Cyperaceae

Saw-sedge Cladium mariscus, copyright Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz.

Belongs within: Poales.
Contains: Kobresia, Chrysitricheae, Hypolytreae, Bisboeckelereae, Scleria, Cryptangieae, Schoeneae, Carpheae, Rhynchospora, Scirpeae, Eleocharis, Abildgaardieae, Fuireneae.

The Cyperaceae, sedges, are a cosmopolitan group of grass-like plants commonly found in damp, open habitats. Phylogenetic analysis supports a basal division between the subfamilies Mapanioideae and Cyperoideae with members of the Mapanioideae producing flowers in a 'pseudanthium' that is believed to be derived from numerous reduced, unisexual flowers grouped tightly together to simulate a single flower. The Cyperoideae produce hermaphroditic or unisexual flowers arranged in spikelets. Within the Cyperoideae, the Rhynchosporeae possess both hermaphroditic and unisexual flowers, with only one or two glumes (rarely more) in the middle of a spike producing flowers (Moore & Edgar 1970).

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Annual or perennial, often rhizomed, often of wet open places, generally monoecious; roots fibrous, hairy. Stem generally three-sided. Leaves often 3-ranked; sheath generally closed; ligule generally absent; blade various (rarely absent), parallel-veined. Inflorescence with spikelets variously clustered, flowers generally sessile in axil of flower bract. Flower small, generaly wind-pollinated; perianth absent or bristle-like; stamens generally 3, anthers attached at base, 4-chambered; ovary superior, 1-chambered, 1-ovuled, style 2-3-branched. Fruit an achene, generally three-sided.

<==Cyperaceae [Cyperales]
    |--Mapanioideae SB19
    |    |--Chrysitricheae SB19
    |    `--Hypolytreae SB19
    `--Cyperoideae SB19
         |--Trilepideae SB19
         |    |--Afrotrilepis pilosa SB19
         |    `--+--Microdracoides squamosa SB19
         |       |--Trilepis lhotzkiana SB19
         |       `--Coleochloa SB19
         |            |--C. abyssinica SB19
         |            `--C. setifera SB19
         `--+--Cladium [Cladieae] SB19
            |    |--C. californicum [=C. mariscus var. californicum] H93
            |    |--C. costatum SB19
            |    |--C. gunnii Hook. f. 1858 ME70 (see below for synonymy)
            |    |--C. jamaicense RJ11
            |    |--C. mariscoides V72
            |    |--C. mariscus B78
            |    |--C. procerum B00
            |    `--C. undulatum [incl. Lepidosperma zeylanicum] B78
            `--+--+--Bisboeckelereae SB19
               |  `--Scleria SB19
               `--+--Cryptangieae SB19
                  |--Schoeneae SB19
                  `--+--Carpheae SB19
                     `--+--Rhynchosporeae SB19
                        |    |--Rhynchospora CS77
                        |    |--Vincentia Gaud. 1829 ME70
                        |    |    `--*V. angustifolia ME70
                        |    |--Morelotia Gaud. 1829 ME70
                        |    |    |--*M. gahniaeformis [=Gahnia gahniaeformis] ME70
                        |    |    `--M. affinis (Brong.) Blake 1969 (see below for synonymy) ME70
                        |    |--Remirea maritima [incl. R. wightiana] B78
                        |    |    |--R. m. var. maritima B78
                        |    |    `--R. m. var. pedunculata B78
                        |    `--Elynanthus B78
                        |         |--E. octandrus [=Schoenus octandrus] B78
                        |         `--E. revolutus B78
                        `--+--+--Khoosokia caricoides SB19
                           |  `--+--Dulichieae SB19
                           |     |    |--Dulichium arundinaceum SB19
                           |     |    `--+--Blysmopsis rufa SB19
                           |     |       `--Blysmus SB19
                           |     |            |--B. compressus O88
                           |     |            `--B. sinocompressus SB19
                           |     `--Scirpeae SB19
                           `--+--+--Eleocharis SB19
                              |  `--Abildgaardieae SB19
                              `--Fuireneae SB19

