Trochinae

Strawberry top shell Tectus conus, copyright J. C. Schou.

Belongs within: Trochidae.

The Trochinae are a group of marine gastropods with conical or turbiniform, nodose shells with a quadrangular aperture with strongly discordant lips. Their fossil record extends from the Upper Cretaceous to the present. In the Miocene to recent genus Trochus, the shell is conical and has a more or less flattened base. The New Zealand Thoristella has a small, smooth, similarly shaped shell with a rounded-carinate periphery and smooth columella. The genus Clanculus, known right back to the Upper Cretaceous, has a rather small, rounded-conical, often beaded shell with a tooth on the columella and a crenulate ridge around the umbilical pit (Knight et al. 1960).

Characters (from Knight et al. 1960): Conical or, less commonly, turbiniform, nodosely ornamented shells, narrowly phaneromphalous, or anomphalous with base excavated in middle; aperture quadrangular with strongly discordant lips; outer lip sharp, strongly prosocline; columellar lip straight, emerging from umbilicus or basal excavation, smooth, undulating or toothed, commonly forming marked angle with basal margin.

Trochinae [Trochidia, Trochini, Trochininae]
    |--Paraclanculus Finlay 1927 P61
    |    `--*P. peccatus Finlay 1927 P61 [=Clanculus (*Paraclanculus) peccatus KC60]
    |--Mesoclanculus Iredale 1924 P61
    |    `--*M. plebejus (Philippi 1851) KC60 (see below for synonymy)
    |--Dimorphotectus Cossmann 1918 MCS96
    |    `--D. fasciatus (Hoernes 1856) (see below for synonymy) KC60
    |--Discotectus Favre 1913 MCS96
    |    |--*D. massalongoi [=Trochus massalongoi] KC60
    |    `--D. crassiplicatus KC60
    |--Tectus Montfort 1810 WG71 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |  i. s.: T. niloticus Linnaeus 1767 BW09
    |    |         ‘*Pyramis’ viridis Schumacher 1817 BR17
    |    |         T. triserialis (Lamarck 1822) BW09
    |    |--*T. (Tectus) WG71
    |    |    |--*T. (T.) mauritianus (Gmelin 1791) [=Trochus mauritianus] KC60
    |    |    `--T. (T.) pyramis (Born 1778) [=Trochus (T.) pyramis; incl. Tr. obeliscus Gmelin 1788] WG71
    |    |--T. (Cardinalia Gray 1847) KC60
    |    |    `--T. (*C.) virgatus (Gmelin 1791) [=Trochus virgatus] KC60
    |    `--T. (Rochia Gray 1857) KC60
    |         `--T. (R.) conus (Gmelin 1791) (see below for synonymy) KC60
    |--Thoristella Iredale 1915 P61
    |    |--*T. chathamensis (Hutton 1873) P61 [=Polydonta chathamensis P61, Trochus (*Thoristella) chathamensis KC60]
    |    |    |--T. c. chathamensis P61
    |    |    |--T. c. aucklandica (Smith 1902) P61
    |    |    |--T. c. benthicola Finlay 1927 P61
    |    |    |--T. c. cookiana Powell 1934 P61
    |    |    |--T. c. dunedinensis (Suter 1897) P61
    |    |    |--T. c. fossilis Finlay 1927 F27a
    |    |    `--T. c. profunda Dell 1956 P61
    |    |--T. carmesina (Webster 1908) P61 [=Monilea carmesina F27a]
    |    `--T. oppressa (Hutton 1873) P61 [=T. chathamensis oppressa F27a]
    |--Clanculus Montfort 1810 [=Fragella Swainson 1840; incl. Otavia Risso 1826] KC60
    |    |  i. s.: C. albinus Adams 1853 H09
    |    |         C. atropurpureus (Gould 1849) [=Trochus atropurpureus] H09
    |    |         C. atypicus F27a
    |    |         C. bicarinatus Angas 1880 H09
    |    |         C. clanguloides H08
    |    |         C. consobrinus M54
    |    |         C. denticulatus M54
    |    |         C. granti Hedley 1907 H09
    |    |         C. limbatus M54
    |    |         C. margaritarius (Philippi 1846) BW09
    |    |         C. maxillatus M54
    |    |         C. nodoliratus [incl. Gibbula multicarinata] P79
    |    |         C. ochroleucus M54
    |    |         C. ringens (Menke 1843) M54, F27a [=Trochus ringens F27a]
    |    |         C. stigmatarius Adams 1853 H09
    |    |         C. unedo Adams 1853 H09
    |    |--*C. (Clanculus) pharaonius (Linnaeus 1758) [=Trochus pharaonius, *Fragella pharaonia] KC60
    |    |--C. (Camitia Gray ex Adams & Adams 1854) KC60
    |    |    `--C. (*C.) pulcherrimus (Adams & Adams 1854) [=*Camitia pulcherrima] KC60
    |    |--C. (Clanculopsis Monterosato 1879) [incl. Clanculella Sacco 1896] KC60
    |    |    `--C. (*C.) cruciatus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Trochus cruciatus] KC60
    |    |--C. (Euclanculus Cotton & Godfrey 1934) KC60
    |    |    `--C. (*E.) leucomphalus Verco 1905 KC60
    |    |--C. (Euriclanculus Cotton & Godfrey 1934) KC60
    |    |    `--C. (*E.) flagellatus (Philippi 1849) [=Trochus flagellatus] KC60
    |    |--C. (Isoclanculus Cotton & Godfrey 1934) KC60
    |    |    `--C. (*I.) yatesi Crosse 1863 KC60
    |    |--C. (Macroclanculus Cotton & Godfrey 1934) KC60
    |    |    `--C. (*M.) undatus (Lamarck 1816) [=Monodonta undata] KC60
    |    |--C. (Microclanculus Cotton & Godfrey 1934) KC60
    |    |    `--C. (*M.) euchelioides Tate 1893 KC60
    |    `--C. (Panocochlea Dall 1908) KC60
    |         `--C. (*P.) rubidus Dall 1908 KC60
    `--Trochus Linnaeus 1758 BR05 [=Lamprostoma Swainson 1840 KC60, Polydonta Schumacher 1817 KC60]
         |  i. s.: T. affinis N79
         |         T. amabilis N79
         |         T. anthracophilus G31
         |         T. antipodum Wilckens 1922 F27a
         |         T. astraliformis Lindström 1884 LYR78
         |         T. auripigmentum C64
         |         T. bilix M87
         |         T. byronianus [incl. T. hotessierianus] G79
         |         T. calcaratus Souverbie 1875 H09
         |         T. cinereus N79
         |         T. circinatus Hutton 1873 F27a
         |         T. digitatus C64
         |         T. excavatus G79
         |         T. fenestratus Gmelin 1791 H09
         |         T. fenneonianus K54
         |         T. hexagonus Philippi 1846 H09
         |         T. histrio Reeve 1842 BW09
         |         T. inaequalis Martyn 1784 [incl. T. diadematus] C64
         |         T. intextus Kiener 1850 H84
         |         T. millegranus N79
         |         T. montagui N79
         |         T. mutus Finlay 1924 [=T. nodosus Hutton 1885 (preoc.)] F27b
         |         T. nitens [incl. Cantharidus punctulosus Adams 1853] H08
         |         T. occidentalis Mighels & Adams 1842 J49
         |         T. pellucidus C64
         |         T. perversus Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. punctatus Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. radiatus C64
         |         T. solaris C64
         |         T. striatellus Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. triserialis (Lamarck 1822) BW09
         |         T. tumidus N79
         |         T. varicosus U79
         |         T. vittatus C64
         |         T. zizyphinus N79
         |--T. (Trochus) WG71
         |    |--*T. (T.) maculatus Linnaeus 1758 [=*Lamprostoma maculatum, *Polydonta maculata] KC60
         |    |--T. (T.) lineatus Lamarck 1822 WG71
         |    `--T. (T.) niloticus G20 [incl. T. marmoratus Déshayes 1843 H08, Astralium pagodus Tenison-Wood 1879 H08]
         |--T. (Belangeria Fischer 1879) KC60
         |    `--T. (*B.) scabrosus Philippi 1850 KC60
         |--T. (Coelotrochus Fischer 1880) P61 [incl. Neozelandia Cossmann 1918 KC60]
         |    |--T. (*C.) tiaratus Quoy & Gaimard 1834 P61 [=Polydonta tiarata H79]
         |    |--T. (C.) avarus Suter 1917 [=T. (Anthora) avarus] F27a
         |    `--T. (C.) huttoni (Cossmann 1918) P61 (see below for synonymy)
         |--T. (Infundibulops Pilsbry 1889) KC60
         |    `--T. (*I.) erythraeus Brocchi 1821 KC60
         |--T. (Infundibulum Montfort 1810) [=Carinidea Swainson 1840] KC60
         |    |--T. (*I.) concavus Gmelin 1791 [=*Carinidea concava] KC60
         |    |--‘Carinidea’ aurea [incl. C. tasmanica] P79
         |    |--‘Infundibulum’ chlorostomus [incl. I. californicum] C64
         |    `--‘Infundibulum’ gabiotensis C64
         |--T. (Praecia Gray 1857) KC60
         |    `--T. (*P.) elegantulus Wood 1828 KC60
         |--T. (Scalaetrochus Etheridge 1890) F71, KC60
         |    `--T. (*S.) lindstromi Etheridge 1890 KC60, F71
         `--T. (Thorista Iredale 1915) P61 [=Anthora Gray 1857 non Doubleday 1844 KC60]
              |--T. (T.) viridis Gmelin 1791 P61 (see below for synonymy)
              `--T. (T.) camelophorus Webster 1906 P61

