Sympiesis

Female Sympiesis marylandensis, photographed by Chris Maier.

Belongs within: Eulophini.

Sympiesis is a genus of wasps whose larvae are ectoparasitic on the larvae of leaf-mining Lepidoptera. As currently defined, Sympiesis encompasses a wide range of morphologies. For instance, males may have the antennae either branched or unbranched (Bouček 1988).

See also: Sympiesis at Catalogue of Organisms.

Characters (from Bouček 1988): Antenna with scapes at most only slightly exceeding ocelli, flagellum not distinctly clavate, in male often with three branches, female funicle four-segmented; scutellum not transverse, without sublateral grooves, bare except for four setae; postmarginal vein ending far from wing apex; gaster dorsally collapsing.

Sympiesis Förster 1856 (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--*S. sericeicornis [=Eulophus sericeicornis] B88
    |--S. agromyzae Gahan 1913 GM79
    |    |--S. a. agromyzae G17b
    |    `--S. a. pennsylvanicus Girault 1917 G17b
    |--S. australiensis (Girault 1913) [=*Diaulomella australiensis] B88
    |--S. bimaculatus Crawford 1913 GM79 [incl. S. bimaculatipennis Girault 1917 G25, GM79]
    |--S. boasi (Girault 1913) [=*Sympiesonecremnus boasi] B88
    |--S. campbellensis (Kerrich & Yoshimoto 1964) [=Ardalus campbellensis] B88
    |--S. coloni Girault 1917 G17c
    |--S. consona (Girault 1915) [=*Pardiaulomella consonus] B88
    |--S. cyaneipurpurea (Girault 1915) [=*Diaulomorphella cyaneipurpurea] B88
    |--S. dandoloni Girault 1917 G17a
    |--S. dolichogaster Ashmead 1888 (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--S. felti Crawford 1911 GM79
    |--S. flavipes Ashmead 1886 GM79
    |--S. fucosa (Girault 1915) [=Opheliminus fucosus] B88
    |--S. grotii (Girault 1913) [=*Opheliminus grotii, O. grotiusi Girault 1913] B88
    |--S. guttatipennis Girault 1917 G17b
    |--S. hawaiiensis (Ashmead 1901) [=Ophelinus (l. c. for Ophelimus) hawaiiensis] B88
    |--S. lexingtonensis Girault 1917 G17e
    |--S. longfellowi (Girault 1913) [=Opheliminus longfellowi] B88
    |--S. longiventris (Girault 1913) [=*Pseudopheliminus longiventris, Asympiesiella longiventris] B88
    |--S. miltoni Girault 1917 G17c
    |--S. maculipes Crawford 1913 GM79
    |--S. marilandia Girault 1917 G17d
    |--S. marylandensis Girault 1917 GM79
    |--S. mauiensis (Ashmead 1901) [=Ophelinus (l. c. for Ophelimus) mauiensis] B88
    |--S. nigrifemora Ashmead 1888 GM79
    |--S. nigripes Ashmead 1888 GM79 [incl. S. massasoit Crawford 1913 G25, GM79]
    |--S. pulcherrima (Dodd in Girault 1915) [=Opheliminus pulcherrimus] B88
    |--S. rex Girault 1917 G17a
    |--S. saintpierrei (Girault 1913) (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--S. spadiceipes (Girault 1915) [=*Pardiaulomyia spadiceipes] B88
    |--S. speciosa (Girault & Dodd in Girault 1915) [=*Pronecremnus speciosus] B88
    |--S. stigmatipennis Girault 1917 G17b
    |--S. stigmatus Girault 1917 G17b
    |--S. superba (Girault 1915) [=Asympiesiella superbus] B88
    |--S. tischeriae Ashmead 1888 GM79
    |--S. uroplatae Howard 1885 GM79 [incl. S. unicarinata Ashmead 1894 G17b, GM79]
    `--S. wordsworthi Girault 1917 G17c

Sympiesis Förster 1856 [incl. Aympiesiella Girault 1913, Cladosympiesis Graham 1959, Diaulomella Girault 1913, Diaulomorphella Girault 1915, Moroceras Erdös 1954, Necremnomyia Girault 1913, Opheliminus Girault 1913, Pardiaulomella Girault 1915, Pardiaulomyia Girault 1915, Pronecremnus Girault & Dodd in Girault 1915, Pseudopheliminus Girault 1913, Sympiesonecremnus Girault 1913, Teleogmus Förster 1856] B88

Sympiesis dolichogaster Ashmead 1888 [incl. Asympiesiella nelsonensis var. gracilis Girault 1915, A. india Girault 1916, *A. nelsonensis Girault 1913, Sympiesis nelsonensis Girault 1914] B88

Sympiesis saintpierrei (Girault 1913) [=*Necremnomyia saintpierrei; incl. Sympiesonecremnus aenella Dodd in Girault 1915, N. variscutum Girault 1915] B88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[G17a] Girault, A. A. 1917a. New chalcid flies. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 72-77).

