Eumalvoideae

Monarch rosemallow Hibiscus radiatus, copyright Prenn.

Belongs within: Malvoideae.
Contains: Malveae, Gossypium.

The Eumalvoideae are a clade of flowering plants corresponding to the 'Malvaceae' in the strict sense, excluding taxa previously classified in the Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae or Tiliaceae. The name was used by Baum et al. (2004) to refer to the smallest clade including the type species of the tribes Malveae, Gossypieae and Hibisceae. Members include Hibiscus, a widespread genus of plants bearing solitary, often showy flowers giving rise to capsular fruits, of which several species are widely cultivated as ornamentals. The Gossypieae are distinguished by the presence of glands producing gossypol, a compound toxic to herbivores. The portia tree Thespesia populnea is common in coastal regions of the Old World tropics and is used as a source of decorative wood.

<==Eumalvoideae BS04
    |--+--Malveae BS04
    |  `--+--Alyogyne BS04
    |     |    |--A. cuneiformis KM08
    |     |    |--A. hakeifolia N91
    |     |    `--A. pinoniana KM08
    |     `--Gossypieae BS04
    |          |--Gossypium BS04
    |          `--+--Hampea BS04
    |             `--Thespesia BS04
    |                  |--T. grandiflora S-CK06
    |                  |--T. lampas P03
    |                  |--T. populnea P88
    |                  |--T. populneoides LK14
    |                  `--T. thespesioides LK14
    `--Hibisceae BS04
         |--+--+--‘Hibiscus’ costatus BS04
         |  |  `--Decaschistia BS04
         |  |       |--D. byrnesii LK14
         |  |       |    |--D. b. ssp. byrnesii LK14
         |  |       |    `--D. b. ssp. lavandulacea LK14
         |  |       `--D. occidentalis LK14
         |  `--+--Malvaviscus arboreus BS04, RA07
         |     `--Pavonia BS04
         |          |--P. calycina LK14
         |          |--P. hastata H90
         |          |--P. multiflora NDA05
         |          |--P. procumbens PP07
         |          |--P. rehmannii CV06
         |          |--P. spinifex NDA05
         |          `--P. zeylanica PP07
         `--Hibiscus Linnaeus 1753 BS04, A61
              |  i. s.: H. austrinus LK14
              |         H. brachysiphonius H90
              |         H. cannabinus M99
              |         H. coatesii LK14
              |         H. denudatus H93
              |         H. dinteri CV06
              |         H. discophorus CV06
              |         H. diversifolius Jacquin 1781-1793 [incl. H. taylorii Buchanan 1870 (n. n.)] A61
              |         H. elatus RM07
              |         H. esculentus PT01
              |         H. fleckii CV06
              |         H. floccosus P88
              |         H. fluvialis LK14
              |         H. fryxellii LK14
              |           |--H. f. var. fryxellii LK14
              |           `--H. f. var. mollis LK14
              |         H. geranioides LK14
              |         H. heterophyllus H90
              |         H. hooglandianus Kosterm. 1960 [=Papuodendron hooglandianum (Kosterm.) Borss. 1966] C81
              |         H. insularis H90
              |         H. kenneallyi LK14
              |         H. krichauffianus H90
              |         H. lampas K72
              |         H. lasiocarpus [incl. H. californicus] H93
              |         H. leptocladus LK14
              |         H. manihot C55
              |         H. marenitensis LK14
              |         H. meraukensis LK14
              |         H. merxmuelleri CV06
              |         H. micranthus PP07
              |         H. minutibracteolus LK14
              |         H. mutabilis BB07
              |         H. papuodendron Kosterm. 1960 [incl. Papuodendron lepidotum White 1946] C81
              |         H. pentaphyllus LK14
              |         H. peralbus LK14
              |         H. pinonianus M99
              |         H. pungens DD73
              |         H. rayii R44
              |         H. reflexus LK14
              |         H. rosa-sinensis BS04
              |         H. sabdariffa M99
              |         H. schizopetalus RA07
              |         H. setulosus LK14
              |         H. splendens [=Abelmoschus splendens] H90
              |         H. stewartii LK14
              |         H. sturtii KM08
              |           |--H. s. var. sturtii H90
              |           `--H. s. var. grandiflorus H90
              |         H. sulfuranthus CV06
              |         H. superbus LK14
              |         H. syriacus BAN98
              |         H. tiliaceus LK14 [=Paritium tiliaceum C55]
              |         H. trionum Linnaeus 1753 A61 [incl. H. vesicarius Cav. 1787 A61, H. trionum var. vesicarius H90]
              `--H. sect. Furcaria S02
                   |--H. aculeatus [incl. H. furcatus] S02
                   `--H. radiatus Cavanilles 1787 S02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BB07] Baishya, A. K., & P. J. Bora. 2007. Cross community ethno-medico botany of Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve, Assam. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 121–154.

[BAN98] Baum, D. A., W. S. Anderson & R. Nyffeler. 1998. A durian by any other name: taxonomy and nomenclature of the core Malvales. Harvard Papers in Botany 3 (2): 315–330.

[BS04] Baum, D. A., S. D. Smith, A. Yen, W. S. Alverson, R. Nyffeler, B. A. Whitlock & R. L. Oldham. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships of Malvatheca (Bombacoideae and Malvoideae; Malvaceae sensu lato) as inferred from plastid DNA sequences. American Journal of Botany 91: 1863–1871.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[C81] Croft, J. R. 1981. Bombacaceae. In: Henty, E. E. (ed.) Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 2 pp. 4–18. Melbourne University Press.

[DD73] Deb, D. B., & R. M. Dutta. 1973. Contribution to the flora of Tirap Frontier Division. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (3): 547–573.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[K72] Krishnan, M. 1972. An ecological survey of the larger mammals of peninsular India (continued). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (2): 297–351.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

[NDA05] Nickrent, D. L., J. P. Der & F. E. Anderson. 2005. Discovery of the photosynthetic relatives of the "Maltese mushroom" Cynomorium. BMC Evolutionary Biology 5: 38.