‘Cantharidus’ (*Plumbelenchus) capillaceus (Philippi 1848) P61 [=Trochus capillaceus P61; incl. C. pruninus var. minor Smith 1902 F27a, P61, C. (Plumbelenchus) minor F27a]

Dimorphotectus fasciatus (Hoernes 1856) [=Scoliostoma fasciatum; incl. Tectus hoernesi Koken 1896, *Dimorphotectus hoernesi] KC60

*Mesoclanculus plebejus (Philippi 1851) KC60 [=Clanculus plebejus P61, Trochus plebejus KC60; incl. Clanculus takapunaensis Webster 1906 F27a, Mesoclanculus takapunaensis P61]

Tectus Montfort 1810 WG71 [incl. Pyramidea Swainson 1840 KC60, Pyramis Schumacher 1817 non Röding 1798 KC60; Pyramidina, Pyramidinae]

Tectus (Rochia) conus (Gmelin 1791) [=Trochus conus; incl. Tr. acutangulus (non-binomial), *Rochia acutangula] KC60

Trochus (Coelotrochus) huttoni (Cossmann 1918) P61 [=*Neozelandia huttoni F27b; incl. Anthora conica Hutton 1883 F27b, T. conicus (preoc.) F27b]

Trochus (Thorista) viridis Gmelin 1791 P61 [incl. Polydonta tuberculata Gray 1843 KC60, *Anthora tuberculata KC60, Trochus (*Thorista) tuberculatus P61]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[G31] Grabau, A. W. 1931. The Permian of Mongolia: A report on the Permian fauna of the Jisu Honguer limestone of Mongolia and its relations to the Permian of other parts of the world. American Museum of Natural History: New York.

[G79] Guppy, R. J. L. 1879. First sketch of a marine invertebrate fauna of the Gulf of Paria and its neighbourhood. Part I.—Mollusca. Journal of Conchology 2: 151–172.

[H79] Haast, J. von. 1879. Geology of the Provinces of Canterbury and Westland, New Zealand. A report comprising the results of official explorations. "Times" Office: Christchurch.

[H08] Hedley, C. 1908. Studies on Australian Mollusca. Part X. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 456–489, pls 7–10.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[H84] Hickman, C. S. 1984. Implications of radular tooth-row functional integration for archaeogastropod systematics. Malacologia 25 (1): 143–160.

[J49] Johnson, R. I. 1949. Jesse Wedgwood Mighels with a bibliography and a catalogue of his species. Occasional Papers on Mollusks 1 (14): 213–231.

[KC60] Knight, J. B., L. R. Cox, A. M. Keen, R. L. Batten, E. L. Yochelson & R. Robertson. 1960. Gastropoda: systematic descriptions. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt I. Mollusca 1: Mollusca—General Features, Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda—General Features, Archaeogastropoda and some (mainly Paleozoic) Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia pp. I169–I331. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[K54] Kurtén, B. 1954. The type collection of Ictitherium robustum (Gervais, ex Nordmann) and the radiation of the ictitheres. Acta Zoologica Fennica 86: 1–26.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[LYR78] Linsley, R. M., E. L. Yochelson & D. M. Rohr. 1978. A reinterpretation of the mode of life of some Paleozoic frilled gastropods. Lethaia 11: 105–112.

[M54] Macpherson, J. H. 1954. Molluscs (sea shells and snails). In: Willis, J. M. (ed.) The Archipelago of the Recherche pp. 55–63. Australian Geographical Society: Melbourne.

[M87] Mitchell, J. 1887. Notes on the geology of Bowning, N.S.W. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1193–1204.