[G17b] Girault, A. A. 1917b. Descriptiones stellarum novarum. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 80-101).

[G17c] Girault, A. A. 1917c. Descriptiones hymenopterorum chalcidoidicarum variorum cum observationibus. III. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 102-111).

[G17d] Girault, A. A. 1917d. Chalcidoidea nova Marilandensis. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 112-113).

[G17e] Girault, A. A. 1917e. Descriptiones hymenopterorum chalcidoidicarum variorum cum observationibus. V. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 116-131).

[G25] Girault, A. A. 1925. Indications (in new insects) of ruling power and laws in nature. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 184-186).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1-400.

Ophelimus

Ovipositing female of Ophelimus maskelli, from here.

Belongs within: Eulophidae.

Ophelimus is a genus of wasps that develop in galls in the leaves of Eucalyptus, either causing the galls themselves or as inquilines in the galls of other taxa. Members of the genus vary noticeably in antennal morphology, from species with two anelli and four funicular segments, to some in which all but one of the segments between pedicel and clava have been reduced to anelli. Others show a reduction in total number of segments through the fusion of proximal anelli (Bouček 1988).

Characters (from Bouček 1988): Marginal vein thickened; female antenna clavate, with zero to four funicular segments; anelli present or not; notauli very deep throughout; scutellum without sublateral grooves; spurs of hind tibia always shorter than basitarsus.

Ophelimus Haliday 1844 (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--*O. ursidius (Walker 1839) [=Eulophus ursidius] B88
    |--O. acuminatus (Girault 1915) [=Rhicnopeltella acuminata] B88
    |--O. aeneipes (Girault 1913) [=Elachertetrastichus aeneipes, Rhicnopeltella aeneipes] B88
    |--O. aeneoviridis (Girault 1925) [=*Deciana aeneoviridis] B88
    |--O. auripes (Girault 1913) [=*Omphalomorphella auripes] B88
    |--O. australia (Girault 1916) [=Rhicnopeltella australia] B88
    |--O. bellus (Girault 1915) [=Brachychrysocharella bella] B88
    |--O. citritibiae (Girault 1928) [=Rhicnopeltella citritibiae] B88
    |--O. consobrinus (Girault 1913) [=Rhicnopeltella consobrinus] B88
    |--O. dei (Girault 1926) [=Rhicnopeltella dei] B88
    |--O. depressus (Girault 1929) [=Rhicnopeltella depressa] B88
    |--O. dryas (Girault 1934) [=Rhicnopeltella dryas] B88
    |--O. dubius (Girault 1913) [=*Brachychrysocharella dubia] B88
    |--O. eucalypti (Gahan 1922) [=Rhicnopeltella eucalypti] B88
    |--O. faunus (Girault 1929) [=Rhicnopeltella faunus] B88
    |--O. femoratus (Girault 1934) [=Rhicnopeltella femorata] B88
    |--O. filia (Girault 1913) [=Rhicnopeltella filia] B88
    |--O. flavipes (Girault 1913) [=Rhicnopeltella flavipes; incl. R. flavipes binotata Girault 1915] B88
    |--O. funeralis (Girault 1934) [=Rhicnopeltella funeralis] B88
    |--O. gemma (Girault 1921) [=Rhicnopeltella gemma] B88
    |--O. globulus (Girault 1934) [=Rhicnopeltella globula] B88
    |--O. globus (Girault 1913) [=Brachychrysocharella globa] B88
    |--O. hegeli (Girault 1915) (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--O. helena (Girault 1913) [=Brachychrysocharella helena] B88
    |--O. immaculatipennis (Girault 1913) [=*Rhicnopeltella immaculatipennis] B88
    |--O. julietta (Girault 1934) [=Rhicnopeltella julietta] B88
    |--O. liszti (Girault 1934) [=Rhicnopeltella liszti] B88
    |--O. magniventris (Girault 1913) [=*Cirrospilomyia magniventris] B88
    |--O. martialis (Girault 1934) [=Rhicnopeltella martialis] B88
    |--O. maskelli (Ashmead 1900) [=Pteroptrix maskelli, Rhicnopeltella maskelli] B88
    |--O. multifasciatus (Girault 1915) [=Rhicnopeltella multifasciata] B88
    |--O. nigriclava (Girault 1923) [=Rhicnopeltella nigriclava] B88
    |--O. nubilipennis (Girault 1915) [=Rhicnopeltella nubilipennis] B88
    |--O. nuptus (Girault 1928) [=Brachychrysocharella nupta] B88
    |--O. oviparopsis (Girault 1934) [=Rhicnopeltella oviparopsis] B88
    |--O. prymno (Walker 1839) [=Cirrospilus prymno] B88
    |--O. purpureiventris (Girault 1916) [=Rhicnopeltella purpureiventris] B88
    |--O. purpureus (Girault 1913) [=Rhicnopeltella purpurea] B88
    |--O. reticulatus (Girault 1913) [=Rhicnopeltella reticulata] B88
    |--O. sabella (Walker 1839) [=Eulophus sabella] B88
    |--O. sarah (Girault 1929) [=Rhicnopeltella sarah] B88
    |--O. splendoriferellus (Girault 1913) [=Rhicnopeltella splendoriferella] B88
    |--O. tamasesius (Girault 1934) [=Rhicnopeltella tamasesia] B88
    |--O. tassoni (Girault 1922) [=Omphalomorphella tassoni] B88
    |--O. thaelmanni (Girault 1934) [=Rhicnopeltella thaelmanni] B88
    |--O. truncatus (Girault 1934) [=Rhicnopeltella truncatus] B88
    |--O. vannius (Walker 1839) [=Cirrospilus vannius] B88
    |--O. violescens (Dodd in Girault 1915) [=*Omphalomorphoides violescens] B88
    |--O. viridis (Girault 1913) [=Rhicnopeltella viridis] B88
    `--O. zealandicus (Ashmead 1904) [=*Chrysoatomus zealandicus] B88