[N91] Norris, K. R. 1991. General biology. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 68–108. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

[PT01] Pemberton, L. M. S., S.-L. Tsai, P. H. Lovell & P. J. Harris. 2001. Epidermal patterning in seedling roots of eudicotyledons. Annals of Botany 87: 649–654.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[RM07] Ramos, M., & G. J. de Moraes. 2007. Predatory mites associated with Steneotarsonemus spinki (Acari: Tarsonemidae) on rice in Cuba. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 459–462. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[R44] Rayment, T. 1944. A critical revision of species in the zonata group of Anthophora by new characters (part I). Dobutu Gaku—Iho 1 (1): 1–33.

[RA07] Rodrigues, J. C. V., D. Achor, E. W. Kitajima, N. L. Nogueira & C. C. Childers. 2007. Plant diseases and injuries associated with Brevipalpus mites. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 381–390. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[S02] Sharma, M. 2002. Occurrence of Hibiscus radiatus Cav. (Malvaceae) in Punjab. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 544–545.

[S-CK06] Soto-Centeno, J. A., & A. Kurta. 2006. Diet of two nectarivorous bats, Erophylla sezekorni and Monophyllus redmani (Phyllostomidae), on Puerto Rico. Journal of Mammalogy 87 (1): 19–26.

Last updated: 6 June 2022.

Abies

Nikko fir Abies homolepis, copyright MPF.

Belongs within: Pinaceae.

Abies, the firs, is a genus of conifers with erect seed cones native to the Northern Hemisphere. Leaf scars are smooth, round and flush with the surface of the stem (Hickman 1993).

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Young bark smooth, with resin blisters, mature bark thick, deeply furrowed; young branches appearing whorled; twig glabrous or hairy; leaf scars smooth, round, flush with surface; bud generally more or less spheric, generally <1 cm, more or less resinous. Leaves 2–9 cm, sessile, twisted at base to become two-ranked, often curved upward on upper twigs, generally more or less flat; upper surface with two longitudinal, whitish bands, midrib sometimes depressed; lower surface with or without whitish bands, midrib sometimes ridge-like. Seed cone erect, <23 cm, maturing first season; stalk generally absent; bracts, scales deciduous; bract included in scale or exserted, free from scale; axis persistent on stem. Seed with obvious resin deposits on surface; wing <2.5 cm. 2n=24 (where known).

<==Abies
    |--A. alba Miller 1768 SM14
    |--A. amabilis W85
    |--A. balsamea HP03
    |--A. bituminosa P92
    |--A. bracteata [incl. A. venusta] H93
    |--A. cephalonica RCT96
    |--A. concolor [incl. A. concolora var. lowiana] H93
    |--A. excelsa C55
    |--A. fabri MM12
    |--A. firma MM12
    |--A. grandis C84
    |--A. holophylla MM12
    |--A. homolepis MM12
    |--A. lasiocarpa H93
    |--A. magnifica F56
    |    |--A. m. var. magnifica H93
    |    `--A. m. var. shastensis H93
    |--A. mariesii T85
    |--A. nebrodensis R-CT01
    |--A. nephrolepis S00
    |--A. numidica EH06
    |--A. pectinata [incl. Pinus picea] C55
    |--A. pindrow N02
    |--A. procera M87
    |--A. religiosa C-MM-R07
    |--A. sachalinensis T03
    `--A. veitchii MM12
         |--A. v. var. veitchii A70
         `--A. v. var. shikokiana A70

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A70] Aoki, J. 1970. Descriptions of oribatid mites collected by smoking of trees with insecticides. I. Mt. Ishizuchi and Mt. Odaigahara. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo 13 (4): 585–602.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C-MM-R07] Castaño-Meneses, G., & B. E. Mejía-Recamier. 2007. Community structure of mites in Tillandsia violacea (Bromeliaceae) from a temperate forest of central Mexico. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 657–664. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[C84] Cokendolpher, J. C. 1984. Revision of the harvestman genus Leptobunus and dismantlement of the Leptobunidae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Palpatores). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 92 (4): 371–402.

[EH06] Eckert, A. J., & B. D. Hall. 2006. Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and patterns of diversification for Pinus (Pinaceae): phylogenetic tests of fossil-based hypotheses. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 166–182.

[F56] Foote, R. H. 1956. Gall midges associated with cones of western forest trees (Diptera: Itonididae). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (2): 48–57.

[HP03] Hauck, M., A. Paul, S. Gross & M. Raubuch. 2003. Manganese toxicity in epiphytic lichens: chlorophyll degradation and interaction with iron and phosphorus. Environmental and Experimental Botany 49: 181–191.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[MM12] Mao, K., R. I. Milne, L. Zhang, Y. Peng, J. Liu, P. Thomas, R. R. Mill & S. S. Renner. 2012. Distribution of living Cupressaceae reflects the breakup of Pangea. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (20): 7793–7798.

[M87] McAlpine, J. F. 1987. Pallopteridae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 839–843. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[N02] Negi, H. R. 2002. Abundance and diversity of moss communities of Chopta-Tunganath in the Garhwal Himalaya. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 418–433.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[RCT96] Ragusa Di Chiara, S., & H. Tsolakis. 1996. A. survey of phytoseiid mites (Phytoseiidae) associated with various plants in Sicily (Italy). In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 253–256. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[R-CT01] Ragusa-di Chiara, S., & H. Tsolakis. 2001. Phytoseiid faunas of natural and agricultural ecosystems in Sicily. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 522–529. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[S00] Siddiqi, M. R. 2000. Tylenchida: Parasites of plants and insects 2^nd ed. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[SM14] Smith, G. B., & J. M. McRae. 2014. New species of subterranean silverfish (Zygentoma: Nicoletiidae: Atelurinae) from Western Australia's semi-arid Pilbara region. Records of the Western Australian Museum 29: 105–127.