[MCS96] Monari, S., M. A. Conti & J. Szabó. 1996. Evolutionary systematics of Jurassic Trochoidea: the family Colloniidae and the subfamily Proconulidae. In: Taylor, J. D. (ed.) Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca pp. 199–204. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[N79] Norman, A. M. 1879. The Mollusca of the fiords near Bergen, Norway. Journal of Conchology 2: 8–77.

[P79] Petterd, W. F. 1879. Critical remarks on the Rev. J. E. Tenison Woods' "Census of Tasmanian shells". Journal of Conchology 2: 353–354.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[U79] d'Urban, W. S. M. 1879. The Mollusca of Barents Sea, between Spitzbergen and Novaya Zemblia. Journal of Conchology 2: 88–94.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

Last updated: 21 October 2021.

Natica

Natica canrena, copyright Laura Milano.

Belongs within: Naticidae.

Natica is a genus of predatory gastropods found in warm seas around the world, feeding on other molluscs. Members of the subgenus Cryptonatica are cold-water species found in the Arctic Ocean. Fossils have been assigned to Natica from the earliest Triassic but these assignments might be considered unlikely (Nützel & Erwin 2002).

Characters (from Oldroyd 1927): Shell oval globular, porcellanous, solid, generally smooth, covered by fine transparent epidermis that is generally not very persistent; umbilicated, or umbilicus more or less filled with callus; aperture semilunar, vertical, outer lip simple. Operculum large, semilunar, paucispiral, corneous or calcareous.

<==Natica Scopoli 1777 BR05
    |--N. (Natica) O27
    |    |--*N. (N.) vitellus (Linnaeus 1758) BR17 [=Nerita vitellus BR17, Polinices vitellus H09]
    |    |--N. (N.) canrena (Linnaeus 1758) O27, L58 [=Nerita canrena G20]
    |    `--N. (N.) scethra Dall 1908 PP78
    `--N. (Cryptonatica Dall 1892) O27
         |--N. (C.) affinis Gmelin 1792 O27 (see below for synonymy)
         |--N. (C.) aleutica Dall 1919 O27
         |--N. (C.) clausa Broderip & Sowerby 1829 O27 [incl. N. beverlii Leach ms C64]
         |--‘Cryptonatica’ coosensis Finlay 1927 (see below for synonymy) F27b
         |--N. (C.) janthostoma Deshayes 1841 O27
         |--N. (C.) russa Gould 1859 O27
         `--N. (C.) salimba Dall 1919 O27

Natica incertae sedis:
  N. acinonyx Marche-Marchad 1957 BC01
  N. alapapilionis (Bolten 1798) H09 [=Cochlis alapapilionis H09; incl. N. zonaria C64]
  N. alderi D56
  N. alveata Conrad 1855 C64
  N. ambigua Morris & Lycett 1854 F27b
  N. arata Morris & Lycett 1854 F27b
  N. araucana [incl. N. australis d’Orbigny 1842 non Bosc 1801] F27b
  N. areolata Recluz 1844 H09
  N. australis Bosc 1801 F27b
  N. bacca A27
  N. bonplandi Valenciennes 1833 C64
  N. borealis N79
  N. bougei Sowerby 1908 BW09
  N. brunneolinea McLean 1970 BC01
  N. buriasensis Recluz 1844 H09
  N. cadorica G31
  N. callosa Cristofori & Jan 1832 F27b
  N. callosior F27b
  N. catena N79
  N. cayennensis Recluz 1850 [incl. N. hayesae Usticke 1959] BC01
  N. chinensis Lamarck 1822 H09
  N. colliei Recluz 1844 H09
  N. comelicana G31
  N. cunninghamensis Harris 1897 [=N. (Neverita) varians Tate 1893 (preoc.)] F27b
  N. deidosa Reeve 1855 H09
  N. denticulifera Marwick 1924 F27a
  N. dixoni Fernandes & Rolán 1992 BC01
  N. elenae [incl. N. excavata, N. haneti] C64
  N. floridana C60
  N. gaultieriana (Recluz 1844) BD12
  N. geniculata Conrad 1855 C64
  N. gibbosa Lea 1833 C64
  N. groenlandica C60
  N. guesti Harasewych & Jensen 1984 BC01
  N. guillemini PP64
  N. hamiltoni H86
  N. harrisensis A27
  N. haydeni Cossmann 1899 [=N. ambigua Meek & Hayden 1855 non Morris & Lycett 1854] F27b
  N. helicoides Barnes in Gray 1825 [=N. patula Sby. 1824 (preoc.)] C64
  N. helvacea Lamarck 1822 H09
  N. heros C64
  N. incerta Smith 1906 F27b
  N. islandica [=Nerita islandica] J64
  N. japovata Finlay 1927 [=N. ovata Sowerby 1914 nec Klipstein 1843 nec Hutton 1873] F27b
  N. koatensis Krumbeck 1924 NE02
  N. laevis Weerth 1884 F27b
  N. ‘laevis’ Kaunhowen 1898 nec Weerth 1884 nec N. (Ampullina) laevis Hutton 1885 nec N. levis Smith 1896 F27b
  N. limpida Smith 1884 H09
  N. lineata (Bolten 1798) F27b [=Cochlis lineatus H09]
  N. marocana G79 [=Nerita marocana G79; incl. Na. maroccana var. californica C64, Na. lurida C64]
  N. migratoria (Powell 1927) HS01
  N. montagui PP64
  N. moquiniana C64
  N. multipunctata [incl. N. multipunctata var. consors Wood 1848] F27b
  N. neozelanica H86
  N. neritina G31
  N. ocoyana Conrad 1855 C64
  N. oetites Conrad 1833 C64
  N. oolithica Auerbach 1871 NE02
  N. ovata Klipstein 1843 F27b
  N. percostata (Schauroth 1859) NE02
  N. phytelephas Reeve 1855 MG-H11
  N. planispira Phillips 1836 F27b
  N. polita Q72
  N. pusilla HC79
  N. pusiuncula G31
  N. raynoldiana Recluz 1844 H09
  N. robillardi Sowerby 1843 BW09
  N. ryalli Fernandes & Rolán 1992 BC01
  N. sagrayana Orbigny 1850 S11
  N. sanctaehelenae M01
  N. semicostata Lepsius 1878 NE02
  N. semilunata C64
  N. severa Gould 1859 C64
  N. seychellium Watson 1886 H09
  N. sigillata McLean 1970 BC01
  N. solida Blainville 1825 WG71
  N. sordida N79
  N. souleyetiana C64
  N. stellata (Martyn 1786) [=Nerita stellata] H09
  N. subcostata Ten.-Woods 1878 H09
  N. subinfundibulum [incl. N. subinfundibulum var. crassa Tate 1893] F27b
  N. suppleta Finlay 1927 [=N. incerta Harmer 1919 non Smith 1906] F27b
  N. suturalis H86
  N. taslei C64
  N. traillii M01
  N. turtoni PP64
  N. uber Valenciennces 1833 C64
  N. unifasciata [=N. maroccana var. unifasciata] C64
  N. variabilis Reeve 1855 F27b
  N. vixumbilicata Q72
  N. wintlei [incl. N. wintlei var. hamiltonensis Tenison-Woods 1878] F71

‘Cryptonatica’ coosensis Finlay 1927 [=Natica consors Dall 1909 non N. multipunctata var. consors Wood 1848] F27b

Natica (Cryptonatica) affinis Gmelin 1792 O27 [=Nerita affinis N79; incl. Na. consolidata J64, Na. glaucina J64, Na. septentrionalis J64]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A27] Allan, R. S. 1927. The geology and palaeontology of the Lower Waihao Basin, south Canterbury, New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 265–309.