Cyperaceae incertae sedis:
  Cephalocarpus YY22
  Elyna spicata YY22, C55
  Fintelmannia YY22
  Hoppia YY22
  Microschoenus YY22
  Pteroscleria YY22
  Schoenoxiphium YY22
  Didymia YY22
  Cohesia YY22
  Hemicarex YY22
  Kobresia O88
  Volkiella CV06
  Cladiocarya europaea JD05
  Caricoidea nitens JD05
  Schoenoides oligocephalus LC95
  Psilocarya V72
    |--P. nitens V72
    `--P. scirpoides V72
  Caricopsis laxa Samylina 1960 CBH3
  Cyperaceapollis Krutzsch 1970 CBH93
  Asterochaete Nees 1834 KC01
  Chaetospora Br. 1918 KC01
  Durandia Boeck. 1896 KC01
  Vaginaria Rich. ex Pers. 1805 KC01
  Chaetodiscus gilberti (n. d.) B78
  Rhynchocladium SB19

Cladium gunnii Hook. f. 1858 ME70 [incl. C. laxiflorum C06, C. nudum B78, Schoenus nudus B78, Gahnia sulcata B78]

Morelotia affinis (Brong.) Blake 1969 [=Lampocarya affinis Brong. 1829, Gahnia affinis (Brong.) Steud. 1855, Machaerina affinis (Brong.) Kern 1962, Mariscus affinis (Brong.) Kuntze 1891, Gahnia arenaria Hook. f. 1864; incl. Morelotia gahniaeformis var. minor Rich. 1832] ME70

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B78] Bentham, G. 1878. Flora Australiensis: A description of the plants of the Australian Territory vol. 7. Roxburghiaceae to Filices. L. Reeve & Co.: London.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[JD05] Junge, F. W., M. Dolezych, H. Walther, T. Böttger, A. Kühl, L. Kunzmann, P. Morgenstern, T. Steinberg & R. Stange. 2005. Ein Fenster in Landschaft und Vegetation vor 37 Millionen Jahren: Lithologische, sedimentgeochemische und paläobotanische Befunde aus einem Paläoflusssystem des Weißelsterbeckens. Mauritiana 19 (2): 185–273.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[LC95] Linder, H. P., & M. D. Crisp. 1995. Nothofagus and Pacific biogeography. Cladistics 11: 5–32.

[ME70] Moore, L. B., & E. Edgar. 1970. Flora of New Zealand vol. 2. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Monocotyledones except Gramineae. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[SB19] Semmouri, I., K. Bauters, É. Léveillé-Bourret, J. R. Starr, P. Goetghebeur & I. Larridon. 2019. Phylogeny and systematics of Cyperaceae, the evolution and importance of embryo morphology. Botanical Review 85: 1–39.

[V72] Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan Flora. Part I. Gymnosperms and Monocots. Cranbrook Institute of Science and University of Michigan Herbarium.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Last updated: 4 January 2022.

Syzygieae

Creek lilly-pilly Syzygium australe, copyright Arthur Chapman.

Belongs within: Myrtaceae.

The Syzygieae are a group of myrtaceous trees and shrubs that usually produce terminal, paniculate inflorescences and fleshy fruits containing a single large seed (Wilson et al. 2005).

Characters (from Wilson et al. 2005): Trees, rarely shrubs; lacking simple hairs. Leaves opposite. Inflorescences mostly terminal and paniculate; perianth free or calyx calyptrate, petals often cohering and falling as a unit; stamens free, numerous; anthers versatile, dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, mostly 2-locular; placentas axile or apical, ovules unitegmic and anatropous, pendulous or radiating; vascular supply to ovary axial. Fruit indehiscent, mostly fleshy (except Anetholea); seeds usually solitary; embryo usually with thick cotyledons, occasionally more or less ruminate, rarely leafy (Anetholea).

