Urceolariidae

Trichodina on fish gill, from here.

Belongs within: Oligohymenophorea.

The Urceolariidae are a group of ciliates that are parasites or commensals on aquatic animals such as fish, molluscs or worms.

Characters (from here): Body cylindrical, often slightly tipped to one side; adoral spiral (buccal ciliature) turns ca. 400°, with wide radius; denticles of skeletal ring smoothly linked, ca. 20 in number; compact macronucleus; no cortical rings.

Urceolariidae [Mobilina]
    |--Leiotrocha BK77
    |--Cyclochaeta BK77
    |    |--C. astericola BK77
    |    |--C. asterisci (Gruber 1884) [=Trichodina asterisci, Cyclocyrrha asterisci] BK77
    |    `--C. ophiothricis (Fabre-Domergue 1888) [=Cyclocyrrha ophiothricis] BK77
    |--Urceolaria BK77
    |    |--U. ophiocomae BK77
    |    |--U. spinicola BK77
    |    `--U. synaptae [=Cyclochaeta synaptae, Trichodina synaptae] BK77
    `--Trichodina BK77
         |--T. davisi K-M02b
         |--T. domerguei K-M02a
         |    |--T. d. domerguei K-M02a
         |    `--T. d. saintjohnsi K-M02a
         |--T. elizabethae C02
         |--T. galyae K-M02a
         |--T. pediculus SCM99
         `--T. spheroidesi K-MC02c

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BK77] Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1-159.

[C02] Collette, B. B. 2002. Pricklebacks. Family Stichaeidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3^rd ed. pp. 474-481. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[K-M02a] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002a. Lumpfishes. Family Cyclopteridae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3^rd ed. pp. 363-368. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[K-M02b] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002b. Temperate basses. Family Moronidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3^rd ed. pp. 374-389. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[K-M02c] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002c. Filefishes. Family Monacanthidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3^rd ed. pp. 592-598. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[SCM99] Shu, D., S. Conway Morris, X.-L. Zhang, L. Chen, Y. Li & J. Han. 1999. A pipiscid-like fossil from the Lower Cambrian of south China. Nature 400: 746-749.

Heteromyidae

Salvin's spiny pocket mouse Liomys salvini, from Laguna de Apoyo.

Belongs within: Castorimorpha.
Contains: Perognathinae, Dipodomys.

The Heteromyidae are a group of rodents found in North America, including the pocket mice, kangaroo mice and kangaroo rats. They share with their close relatives, the Geomyidae (pocket gophers), the presence of externally opening, fur-liked cheek pouches, but they are epigean in habits in contrast to the fossorial geomyids (Hafner & Hafner 1983). Members of the Dipodomyinae, kangaroo mice and kangaroo rats, have developed a ricochetal mode of locomotion, whereas the Perognathinae, pocket mice, and Heteromyinae, spiny pocket mice, retain a plesiomorphic mouse-like appearance.

<==Heteromyidae [Saccomyidae]
    |  i. s.: Prodipodomys tiheni (Hibbard 1943) MH03
    |         Proheteromys MJ11
    |--+--Perognathinae HH83
    |  `--Dipodomyinae HH83
    |       |--Cupidinimus HH83
    |       |--Dipodomys HH83
    |       `--Microdipodops Merriam 1891 HH83
    |            |--M. megacephalus HH83
    |            |    |--M. m. megacephalus HD41
    |            |    |--M. m. dickeyi HD37
    |            |    |--M. m. leucotis Hall & Durrant 1941 HD41
    |            |    |--M. m. lucidus HD37
    |            |    `--M. m. paululus Hall & Durrant 1941 HD41
    |            `--M. pallidus HH83
    |                 |--M. p. pallidus HD37
    |                 `--M. p. albiventer Hall & Durrant 1937 HD37
    `--Heteromyinae HH83
         |--Heteromys Desmarest 1817 [incl. Saccomys Cuvier 1823] HH83
         |    |--H. anomalus (Thompson 1815) QV01
         |    |--H. australis Thomas 1901 QV01
         |    |--H. desmarestianus Gray 1868 (see below for synonymy) HH83
         |    |    |--H. d. desmarestianus G69
         |    |    `--H. d. griseus G69
         |    |--H. gaumeri Alen & Chapman 189 QV01
         |    |--H. goldmani Merriam 1902 QV01
         |    |--H. nelsoni Merriam 1902 QV01
         |    `--H. oresterus Harris 1932 QV01
         `--Liomys Merriam 1902 HH83
              |--L. adspersus IT07
              |--L. annectens G69
              |--L. irroratus MB86
              |    |--L. i. irroratus [incl. L. i. yautepecus Goodwin 1956] G69
              |    |--L. i. alleni (Coues 1881) MB86
              |    |--L. i. jaliscensis (Allen 1906) MB86
              |    |--L. i. minor G69
              |    `--L. i. torridus G69
              |--L. pictus HH83
              |    |--L. p. pictus MB86
              |    |--L. p. hispidus (Allen 1897) MB86
              |    |--L. p. isthmius G69
              |    |--L. p. phaeurus G69
              |    `--L. p. veraecrucis G69
              |--L. rostratus G69
              |--L. salvini IT07
              `--L. spectabilis IT07