[BD12] Bandel, K., & D. T. Dockery III. 2012. Protoconch characters of Late Cretaceous Latrogastropoda (Neogastropoda and Neomesogastropoda) as an aid in the reconstruction of the phylogeny of the Neogastropoda. Freiberger Forschungshefte C542 (psf 20): 93–128.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[C60] Cox, L. R. 1960. Gastropoda: general characteristics of Gastropoda. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt I. Mollusca 1: Mollusca—General Features, Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda—General Features, Archaeogastropoda and some (mainly Paleozoic) Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia pp. I84–I169. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[D56] Dawes, B. 1956. The Trematoda with special reference to British and other European forms. University Press: Cambridge.

[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[G31] Grabau, A. W. 1931. The Permian of Mongolia: A report on the Permian fauna of the Jisu Honguer limestone of Mongolia and its relations to the Permian of other parts of the world. American Museum of Natural History: New York.

[G79] Guppy, R. J. L. 1879. First sketch of a marine invertebrate fauna of the Gulf of Paria and its neighbourhood. Part I.—Mollusca. Journal of Conchology 2: 151–172.

[HS01] Hayward, B. W., A. B. Stephenson, M. S. Morley, W. M. Blom, H. R. Grenfell, F. J. Brook, J. L. Riley, F. Thompson & J. J. Hayward. 2001. Marine biota of Parengarenga Harbour, Northland, New Zealand. Records of the Auckland Museum 37: 45–80.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[HC79] Huff, J. A., & S. P. Cobb. 1979. Penaeoid and sergestoid shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda). Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises 5 (4): 1–101.

[H86] Hutton, F. W. 1886. The Mollusca of the Pareora and Oamaru systems of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (1): 205–237.

[J64] Jeffreys, J. G. 1864. The Upper Tertiary fossils at Uddevalla, in Sweden. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33 (Notices and Abstracts): 73–79.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[M01] Melville, J. C. 1901. A few further remarks upon the Erythrean molluscan fauna, with descriptions of seven species from Aden, in the collection of Commander E. R. Shopland, R.I.M. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 550–556.

[N79] Norman, A. M. 1879. The Mollusca of the fiords near Bergen, Norway. Journal of Conchology 2: 8–77.

[NE02] Nützel, A., & D. H. Erwin. 2002. Battenizyga, a new Early Triassic gastropod genus with a discussion of the caenogastropod evolution at the Permian/Triassic boundary. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 76 (1): 21–27.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. 2 pt 3. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[PP78] Poorman, F. L., & L. H. Poorman. 1978. Additional molluscan records from Bahía de Los Angeles, Baja California Norte. Veliger 20 (4): 369–374.

[Q72] Quilty, P. G. 1972. The biostratigraphy of the Tasmanian marine Tertiary. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 106: 25–44.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

Last updated: 12 June 2021.

Campaniloidea

Globularia fluctuata, from here.

Belongs within: Sorbeoconcha.

The Campaniloidea are a group of marine gastropods united by sperm morphology, with members having a euspermatozoon containing seven or eight stright mitochondria, accompanied by a dense segmented sheath. They also share a simple larval shell morphology (Ponder et al. 2008). The Campaniloidea are largely relictual in the modern fauna, with Campanilidae and Ampullinidae each being represented by only a single surviving species, together with the living genus Plesiotrochus.

<==Campaniloidea
    |--Trypanaxis Cossmann 1889 [Trypanaxidae, Trypanaxinae] BR05
    |--Plesiotrochus Fischer 1878 [Plesiotrochidae] BR05
    |    |--‘Tectarius’ luteus Gould 1861 R89
    |    `--P. pagodiformis Hedley 1907 H09
    |--Campanilidae BR05
    |    |--Gymnocerithium Cossmann 1906 [Gymnocerithiidae] BR05
    |    |    `--*G. collegiale (Zittel 1873) [=Cerithium collegiale] S98
    |    |--Campanile Bayle in Fischer 1884 [Campanilinae] BR05
    |    |    `--C. symbolicum Iredale 1917 WG71
    |    `--Diozoptyxis Cossmann 1896 [Diozoptyxidae, Diozoptyxinae, Diozoptyxisinae] BR05
    |         `--*D. monilifera [=Nerinea monilifera] BR05
    `--Ampullinidae [Ampullinoidea, Ampullospiridae] BR05
         |--Amaurellina Bayle in Fischer 1885 [Amaurellinidae] BR05
         |--Ampullospira Harris 1897 [Ampullospirinae] BR05
         |--Gyrodes Conrad 1860 [Gyrodeidae, Gyrodesacea, Gyrodinae] BR05
         |--Ampullina Bowdich 1822 [Ampullininae] BR05
         |    `--A. apora (Watson 1881) F27
         |--Globularia Swainson 1840 [Globulariidae, Globulariinae] BR05
         |    `--G. fluctuata (Sowerby 1825) [incl. Natica imperforata Jay 1836] BC01
         `--Pseudamaura Fischer 1885 [Pseudamauridae, Pseudamaurinidae] BR05
              |--P. globosa (Ahlburg 1906) NE02
              |--P. gregaria (v. Schlotheim 1822) NE02
              |--P. reflecta Etheridge 1902 F71
              `--P. variablis F71

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, J. Frýda, B. Hausdorf, W. Ponder, Á. Valdés & A. Warén. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1-2): 1-397.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B. & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1-170.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320-485.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1-167.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[NE02] Nützel, A. & D. H. Erwin. 2002. Battenizyga, a new Early Triassic gastropod genus with a discussion of the caenogastropod evolution at the Permian/Triassic boundary. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 76 (1): 21-27.