[T85] Tsurusaki, N. 1985. Geographic variation of chromosomes and external morphology in the montanum-subgroup of the Leiobunum curvipalpe-group (Arachnida, Opiliones, Phalangiidae) with special reference to its presumable process of raciation. Zoological Science 2: 767–783.

[T03] Tsurusaki, N. 2003. Phenology and biology of harvestmen in and near Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan, with some taxonomical notes on Nelima suzukii n. sp. and allies (Arachnida: Opiliones). Acta Arachnologica 52: 5–24.

[W85] Walter, D. E. 1985. The effects of litter type and elevation on colonization of mixed coniferous litterbags by oribatid mites. Pedobiologia 28: 383–387.

Last updated: 18 July 2021.

Dalbergieae

Zornia diphylla var. glochidiata, copyright JIRCAS.

Belongs within: Papilionoideae.

The Dalbergieae is a mostly pantropical group of legumes united by a distinctive root nodule morphology (Cardoso et al. 2013). Members include Pterocarpus, padauks, a pantropical genus of trees with indehiscent, orbicular fruits that are compressed to form a broad hardened wing around usually a single central seed. The peanut Arachis hypogaea is widely grown for its edible seeds which are produced in pods maturing underground.

<==Dalbergieae [Aeschynomeneae] CP13
    |  i. s.: Geissaspis CP13
    |--+--Adesmia CP13
    |  |    |--A. boronioides D03
    |  |    |--A. lanata CP13
    |  |    `--A. retusa D03
    |  `--+--+--Chaetocalyx scandens CP13
    |     |  `--Nissolia hirsuta CP13
    |     `--+--Poiretia angustifolia CP13
    |        `--+--Amicia glandulosa CP13
    |           `--Zornia CP13
    |                |--Z. albiflora LK14
    |                |--Z. chaetophora LK14
    |                |--Z. diphylla C55
    |                |    |--Z. d. var. diphylla C55
    |                |    `--Z. d. var. glochidiata C55
    |                |--Z. gibbosa PP07
    |                |--Z. muriculata LK14
    |                `--Z. prostrata LK14
    `--+--+--+--Weberbauerella brongniartioides CP13
       |  |  `--+--+--‘Aeschynomene’ purpusii CP13
       |  |     |  `--+--Steinbachiella leptoclada CP13
       |  |     |     `--Machaerium capote CP13
       |  |     `--Dalbergia CP13
       |  |          |--D. candenatensis B00b
       |  |          |--D. congestiflora CP13
       |  |          |--D. diemenii Ettingshausen 1883 F71
       |  |          |--D. ecastaphyllum CP13
       |  |          |--D. glabra VKC07
       |  |          |--D. sissoo HU08
       |  |          `--D. volubilis P03
       |  `--+--+--Diphysa floribunda CP13
       |     |  |--Pictetia CP13
       |     |  |    |--P. aculeata SWK87
       |     |  |    `--P. marginata CP13
       |     |  `--+--Zygocarpum yemenense CP13
       |     |     `--+--Ormocarpum keniense CP13
       |     |        `--Ormocarpopsis [incl. Peltiera] CP13
       |     |             `--O. itremoensis CP13
       |     `--+--Aeschynomene CP13
       |        |    |--A. americana LK14
       |        |    |--A. hirsuta B00a
       |        |    |--A. indica CP13
       |        |    |--A. nilotica GC05
       |        |    `--A. rudis H93
       |        `--+--Humularia corbisieri CP13
       |           |--Smithia ciliata CP13
       |           |--+--Bryaspis lupulina CP13
       |           |  `--Kotschya ochreata CP13
       |           `--+--Cyclocarpa stellaris CP13
       |              `--Soemmeringia semperflorens CP13
       `--+--+--Discolobium psoraleifolium CP13
          |  `--Riedeliella graciliflora CP13
          `--+--Platymiscium CP13
             |    |--P. stipulare CP13
             |    `--P. trifoliatum GB91
             `--+--+--+--Cascaronia astragalina CP13
                |  |  `--Geoffroea CP13
                |  |       |--G. decorticans RJ11
                |  |       `--G. spinosa CP13
                |  `--+--+--Fiebrigiella gracilis CP13
                |     |  `--Fissicalyx fendleri CP13
                |     `--+--Chapmannia gracilis CP13
                |        `--+--Arachis CP13
                |           |    |--A. hypogaea CP13
                |           |    `--A. pintoi CP13
                |           `--Stylosanthes CP13
                |                |--S. capitata CP13
                |                |--S. guianensis LK14
                |                |--S. hamata LK14
                |                |--S. humilis M99
                |                |--S. scabra LK14
                |                `--S. viscosa LK14
                `--+--Grazielodendron riodocense CP13
                   |--Platypodium elegans CP13
                   |--+--Brya ebenus CP13
                   |  `--Cranocarpus martii CP13
                   |--Acosmium CP13
                   |    |--A. lentiscifolium CP13
                   |    `--+--A. cardenasii CP13
                   |       `--A. diffusissimum CP13
                   `--+--+--Paramachaerium schomburgkii CP13
                      |  `--+--Etaballia guianensis CP13
                      |     `--Pterocarpus CP13
                      |          |--P. draco BMM99
                      |          |--P. erinaceus BMM99
                      |          |--P. indicus CP13
                      |          |--P. officianalis SWK87
                      |          `--P. santalinoides BMM99
                      `--+--Maraniona lavinii CP13
                         `--+--+--Centrolobium robustum CP13
                            |  `--Ramorinoa girolae CP13
                            `--+--Tipuana tipu CP13
                               `--Inocarpus CP13
                                    |--I. edulis CP13
                                    `--I. fagifer CP13