Heteromys desmarestianus Gray 1868 [incl. H. lepturus Merriam 1902, H. longicaudatus Gray 1868, H. nigricaudatus Goodwin 1956, H. temporalis Goldman 1911] HH83

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[HH83] Hafner, J. C., & M. S. Hafner. 1983. Evolutionary relationships of heteromyid rodents. In: Biology of Desert Rodents. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 7: 3–29.

[HD37] Hall, E. R., & S. D. Durrant. 1937. A new kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops) of Utah and Nevada. Journal of Mammalogy 18 (3): 357–359.

[HD41] Hall, E. R., & S. D. Durrant. 1941. Two new kangaroo-mice from Utah. The Murrelet 22 (1): 5–7.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[MH03] Martin, R. A., R. T. Hurt, J. G. Honey & P. Peláez-Campomanes. 2003. Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene rodents fom the northern Borchers Badlands (Meade County, Kansas), with comments on the Blancan-Irvingtonian boundary in the Meade Basin. Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 985–1001.

[MB86] Matson, J. O. & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[MJ11] Meredith, R. W., J. E. Janečka, J. Gatesy, O. A. Ryder, C. A. Fisher, E. C. Teeling, A. Goodbla, E. Eizirik, T. L. L. Simão, T. Stadler, D. L. Rabosky, R. L. Honeycutt, J. J. Flynn, C. M. Ingram, C. Steiner, T. L. Williams, T. J. Robinson, A. Burk-Herrick, M. Westerman, N. A. Ayoub, M. S. Springer & W. J. Murphy. 2011. Impacts of the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution and KPg extinction on mammal diversification. Science 334: 521–524.

[QV01] Quintero, M. M. T., M. Vargas, B. S. Hernández, P García & N. J. Otero. 2001. Ectoparasitic mites on Heteromys gaumeri in the south of Yucatan, Mexico. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 583–585. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

Sciurini

Red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris, photographed by Tomi Tapio K.

Belongs within: Sciuridae.

The Sciurini is a group of tree squirrels found in Eurasia and the Americas, particularly in more temperate regions. They are united by the shape of the baculum, the penis bone, as well as by molecular data (Mercer & Roth 2003). The majority of species are placed in the genus Sciurus, which includes the familiar red squirrel S. vulgaris of Eurasia and the grey squirrel S. carolinensis of North America.