<==Syzygieae WO05
    |--Anetholea anisata WO05
    |--Acmenosperma WO05
    |--Waterhousea WO05
    |--Acmena WO05
    |    |--A. graveolens WO05
    |    `--A. smithii NC91
    `--Syzygium ING03
         |--S. angophoroides LK14
         |--S. aromaticum H93
         |--S. australe WO05
         |--S. bamagense B00a
         |--S. bourdillonii ING03
         |--S. caryophyllatum MMS02
         |--S. cordatum DP72
         |--S. cormiflorum B00b
         |--S. cumini WO05
         |--S. erythrocalyx B00b
         |--S. eucalyptoides LK14
         |    |--S. e. ssp. eucalyptoides LK14
         |    `--S. e. ssp. bleeseri LK14
         |--S. forte LK14
         |    |--S. f. ssp. forte LK14
         |    `--S. f. ssp. potamophilum LK14
         |--S. gambleanum Rathakrishnan & Chithra 1983 (see below for synonymy) ING03
         |--S. gerrardii [=Eugenia gerrardii] DP72
         |--S. guineense E09
         |    |--S. g. ssp. guineense E09
         |    `--S. g. ssp. afromontanum E09
         |--S. jambos H06
         |--S. kuranda B00b
         |--S. myhendrae ING03
         |--S. neesianum Arnott 1836 [=Eugenia neesiana Wt. 1843] MMS02
         |--S. nervosum LK14
         |--S. oleosum B00b
         |--S. pachycladum B88
         |--S. palghatense ING03
         |--S. paniculatum H06
         |--S. periyarensis ING03
         |--S. puberulum B00b
         |--S. samarangense WO05
         |--S. sriganesanii ING03
         |--S. suborbiculare LK14
         |--S. tierneyanum B00b
         |--S. wilsoni B00b
         `--S. zeylanicum ING03
              |--S. z. var. zeylanicum ING03
              |--S. z. var. ellipticum ING03
              `--S. z. var. megamalayanum ING03

Syzygium gambleanum Rathakrishnan & Chithra 1983 [=Eugenia microphylla Bedd. 1871 non Abel 1818, S. microphyllum (Bedd.) Gamble 1969] ING03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B00a] Braby, M. F. 2000a. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[B00b] Braby, M. F. 2000b. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[DP72] Deighton, F. C., & K. A. Pirozynski. 1972. Microfungi. V. More hyperparasitic hyphomycetes. Mycological Papers 128: 1–110.

[E09] Ensermu K. 2009. Three new species of Acanthaceae from Ethiopia. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 57–65.

[H06] Henderson, L. 2006. Comparisons of invasive plants in southern Africa originating from southern temperate, northern temperate and tropical regions. Bothalia 36 (2): 201–222.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[ING03] Irwin, S. J., D. Narasimhan & R. Ganesan. 2003. Status of Syzygium gambleanum Rathakr. & Chitra (Myrtaceae) from southern Western Ghats, India. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 111–120.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[MMS02] Murugan, C., V. S. Manickam & V. Sundaresan. 2002. Syzygium neesianum Arn. (Myrtaceae)—an addition to the Indian flora. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 553–555.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[WO05] Wilson, P. G., M. M. O'Brien, M. M. Heslewood & C. J. Quinn. 2005. Relationships within Myrtaceae sensu lato based on a matK phylogeny. Plant Systematics and Evolution 251: 3–19.

Lomandraceae

Twining fringe-lily Thysanotus patersonii, copyright Tony Rodd.

Belongs within: Asparagales.

The Lomandraceae are a group of xeromorphic monocotyledons found in Australasia.

Characters (from PlantNET): Perennial herbs, rhizomatous; stem usually short. Leaves distichous, xeromorphic and tough, sheathing at base, more or less linear, dorsi-ventral, parallel-veined. Inflorescences generally on separate branches; branches elongate and more or less branched or consist of partial inflorescences or reduced to more or less globose heads. Flowers small and inconspicuous, actinomorphic, 3-merous and either bisexual or unisexual and then plants dioecious. Perianth in 2 whorls; tepals 6, free or basally fused, often dry and more or less scarious. Stamens 6, the inner 3 sometimes fused basally to inner tepals; filaments filiform; anthers basifixed or slightly dorsifixed, 2-locular, introrse and dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 3-locular; ovule 1 per loculus; style simple and short or 3-branched at apex. Fruit a loculicidal capsule.