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B00a] Braby, M. F. 2000a. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[B00b] Braby, M. F. 2000b. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[BMM99] Braun, U., J. Mouchacca & E. H. C. McKenzie. 1999. Cercosporoid hyphomycetes from New Caledonia and some other South Pacific islands. New Zealand Journal of Botany 37: 297–327.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CP13] Cardoso, D., R. T. Pennington, L. P. de Queiroz, J. S. Boatwright, B.-E. Van Wyk, M. F. Wojciechowski & M. Lavin. 2013. Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes. South African Journal of Botany 89: 58–75.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[GC05] Granjon, L., J.-F. Cosson, E. Quesseveur & B. Sicard. 2005. Population dynamics of the multimammate rat Mastomys huberti in an annually flooded agricultural region of central Mali. Journal of Mammalogy 86 (5): 997–1008.

[GB91] Gutierrez, J., H. R. Bolland, J. Etienne & D. Cotton. 1991. Deuterotoky in Mononychellus caribbeanae (Acari: Tetranychidae) on cassava in Guadeloupe. Karyotype and preliminary biological data. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 2 pp. 443–447. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[HU08] Hore, U., & V. P. Uniyal. 2008. Diversity and composition of spider assemblages in five vegetation types of the Terai Conservation Area, India. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 251–258.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.

[VKC07] Vázquez, M. M., H. Klompen & C. I. Chargoy. 2007. Study of the Uropodina (Acari: Mesostigmata) in tropical forests of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico and Belize. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 43–50. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

Last updated: 28 March 2021.

Fragariinae

Lady's mantle Alchemilla venosa, from Gardeners' World.

Belongs within: Roperculina.

The Fragariinae are a clade of rosaceous plants defined by Eriksson et al. (2003) as the most inclusive clade including Fragaria vesca but no Potentilla anserina, P. reptans or Sanguisorba officinalis. Members of the genus Fragaria, the strawberries, are widely grown for their edible fruits.

<==Fragariinae
    |  i. s.: Sibbaldianthe [incl. Schistophyllidium] EH03
    |--+--Fragaria EH03
    |  |    |--F. × ananassa EH03 [=F. chiloensis var. ananassa RS99]
    |  |    |--F. chiloensis [incl. F. chiloensis ssp. pacifica] H93
    |  |    |--F. elatior C55b
    |  |    |--F. grandiflora TS07
    |  |    |--F. nilgerrensis O88
    |  |    |--F. nubicola O88
    |  |    |--F. vesca [incl. F. vesca ssp. californica, F. crinita] H93
    |  |    `--F. virginiana [incl. F. virginiana ssp. platypetala] H93
    |  `--+--Chamaerhodos erecta EH03
    |     |--Drymocallis EH03
    |     |    `--‘Potentilla’ arguta EH03
    |     `--Dasiphora [incl. Pentaphylloides] EH03
    |          `--‘Potentilla’ fruticosa EH03
    |               |--P. f. var. fruticosa O88
    |               |--P. f. var. ochreata O88
    |               |--P. f. var. pumila O88
    |               `--P. f. var. rigida O88
    `--+--‘Potentilla’ bifurca EH03
       |--Comarum EH03
       |    |--‘Potentilla’ palustris EH03
       |    `--‘Potentilla’ salesowianum EH03
       |--+--Sibbaldiopsis EH03
       |  |    `--‘Potentilla’ tridentata EH03
       |  `--Sibbaldia EH03
       |       |--S. cuneata O88
       |       |--S. micropetala O88
       |       |--S. perpusilloides O88
       |       |--S. procumbens EH03
       |       |--S. purpurea O88
       |       |--S. sikkimensis O88
       |       `--S. tetrandra O88
       `--+--Lachemilla EH03
          |--Zygalchemilla EH03
          |--Aphanes EH03
          |    |--A. arvensis EH03
          |    |--A. microcarpa HE80
          |    |--A. minutiflora GR98
          |    `--A. occidentalis [=Alchemilla occidentalis] H93
          `--Alchemilla EH03
               |  i. s.: A. alpina EH03
               |         A. arvensis C06
               |         A. minusculiflora H-AB00
               |         A. mollis EH03
               |         A. orthotricha H-AB00
               |         A. pseudocartalinica H-AB00
               |         A. straminea H-AB00
               |         A. vulgaris C55a
               |         A. ziganadagensis H-AB00
               `--A. sect. Alchemilla subsect. Calycantum ser. Calycinae H-AB00
                    |--A. ancerensis H-AB00
                    |--A. dura H-AB00
                    |--A. ellenbergiana H-AB00
                    |--A. procerrima H-AB00
                    |--A. retinervis H-AB00
                    |--A. transcaucasica H-AB00
                    `--A. venosa H-AB00

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[EH03] Eriksson, T., M. S. Hibbs, A. D. Yoder, C. F. Delwiche & M. J. Donoghue. 2003. The phylogeny of Rosoideae (Rosaceae) based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the trnL/F region of chloroplast DNA. International Journal of Plant Science 164 (2): 197–211.

[GR98] Greuter, W., & T. Raus (eds.) 1998. Med-Checklist Notulae, 17. Willdenowia 28: 163–174.

[H-AB00] Hayirlioğlu-Ayaz, S., & O. Beyazoğlu. 2000. Chromosome counts of some Alchemilla species from series Calycinae. Biologia 55: 387–392.

[HE80] Healy, A. J., & E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand vol. 3. Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19-46.

[RS99] Rossman, A. Y., G. J. Samuels, C. T. Rogerson & R. Lowen. 1999. Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes). Studies in Mycology 42: 1–248.