<==Sciurini
    |--+--Syntheosciurus MR03
    |  |    |--S. brochus MR03
    |  |    `--S. poasensis BP87
    |  `--Microsciurus [Microsciurini] MR03
    |       |--M. alfari MR03
    |       |--M. flaviventer MR03
    |       |--M. mimulus IT07
    |       `--M. santanderensis IT07
    `--+--Rheithrosciurus macrotis MR03
       `--Sciurus Linnaeus 1758 MR03, P04
            |--S. aberti MR03
            |    |--S. a. aberti BP87
            |    `--S. a. kaibabensis BP87
            |--S. aestuans IT07
            |--S. alleni IT07
            |--S. anomalus IT07
            |--S. arizonensis IT07
            |--S. atrodorsalis Gray 1842 [incl. S. hyperythrus Blyth 1855] P66
            |--S. aureogaster MB86
            |    |--S. a. aureogaster MB86
            |    `--S. a. socialis Wagner 1837 MB86
            |--S. carolinensis Gmelin 1788 K92
            |    |--S. c. carolinensis B75
            |    `--S. c. pennsylvanicus Ord in Guthrie 1815 [=S. pennsylvanica] B75
            |--S. chrysonotus P66
            |--S. colliaei IT07
            |--S. deppei G69
            |--S. erythrogaster P66
            |--S. flammifer IT07
            |--S. gilvigularis IT07
            |--S. granatensis MR03
            |--S. griseus Ord 1818 K92
            |--S. hippurus P66
            |--S. ignitus MR03
            |--S. igniventris IT07
            |--S. lis Temminck 1845 I92
            |--S. maltei Dahlmann 2001 P04
            |--S. nayaritensis Allen 1890 MB86
            |    |--S. n. nayaritensis KC05
            |    `--S. n. chiricahuae KC05
            |--S. niger Linnaeus 1758 K92
            |    |--S. n. niger KC05
            |    |--S. n. avicennia KC05
            |    |--S. n. cinereus BP87
            |    |--S. n. rufiventer Geoffroy St.-Hilaire 1803 B75
            |    |--S. n. shermani BP87
            |    `--S. n. vulpinus BP87
            |--S. oculatus IT07
            |--S. phayrei Blyth 1855 P66
            |--S. piceus Peters 1866 P66
            |--S. poliopus G69
            |    |--S. p. poliopus G69
            |    `--S. p. hernandezi G69
            |--S. pucheranii IT07
            |--s. pyrrhinus IT07
            |--S. relictus T23
            |--S. richmondi IT07
            |--S. sanborni IT07
            |--S. socialis G69
            |    |--S. s. socialis G69
            |    |--S. s. cocos G69
            |    `--S. s. littoralis G69
            |--S. spadiceus IT07
            |--S. stramineus MR03
            |--S. syriacus T66
            |--S. variegatoides MR03
            |--S. vulgaris KC05
            |    |--S. v. vulgaris M76
            |    `--S. v. orientis Thomas 1906 M76
            |--S. warthae Sulimski 1964 P04
            `--S. yucatanensis IT07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[K92] Klompen, J. S. H. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships in the mite family Sarcoptidae (Acari: Astigmata). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 180: i–vi, 1–154.

[KC05] Koprowski, J. L., & M. C. Corse. 2005. Time budgets, activity periods, and behavior of Mexican fox squirrels. Journal of Mammalogy 86 (5): 947–952.

[M76] Masui, M. 1976. Nihon no Doobutsu. Kogakukan: Tokyo.

[MB86] Matson, J. O. & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[MR03] Mercer, J. M., & V. L. Roth. 2003. The effects of Cenozoic global change on squirrel phylogeny. Science 299: 1568–1572.

[P66] Peters, W. 1866. On some Mammalia collected by Capt. A. C. Beavan, C. M. Z. S., at Moulmein, Burmah. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 426–429.

[P04] Popov, V. V. 2004. Pliocene small mammals (Mammalia, Lipotyphla, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Rodentia) from Muselievo (north Bulgaria). Geodiversitas 26 (3): 403–491.

[T66] Tristram, H. B. 1866. Report on the mammals of Palestine. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 84–93.

[T23] Troxell, E. L. 1923. Diplolophus, a new genus of rodents. American Journal of Science 5: 157–159.

Pteromyini

Indochinese flying squirrel Hylopetes phayrei, photographed by Varawut Varaguttanonda.

Belongs within: Sciuridae.

The Pteromyinae include the flying squirrels, characterised by the presence of a gliding patagium between the fore and hind legs. The majority of species are found in northern and eastern Eurasia, with the genus Glaucomys found in North America. The genus Petaurista includes the largest flying squirrels, and indeed some of the largest of all squirrels.