Lomandraceae
    |--Sowerbaea DS04
    |    |--S. alliacea LK14
    |    |--S. juncea DS04
    |    `--S. laxiflora DS04
    `--+--Eustrephus latifolius DS04 [=Luzuriaga latifolia B78; incl. E. brownei B78, E. watsonianus B78]
       |    |--E. l. var. latifolius B78
       |    `--E. l. var. angustifolia [=E. angustifolius, Luzuriaga angustifolia] B78
       `--+--Arthropodium Br. 1810 DS04, ME70
          |    |--A. candidum Raoul 1844 (see below for synonymy) ME70
          |    |--A. capillipes GK00
          |    |--A. cirratum (Forst. f.) Br. 1822 [=Anthericum cirratum Forst. f. 1786] ME70
          |    |--A. dianellaceum B78
          |    |--A. minus B78
          |    |--A. paniculatum (see below for synonymy) B78
          |    `--A. preissii GK00
          `--Thysanotus DS04 [incl. Chlamyspermum B78]
               |  i. s.: T. arenarius GK00
               |         T. cymosus OS04
               |         T. sparteus GK00
               |         T. speckii G04
               |         T. spiniger DS04
               |--T. ser. Hexandrae B78
               |    |--T. anceps B78
               |    |--T. arbuscula B78
               |    |--T. asper B78
               |    |--T. baueri [incl. T. humilis] B78
               |    |--T. chrysantherus [incl. T. chinensis] B78
               |    |--T. dichotomus (see below for synonymy) B78
               |    |--T. exasperatus B78
               |    |--T. isantherus B78
               |    |--T. junceus [incl. Chlamysporum juncifolium] B78
               |    |--T. patersoni [incl. T. manglesianus, T. menziesii] B78
               |    |--T. scaber B78
               |    |--T. tenellus B78
               |    |--T. thyrsoideus B78
               |    `--T. tuberosus [incl. T. banksii, T. elatior, T. paniculatus, T. tuberosus var. parviflora] B78
               `--T. ser. Triandrae B78
                    |--T. drummondii B78
                    |--T. glaucus B78
                    |--T. multiflorus [incl. T. brevipes] B78
                    |    |--T. m. var. multiflorus B78
                    |    `--T. m. var. prolifer B78
                    |--T. pauciflorus B78
                    `--T. triandrus [=Ornithogalum triandrum; incl. T. hispidulus, T. nanus] B78

Lomandraceae incertae sedis:
  Lomandra LB91
    |--L. acicularis LK14
    |--L. banksii LB91
    |--L. caespitosa RL05
    |--L. collina GK00
    |--L. confertifolia B00
    |--L. densiflora B00
    |--L. effusa RL05
    |--L. fibrata B00
    |--L. filiformis B00
    |--L. glauca B00
    |--L. hermaphrodita RL05
    |--L. hystrix B00
    |--L. maritima SM06
    |--L. micrantha OS04
    |--L. multiflora B00
    |--L. nana B00
    |--L. nigricans GK00
    |--L. obliqua B00
    |--L. preissii RL05
    |--L. purpurea GK00
    |--L. sericea RL05
    |--L. sonderii RL05
    |--L. sororia B00
    |--L. spicata B00
    |--L. suaveolens OS04
    `--L. tropica LK14

Arthropodium candidum Raoul 1844 [incl. A. bulbosum Simpson 1952, A. ramulosum Colenso 1893, A. reflexum Colenso 1886] ME70

Arthropodium paniculatum [=Anthericum paniculatum, Phalangium paniculatum; incl. Arthropodium lindleyi, Anthericum milleflorum, An. pendulum, Arthropodium pendulum, Phalangium pendulum] B78

Thysanotus dichotomus [=Ornithogalum dichotomum; incl. T. deformis, T. divaricatus, T. elongatus, T. flexuosus, T. gracilis, T. intricatus, T. lindleyanus, T. sparteus, T. tenuis Lindl. 1838] B78

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B78] Bentham, G. 1878. Flora Australiensis: A description of the plants of the Australian Territory vol. 7. Roxburghiaceae to Filices. L. Reeve & Co.: London.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Systematic Botany 29 (3): 467–510.