Ophelimus Haliday 1844 [=Ophelinus (l. c.); incl. Brachychrysocharella Girault 1913, Chrysoatomus Ashmead 1904, Cirrospilomyia Girault 1913, Deciana Girault 1925, Elachertetrastichus Girault 1913, Omphalomorphella Girault & Dodd in Girault 1913, Omphalomorphoides Dodd in Girault 1915, Rhicnopeltella Girault 1913] B88

Ophelimus hegeli (Girault 1915) [=Rhicnopeltella hegeli, *Elachertetrastichus purpureus Girault 1913 non Rhicnopeltella purpurea Girault 1913] B88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

Pireninae

Ovipositing female of Macroglenes penetrans, from Saskatoon Research Centre.

Belongs within: Chalcidoidea.

The Pireninae are a group of wasps parasitic on midges of the Cecidomyiidae (Bouček 1988). In the case of Macroglenes, the preferred hosts are on grasses, and this genus has been widely introduced as a biological control for cereal pests.

Characters (from Bouček 1988): Antenna with at most 12 segments and at most 6 funicular segments. One or both anelli generally very small, microscopic, sometimes retracted into apex of pedicel. Antennae always inserted below centre of face, often very low. Clypeus large, well delimited by depressions, sometimes also a supraclypeal area indicated, tentorial pits never deep. Lower clypeal margin relatively stout and often produced, sometimes with massive teeth. Mandibles typically little curved, usually slightly expanded at apex, with 4 sharp teeth (rarely reduced). Pronotum dorsally mostly rounded, rarely bluntly edged (never with a sharp carina). Notauli arc mostly deep and complete (rarely obliterated in some Gastrancistrus). Frenal line on scutellum often indicated. Propodeum rather weakly sculptured, always lacking plicae, a simple median carina may be developed. Wing venation rather variable.