Ponder, W. F., D. J. Colgan, J. M. Healy, A. Nützel, L. R. L. Simone & E. E. Strong (2008). Caenogastropoda. In: Ponder, W. F., & D. L. Lindberg (eds) Phylogeny and Evolution of the Mollusca, pp. 331-383. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[R89] Reid, D. G. 1989. Systematic revision of the Recent species of Peasiella Nevill, 1885 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae), with notes on the fossil species. Nautilus 103 (2): 43-69.

[S98] Stilwell, J. D. 1998. Late Cretaceous Mollusca from the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. Alcheringa 22 (1): 29-85.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

Turritellidae

Florida worm snail Vermicularia knorri, copyright James St. John.

Belongs within: Cerithiimorpha.
Contains: Turritella, Zeacolpus, Tachyrhynchus.

The Turritellidae are a group of high-spired marine gastropods. They are generally sessile, feeding by filtering particles from the water column. Members of the subfamily Vermiculariinae become loose or disjointed in later whorls. Vermiculariines are otherwise similar to members of the Turritellinae and have sometimes been included within that subfamily. Fossils have been assigned to the Turritellidae going back as far as the Lower Devonian (Knight et al. 1960).

Characters (from Knight et al. 1960): High-spired, with 8 to 20 or more whorls, spiral ornament commonly conspicuous; shallow labral sinus usually culminating at or above mid-whorl with upper limb extending farther adaperturally than lower; siphonal notch or canal wanting.

<==Turritellidae [Turritellacea, Turritellae, Turritellea, Turritellimorpha, Turritelloidei]
    |--Orectospira Dall 1925 [Orectospiridae, Orectospirinae] BR05
    |    `--*O. babelica (Dall 1907) [=Basilissa babelica] BR17
    |--Pareora Marwick 1931 [Pareoridae, Pareorinae] BR05
    |    `--*P. striolata (Hutton 1885) [=Eglisia striolata] BR17
    |--Protoma Baird 1870 [Protominae] BR05
    |    `--*P. knockeri Baird 1870 BR17
    |--Omalaxis Deshayes 1832 BR05 [=Homalaxis Fischer 1885 BR05; Homalaxinae, Omalaxidae, Omalaxinae BR17]
    |    |--*O. disjuncta (Lamarck 1804) [=Solarium disjunctum] BR17
    |    |--O. cresnensis (Morlet 1888) TTE93
    |    |--O. deshayesi (Michaud in Deshayes 1863) TTE93
    |    |--O. disjunctus ((Lamarck 1804) TTE93
    |    |--O. laudunensis (Defrance 1828) TTE93
    |    |--O. meridionalis F27a
    |    `--O. radiata Hedley 1907 H09
    |--Turritellinae BR05
    |    |--Turritella S11
    |    |--Zeacolpus BR05
    |    |--Tachyrhynchus BR05
    |    |--Zaria Gray 1842 [Zariana, Zariinae] BR05
    |    |    `--*Z. duplicata (Linnaeus 1767) [=Turbo duplicatus] BR17
    |    `--Archimediella Sacco 1895 [Archimediellidae, Archimedielloidea] BR05
    |         |--*A. archimedis (Brongniart 1823) [=Turritella archimedis] BR17
    |         `--A. dirkhartogensis Garrard 1972 MG-H11
    `--Vermicularia Lamarck 1799 non Tode 1790 (ICBN) [Vermiculariidae, Vermiculariinae] BR05
         |--*V. lumbricalis (Linnaeus 1758) BR17 [=Serpula lumbricalis BR17, Turbo (Vermicularia) lumbricalis G20]
         |--V. caperata H08
         |--V. eburnea Reeve 1842 O27
         |--V. fewkesii B56
         |--V. frisbeyae McLean 1970 PP78
         |--V. hedleyi Finlay 1927 [=V. nodosa Hedley 1907 non Kaunhowen 1897] F27b
         |--V. knorri (Deshayes 1843) HC79
         |--V. maxima (Sowerby 1825) [=Serpula maxima] H09
         |--V. novaehollandiae H09
         |--V. ophioides Marshall & Murdoch 1921 F27a
         |--‘Siphonium’ planatum Suter 1913 F27a
         `--V. quoyi (Adams & Adams 1854) [=Cladopoda quoyi] H09

Turritellidae incertae sedis:
  Glyptozaria Iredale 1924 F27a
    `--*G. opulenta [=Turritella opulenta] F27a
  Platycolpus Donald 1900 F27a
    |--*P. quadratus [=Turritella quadrata, Colpospira (*Platycolpus) quadrata] F27a
    `--P. guillaumei [=Colpospira guillaumei] F27a
  Maoricolpus Finlay 1927 P61
    |--*M. roseus (Quoy & Gaimard 1834) P61 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--M. r. roseus P61
    |    `--M. r. manukauensis Powell 1931 P61
    |--M. cavershamensis (Harris 1897) F27a (see below for synonymy)
    |--M. finlayi Powell 1940 P61
    `--M. murrayanus [=Turritella murrayana] F27a
  Colpospira Donald 1900 F27a
    |--*C. runcinata [=Turritella runcinata; incl. T. accisa] F27a
    |--C. cordismei [=Turritella cordismei] F27a
    |--C. platyspira (Tenison-Woods 1878) F27a, F71 [=Turritella platyspira F27a]
    `--C. sinuata [=Turritella sinuata] F27a
  Gazameda Iredale 1924 F27a
    |--*G. gunnii [=Turritella gunnii] F27a
    |--G. acricula [=Turritella acricula] F27a
    |--G. iredalei Finlay 1927 [=Turritella clathrata Kiener 1843 non Deshayes 1833] F27b
    `--G. tasmanica [=Turritella tasmanica; incl. T. subsquamosa] F27a
  Ctenocolpus Iredale 1925 F27a
    |--*C. australis [=Turritella australis] F27a
    |    |--C. a. australis F27a
    |    `--C. a. diffidens Iredale 1925 F27a
    |--C. pagodula [=Turritella pagodula] F27a
    `--C. warburtoni [=Turritella warburtoni] F27a
  Spirocolpus Finlay 1927 F27a
    |--*S. waihaoensis (Marwick 1924) [=Turritella waihaoensis] F27a
    |--S. aldingae (Tate 1882) DK08 [=Turritella aldingae F27a]
    |--S. conspicabilis (Tate 1924) [=Turritella conspicabilis] F27a
    |--S. rudis (Marshall 1919) [=Turritella rudis] F27a
    |--S. tophina (Marwick 1926) [=Turritella tophina] F27a
    `--S. tristira (Tate 1924) [=Turritella tristira] F27a
  Callispira Nelson 1947 KC60
    `--*C. quinquecostata Nelson 1947 KC60
  Torcula murryana H86
  Haustator polonicus Schröder 1995 NB00
  Calvertitella Petuch 1988 P12
    `--C. indenta (Conrad 1841) P12
  Mariacolpus Petuch 1988 P12
    `--M. plebeia (Say 1824) P12
  Torquesia TTE93
    |--T. dupiniana (Orbigny 1842) TTE93
    `--T. tamra (Abbass 1962) TTE93
  Mesalia C64
    |--M. brevialis PP64
    |--M. lactea C64
    `--M. striolata A27