[G04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35–47.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[LB91] Lawrence, J. F., & E. B. Britton. 1991. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 543–683. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[ME70] Moore, L. B., & E. Edgar. 1970. Flora of New Zealand vol. 2. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Monocotyledones except Gramineae. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[RL05] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2005. Selective feeding by macropods on vegetation regenerating following fire. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 155–165.

[SM06] Semeniuk, C. A., L. A. Milne, P. Ladd & V. Semeniuk. 2006. Pollen in the surface sediments of wetlands in the Becher Point area, southwestern Australia: a baseline for use in interpreting Holocene sequences. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 89 (1): 27–43.

Glochidion

Cheese tree Glochidion ferdinandi, copyright Mark Marathon.

Belongs within: Euphorbiaceae.

Glochidion, cheese trees, is a primarily tropical genus, most diverse in Asia and Australasia, of shrubs and small tree producing multilobed, capsular fruits (Harden 1990).

Characters (from Harden 1990): Shrubs or small trees, monoecious. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, 2-ranked, branchlets appearing pseudopinnate; stipules present. Flowers pedicellate, axillary or above the axils. Perianth segments 6. Stamens usually 3, erect on a short central column, glands absent. Ovary 5-7-locular, 2 ovules in each loculus; styles basally united. Capsule multilobed, depressed-globose.

<==Glochidion
    |--G. apodogynum B00
    |--G. disparipes LK14
    |--G. ferdinandi NC91
    |    |--G. f. var. ferdinandi H90
    |    `--G. f. var. pubens H90
    |--G. harveyanum B00
    |--G. littorale P88
    |--G. lobocarpum NC91
    |--G. macrostigma K03
    |--G. perakense LK14
    |--G. philippicum B00
    |--G. sumatranum [incl. G. perakense var. supra-axillare] H90
    |--G. xerocarpum LK14
    `--G. zeylanicum UB06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[K03] Kulip, J. 2003. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and other useful plants of Muruts in Sabah, Malaysia. Telopea 10 (1): 81–98.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[UB06] Udayan, P. S., & I. Balachandran. 2006. Cleistanthus sankunnianus Sivar. & Indu Balach.—a rare and little known endemic plant rediscovered from wild populations in Kollam district of Kerala state, India. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 48: 217–218.

Elaeocarpaceae

Blueberry ash Elaeocarpus reticulatus, copyright David Lochlin.

Belongs within: Oxalidales.

The Elaeocarpaceae are a group of shrubs and trees found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world except in Africa (Harden 1990).

Characters (from Harden 1990): Trees or shrubs. Leaves mostly alternate or sometimes opposite, simple or 1-foliolate, commonly clustered at the end of branches; margins usually regularly toothed, sometimes entire or almost so; stipules small, frequently shed early. Inflorescence axillary, a raceme, panicle or dichasial cyme, or flowers solitary. Flowers actinomorphic, usually bisexual. Sepals mostly 4 or 5, distinct or fused at base, often valvate. Petals 4 or 5, free or rarely united, often deeply divided or petals absent. Stamens numerous, usually free, borne on a more or less enlarged disc or receptacle; anther 2-locular, usually much longer than the filament, dehiscing by apical pores, or apical or subapical slits; connective often elongated. Carpels 2–many, united, ovary superior. Fruit a capsule, drupe or berry.