<==Pireninae [Pireniani, Pirenina, Pirenini, Trydymini] B88
    |--+--Petipirene Bouček 1988 MH11, B88
    |  |    `--*P. eximia Bouček 1988 B88
    |  `--Macroglenes Westwood 1832 MH11, B88 (see below for synonymy)
    |       |--*M. oculatus B88
    |       |--M. clypeatus (Girault 1925) [=Phocion clypeatus] B88
    |       |--M. congener (Girault 1925) [=Phocion congener] B88
    |       |--M. ipswichi (Girault 1925) [=*Phocion ipswichi, Pirene ipswichi] B88
    |       |--M. penetrans B88
    |       `--‘*Pirene’ varicornis B88
    `--Gastrancistrus Westwood 1833 MH11, B88 (see below for synonymy)
         |--*G. vagans B88
         |--G. albicornis (Girault 1913) (see below for synonymy) B88
         |--G. albipes (Dodd & Girault in Girault 1915) [=Roptroceropseus albipes] B88
         |--G. amabilis (Girault & Dodd in Girault 1915) [=Schizonotus amabilis] B88
         |--‘Trydymus’ americensis Girault 1917 G17a
         |--G. arboris (Girault 1922) [=Schizonotus arboris] B88
         |--G. citripes (Girault 1929) [=Roptroceropseus citripes] B88
         |--‘Trydymus’ clavicornis Girault 1917 G17d
         |--G. floricola (Dodd & Girault 1915) [=Isoplata floricola] B88
         |--‘*Isoplata’ geniculata [=*Isoplatella geniculata] B88
         |--G. giraulti (Gahan & Fagan 1923) (see below for synonymy) B88
         |--G. menaetes (Walker 1839) [=Miscogaster menaetes] B88
         |--‘Trydymus’ nigriclavus Girault 1917 G17b
         |--G. nigricyaneus (Girault 1915) [=*Muscideomyia nigricyanea] B88
         |--G. psapho (Walker 1839) [=Miscogaster psapho] B88
         |--G. punctatiscutum (Girault 1922) [=Schizonotus punctatiscutum] B88
         |--G. quadridentatus (Girault 1937) [=Roptroceropseus quadridentatus] B88
         |--G. robertsoni Girault 1915 B88
         |--‘Miscogaster’ sambus Walker 1839 B88
         |--G. unfasciatus (Girault 1915) [=Protanaostigma unfasciatus, *Proplesiostigma unfasciatum] B88
         |--G. unimacula (Girault 1929) [=Parerotolepsia unimacula] B88
         `--‘Glyphe’ viridescens Walsh 1861 GM79

Pireninae incertae sedis:
  Sirovena Bouček 1988 B88
    `--*S. stigma Bouček 1988 B88
  Velepirene Bouček 1988 B88
    `--*V. gressitti Bouček 1988 B88
  Parasyntomocera Girault 1917 G17c
    `--*P. hillmeadia Girault 1917 G17c
  Premiscogaster Girault 1933 B88
    |--*P. australia (Girault 1917) [=Miscogaster australia] B88
    `--P. punctatifascies (Girault 1922) [=Schizonotus punctatifascies, S. punctatifacies] B88
  Amuscidea Girault 1913 [incl. Erotolepsiopus Girault 1915] B88
    |--*A. nigripes Girault 1913 B88
    `--A. subsolana (Girault 1915) [=*Erotolepsiopus subsolanus] B88
  Epiterobia Girault 1914 [incl. Neroptrocerus Girault 1915] B88
    |--*E. reticulatithorax Girault 1914 B88
    |--E. sanguinipes Girault 1938 B88
    `--E. subatra (Girault 1915) [=*Neroptrocerus subater] B88

Nomen nudum: Parerotolepsia aereifemur Girault 1929 B88

Gastrancistrus Westwood 1833 MH11, B88 [incl. Glyphe Walker 1834 B88, Isoplata Girault 1913 non Förster 1856 B88, Isoplatella Gahan & Fagan 1923 B88, Muscideomyia Girault 1915 B88, Parerotolepsia Girault 1915 B88, Proplesiostigma Girault 1915 B88, Roptroceropseus Girault 1913 B88, Tridymus Ratzeburg 1848 B88, Tripedias Förster 1856 B88]

Gastrancistrus albicornis (Girault 1913) [=*Roptroceropseus albicornis; incl. *Parerotolepsia auripes Girault 1915, P. chauceri Girault 1922, Roptroceropseus similiformis Girault & Dodd in Girault 1915] B88

Gastrancistrus giraulti (Gahan & Fagan 1923) [=*Isoplatella giraulti, *Isoplata geniculata Girault 1913 non Förster 1856] B88

Macroglenes Westwood 1832 MH11, B88 [incl. Corynocere Nees 1834 B88, Phocion Girault 1925 B88, Pirene Haliday 1833 B88, Pirenisca Ghesquière 1946 B88]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[G17a] Girault, A. A. 1917a. Descriptiones hymenopterorum chalcidoidicarum variorum cum observationibus. III. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 102-111).

[G17b] Girault, A. A. 1917b. Chalcidoidea nova Marilandensis. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 112-113).

[G17c] Girault, A. A. 1917c. Chalcidoidea nova Marilandensis. II. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 114-115).

[G17d] Girault, A. A. 1917d. Descriptiones hymenopterorum chalcidoidicarum variorum cum observationibus. V. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 116-131).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1-400.

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PLoS One 6 (11): e27023.

Prospaltella

Female of Prospaltella perniciosi preparing to oviposit on Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, from here.

Belongs within: Chalcidoidea.

Prospaltella is a genus of wasps parasitic on scale insects, currently regarded as a junior synonym of Encarsia.