Maoricolpus cavershamensis (Harris 1897) F27a [=Turritella cavershamensis F27a, T. gigantea Hutton 1873 (preoc.) F27b]

*Maoricolpus roseus (Quoy & Gaimard 1834) P61 [=Turritella rosea P61; incl. T. difficilis Suter 1908 nec d’Orbigny 1842 nec Zekeli 1852 F27b]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A27] Allan, R. S. 1927. The geology and palaeontology of the Lower Waihao Basin, south Canterbury, New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 265–309.

[B56] Berry, S. S. 1956. Mollusca dredged by the Orca off the Santa Barbara Islands, California, in 1951. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (5): 150–157.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[DK08] Darragh, T. A., & G. W. Kendrick. 2008. Silicified Eocene molluscs from the Lower Murchison district, Southern Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (3): 217–246.

[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[H08] Hedley, C. 1908. Studies on Australian Mollusca. Part X. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 456–489, pls 7–10.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[HC79] Huff, J. A., & S. P. Cobb. 1979. Penaeoid and sergestoid shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda). Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises 5 (4): 1–101.

[H86] Hutton, F. W. 1886. Notes on some Australian Tertiary fossils. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (2): 481–482.

[KC60] Knight, J. B., L. R. Cox, A. M. Keen, R. L. Batten, E. L. Yochelson & R. Robertson. 1960. Gastropoda: systematic descriptions. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt I. Mollusca 1: Mollusca—General Features, Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda—General Features, Archaeogastropoda and some (mainly Paleozoic) Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia pp. I169–I331. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[NB00] Nützel, A., & K. Bandel. 2000. Goniasmidae and Orthonemidae: two new families of the Palaeozoic Caenogastropoda (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie—Monatshefte 2000 (9): 557–569.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. 2 pt 3. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[P12] Petuch, E. J. 2012. Miocene asteroid impacts: proposed effects on the biogeography and extinction patterns of eastern North American gastropods. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 967–981. Springer.

[PP78] Poorman, F. L., & L. H. Poorman. 1978. Additional molluscan records from Bahía de Los Angeles, Baja California Norte. Veliger 20 (4): 369–374.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.

Last updated: 14 September 2021.

Liotia

Liotia admirabilis, from Smith 1890.

Belongs within: Turbinoidea.

Liotia is a genus of marine gastropods with a latticed ornamentation, known from the Indo-Pacific and western Atlantic.

Characters (from Knight et al. 1960): Axial and spiral ribs well developed, forming latticed surface; umbilicus funnel-shaped, bounded by beaded cord; operculum concave, of many narrow whorls.

<==Liotia Gray 1842 BR05
    |--*L. cancellata (Gray 1828) [=Delphinula cancellata] KC60
    |--L. acidalia (Melvill & Standen 1899) [=Microtheca acidalia] H09
    |--L. acuticostata Carpenter 1864 O27
    |    |--L. a. acuticostata O27
    |    `--L. a. radiata Dall 1919 O27
    |--L. admirabilis Smith 1890 MASC88
    |--L. calliglypta Melvill 1891 H09
    |--L. corona Hedley 1902 H09
    |--L. devexa Hedley 1901 H09
    |--L. discoidea (Reeve 1843) [=Delphinula discoidea] H09
    |--L. fenestrata Carpenter 1864 O27
    |--L. incidata Hedley 1902 H09
    |--L. lamellosa Tenison-Woods 1878 F71
    |--L. latebrosa Hedley 1907 H09
    |--L. micans (Adams 1850) [=Cyclostrema micans] H09
    |--L. muricata (Reeve 1843) [=Delphinula muricata] H09
    |--L. philtata Hedley 1900 H09
    |--L. rostrata Hedley 1900 H09
    |--L. scalaroides (Reeve 1843) [=Delphinula scalaroides] H09
    |--L. varicosa (Reeve 1843) [=Delphinula varicosa] H09
    `--L. venusta Hedley 1901 H09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, J. Frýda, B. Hausdorf, W. Ponder, Á. Valdés & A. Warén. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1-2): 1-397.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1-167.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[KC60] Knight, J. B., L. R. Cox, A. M. Keen, R. L. Batten, E. L. Yochelson & R. Robertson. 1960. Gastropoda: systematic descriptions. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt I. Mollusca 1: Mollusca—General Features, Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda—General Features, Archaeogastropoda and some (mainly Paleozoic) Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia, pp. I169-I331. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[MASC88] McLean, J. H., R. S. Absalão & R. L. dos Santos Cruz. 1988. A new species of Macrarene (Turbinidae: Liotiinae) from Brazil. Nautilus 102 (3): 99-101.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. II, pt. III. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

Cassidae

Horned helmet Cassis cornuta, copyright In-depth Images Kwajalein.

Belongs within: Tonnoidea.
Contains: Phalium.

The Cassidae, helmet shells, are medium-sized to large marine gastropods found burrowing in sand. They are predatory on echinoids which they attack by squirting a paralysing salivary juice. Females lay large egg-masses containing hundreds of gelatinous capsules; in some cases large irregular masses may be produced seemingly by several females spawning together (Wilson & Gillett 1971). Within the Cassidae, the subfamily Phaliinae is distinguished by possession of an operculum with a lateral nucleus against the centre of the columellar margin, versus the more central nucleus in other subfamilies.

Characters (from Wilson & Gillett 1971): Shell usually oval or globose, aperture rather wide and long; shell may be glossy-smooth or heavily sculptured with ribs and nodules. Outer lip thickened to form a varix, with inner edge often toothed; other varices representing outer lip of earlier growth stages may be present. Left side of aperture with flat or inclined shield-like callus, either confined to columellar area (as columellar shield), or covering both columella and parietal wall and forming flange along whole left side. Spiral channel present running under columellar shield into true umbilicus; second smaller cavity (false umbilicus) often present under columellar shield at extreme anterior end. Operculum horny, semicircular, not filling aperture.