<==Elaeocarpaceae [Elaeocarpineae]
    |--Crinodendron MC94
    |--Dubouzetia MC94
    |--Peripentadenia MC94
    |--Sloaneaecarpum eocenicum Râsky 1962 CBH93
    |--Echinocarpus CBH93
    |--Sloanea H90
    |    |--S. australis H90
    |    `--S. woolsii WP99
    |--Aristotelia L’Hér. 1786 A61
    |    |  i. s.: A. maqui D03
    |    |--+--A. australasica LC95
    |    |  `--A. peduncularis LC95
    |    `--+--A. chilensis LC95
    |       `--+--A. × colensoi Hook. f. 1864 [A. fruticosa × A. serrata; incl. A. × fruserrata Allan 1927] A61
    |          |--A. fruticosa Hooker 1852 LC95, A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |          `--A. serrata (Forster & Forster) Oliver 1921 LC95, A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |--Tetratheca BS05
    |    |--T. affinis BS05
    |    |--T. aphylla BS05
    |    |--T. chapmanii BS05
    |    |--T. confertifolia RL05
    |    |--T. efoliata BS05
    |    |--T. fordiana Butcher in Butcher & Sage 2005 BS05
    |    |--T. harperi BS05
    |    |--T. hirsuta GK00
    |    |--T. hispidissima GK00
    |    |--T. nuda GK00
    |    |--T. paynterae BS05
    |    |--T. pilosa H87
    |    |--T. retrorsa BS05
    |    |--T. setigera GK00
    |    `--T. virgata OS04
    |--Aceratium WB-P93
    |    |--A. doggrellii WB-P93
    |    `--A. ferrugineum WO95b
    `--Elaeocarpus Linnaeus 1753 A61
         |--E. angustifolius WM09
         |--E. bauerlenii [incl. E. longifolius (preoc.)] MB08
         |--E. costatus P82
         |--E. cyaneus R70
         |--E. decipiens MH98
         |--E. dentatus (Forster & Forster) Vahl 1794 A61 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |--E. d. var. dentatus A61
         |    `--E. d. var. obovatus Cheesem. 1907 A61
         |--E. elliffii WP99
         |--E. eumundii H90
         |--E. ferruginiflorus WO95b
         |--E. foveolatus WO95b
         |--E. grandis NC91
         |--E. holopetalus H90
         |--E. hookerianus Raoul 1846 A61
         |--E. kirtonii H90
         |--E. lancaefolius D07
         |--E. largiflorens WB-P93
         |--E. muelleri Ettingshausen 1886 F71
         |--E. obovatus non E. dentatus var. obovatus Cheesem. 1907 H90
         |--E. reticulatus W01
         |--E. sericopetalus WO95a
         |--E. sikkimensis D07
         |--E. stipularils CK06
         `--E. williamsianus H90

Aristotelia fruticosa Hooker 1852 LC95, A61 [incl. Myrsine brachyclada Colenso 1839 A61, A. fruticosa var. erecta Hooker 1852 A61, A. erecta Buchanan 1871 A61, A. fruticosa var. microphylla Hooker 1852 A61, A. fruticosa var. prostrata Hooker 1852 A61, A. fruticosa var. ridigula Simpson & Thomson 1947 A61, A. fruticosa var. suberecta Hooker 1852 A61]

Aristotelia serrata (Forster & Forster) Oliver 1921 LC95, A61 [=Dicera serrata Forster & Forster 1776 A61; incl. Friesia racemosa Cunn. 1840 A61, Aristotelia racemosa Hook. f. 1852 A61]

Elaeocarpus dentatus (Forster & Forster) Vahl 1794 A61 [=Dicera dentata Forster & Forster 1776 A61, Eriostemon dentatus C06; incl. Elaeocarpus cunninghamii Raoul 1846 A61, El. hinau Cunn. 1840 A61]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BS05] Butcher, R., & L. W. Sage. 2005. Tetratheca fordiana (Elaeocarpaceae), a new species from the Pilbara of Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (2): 73–76.

[CK06] Campbell, P., & T. H. Kunz. 2006. Cynopterus horsfieldii. Mammalian Species 802: 1–5.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[D07] Dash, S. S. 2007. Useful plants of Kabi Sacred Grove, Sikkim. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 79–88.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H87] Haviland, E. 1887. Flowering seasons of Australian plants. No. II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1103–1104.

[LC95] Linder, H. P., & M. D. Crisp. 1995. Nothofagus and Pacific biogeography. Cladistics 11: 5–32.