<==Prospaltella
    |--P. aurantii (Howard 1894) GM79
    |--P. beethoveni Girault 1931 [=P. singularis Silvestri 1930 non Coccophagus singularis Girault 1915] G31
    |--P. berlesei (Howard 1906) GM79
    |--P. citrifolia C81
    |--P. clypealis C81
    |--P. divergens C81
    |--P. opulenta C81
    |--P. perniciosi C81
    |--P. singularis (Girault 1915) [=Coccophagus singularis] G31
    `--P. smithi C81

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C81] Caltagirone, L. E. 1981. Landmark examples in classical biological control. Annual Review of Entomology 26: 213-232.

[G31] Girault, A. A. 1931. A new habit in an old insect, Homo pudicus and new Eurytomidae. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 280-283).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1-400.

Glossata

Dyseriocrania subpurpurella, photographed by Sander van der Molen.

Belongs within: Lepidoptera.
Contains: Heteroneura, Exoporia.

The Glossata are the clade of Lepidoptera in which the mouthparts have become modified into a long coiled proboscis (though this has been lost in various subgroups). The proboscis also bears intrinsic musculature conveying greater mobility in members of the Neopseustidae, Exoporia and Heteroneura though such musculature is absent in Lophocorona, Acanthopteroctetes and Eriocraniidae. Basal lineages of the Glossata are mostly leaf-miners as larvae (Grimaldi & Engel 2005).

Synapomorphies (from Grimaldi & Engel 2005): Nonfunctional or vestigial adult mandibles, lacinia reduced; galeae long, concave and zippped together with rows of minute processes (legulae) to form a proboscis that is usually coiled at rest; larva with a spinneret on apex of prelabial-hypopharyngeal lobe.

<==Glossata [Coelolepida, Eriocraniina, Eriocranioidea, Haustellata, Myoglossata]
    |  i. s.: Catapterigidae NC91
    |--Neolepidoptera [Monotrysia] GE05
    |    |--Heteroneura KP19
    |    `--+--Exoporia KP19
    |       `--Lophocorona [Lophocoronidae, Lophocoronina, Lophocoronoidea] KP19
    |            |--L. astipica KP19
    |            |--L. melanora NC91
    |            `--L. pediasia NC91
    `--+--Neopseustoidea KP19
       |    |--Acanthopteroctetes [Acanthopteroctetidae, Acanthopteroctetoidea] KP19
       |    |    `--A. unifascia KP19
       |    `--Neopseustidae [Neopseustina] GE05
       |         |--Apoplania valdiviana WRM02
       |         `--Neopseustis meyricki KP19
       `--Eriocraniidae GE05
            |  i. s.: Mnemonica RD77
            |           |--M. auricyanea P27
            |           `--M. subpurpurella RD77
            |         Electrocrania immensipalpa Kuznetsov 1941 P92
            |--Dyseriocrania KP19
            |    |--D. auricyanea WRM02
            |    |--D. griseocapitella WRM02
            |    |--D. perveta Cockerell 1919 P92
            |    `--D. subpurpurella WRM02
            `--+--Heringocrania unimaculella WRM02
               `--Eriocrania WRM02
                    |--E. sangii WRM02
                    `--E. semipurpurella WRM02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[KP19] Kawahara, A. Y., D. Plotkin, M. Espeland, K. Meusemann, E. F. A. Toussaint, A. Donath, F. Gimnich, P. B. Frandsen, A. Zwick, M. dos Reis, J. R. Barber, R. S. Peters, S. Liu, X. Zhou, C. Mayer, L. Podsiadlowski, C. Storer, J. E. Yack, B. Misof & J. W. Breinholt. 2019. Phylogenomics reveals the evolutionary timing and pattern of butterflies and moths. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 116 (45): 22657–22663.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[P27] Philpott, A. 1927. The maxillae in the Lepidoptera. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 721–746.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[WRM02] Wiegmann, B. M., J. C. Regier & C. Mitter. 2002. Combined molecular and morphological evidence on the phylogeny of the earliest lepidopteran lineages. Zoologica Scripta 31 (1): 67–81.

Last updated: 4 March 2021.

Tetrastichinae

Macropterous females and brachypterous male of Melittobia acasta, photographed by Paul Westrich.


Belongs within: Eulophinae.
Contains: Tetrastichus, Neotrichoporoides, Aprostocetus.

The Tetrastichinae is a group of weakly sclerotised small wasps, most of which are parasites of gall-forming Lepidoptera and Diptera. Bouček (1988) recognised two tribes within the Tetrastichinae, with the great majority of species placed in the Tetrastichini. The Australasian genus Gyrolasomyia was placed in its own tribe; it differs from other tetrastichines in its non-collapsing gaster, greatly shortened antennae and head and thorax covered with short decumbent hairs. Other notable genera include Melittobia, species of which are most commonly gregarious ectoparasites of larvae and pupae of solitary wasps and bees; males are brachypterous and do not leave the parent nest with dispersal being done only by the macropterous females (Bouček 1988).

