 1847 (see below for synonymy) F66
         |    |--*B. lyrifera (Forbes 1841) [=Brissus lyrifer, *Bryssopsis lyrifera] F66
         |    |--B. cluciei Wright 1855 [=*Brissoma cluciei] F66
         |    |--B. elegans Agassiz 1847 [=*Toxobrissus elegans, *Toxobryssus elegans] F66
         |    |--B. elongata MD66
         |    |--B. lamberti Gauthier 1900 [=*Zeugaster lamberti] F66
         |    |--B. luzonicus (Gray 1851) MG-H11 [=*Kleinia luzonica F66]
         |    `--B. pacifica F66
         |--Metalia Gray 1855 (see below for synonymy) F66
         |    |--*M. sternalis (Lamarck 1816) [=Spatangus sternalis] F66
         |    |--M. dicrana Clark 1917 BM09
         |    |--‘*Xanthobrissus’ garreti Agassiz 1863 F66
         |    |--‘Echinus’ maculosus Gmelin 1788 [=*Metalopsis maculosus] F66
         |    |--‘Brissus’ robillardi de Loriol 1876 [=*Prometalia robillardi] F66
         |    |--M. spatagus (Linnaeus 1758) BM09
         |    `--‘*Eobrissus’ townsendi Bell 1904 F66
         `--Meoma Gray 1851 F66
              |--M. (Meoma) [incl. Hemibrissus Pomel 1869, Rhyssobrissus Agassiz 1863] F66
              |    |--*M. (M.) grandis Gray 1851 F66
              |    `--M. (M.) ventricosa (Lamarck 1816) [=Spatangus ventricosus, *Hemibrissus ventricosus] F66
              |--M. (Plethotaenia Clark 1917) F66
              |    `--M. (*P.) spatangoides (Agassiz 1883) [=Macropneustes spatangoides] F66
              `--M. (Schizobrissus Pomel 1869) [incl. Peripneustes Cotteau 1875] F66
                   |--M. (*S.) cruciata (Agassiz 1847) [=Brissus cruciatus] F66
                   `--M. (S.) antillarum (Cotteau 1875) [=*Peripneustes antillarum] F66

Brissopsis Agassiz in Agassiz & Desor 1847 [=Bryssopsis Meissner 1903; incl. Brissoma Pomel 1888, Kleinia Gray 1851, Toxobrissus Desor 1858, Toxobryssus Meissner 1903, Zeugaster Lambert 1907] F66

Brissus Gray 1825 (nom. cons.) [=Bryssus Martens 1869; incl. Allobrissus Mortensen 1950, Sandiegoaster Sánchez Roig 1952] F66

Metalia Gray 1855 [incl. Eobrissus Bell 1904, Metaliopsis Fourtau 1913, Prometalia Pomel 1883, Xanthobrissus Agassiz 1863] F66

Plagiobrissus Pomel 1883 [=Plagionotus Agassiz & Desor 1847 non Mulsant 1842, Plagiostomus d’Orbigny 1854 non Hermansen 1847] F66

*Plagiobrissus (Plagiobrissus) grandis (Gmelin 1788) [=Echinus grandis, *Plagionotus grandis, *Plagiostomus grandis] F66

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BM09] Bryce, C. & L. Marsh. 2009. Echinodermata (Asteroidea, Echinoidea and Holothuroidea) of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 209–220.

[F66] Fischer, A. G. 1966. Spatangoids. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U543–U628. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.

[K79] Kauffman, E. G. 1979. Cretaceous. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A418–A487. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[MD66] Melville, R. V., & J. W. Durham. 1966. Echinoids—skeletal morphology. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 1 pp. U220–U251. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.