<==Pteromyini [Petauristinae, Pteromyinae]
    |  i. s.: Biswamoyopterus biswasi MR03, IT07
    |         Pliopetaurista Kretzoi 1962 P04
    |           |--P. dehneli (Sulimski 1964) [=Pliosciuropterus dehneli] P04
    |           |--P. moldaviensis Baranova & Konkova 1974 P04
    |           |--P. pliocaenica (Depéret 1897) P04
    |           `--P. schaubi (Sulimski 1964) P04
    |--+--Petaurista MR03
    |  |    |--P. alborufus MR03
    |  |    |--P. elegans IT07
    |  |    |--P. leucogenys Temminck 1827 M76
    |  |    |--P. magnificus IT07
    |  |    |--P. nobilis IT07
    |  |    |--P. petaurista IT07
    |  |    |--P. philippensis IT07
    |  |    `--P. xanthotis IT07
    |  `--+--Pteromys MR03
    |     |    |--P. momonga Temminck 1845 M76
    |     |    `--P. volans MR03
    |     `--+--+--Eupetaurus cinereus MR03
    |        |  `--Aeromys MR03
    |        |       |--A. tephromelas MR03
    |        |       `--A. thomasi IT07
    |        `--+--Pteromyscus pulverulentus MR03
    |           `--+--Belomys pearsonii MR03
    |              `--+--Aeretes melanopterus MR03
    |                 `--Trogopterus xanthipes MR03
    `--+--Eoglaucomys fimbriatus MR03
       `--+--Glaucomys MR03
          |    |--G. sabrinus IT07
          |    |    |--G. s. sabrinus BP87
          |    |    |--G. s. bangsi M61
          |    |    |--G. s. coloratus BP87
          |    |    |--G. s. fuscus BP87
          |    |    |--G. s. lucifugus M61
          |    |    `--G. s. murinauralis Musser 1961 M61
          |    `--G. volans (Linnaeus 1758) [=Mus volans] B75
          |         |--G. v. volans G69
          |         |--G. v. chontali Goodwin 1961 G69
          |         |--G. v. herreranus G69
          |         |--G. v. oaxacensis Goodwin 1961 G69
          |         `--G. v. querceti B49
          `--+--Iomys MR03
             |    |--I. horsfieldi MR03
             |    `--I. sipora IT07
             `--+--Petinomys MR03
                |    |--P. bartelsi BP87
                |    |--P. crinitus IT07
                |    |--P. fuscocapillus IT07
                |    |--P. genibarbis IT07
                |    |--P. hageni IT07
                |    |--P. lugens IT07
                |    |--P. sagitta IT07
                |    |--P. setosus MR03
                |    `--P. vordermanni IT07
                `--+--Petaurillus MR03
                   |    |--P. emiliae IT07
                   |    |--P. hosei IT07
                   |    `--P. kinlochii MR03
                   `--Hylopetes MR03
                        |--H. alboniger IT07
                        |--H. baberi IT07
                        |--H. bartelsi IT07
                        |--H. fimbriatus IT07
                        |--H. lepidus IT07
                        |--H. mindanensis BP87
                        |--H. nigripes IT07
                        |--H. phayrei MR03
                        |--H. sipora IT07
                        |--H. spadiceus IT07
                        `--H. winstoni IT07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B49] Baker, E. W. 1949. A review of the mites of the family Cheyletidae in the United States National Museum. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 99 (3238): 267–320.

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[M76] Masui, M. 1976. Nihon no Doobutsu. Kogakukan: Tokyo.

[MR03] Mercer, J. M., & V. L. Roth. 2003. The effects of Cenozoic global change on squirrel phylogeny. Science 299: 1568–1572.

[M61] Musser, G. G. 1961. A new subspecies of flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) from southwestern Utah. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 74: 119–126.

[P04] Popov, V. V. 2004. Pliocene small mammals (Mammalia, Lipotyphla, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Rodentia) from Muselievo (north Bulgaria). Geodiversitas 26 (3): 403–491.

Spermophilus

Thirteen-lined ground squirrel Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, photographed by Mnmazur.

Belongs within: Marmotini.