<==Cassidae [Cassidites] S11
    |  i. s.: Pseudogaleodea tricarinata Nagao 1932 TTE93
    |--Oocorythinae [Oocorythidae] BR17
    |    |--Galeocorys leucodoma HA59
    |    `--Oocorys Fischer 1884 BR05
    |         |--*O. sulcata Fischer 1884 BR17
    |         `--O. tosaensis Habe & Azuma 1959 HA59
    |--Phaliinae BR05
    |    |--Phalium BR05
    |    `--Semicassis Mörch 1852 WG71
    |         |--S. adcocki (Sowerby 1896) [=Phalium (Semicassis) adcocki] WG71
    |         |--S. bisulcata (Schubert & Wagner 1829) MG-H11 [=Phalium (Semicassis) bisulcatum WG71]
    |         |--S. bondarevi Mühlhäusser & Parth 1993 [incl. Phalium (S.) vector Abbott 1994] BC01
    |         |--S. centiquadrata (Valenciennes 1832) EO65
    |         |--S. decussata F66
    |         |--S. glabrata (Dunker 1852) [=Phalium (Semicassis) glabratum] WG71
    |         |    |--S. g. glabrata WG71
    |         |    `--S. g. angasi (Iredale 1927) [=Phalium (Semicassis) glabratum angasi] WG71
    |         |--S. semigranosa (Lamarck 1822) [=Phalium (Semicassis) semigranosum] WG71
    |         |--S. sophia (Brazier 1872) [=Phalium (Semicassis) sophia] WG71
    |         `--S. whitworthi (Abbott 1968) MG-H11
    `--Cassinae BR05
         |--Cypraecassis Stutchbury 1837 WG71
         |    |--C. (Cypraecassis) rufa (Linnaeus 1758) WG71
         |    |--C. tenuis [incl. C. marsenae] C64
         |    `--C. testiculus (Linné 1758) S11
         |--Bezoardica [incl. Echinophoria] F27a
         |    |--*B. areola F27a
         |    |--B. abbreviata C64
         |    |--B. inflata [incl. Cassis abbreviata] C64
         |    `--B. intermedia [=Cassis intermedia, *Echinophoria intermedia] F27a
         |--Euspinacassis Finlay 1926 F27a
         |    |--E. grangei (Marwick 1926) [=Phalium grangei] F27a
         |    |--E. muricata [=Cassis muricata] F27a
         |    `--E. pollens Finlay 1926 F27a
         |--Cassidea F27b
         |    |--C. areola (Linnaeus 1758) [=Buccinum areola] H09
         |    |--C. coronulata (Sowerby 1825) [=Cassis coronulata] H09
         |    |--C. multisecta Finlay 1924 [=Cassis striatus Hutton 1873 (preoc.)] F27b
         |    |--C. nodulosa [incl. C. nodulosa var. torquata] H09
         |    |--C. pila (Reeve 1848) [=Cassis pila] H09
         |    `--C. vibex (Linnaeus 1758) [=Buccinum vibex] H09
         |--Galeodea Link 1807 DK08
         |    |--*G. echinophora (Linnaeus 1758) P61, L58 [=Buccinum echinophorum P61]
         |    |--G. apodemetes M49
         |    |--G. (Taieria) klingeri Kiel & Bandel 2003 BD12
         |    |--G. leucodoma Dall 1907 MG-H11
         |    |--G. modesta K95
         |    |--G. senex A27
         |    `--G. triganceae Dell 1953 P61
         `--Cassis Scopoli 1777 BR05
              |  i. s.: C. adami Eichwald 1830 [=Cancellaria adami] PH90
              |         C. coronadoi H86
              |         C. corrugata C64
              |         C. deucalionis Eichwald 1830 [=Cancellaria deucalionis] PH90
              |         C. exigua Tenison-Woods 1879 F71
              |         C. flammea C60
              |         C. madagascariensis P65
              |           |--C. m. madagascariensis P65
              |           `--C. m. spinella P65
              |         C. saburon PP64
              |         C. testiculus G79
              |         C. tuberosa (Linné 1758) S11
              |--*C. (Cassis) cornuta (Linnaeus 1758) [=Buccinum cornutum] BR17
              |--C. (Casmaria Adams & Adams 1853) EO63, WG71
              |    |--‘Casmaria’ erinaceus (Linnaeus 1758) BW09
              |    |--‘Casmaria’ ponderosa Gmelin 1791 WG71
              |    |    |--C. p. ponderosa WG71
              |    |    `--C. p. perryi Iredale 1912 WG71
              |    |--‘Casmaria’ pyrum F27a
              |    |--C. (C.) vibex [=C. (Phalium) vibex] EO63
              |    `--C. (C.) vibexmexicana Stearns 1893 [=C. vibex mexicana (l. c.), C. (Phalium) vibexmexicana] EO63
              `--C. (Hypocassis Iredale 1927) WG71
                   |--C. (H.) fimbriata Quoy & Gaimard 1833 [incl. C. bicarinata Jonas 1839] WG71
                   `--C. (H.) nana Tenison-Woods 1879 WG71

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A27] Allan, R. S. 1927. The geology and palaeontology of the Lower Waihao Basin, south Canterbury, New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 265–309.

[BD12] Bandel, K., & D. T. Dockery III. 2012. Protoconch characters of Late Cretaceous Latrogastropoda (Neogastropoda and Neomesogastropoda) as an aid in the reconstruction of the phylogeny of the Neogastropoda. Freiberger Forschungshefte C542 (psf 20): 93–128.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[C60] Cox, L. R. 1960. Gastropoda: general characteristics of Gastropoda. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt I. Mollusca 1: Mollusca—General Features, Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda—General Features, Archaeogastropoda and some (mainly Paleozoic) Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia pp. I84–I169. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[DK08] Darragh, T. A., & G. W. Kendrick. 2008. Silicified Eocene molluscs from the Lower Murchison district, Southern Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (3): 217–246.

[EO63] Emerson, W. K., & W. E. Old Jr. 1963. Remarks on Cassis (Casmaria) vibexmexicana. Nautilus 76 (4): 143–145.

[EO65] Emerson, W. K., & W. E. Old Jr. 1965. New molluscan records for the Galapagos Islands. Nautilus 78 (4): 116–120.

[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[F66] Fraser, L. 1866. Communication of a list of mollusks collected by R. Swinhoe, Esq., in Formosa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 146.

[G79] Guppy, R. J. L. 1879. First sketch of a marine invertebrate fauna of the Gulf of Paria and its neighbourhood. Part I.—Mollusca. Journal of Conchology 2: 151–172.

[HA59] Habe, T., & M. Azuma. 1959. A new Oocorys from Japan. Nautilus 72 (4): 116.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[H86] Hutton, F. W. 1886. The Mollusca of the Pareora and Oamaru systems of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (1): 205–237.