[MB08] Maiden, J. H., & E. Betche. 1908. Notes from the Botanic Gardens, Sydney. No. 13. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 304–319.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[MC94] Morrone, J. J., & J. M. Carpenter. 1994. In search of a method for cladistic biogeography: an empirical comparison of component analysis, Brooks parsimony analysis, and three-area statements. Cladistics 10: 99–153.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[P82] Pickard, J. 1982. Catastrophic disturbance and vegetation on Little Slope, Lord Howe Island. Australian Journal of Ecology 7: 161–170.

[RL05] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2005. Selective feeding by macropods on vegetation regenerating following fire. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 155–165.

[R70] Riek, E. F. 1970. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 867–959. Melbourne University Press.

[W01] Walter, D. E. 2001. Achilles and the mite: Zeno’s paradox and rainforest mite diversity. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 113–120. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[WB-P93] Walter, D. E., & V. M. Behan-Pelletier. 1993. Systematics and ecology of Adhaesozetes polyphyllos sp.nov. (Acari: Oribatida: Licneremaeoidea), a leaf-inhabiting mite from Australian rainforests. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71: 1024–1040.

[WO95a] Walter, D. E., & D. J. O'Dowd. 1995a. Beneath biodiversity: factors influencing the diversity and abundance of canopy mites. Selbyana 16 (1): 12–20.

[WO95b] Walter, D. E., & D. J. O'Dowd. 1995b. Life on the forest phylloplane: hairs, little houses, and myriad mites. In: M. D. Lowman, & N. M. Nadkarni (eds) Forest Canopies pp. 325–351. Academic Press, Inc.

[WP99] Walter, D. E., & H. C. Proctor. 1999. Mites: Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[WM09] Wang, H., M. J. Moore, P. S. Soltis, C. D. Bell, S. F. Brockington, R. Alexandre, C. C. Davis, M. Latvis, S. R. Manchester & D. E. Soltis. 2009. Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (10): 3853–3858.

Canthium

Canthium coromandelicum, copyright Vengolis.

Belongs within: Rubiaceae.

Canthium is a genus of deciduous, usually thorny shrubs and small trees found in the Old World tropics.

Characters (from Flora of China): Shrubs or small trees, sometimes dioecious, sometimes with short shoots, unarmed or sometimes with paired straight supra-axillary thorns. Raphides absent. Leaves opposite, with or without domatia; stipules persistent or caducous, interpetiolar, shortly united around stem, or fused to petiole bases, triangular, internally (i.e., adaxially) sometimes sericeous to pilose. Inflorescences axillary, cymose to fasciculate, few to several flowered, sessile to pedunculate, bracteate with bracts sometimes fused in calyculate pairs. Flowers subsessile to pedicellate, bisexual and monomorphic or sometimes unisexual. Calyx with ovary portion often subglobose to hemispherical; limb very short, truncate or 4- or 5-lobed. Corolla green to white or pale yellow, tubular, urceolate, or funnelform, with tube often constricted at top, inside variously pubescent but usually with ring of introrse hairs in tube; lobes 4 or 5, often long acuminate or aristate at apex, in bud valvate and often with apices held erect and pressed together forming apiculate projection, at anthesis notably reflexed. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted at corolla throat, partially to fully exserted; filaments short or reduced; anthers dorsifixed near base, elliptic to ovate, at anthesis reflexed. Ovary 2-5-celled, ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous from apical placenta; stigma included or exserted, capitate to cupular, entire to variously lobed, usually with style attachment recessed. Fruit brown, yellow, orange, or red, drupaceous, subglobose, ellipsoid, or often dicoccous when fully developed or reniform with only 1 seed, fleshy, with calyx limb caducous or infrequently persistent; pyrenes 2-5, 1-celled with 1 seed in each cell, ellipsoid to reniform, bony or crustaceous; seeds medium-sized to large, ellipsoid, cylindrical, or plano-convex; testa membranous; endosperm fleshy; radicle ascending.