Spermophilus, the ground squirrels, has been recognised as a genus of about forty species found in northern Eurasia and North America. However, the genus in this sense may be paraphyletic to other genera in the Marmotini, and recent authors have restricted it to a group of western Eurasian species.

<==Spermophilus Cuvier 1825 P04
    |--S. (Spermophilus) richardsonii HGP74, RH75
    |--S. (Callospermophilus) lateralis HGP74
    |--S. (Ictidomys) HGP74
    |    |--S. (I.) mexicanus (Erxleben 1777) HGP74, MB86
    |    |    |--S. m. mexicanus MB86
    |    |    `--S. m. parvidens Mearns 1896 MB86
    |    `--S. (I.) tridecemlineatus (Mitchill 1821) HGP74, B75 [=Sciurus tridecemlineatus B75]
    `--S. (Otospermophilus) variegatus (Erxleben 1777) GB68, MB86
         |--S. v. variegatus MB86
         |--S. v. couchii Baird 1855 MB86
         `--S. v. rupestris (Allen 1903) MB86

Spermophilus incertae sedis:
  S. adocetus IT07
  S. alashanicus IT07
  S. annulatus IT07
  S. armatus RH75
  S. atricapillus IT07
  S. beecheyi IT07
  S. beldingi RH75
    |--S. b. beldingi RH75
    |--S. b. creber RH75
    `--S. b. oregonus RH75
  S. brunneus RH75
  S. canus IT07
  S. citellus IT07
  S. columbianus RH75
    |--S. c. columbianus RH75
    `--S. c. ruficaudus RH75
  S. cragini MH03
  S. dauricus IT07
  S. elegans RH75
    |--S. e. elegans [=S. richardsonii elegans] RH75
    |--S. e. aureus [=S. richardsonii aureus] RH75
    `--S. e. nevadensis [=S. richardsonii nevadensis] RH75
  S. erythrogenys IT07
  S. franklinii (Sabine 1822) [=Arctomys franklinii] B75
  S. fulvus IT07
  S. madrensis IT07
  S. major IT07
  S. meadensis (Hibbard 1941) [=Citellus meadensis] MH03
  S. mohavensis IT07
  S. mollis IT07
  S. musicus IT07
  S. nogaici (Topachevski 1957) [=Urocitellus nogaici] P04
  S. parryii RH75
    |--S. p. parryii RH75
    |--S. p. janensis RH75
    |--S. p. kennicottii RH75
    `--S. p. leucostictus RH75
  S. perotensis IT07
  S. pygmaeus IT07
  S. relictus IT07
  S. saturatus IT07
  S. spilosoma Bennett 1833 MB86
    |--S. s. spilosoma MB86
    `--S. s. pallescens (Howell 1928) MB86
  S. suslicus IT07
  S. tereticaudus IT07
  S. townsendii IT07
  S. undulatus RH75
    |--S. u. undulatus RH75
    |--S. u. eversmanni RH75
    `--S. u. stramineus RH75
  S. washingtoni IT07
  S. xanthoprymnus IT07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1-184.

[GB68] Gerber, J. D. & E. C. Birney. 1968. Immunological comparisons of four subgenera of ground squirrels. Systematic Zoology 17 (4): 413-416.

[HGP74] Hight, M. E., M. Goodman & W. Prychodko. 1974. Immunological studies of the Sciuridae. Systematic Zoology 23 (1): 12-25.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[MH03] Martin, R. A., R. T. Hurt, J. G. Honey & P. Peláez-Campomanes. 2003. Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene rodents fom the northern Borchers Badlands (Meade County, Kansas), with comments on the Blancan-Irvingtonian boundary in the Meade Basin. Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 985-1001.

[MB86] Matson, J. O. & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1-88.

[P04] Popov, V. V. 2004. Pliocene small mammals (Mammalia, Lipotyphla, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Rodentia) from Muselievo (north Bulgaria). Geodiversitas 26 (3): 403-491.

[RH75] Robinson, J. W. & R. S. Hoffmann. 1975. Geographical and interspecific cranial variation in big-eared ground squirrels (Spermophilus): a multivariate study. Systematic Zoology 24 (1): 79-88.