[TS07] Takafuji, A., S. Santoso, N. Hinomoto, C.-I. T. Shih, C.-C. Ho & T. Gotoh. 2007. Comparison between Taiwanese and Japanese populations of Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida (Acari: Tetranychidae) in diapause characteristics and DNA sequences. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 705–714. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

Aconoidasida

Mature Plasmodium malariae schizont among red blood cells, from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Belongs within: Sporozoa.

The Aconoidasida are a group of sporozoans lacking the conoid in at least the asexual stages of the life cycle; members of this group include species of significance to human such as malaria-causing Plasmodium and Theileria causing diseases in livestock. Within the clade, members of the Haemosporida possess ciliated microgametes and a motile zygote with a conoid whereas Piroplasmorida lack cilia and conoids at all stages of the life cycle (Adl et al. 2012).

Characters (from Adl et al. 2019): Apical complex lacking conoid in asexual motile stages; some diploid motile zygotes (ookinetes) with conoid; macrogametes and microgametes forming independently; heteroxenous.

<==Aconoidasida [Haematozoa] AS12
    |--Nephromycida AB19
    |    |--Cardiosporidium cionae AB19, SM10
    |    `--Nephromyces Giard 1888 [Nephromycida, Nephromycidae] SM10
    |--Haemospororida [Haemosporea, Haemosporidia] AS12
    |    |--Haemoproteus columbae AS12, E-KOS07
    |    |--Leucocytozoon simondi AS12, K92
    |    |--Mesnilium AS12
    |    |--Polychromophilus dionisi G10
    |    |--Bioccala deanei G10
    |    |--Dionisia AB19
    |    |--Haemocystidium AB19
    |    |--Hepatocystis AB19
    |    |--Nycteria AB19
    |    |--Parahaemoproteus AB19
    |    |--Saurocytozoon AB19
    |    `--Plasmodium AS12
    |         |--P. berghei SM03
    |         |--P. brasilianum E83
    |         |--P. chabaudi GLB04
    |         |--P. cynomolgi NMR-H99
    |         |--P. falciparum LCK03
    |         |--P. gallinaceum PB96
    |         |--P. knowlesi E83
    |         |--P. malariae PHK96
    |         |--P. melaniferum KK54
    |         |--P. ovale PHK96
    |         |--P. reichenowi GLB04
    |         |--P. relictum D05
    |         |--P. rodhaini E83
    |         |--P. schwetzi E83
    |         |--P. vivax C-SC04
    |         `--P. yoelii GLB04
    `--Piroplasmorida [Aconoidina, Piroplasmea, Piroplasmomorphina] AS12
         |  i. s.: Anthemosoma AB19
         |         Echinozoon AB19
         |         Haemohormidium terraenovae AB19, K-M02
         |         Sauroplasma AB19
         |         Serpentoplasma AB19
         |--+--Cytauxzoon felis SM10
         |  `--Theileria [Theileriidae] SM10
         |       |--T. annulata E-KOS07
         |       |--T. buffeli FKK91
         |       |--T. hirci LC96
         |       |--T. lestoquardi SM10
         |       |--T. mutans MPV91
         |       |--T. orientalis FKK91
         |       |--T. parva SM10
         |       `--T. sergenti FKK91
         `--Babesia SM10
              |--B. bigemmina E-KOS07
              |--B. bovis LCK03
              |--B. caballi LC96
              |--B. divergens GK01
              |--B. equi PB96
              |--B. gibsoni MO08
              |--B. major LL96
              |--B. microti GK01
              |--B. motasi LC96
              |--B. odocoilei SM10
              |--B. ovata LC96
              `--B. rodhaini NMR-H99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AB19] Adl, S. M., D. Bass, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov, S. Agatha, C. Berney, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, P. Cárdenas, I. Čepička, L. Chistyakova, J. del Campo, M. Dunthorn, B. Edvardsen, Y. Eglit, L. Guillou, V. Hampl, A. A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, T. Y. James, A. Karnkowska, S. Karpov, E. Kim, M. Kolisko, A. Kudryavtsev, D. J. G. Lahr, E. Lara, L. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, D. G. Mann, R. Massana, E. A. D. Mitchell, C. Morrow, J. S. Park, J. W. Pawlowski, M. J. Powell, D. J. Richter, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, S. Shimano, F. W. Spiegel, G. Torruella, N. Youssef, V. Zlatogursky & Q. Zhang. 2019. Revisions to the classification, nomenclature, and diversity of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 66: 4–119.

[AS12] Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, D. Bass, S. S. Bowser, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, M. Dunthorn, V. Hampl, A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, E. Lara, E. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, H. McManus, E. A. D. Mitchell, S. E. Mozley-Stanridge, L. W. Parfrey, J. Pawlowski, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov & F. W. Spiegel. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–493.

[C-SC04] Cavalier-Smith, T., & E. E. Chao. 2004. Protalveolate phylogeny and systematics and the origins of Sporozoa and dinoflagellates (phylum Myzozoa nom. nov.) European Journal of Protistology 40: 185–212.

[D05] Derraik, J. G. B. 2005. Recommendations for mosquito control in zoological parks to reduce disease transmission risk. Weta 29: 16–20.

[E-KOS07] El-Kammah, K. M., L. M. I. Oyoun & S. A. Shafy. 2007. The role of Argas persicus (Acari: Ixodoidea) in the maintenance and transmission of Haemoproteus columbae and Borrelia anserina to poultry. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 215–221. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[E83] Ewald, P. W. 1983. Host-parasite relations, vectors, and the evolution of disease severity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 14: 465–485.

[FKK91] Fujisaki, K., T. Kamio & S. Kawazu. 1991. Theileria sergenti cannot be regarded as the same species as T. buffeli and T. orientalis because of its transmissibility only by Kaiseriana ticks. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 233–237. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[G10] Graciolli, G. 2010. Nycteribiidae (bat flies, spider bat flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1261–1266. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[GK01] Gray, J. S., & O. Kahl. 2001. Ticks as vectors of zoonotic pathogens in Europe. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 547–551. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[GLB04] Gray, M. W., B. F. Lang & G. Burger. 2004. Mitochondria of protists. Annual Review of Genetics 38: 477–524.