Characters (from Bouček 1988): Notauli always deep and straight notauli; axillulae on sides of the scutellum mostly visible from above together with lateral grooves which separate them and form with the usually present submedian grooves a characteristic pattern; submarginal vein 'broken' at apex from parastigma. Female antenna originally with 4 anelli (which may be reduced in number) and 3 funicular segments; male antenna usually with a full segment instead of the fourth anellus, and often a 'plaque', a thickened elongate ridge on ventral side (continuing dorsally at the apex in Arachnoobius) of the scape, and often characteristic rows or whorls of bristles on flagellum.

<==Tetrastichinae [Tetrastichidae]
    |--Hadrotrichodes waukheon HB13
    `--+--Crataepus marbis HB13
       `--Tetrastichini [Ceratoneurini, Melittobiini] B88
            |  i. s.: Tetrastichus B88
            |         Neotrichoporoides B88
            |         Tetrastichomphale Girault 1935 B88
            |           `--*T. multivena Girault 1935 B88
            |         Tetrasta Bouček 1988 B88
            |           `--*T. perthensis Bouček 1988 B88
            |         Ceratoneuropsis Girault 1913 B88
            |           `--*C. poincarei Girault 1913 [incl. C. affinis Girault & Dodd in Girault 1915] B88
            |         Pracetus Bouček 1988 B88
            |           `--*P. longus Bouček 1988 B88
            |         Euceratoneura Girault 1920 B88
            |           `--*E. shellyi Girault 1920 B88
            |         Aceratoneura Girault & Dodd in Girault 1915 B88
            |           `--*A. splendida Girault & Dodd in Girault 1915 B88
            |         Arachnoobius Bouček 1988 B88
            |           `--*A. austini Bouček 1988 B88
            |         Goethella Girault 1928 B88
            |           `--*G. asulcata Girault 1928 B88
            |         Gasterichus Bouček 1988 B88
            |           `--*G. ensis Bouček 1988 B88
            |         Eulophoscotolinx Girault 1913 B88
            |           `--*E. viridis Girault 1913 B88
            |         Citrostichus Bouček 1988 B88
            |           `--*C. phyllocnistoides (Narayanan 1960) (see below for synonymy) B88
            |         Tachinobia Bouček 1977 B88
            |           `--*T. repanda Bouček 1977 B88
            |         Mestocharella Girault 1913 B88
            |           |--*M. feralis Girault 1913 B88
            |           `--M. javensis B88
            |         Parachrysocharis Girault 1913 B88
            |           |--*P. javensis Girault 1913 (see below for synonymy) B88
            |           `--P. semiflava Girault 1917 B88
            |         Aceratoneuromyia Girault 1917 B88
            |           |--A. indica (Silvestri 1910) B88 (see below for synonymy)
            |           `--A. granularis B88
            |         Ceratoneuronella Girault 1913 [incl. Buonapartea Girault 1924] B88
            |           |--*C. nigriventris Girault 1913 B88
            |           |--C. aligherini Girault 1915 B88
            |           `--C. rufobasalis Girault 1915 (see below for synonymy) B88
            |         Ceratoneura Ashmead 1894 [incl. Ceratotetrastichus Girault 1917, Paraceratoneura Girault 1915] B88
            |           |--*C. petiolata B88
            |           |--C. goethei (Girault 1915) [=*Paraceratoneura goethei] B88
            |           |--C. indi Girault 1917 [incl. C. indica Rohwer 1921] B88
            |           `--C. miltoni Girault 1920 B88
            |         Epichrysocharis Girault 1913 [incl. Brachychrysocharopsis Girault 1922] B88
            |           |--*E. fusca (Girault 1913) [=Quadrastichus fusca] B88
            |           |--E. aligherini (Girault 1922) [=*Brachychrysocharopsis aligherini] B88
            |           |--E. burwelli AY04
            |           `--E. nigriventris (Girault 1913) [=Epentastichus nigriventris] B88
            |         Oomyzus Rondani 1870 B88
            |           |--*O. gallerucae [=Pteromalus gallerucae] B88
            |           |--O. ovulorum (Ferrière 1930) [=Tetrastichus ovulorum] B88
            |           |--O. scaposus (Thomson 1878) (see below for synonymy) B88
            |           `--O. tyriotes (Walker 1839) [=Cirrospilus tyriotes] B88
            |         Tamarixia Mercet 1924 B88
            |           |--*T. bicolor B88
            |           |--T. cometes (Girault 1915) [=Selitrichodella cometes] B88
            |           |--T. dryi [=Tetrastichus dryi] B88
            |           |--T. meteora (Girault 1915) [=Selitrichodella meteora] B88
            |           `--T. radiata [=Tetrastichus radiatus] B88
            |         Quadrastichodella Girault 1913 (see below for synonymy) B88
            |           |--*Q. bella Girault 1913 B88
            |           |--Q. aenea Girault 1913 B88
            |           |--Q. boudiennyi Girault 1937 [=Q. nova Girault 1929 non Girault 1922] B88
            |           |--Q. candida (Girault 1913) [=Neotetrastichodes candidus] B88
            |           |--Q. cyaneiviridis (Girault 1913) [=*Quadrastichodes cyaneiviridis] B88
            |           `--Q. nova Girault 1922 (see below for synonymy) B88
            |         Sigmophora Rondani 1867 (see below for synonymy) B88
            |           |--*S. scrophulariella B88
            |           |--‘*Lopodytes’ asphondyliae [=*Lopodytiscus asphondyliae] B88
            |           |--S. bilobata (Girault 1929) [=Neomphaloidella bilobata] B88
            |           |--S. electra (Girault 1915) [=Neotetrastichodes electra] B88
            |           |--S. io (Girault 1913) (see below for synonymy) B88
            |           |--S. otys (Walker 1839) (see below for synonymy) B88
            |           |--S. spenceri (Girault 1915) [=*Euplectrotetrastichus spenceri] B88
            |           `--S. westwoodi (Girault 1913) [=Neomphaloidella westwoodi] B88
            |         Nesolynx Ashmead 1905 (see below for synonymy) B88
            |           |--*N. flavipes Ashmead 1905 B88
            |           |--N. albiclavus NS91
            |           |--N. bisulcata (Girault & Dodd in Girault 1913) [=*Ceratotrastichus bisulcatus] B88
            |           |--‘*Aceratoneurella’ cinctiventris Girault 1917 G17b
            |           |--N. lividicaput (Girault 1913) [=*Omphalomomyia lividicaput] B88
            |           |--N. thymus (Girault 1916) (see below for synonymy) B88
            |           |    |--N. t. thymus G17b
            |           |    `--‘Omphalomomyia’ t. javae Girault 1917 G17b
            |           `--N. zygaenarum (Ferrière 1933) [=Syntomosphyrum zygaenarum] B88
            |--Aprostocetus HB13
            `--+--Minotetrastichus frontalis HB13
               `--Melittobia Westwood 1847 HB13, B88 [incl. Anthophorabia Newport 1849 B88]
                    |--M. acasta (Walker 1839) [=Cirrospilus acasta; incl. *M. audouinii] B88
                    |--M. australica Girault 1912 B88
                    |--M. chalybii A71
                    |--M. digitata HB13
                    |--M. hawaiiensis Perkins 1907 B88
                    `--M. megachilis (Packard 1864) GM79 [incl. Chrysocharis aeneus Brues 1908 G25, GM79]