<==Canthium
    |--C. attenuatum NC91
    |--C. coprosmoides NC91
    |--C. coromandelicum BJ99
    |--C. dicoccum P03
    |--C. neilgherrense RR02
    |    |--C. n. var. neilgherrense RR02
    |    `--C. n. var. chartaceum RR02
    |--C. odoratum B88
    |--C. oleifolium NC91
    `--C. parviflorum RS02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[BJ99] Bremer, B., R. K. Jansen, B. Oxelman, M. Backlund, H. Lantz & K.-J. Kim. 1999. More characters or more taxa for a robust phylogeny—case study from the coffee family (Rubiaceae). Systematic Biology 48 (3): 413–435.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

[RS02] Radhakrishna, S., & M. Singh. 2002. Activity schedule and habitat use of the slender loris Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 400–407.

[RR02] Ramachandran, V. S., & S. P. Raj. 2002. A note on the additional host range for the genus Korthasella van Tiegh. family Loranthaceae, from Nilgiris, southern India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 560.

Polyzosteriinae

Platyzosteria secunda, copyright CSIRO.

Belongs within: Blattaria.

The Polyzosteriinae are a group of commonly flightless cockroaches, many of which produce foul-smelling defensive chemicals. Diurnal species are often stikingly coloured whereas nocturnal species are more usually black or brownish (Rentz 1996).

Characters (from Rentz 1996): Tarsi usually short, unspined (hind and sometimes mid metatarsi spined), occasionally second hind tarsal segment spined, third hind tarsal segment bare; pulvilli and arolia large; claws usually asymmetrical; cerci often short with indistinct segmentation; male styles simple, symmetrical; left lateral phallomere with extensible hook, right phallomere heavily sclerotised; smooth, lobiform ventral phallomere present; female subgenital plate bivalvular.

<==Polyzosteriinae R96
    |--Methanini R96
    |    |--Scabina R96
    |    |--Temnelytra truncata R96
    |    |--Methana R96
    |    |    |--M. curvigera R96
    |    |    `--M. marginalis R96
    |    `--Drymaplaneta R96
    |         |--D. communis R96
    |         `--D. variegata WPT01
    `--Polyzosteriini R96
         |--Desmozosteria cincta R96
         |--Pseudolampra R96
         |--Eppertia R96
         |--Zonioploca medilinea R96, M74
         |--Megazosteria R96
         |--Euzosteria R96
         |--Anamesia R96
         |    |--A. polyzona C91
         |    `--A. uniformis MC13
         |--Cosmozosteria R96
         |    |--C. gloriosa R96
         |    |--C. sloanei R96
         |    |--C. subzonata R96
         |    `--C. zonata R96
         |--Polyzosteria R96
         |    |--P. limbata R96
         |    |--P. metallica R96
         |    |--P. mitchelli R96
         |    |--P. pubescens M74
         |    `--P. viridissima R96
         `--Platyzosteria R96
              |  i. s.: P. melanaria R91
              |         P. sublobata (Princis 1954) T13
              |         P. tibialis MC13
              |         P. tricaudata MC13
              `--P. (Melanozosteria) R96
                   |--P. (M.) castanea K91
                   |--P. (M.) circumducta R96
                   |--P. (M.) nitidella R96
                   `--P. (M.) secunda R96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C91] CSIRO. 1991. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[K91] Kathirithamby, J. 1991. Strepsiptera. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 684–695. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[M74] Mackerras, M. J. 1974. Blattodea (cockroaches). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers. Supplement 1974 pp. 37.Melbourne University Press.

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[R96] Rentz, D. 1996. Grasshopper Country: The abundant orthopteroid insects of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney.

[R91] Roth, L. M. 1991. Blatttodea. Blattaria (cockroaches). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 320–329. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[T13] Taylor, C. K. 2013. Annotated bibliography for Barrow Island terrestrial invertebrates. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 135–144.

[WPT01] Wharton, D. A., R. Poulin & C. L. Tyrell. 2001. Parasites of anostostomatid insects. In: Field, L. H. (ed.) The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies pp. 259–267. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

Last updated: 21 May 2022.