[K-M02] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002. Cods. Family Gadidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 223–261. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[KK54] Klemmer, K., & H. E. Krampitz. 1954. Zur Kenntnis der Säugetierfauna Siziliens. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35 (3–4): 121–135.

[K92] Krylov, M. V. 1992. The origin of heteroxeny in Sporozoa. Parazitologiya 26 (5): 361–368.

[LCK03] Leander, B. S., R. E. Clopton & P. J. Keeling. 2003. Phylogeny of gregarines (Apicomplexa) as inferred from small-subunit rDNA and β-tubulin. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 345–354.

[LC96] Li, D., & Q. Chen. 1996. Studies on piroplasmoses and the tick (Ixodidae) vectors in China. In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 469–471. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[LL96] Liebisch, A., & G. Liebisch. 1996. Hard ticks (Ixodidae) biting humans in Germany and their infection with Borrelia burgdorferi. In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 465–468. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[MO08] Moore, R. B., M. Oborník, J. Janouškovec, T. Chrudimský, M. Vancová, D. H. Green, S. W. Wright, N. W. Davies, C. J. S. Bolch, K. Heimann, J. Šlapeta, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, J. M. Logsdon, Jr. & D. A. Carter. 2008. A photosynthetic alveolate closely related to apicomplexan parasites. Nature 451: 959–963.

[MPV91] Mwase, E. T., R. G. Pegram & M. G. R. Varma. 1991. The development and survival of Amblyomma variegatum Fabricius (Acari: Ixodidae) under quasi-natural conditions in Zimbabwe. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 239–244. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[NMR-H99] Norén, F., Ø. Moestrup & A.-S. Rehnstam-Holm. 1999. Parvilucifera infectans Norén et Moestrup gen. et sp. nov. (Perkinsozoa phylum nov.): a parasitic flagellate capable of killing toxic microalgae. European Journal of Protistology 35: 233–254.

[PB96] Pawlowski, J., I. Bolivar, J. F. Fahrni, T. Cavalier-Smith & M. Gouy. 1996. Early origin of Foraminifera suggested by SSU rRNA gene sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 13 (3): 445–450.

[PHK96] Prescott, L. M., J. P. Harley & D. A. Klein. 1996. Microbiology 3^rd ed. Wm. C. Brown Publishers: Dubuque (Iowa).

[SM10] Saffo, M. B., A. M. McCoy, C. Rieken & C. H. Slamovits. 2010. Nephromyces, a beneficial apicomplexan symbiont in marine animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 107 (37): 16190–16195.

[SM03] Saldarriaga, J. F., M. L. McEwan, N. M. Fast, F. J. R. Taylor & P. J. Keeling. 2003. Multiple protein phylogenies show that Oxyrrhis marina and Perkinsus marinus are early branches of the dinoflagellate lineage. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 355–365.

Last updated: 21 December 2019.

Myriangiales

Elsinoe veneta on raspberry leaf, copyright James Lindsey.

Belongs within: Dothideomyceta.

The Myriangiales are a group of mostly plant-pathogenic fungi, characterised by the development of a single ascus in each chamber of a well-developed, often gelatinous stroma.

Myriangiales
    |--Myriangiaceae EB03
    |    |--Myriangium duriaei EB03, PA-W02
    |    |--Anhellia EB03
    |    `--Eurytheca EB03
    `--Elsinoaceae EB03
         |--Beelia EB03
         |--Butleria EB03
         |--Hemimyriangium EB03
         |--Hyalotheles EB03
         |--Micularia EB03
         |--Molleriella EB03
         |--Saccardinula EB03
         |--Stephanotheca EB03
         |--Xenodium EV03
         `--Elsinoe EB03
              |  i. s.: E. fawcetti RA07
              |--E. veneta SS09
              `--+--E. centrolobi SS09
                 `--E. phaseoli SS09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[EB03] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, G. Rambold & T. Laessøe (eds.) 2003. Outline of Ascomycota—2003. Myconet 9: 1–89.

[PA-W02] Pang, K.-L., M. A. Abdel-Wahab, S. Sivichai, H. M. El-Sharouney & E. B. G. Jones. 2002. Jahnulales (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota): a new order of lignicolous freshwater ascomycetes. Mycological Research 106 (9): 1031–1042.

[RA07] Rodrigues, J. C. V., D. Achor, E. W. Kitajima, N. L. Nogueira & C. C. Childers. 2007. Plant diseases and injuries associated with Brevipalpus mites. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 381–390. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[SS09] Schoch, C. L., G.-H. Sung, F. López-Giráldez, J. P. Townsend, J. Miadlikowska, V. Hofstetter, B. Robbertse, P. B. Matheny, F. Kauff, Z. Wang, C. Gueidan, R. M. Andrie, K. Trippe, L. M. Ciufetti, A. Wynns, E. Fraker, B. P. Hodkinson, G. Bonito, J. Z. Groenewald, M. Arzanlou, G. S. de Hoog, P. W. Crous, D. Hewitt, D. H. Pfister, K. Peterson, M. Gryzenhout, M. J. Wingfield, A. Aptroot, S.-O. Suh, M. Blackwell, D. M. Hillis, G. W. Griffith, L. A. Castlebury, A. Y. Rossman, H. T. Lumbsch, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, A. Rauhut, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, D. M. Geiser, K. Hosaka, P. Inderbitzin, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, L. Mostert, K. O'Donnell, H. Sipman, J. D. Rogers, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Sugiyama, R. C. Summerbell, W. Untereiner, P. R. Johnston, S. Stenroos, A. Zuccaro, P. S. Dyer, P. D. Crittenden, M. S. Cole, K. Hansen, J. M. Trappe, R. Yahr, F. Lutzoni & J. W. Spatafora. 2009. The Ascomycota tree of life: a phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits. Systematic Biology 58 (2): 224–239.