Oryctolagini

Cape hare Lepus capensis, photographed by Arno Meintjes.

Belongs within: Leporidae.

The clade Oryctolagini includes the European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus and the Lepus hares of Eurasia, Africa and North America. Hares are long-eared and -legged lagomorphs adapted for fast running.

Synapomorphies (from Averianov 1999): Postorbital processes well developed, with both anterior and posterior projections; neural spines of anterior thoracic vertebrae long, more than three times length of vertebra centrum.

<==Oryctolagini
    |--Oryctolagus Lilljeborg 1874 A99
    |    `--O. cuniculus (Linnaeus 1758) K92
    `--Leporini A99
         |--Indolagus Gureev 1964 A99
         `--Lepus Linnaeus 1758 A99
              |--L. aegyptiacus T66
              |--L. alleni IT07
              |--L. americanus B75
              |    |--L. a. americanus B75
              |    `--L. a. phaeonotus Allen 1899 B75
              |--L. arcticus IT07
              |--L. brachyurus Temminck 1845 M76
              |--L. californicus MB86
              |    |--L. c. californicus MB86
              |    |--L. c. asellus Miller 1899 MB86
              |    |--L. c. melanotis Mearns 1890 B75
              |    `--L. c. texianus MB86
              |--L. callotis Wagler 1830 MB86 [incl. L. mexicanus Lichtenstein 1830 G69]
              |--L. capensis IT07
              |--L. castroviejoi IT07
              |--L. comus IT07
              |--L. coreanus IT07
              |--L. corsicanus IT07
              |--L. crawshayi PC06
              |--L. cuniculus T66
              |--L. europaeus AA02
              |--L. fagani IT07
              |--L. flavigularis G69
              |--L. floridanus S69
              |    |--L. f. floridanus S69
              |    `--L. f. sanctidiegi Miller 1899 S69
              |--L. granatensis IT07
              |--L. hainanus IT07
              |--L. insularis IT07
              |--L. isabellinus [incl. L. aethiopicus] T66
              |--L. mandshuricus IT07
              |--L. nigricollis IT07
              |--L. oiostolus IT07
              |--L. othus IT07
              |--L. peguensis IT07
              |--L. saxatilis IT07
              |--L. sinaiticus T66
              |--L. sinensis IT07
              |--L. starcki IT07
              |--L. syriacus T66
              |--L. timidus IT07
              |--L. tolai IT07
              |--L. townsendii B75
              |    |--L. t. townsendii B75
              |    `--L. t. campanius Hollister 1915 [=L. campestris Bachman 1837 non Meyer 1790] B75
              |--L. victoriae IT07
              |--L. whytei BF01
              `--L. yarkandensis IT07

Inorganic: Lepus brachyurus minilorientalus Okamura 1987 O87
           Oryctolagus cuniculus minilorientalus Okamura 1987 O87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AA02] Arnason, U., J. A. Adegoke, K. Bodin, E. W. Born, Y. B. Esa, A. Gullberg, M. Nilsson, R. V. Short, X. Xu & A. Janke. 2002. Mammalian mitogenomic relationships and the root of the eutherian tree. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 99 (12): 8151–8156.

[A99] Averianov, A. O. 1999. Phylogeny and classification of Leporidae (Mammalia, Lagomorpha). Vestnik Zoologii 33 (1–2): 41–48.

[BF01] Bochkov, A. V., & A. Fain. 2001. Phylogeny and system of the Cheyletidae (Acari: Prostigmata) with special reference to their host-parasite associations. Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique Entomologie 71: 5–36.

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[K92] Klompen, J. S. H. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships in the mite family Sarcoptidae (Acari: Astigmata). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 180: i–vi, 1–154.

[M76] Masui, M. 1976. Nihon no Doobutsu. Kogakukan: Tokyo.

[MB86] Matson, J. O. & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[PC06] Poux, C., P. Chevret, D. Huchon, W. W. de Jong & E. J. P. Douzery. 2006. Arrival and diversification of caviomorph rodents and platyrrhine primates in South America. Systematic Biology 55 (2): 228–244.