Tetrastichinae incertae sedis:
  Oncastichus goughi AY04
  Leptocybe invasa AY04
  Galeopsomopsis Girault 1917 G17a
    |--*G. multisulcata Girault 1917 G17a
    |--G. squamosus Girault 1917 G17c
    `--G. viridicyanea (Ashmead 1904) G17a, GM79 [=Trichoporus viridicyaneus G17a]
  Galeopsomyia Girault 1916 G17a, GM79
    `--G. columbianus Ashmead 1888 GM79
  Paragaleopsomyia Girault 1917 G17a
    `--*P. eja Girault 1917 G17a
  Thripastichus gentilei (see below for synonymy) B88
  Gyrolasomyia Girault 1913 [Gyrolasomyiini] B88
    |--*G. washingtoni Girault 1913 B88
    `--G. asticha Bouček 1988 B88

Aceratoneuromyia indica (Silvestri 1910) B88 [=Syntomosphyrum indicum B88, Melittobia indicum G38; incl. *Aceratoneuromyia australia Girault 1917 B88]

Ceratoneuronella rufobasalis Girault 1915 [=Ceratoneurella (l. c.) rufobasalis, *Buonapartea rufobasalis] B88

*Citrostichus phyllocnistoides (Narayanan 1960) [=Cirrospilus phyllocnistoides, Cirrospiloideus phyllocnistoides, Tetrastichus phyllocnistoides] B88

Nesolynx Ashmead 1905 [incl. Aceratoneurella Girault 1917, Ceratotrastichus Girault & Dodd in Girault 1913, Omphalomomyia Girault 1913] B88

Nesolynx thymus (Girault 1916) [=Omphalomomyia thymus; incl. Buonapartea aeniceps Girault 1924] B88