Hypocreaceae

Conidiophores of Trichoderma harzianum, from the US Dept of Agriculture.

Belongs within: Hypocreales.

The Hypocreaceae are a group of fungi with stroma ranging from 1 mmm to 5 cm or more in diameter, commonly found growing on bark, wood, or on the fruiting bodies of macrofungi (Rossman et al 1999).

Characters (from Rossman et al. 1999): Stroma generally discrete or effuse, often light- to bright-coloured in shades of white, pale yellow, orange or red, rarely black. Ascomata generally immersed in stroma; if superfical then on thin, compact stroma on gill-less basidiocarps; rarely subiculum absent with a Gliocadium anamorph; anamorphs otherwise generally phialidic. Ascospores generally disarticulating, rarely transversely striate, if non-disarticulating then ascal apex often thickened and ascomata immmersed in thin to cottony subiculum on basidiocarp.

Hypocreaceae
    |--Sphaerostilbella (Henn.) Saccardo & Saccardo 1905 HM17, RS99 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--*S. lutea (Henn.) Saccardo & Saccardo 1905 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |    |--S. aureonitens (Tulasne & Tulasne) Seifert, Samuels & Gams 1985 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |    |--S. berkeleyana (Plowr. & Cooke) Samuels & Candoussau 1995 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |    `--S. novaezelandiae Seifert, Samuels & Gams 1985 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    `--+--Arachnocrea Moravec 1956 HM17, RS99
       |    |--*A. stipata (Fuckel) Moravec 1956 (see below for synonymy) RS99
       |    `--A. scabrida Doi 1972 RS99
       `--Trichoderma HM17
            |--*T. viride RS99, HM17
            |--T. harzianum [incl. Hypocrea nigricans] O96
            |--T. koningii ZU10
            |--T. lignorum C07
            |--T. reesei HH99
            `--T. rufa HM17

Hypocreaceae incertae sedis:
  Dialhypocrea Spegazzini 1919 RS99
    `--*D. puiggariana Spegazzini 1919 (see below for synonymy) RS99
  Pseudohypocrea Doi 1972 RS99
    `--*P. citrinella (Ellis & Everh.) Doi 1972 (see below for synonymy) RS99
  Rogersonia Samuels & Lodge 1996 RS99
    `--*R. striolata Samuels & Lodge 1996 RS99
  Aphysiostroma Barrasa, Martínez & Moreno 1986 RS99
    `--*A. stercorarium Barrasa, Martínez & Moreno 1986 RS99
  Hypocreopsis Karsten 1873 [=Dozya Karsten 1873 non Lacoste 1866] RS99
    |--H. lichenoides (Tode) Seaver 1910 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    `--H. rhododendri RS99
  Sarawakus Lloyd 1924 RS99
    |--*S. lycogaloides (Berkeley & Broome) Lloyd 1924 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    `--S. succisus RS99
  Podostroma Karsten 1892 [incl. Podocrea Lindau in Engler & Prantl 1897] RS99
    |--P. alutaceum (Persoon: Fries) Atkinson 1905 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |--‘Podocrea’ cornu-damae RS99
    `--‘Podocrea’ solmsii RS99
  Protocrea Petch 1937 RS99
    |--*P. farinosa (Berkeley & Broome) Petch 1937 [=Hypocrea farinosa Berkeley & Broome 1851] RS99
    |--P. delicatula Tulasne & Tulasne 1860 RS99
    `--P. latissima Mercuri & Ranalli 1976 RS99
  Hypomyces (Fries) Tulasne 1860 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |--*H. lactifluorum [=Sphaeria lactifluorum] RS99
    |--H. armeniacus [incl. Hypocrea apiculata, *Clintoniella apiculata, Hypomyces apiculatus] RS99
    |--H. asterophorus H04
    |--H. aurantius [=Sphaeria aurantia, *Bonordenia aurantia] RS99
    |--H. banningiae RS99
    |--H. chrysospermus [=*Apiocrea chrysosperma] RS99
    |--H. lateritius RS99
    |--H. lithuanicus RS99
    |--H. luteovirens [incl. Sphaeria viridis, Hypomyces viridis, *Peckiella viridis] RS99
    |--H. polyporinus RS99
    |--H. rosellus [incl. Sphaeria rhodomela, *Chiajaea rhodomela] RS99
    |--H. tremellicola [=Hypocreopsis tremellicola, Nectriopsis tremellicola] RS99
    `--H. trichothecoides RS99
  Hypocrea Fries 1825 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |--*H. rufa (Persoon: Fries) Fries 1849 [=Sphaeria rufa Persoon 1796: Fries 1822] RS99
    |--H. americana SS09
    |--H. aureoviridis RS99 [=Trichoderma aureoviride ZB10]
    |    |--H. a. f. aureoviridis RS99
    |    `--H. a. f. macrospora RS99
    |--H. avellanea RS99
    |--H. brevipes RS99
    |--H. ceramica [=Chromocrea ceramica] RS99
    |--H. cerebriformis RS99
    |--H. cervina RS99
    |--H. cinereoflava RS99
    |--H. citrina RS99
    |--H. crustalina (Schulzer, Kanitz & Knapp) Saccardo & Traverso 1910 (n. d.) (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |--H. gelatinosa [=Sphaeria gelatinosa, *Chromocrea gelatinosa, *Creopus gelatinosus] RS99
    |--H. lactea RS99
    |--H. larvata RS99
    |--H. lutea JKW03
    |--H. pallida RS99
    |--H. petersii RS99
    |--H. poronioidea RS99
    |--H. pseudokoningii RS99
    |--H. pulvinata [incl. Protocrea fungicola (Karsten) Vassilyeva 1998] RS99
    |--H. schweinitzii RS99
    `--H. spinulosa [=Chromocrea spinulosa, Creopus spinulosus] RS99
  Polystigmites T93