[S69] Steyskal, G. C. 1969. The mistreatment of the Latin genitive case in forming names of parasites. Systematic Zoology 18 (3): 339–342.

[T66] Tristram, H. B. 1866. Report on the mammals of Palestine. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 84–93.

Leporidae

Reconstruction of Hypolagus, from here.

Belongs within: Lagomorpha.
Contains: Leporinae.

The Leporidae includes the rabbits and hares, small to medium-sized herbivorous mammals with generally elongate ears and feet. Early representatives include the Late Miocene to Early Pleistocene Hypolagus which first appeared in North America before dispersing to Eurasia and differed from more derived forms in retaining only a single anterior reentrant on the second upper premolar. The Notolagini are a North American Pliocene to Pleistocene group with a deep anterointernal reentrant on the third lower premolar (Averianov 1999).

Synapomorphies (from Averianov 1999, for crown-group excluding Hypolagus): P2 with three or more reentrants; M3 reduced, width <40% of width of M2; p3 with both posteroexternal and posterointernal reentrants present.

<==Leporidae P04
    |--Hypolagus Dice 1917 A99
    |    |--H. beremendensis (Petényi 1864) (see below for synonymy) P04
    |    |--H. brachignathus P04
    |    |--H. igrmovi Gureev 1964 P04
    |    `--H. vetus TH03
    `--+--Alilepus Dice 1931 A99
       |--Leporinae A99
       `--Notolagini A99
            |--Pronotolagus White 1991 A99
            `--+--Notolagus Wilson 1938 A99
               `--Paranotolagus Miller & Carranza-Castañeda 1982 A99

Leporidae incertae sedis:
  Panolax Cope 1874 (n. d.) A99
    `--P. sanctaefidaei Cope 1874 C77
  Aluralagus Downey 1968 A99
  Lushilagus Li 1965 SM93
  Procaprolagus Gureev 1960 SM93
    `--P. vusillus S96
  Mytonolagus Burke 1938 SM93
    |--M. petersoni P96
    `--M. robustus P96
  Tachylagus gawneae Storer 1992 S96
  Megalagus S96
    |--M. brachyodon (Matthew 1903) S96
    |--M. primitivus Dawson 1958 S96
    `--M. turgidus (Cope 1873) S96
  Chadrolagus emryi TPG96

Hypolagus beremendensis (Petényi 1864) [=Lepus beremendensis, Pliolagus beremendensis; incl. P. tothi Kretzoi 1941] P04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A99] Averianov, A. O. 1999. Phylogeny and classification of Leporidae (Mammalia, Lagomorpha). Vestnik Zoologii 33 (1–2): 41–48.

[C77] Cope, E. D. 1877. Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (2): i–iv, 1–370.

[P04] Popov, V. V. 2004. Pliocene small mammals (Mammalia, Lipotyphla, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Rodentia) from Muselievo (north Bulgaria). Geodiversitas 26 (3): 403–491.

[P96] Prothero, D. R. 1996. Magnetic stratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Middle Eocene Uinta Formation, Uinta Basin, Utah. In: Prothero, D. R., & R. J. Emry (eds) The Terrestrial Eocene–Oligocene Transition in North America pp. 3–24. Cambridge University Press.

[S96] Storer, J. E. 1996. Eocene-Oligocene faunas of the Cypress Hills Formation, Saskatchewan. In: Prothero, D. R., & R. J. Emry (eds) The Terrestrial Eocene–Oligocene Transition in North America pp. 240–261. Cambridge University Press.

[SM93] Stucky, R. K., & M. C. McKenna. 1993. Mammalia. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 739–771. Chapman & Hall: London.

[TPG96] Tabrum, A. R., D. R. Prothero & D. Garcia. 1996. Magnetostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Eocene-Oligocene transition, southwestern Montana. In: Prothero, D. R., & R. J. Emry (eds) The Terrestrial Eocene–Oligocene Transition in North America pp. 278–311. Cambridge University Press.

[TH03] Tedford, R. H., & C. R. Harington. 2003. An Arctic mammal fauna from the Early Pliocene of North America. Nature 425: 388–390.

Last updated: 30 January 2022.