Oomyzus scaposus (Thomson 1878) [=Tetrastichus scaposus; incl. Syntomosphyrum cerococci Khan & Shafee 1981, T. coccinellae Kurdjumov 1912, S. taprobanes Waterston 1915] B88

*Parachrysocharis javensis Girault 1913 [incl. Tetrastichus pyrillae Crawford 1916, Syntomosphyrum udaipurensis Khan & Shafee 1980] B88

Quadrastichodella Girault 1913 [incl. Flockiella Timberlake 1957, Quadrastichodes Girault 1913] B88

Quadrastichodella nova Girault 1922 [incl. *Flockiella eucalypti Timberlake 1957, Q. obscurata DeSantis 1957] B88

Sigmophora Rondani 1867 [incl. Eulophotetrastichus Girault 1913, Euplectrotetrastichus Girault 1915, Lopodytes Rondani 1867 non Stal 1853, Lopodytiscus Ghesquière 1946] B88

Sigmophora io (Girault 1913) [=*Eulophotetrastichus io, Neomphaloidella io, N. heracliti Girault 1936; incl. Epitetrastichus x-carinatus Girault 1915] B88

Sigmophora otys (Walker 1839) [=Cirrospilus otys, Tetrastichus otys; incl. Neomphaloidella glucki Girault 1915, N. parkmani Girault 1929] B88

Thripastichus gentilei [=Tetrastichus gentilei; incl. Te. thripophorothripscidis Narayanan, Subba Rao & Ramachandra Rao 1960] B88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[AY04] Austin, A. D., D. K. Yeates, G. Cassis, M. J. Fletcher, J. La Salle, J. F. Lawrence, P. B. McQuillan, L. A. Mound, D. J. Bickel, P. J. Gullan, D. F. Hales & G. S. Taylor. 2004. Insects ‘Down Under’—diversity, endemism and evolution of the Australian insect fauna: examples from select orders. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 216–234.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[G38] Gahan, A. B. 1938. Notes on some genera and species of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (8): 209–227.

[G17a] Girault, A. A. 1917a. Speciosissima genera nova eulophidorum. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 54–58).

[G17b] Girault, A. A. 1917b. New Javanese Hymenoptera. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 59–71).

[G17c] Girault, A. A. 1917c. New chalcid flies. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 72–77).

[G25] Girault, A. A. 1925. Indications (in new insects) of ruling power and laws in nature. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 184–186).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1–400.

[HB13] Heraty, J. M., R. A. Burks, A. Cruaud, G. A. P. Gibson, J. Liljeblad, J. Munro, J.-Y. Rasplus, G. Delvare, P. Janšta, A. Gumovsky, J. Huber, J. B. Woolley, L. Krogmann, S. Heydon, A. Polaszek, S. Schmidt, D. C. Darling, M. W. Gates, J. Mottern, E. Murray, A. D. Molin, S. Triapitsyn, H. Baur, J. D. Pinto, S. van Noort, J. George & M. Yoder. 2013. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 29: 466–542.

[NS91] Nagelkerke, C. J., & M. W. Sabelis. 1991. Precise sex-ratio control in the pseudo-arrhenotokous phytoseiid mite Typhlodromus occidentalis Nesbitt. In: Schuster, R., & P. W. Murphy (eds) The Acari: Reproduction, development and life-history strategies pp. 193–207. Chapman & Hall: London.

Last updated: 25 April 2019.

Pseudomphale

Pseudomphale missouriensis, from here.

Belongs within: Entedoninae.

Pseudomphale is a genus of parasitoid wasps, now regarded as a junior synonym of Horismenus.

<==Pseudomphale Schrottky 1909 GM79
    |--P. aeneicollis (Ashmead 1904) GM79
    |--P. atroscapus Girault 1917 G17
    |--P. bisulcus (Ashmead 1904) GM79
    |--P. brasiliensis (Ashmead 1904) GM79
    |--P. euplectri (Howard 1885) GM79
    |--P. flavipes (Ashmead 1886) GM79
    |--P. floridanum Ashmead 1888 GM79 [incl. P. microgaster Ashmead 1888 G25, GM79]
    |--P. fraternus (Fitch 1856) GM79
    |--P. metallicus Ashmead 1894 GM79
    |--P. missouriensis (Ashmead 1888) GM79
    |--P. nigrocyaneus Ashmead 1894 GM79
    |--P. nitens (Howard 1892) GM79
    |--P. popenoi (Ashmead 1888) GM79
    |--P. productus (Ashmead 1894) GM79
    `--P. violaceus (Ashmead 1887) GM79

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G17] Girault, A. A. 1917. Descriptiones stellarum novarum. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 80-101).

[G25] Girault, A. A. 1925. Indications (in new insects) of ruling power and laws in nature. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 184-186).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1-400.