*Arachnocrea stipata (Fuckel) Moravec 1956 [=Hypocrea stipata Fuckel 1871, Protocrea stipata (Fuckel) Petch 1937, Sphaeria stipata Lib. 1837 non Schweinitz 1832; incl. Hypomyces arachnoideus Schroeter in Cohn 1908, Hypocrea papyracea Ellis & Holw. 1886, Arachnocrea papyracea (Ellis & Holw.) Müller 1962, Hypomyces papyraceus (Ellis & Holw.) Seaver 1910] RS99

*Dialhypocrea puiggariana Spegazzini 1919 [=Hypocrea puiggariana (Spegazzini) Müller in Müller & von Arx 1962, Neoskofitzia puiggariana (Spegazzini) Weese 1927] RS99

Hypocrea Fries 1825 [incl. Chromocrea Seaver 1910, Creopus Link 1833, Debarya Schulzer, Kanitz & Knapp 1866] RS99

Hypocrea crustalina (Schulzer, Kanitz & Knapp) Saccardo & Traverso 1910 (n. d.) [=*Debarya crustalina Schulzer, Kanitz & Knapp 1866] RS99

Hypocreopsis lichenoides (Tode) Seaver 1910 [=Acrospermum lichenoides Tode 1790, incl. Stromatocrea cerebriformis Cooke 1952, Hypocrea digitata Ellis & Everh. 1885, Sphaeria parmelioides Montagne 1836, Hypocrea parmelioides (Montagne) Montagne 1856, S. riccioidea Bolton 1791, Dozya riccioidea (Bolton) Karsten 1873, Hypocrea riccioidea (Bolton) Berkeley 1860, *Hypocreopsis riccioidea (Bolton) Karsten 1873] RS99

Hypomyces (Fries) Tulasne 1860 [=Hypocrea subg. Hypomyces Fries 1825; incl. Apiocrea Sydow & Sydow 1921, Bonordenia Schulzer 1866, Chiajaea von Höhnel 1920, Hypocrea subg. Clintoniella Saccardo 1883, Clintoniella (Saccardo) Rehm 1900, Hypomyces subg. Peckiella Saccardo 1883, Peckiella (Saccardo) Saccardo 1891, Sepedonium] RS99

Podostroma alutaceum (Persoon: Fries) Atkinson 1905 [=Sphaeria alutacea Persoon 1797: Fries 1822, *Podocrea alutacea (Persoon: Fries) Lindau 1897; incl. *Podostroma leucopus Karsten 1892] RS99

*Pseudohypocrea citrinella (Ellis & Everh.) Doi 1972 [=Hypocrea citrinella Ellis & Everh. 1876, Arachnocrea citrinella (Ellis) Moravec 1956, Hypomyces citrinellus (Ellis) Seaver 1910] RS99

*Sarawakus lycogaloides (Berkeley & Broome) Lloyd 1924 [=Hypoxylon lycogaloides Berkeley & Broome 1873, Penzigia lycogaloides (Berkeley & Broome) Saccardo 1891, Sarcoxylon lycogaloides (Berkeley & Broome) Cooke 1883; incl. Hypocrea rhytidospora Ces. 1879, Clintoniella rhytidospora (Ces.) Saccardo & Sydow 1902] RS99

Sphaerostilbella (Henn.) Saccardo & Saccardo 1905 HM17, RS99 [=Sphaerostilbe subg. Sphaerostilbella Henn. 1901 RS99; incl. Gliocladium RS99]

Sphaerostilbella aureonitens (Tulasne & Tulasne) Seifert, Samuels & Gams 1985 [=Hypomyces aureonitens Tulasne & Tulasne 1865, Hyphonectria aureonitens (Tulasne & Tulasne) Petch 1937, Hypolyssus aureonitens (Tulasne & Tulasne) Kuntze 1898, Nectriopsis aureonitens (Tulasne & Tulasne) Maire 1911; incl. Hypomyces arenaceus Smith 1901, Nectria mycetophila Peck 1873, Nectriella mycetophila (Peck) Saccardo 1883, Nectria parvispora Winter 1886, Cucurbitaria parvispora (Winter) Kuntze 1898, *Gliocladium penicillioides, Dialonectria sulfurea Ellis & Calk. 1888, C. sulfurea (Ellis & Calk.) Kuntze 1898, Nectria sulfurea (Ellis & Calk.) Saccardo 1891] RS99

Sphaerostilbella berkeleyana (Plowr. & Cooke) Samuels & Candoussau 1995 [=Hypomyces berkeleyanus Plowr. & Cooke 1882, Hyphonectria berkeleyana (Plowr. & Cooke) Petch 1937, Hypolyssus berkeleyanus (Plowr. & Cooke) Kuntze 1898, Nectria berkeleyana (Plowr. & Cooke) Dingley 1951, Nectriopsis berkeleyana (Plowr. & Cooke) Maire 1911] RS99

*Sphaerostilbella lutea (Henn.) Saccardo & Saccardo 1905 [=Sphaerostilbe lutea Henn. 1901; incl. Stilbum aurifilum Gerard 1874, Ciliciopodium aurifilum (Gerard) Cooke 1890, Dendrostilbella aurifila (Gerard) Seifert & MacKinnon 1983, Gliocladium aurifilum (Gerard) Seifert, Samuels & Gams 1985, Stilbum mycetophilum Ahmad 1961, St. zacalloxanthum Moore 1959] RS99

Sphaerostilbella novaezelandiae Seifert, Samuels & Gams 1985 [incl. Gliocladium novaezelandiae Seifert, Samuels & Gams 1985] RS99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

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