[K95] Köhler, R. 1995. A new species of the fossil turtle Psephophorus (order Testudines) from the Eocene of the South Island, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 25: 371–384.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M49] Mason, B. 1949. The geology of Mandamus-Pahau district, north Canterbury. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (3): 403–428.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[PH90] Petit, R. E., & M. G. Harasewych. 1990. Catalogue of the superfamily Cancellarioidea Forbes and Hanley, 1851 (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). Nautilus 103 (Suppl. 1): 1–69.

[P65] Porter, H. J. 1965. Cassis madagascariensis spinella off North Carolina coast. Nautilus 78 (3): 106.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

Last updated: 2 October 2021.

Triviidae

Trivia europaea, copyright H. Zell.

Belongs within: Cypraeoidea.

The Triviidae are a group of small marine gastropods with globular shells similar to those of cowries, but with the apertural teeth continued over the sides and top (Wilson & Gillett 1971). As in cowries, the shell is covered in life by flaps of the mantle, leaving the shell with a glossy appearance. At least some species are known to live in association with tunicates on which they feed.

<==Triviidae [Triviacea, Triviinae]
    |--Circumscapula iota Cate 1979 BC01
    |--Proterato (Sulcerato) geralia Cate 1977 BC01
    |--Triviella Jousseaume 1884 [Triviellini] BR05
    |    |--T. porcellio Cate 1979 [=Cypraea oniscus Lamarck 1811 non Röding 1798, *T. oniscus] BR17
    |    `--T. memorata Finlay 1927 F27
    |--Niveria S11
    |    |--N. pediculus (Linné 1758) S11
    |    `--N. quadripunctata Gray 1827 M03
    |--Dolichupis FG12
    |    |--D. akroterion (Cate 1979) [=Pusula (Dolichupis) akroterion] BC01
    |    `--D. zealandica (Kirk 1882) [incl. Ellatrivia flora Marwick 1928] FG12
    |--Ellatrivia Iredale 1931 FG12
    |    |--*E. merces (Iredale 1924) FG12 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--E. goudeyi Fehse & Grego 2012 FG12
    |    `--E. memorata Finlay 1927 P61
    |--Trivirostra Jousseaume 1884 WG71
    |    |--T. edgari Shaw 1909 M03
    |    |--T. oryza (Lamarck 1810) S11
    |    `--T. thaanumi Cate 1979 BC01
    |--Pusula Jousseaume 1884 [Pusulini] BR05
    |    |--*P. radians (Lamarck 1810) BR17 [=Cypraea radians BR17, Trivia radians O27; incl. C. costata C64]
    |    |--P. carabus Cate 1979 BC01
    |    |--P. ritteri (Raymond 1903) B56, O27 [=Trivia (Pusula) ritteri B56]
    |    `--P. solandri Sowerby 1832 M03
    |--Trivellona Iredale 1931 FG12
    |    |--*T. excelsa Iredale 1931 FG12
    |    |--T. avellanoides (McCoy 1861) FG12
    |    |--T. crassicostata (Schilder 1935) FG12
    |    |--T. daphnes (Schilder 1966) FG12
    |    |--T. darraghi Fehse & Grego 2007 FG12
    |    |--T. felixlorenzi Fehse & Grego 2012 FG12
    |    |--T. kendricki Fehse & Grego 2007 FG12
    |    |--T. kiiensis (Kuroda & Cate in Cate 1979) FG08
    |    |--T. lochi Fehse & Grego 2007 FG12
    |    |--T. opalina (Kuroda & Cate in Cate 1979) FG08
    |    |--T. subtilis (Schilder 1935) FG12
    |    |--T. tatei (Schilder 1935) FG12
    |    `--T. transiens (Schilder 1935) FG12
    `--Trivia Gray 1837 [Triviini] BR05
         |  i. s.: T. californica Gray 1828 O27
         |         T. candidula PP64
         |         T. childreni G79
         |         T. corrugata G79
         |         T. exigua G79
         |         T. globosa (Gray 1832) [=Cypraea globosa] H09
         |         T. grando Gaskoin 1848 H09
         |         T. insecta G79
         |         T. minima Tenison-Woods 1879 F71
         |         T. napolini K96
         |         T. oryza (Lamarck 1810) [incl. Trivirostra boswellae Cate 1979] BC01
         |         T. pacifica C64
         |         T. pellucida Gaskoin 1846 H09
         |         T. pinguior (Marwick 1920) [=Triviella pinguior] F27
         |         T. producta (Gaskoin 1835) [=Cypraea producta] H09
         |         T. pulla C64
         |         T. pustulata C64
         |         T. sanguinea Gray 1832 O27 [incl. Cypraea rubescens C64]
         |         T. solandri (Gray 1837) [=Cypraea solandri] O27
         |         T. sphaerula G79
         |         T. subrostrata C64
         |         T. sulcata (Gaskoin 1848) [=Cypraea sulcata] H09
         |         T. vitrea (Gaskoin 1848) [=Cypraea vitrea] H09
         |         T. zelandica (Kirk 1882) [=Triviella zelandica] F27
         |--T. (Trivia) BC01
         |    |--*T. (T.) europaea (Montagu 1808) [=Cypraea europaea] BR17
         |    |--T. (T.) hispania Cate 1979 BC01
         |    `--T. (T.) tortuga Cate 1979 BC01
         `--T. (Epona) G79
              |--T. (E.) annulata G79
              |--T. (E.) cicercula G79
              |--T. (E.) globulus G79
              `--T. (E.) margarita G79

*Ellatrivia merces (Iredale 1924) FG12 [=Trivia merces P61, Triviella merces FG12, Trivia australis (Lamarck 1822) (preoc.) F27]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B56] Berry, S. S. 1956. Mollusca dredged by the Orca off the Santa Barbara Islands, California, in 1951. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (5): 150–157.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[FG08] Fehse, D., & J. Grego. 2008. New species of the genus Trivellona (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from the Miocene of Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (2): 205–213.

[FG12] Fehse, D., & J. Grego. 2012. Contribution to the knowledge of Triviidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) XXIII. New fossil species in the genera Ellatrivia and Trivellona. Records of the Western Australian Museum 27 (1): 1–6.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[G79] Garrett, A. 1879. Annotated catalogue of the species of Cypraeidae collected in the S. Sea islands. Journal of Conchology 2: 105–128.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[K96] Kenyon, A. F. 1896. On the occurrence of callosities in Cypraea other than Cy. bicallosa and Cy. rhinocerus; and on the occurrence of a sulcus in Trivia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 21 (1): 26–27.

[M03] Meyer, C. P. 2003. Molecular systematics of cowries (Gastropoda: Cypraeidae) and diversification patterns in the tropics. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79: 401–459.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. 2 pt 2. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

Last updated: 3 October 2021.