Stercorariidae

Pomarine jaegers Stercorarius pomarinus, photographed by Hellio & Van Ingen.

Belongs within: Charadriiformes.

The Stercorariidae, skuas, are gull-like pelagic birds with a bipolar distribution. The are distinguished from gulls by the presence of a distinctive sheath at the base of their hooked bills. Those species breeding in the Northern Hemisphere, also known as jaegers, have central tail feathers extending well beyond the remainder of the tail. Authors have differed on whether all living skuas should be included in a single genus Stercorarius or whether this genus should be restricted with the smaller jaegers, with the larger skuas of the Southern Hemisphere treated as a distinct genus Catharacta.

<==Stercorariidae [Catharactinae, Lestridinae, Stercorariinae]
    |  i. s.: ‘Larus’ desnoyersii Milne-Edwards 1863 M02
    `--Stercorarius Brisson 1760 (see below for synonymy) CC10
         |  i. s.: S. lonnbergi (Mathews 1912) CC10, JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
         |         S. shufeldti FP64
         |--S. longicaudus Vieillot 1819 BKB15, CC10 [=Lestris longicaudus] CC10
         |    |--S. l. longicaudus CC10
         |    `--S. l. pallescens Løppenthin 1932 CC10
         `--+--*S. parasiticus (Linnaeus 1758) CC10, BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
            `--+--S. skua (Brünnich 1764) BKB15, WH02 (see below for synonymy)
               `--+--S. pomarinus (Temminck 1815) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                  `--+--S. maccormicki Saunders 1893 CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                     `--+--S. antarcticus (Lesson 1831) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                        |    |--C. a. antarctica CC10
                        |    `--C. a. hamiltoni Hagen 1952 CC10
                        `--‘Catharacta’ chilensis JT12

Stercorarius Brisson 1760 [=Lestris Illiger 1811; incl. Catharacta Brünnich 1764, Coprotheres Reichenbach 1850, Megalestris Bonaparte 1856] CC10

Stercorarius antarcticus (Lesson 1831) BKB15, CC10 [=Lestris antarcticus CC10, Catharacta antarctica CC10, Megalestris antarctica CC10]

Stercorarius lonnbergi (Mathews 1912) CC10, JT12, CC10 [=Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi CC10, C. skua lonnbergi CC10, Stercorarius skua lonnbergi CC10; incl. S. antarcticus madagascariensis Bonaparte 1856 (nom. rej.)] CC10

Stercorarius maccormicki Saunders 1893 CC10 [=Catharacta skua maccormicki CC10, JT12, Megalestris maccormicki CC10, Stercorarius skua maccormicki CC10; incl. Catharacta maccormicki wilsoni Mathews 1913 CC10]

*Stercorarius parasiticus (Linnaeus 1758) CC10, BKB15, CC10 [=Larus parasiticus CC10, Catharacta parasitica CC10, *Lestris parasiticus CC10; incl. Larus crepidatus Banks 1773 CC10, Stercorarius crepidatus CC10, S. parasiticus visitori Mathews 1915 CC10]

Stercorarius pomarinus (Temminck 1815) BKB15, CC10 [=Lestris pomarinus CC10, Catharacta pomarina CC10, *Coprotheres pomarinus CC10; incl. Coprotheres pomarinus nutcheri Mathews 1917 CC10, S. pomarinus philippi Mourer-Chauviré 1975 M02]

Stercorarius skua (Brünnich 1764) BKB15, WH02 [=*Catharacta skua CC10; incl. Larus catarractes Linnaeus 1766 CC10, Lestris catarractes CC10, *Megalestris catarractes CC10, Stercorarius catarractes CC10]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[WH02] Worthy, T. H., & R. N. Holdaway. 2002. The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric life of New Zealand. Indiana University Press: Bloomington (Indiana).

Last updated: 10 August 2019.

Glareolidae

Juvenile Indian coursers Cursorius coromandelicus, photographed by Nikhil Devasar.

Belongs within: Charadriiformes.

The Glareolidae, pratincoles and coursers, are a small group of charadriiform birds found in tropical and subtropical, mostly arid, parts of the Old World. Glareolids are united by the possession of a short, strongly arched bill, but are morphologically disparate: pratincoles of the genus Glareola are long-winged birds that catch insects on the wing whereas coursers of the genera Rhinoptilus, Smutsornis and Cursorius are long-legged cursorial birds. Species of Rhinoptilus have a black band across the top of the breast in front of the wings.

<==Glareolidae [Cursoriinae, Glareoloidea, Tachydrominae]
    |  i. s.: Boutersemia Mayr & Smith 2001 M05
    |           |--B. belgica Mayr & Smith 2001 M09
    |           `--B. parvula Mayr & Smith 2001 M09
    |         Mioglareola Ballmann 1979 M02
    |           |--*M. gregaria Ballmann 1979 M02
    |           `--M. dolnicensis (Švec 1980) [=Larus dolnicensis] M02
    |         Paractiornis perpusillus Wetmore 1930 U93
    |--Rhinoptilus BKB15
    |    |--R. africanus JT12
    |    |--R. chalcopterus BKB15 (see below for synonymy) H66
    |    `--R. cinctus JT12
    `--+--Smutsornis africanus BKB15
       `--+--Cursorius Latham 1790 BKB15, M02 [incl. Tachydromus Illiger 1811 B94]
          |    |--C. bicinctus (see below for synonymy) H66
          |    |--C. bisignatus Hartl. 1865 H66
          |    |--C. bitorquatus [=Rhinoptilus bitorquatus] H66
          |    |--C. cinctus (Heuglin 1864) [=Hemerodromus cinctus] H66
          |    |--C. coromandelicus [incl. C. asiaticus, C. frenatus, Tachydromus orientalis] H66
          |    |--C. cursor JT12
          |    |--C. gallicus [incl. C. europaeus, C. isabellinus] H66
          |    |--C. rufus Gould 1836 [incl. Tachydromus burchelli] H66
          |    |--C. senegalensis [incl. Tachydromus temminckii] H66
          |    |--C. somalensis JT12
          |    `--C. temminckii JT12 [=Chalcopterus temminckii H66]
          `--Glareola Brisson 1760 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
               |  i. s.: G. cinerea JT12
               |         G. lactea JT12
               |         G. neogena Ballmann 1979 M02
               |         G. ocularis JT12
               |--+--G. nuchalis JT12
               |  `--G. isabella Vieillot 1816 CC10 (see below for synonymy)
               `--+--G. maldivarum Forster 1795 JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                  `--+--G. nordmanni JT12
                     `--*G. pratincola (Linnaeus 1766) CC10, JT12, S05 [=Hirundo pratincola CC10]
                          |--G. p. pratincola [incl. G. limbata Rüppell 1845] S05
                          `--G. p. fuelleborni S05

Cursorius bicinctus [=Rhinoptilus bicinctus, incl. C. africanus Temm. 1807, Tachydromus collaris, Charadrius grallator] H66

Glareola Brisson 1760 BKB15, CC10 [incl. Stiltia Gray 1855 CC10, Trachelia Scolopi 1769 B94; Glareolinae, Tracheliinae]

Glareola isabella Vieillot 1816 CC10 [=*Stiltia isabella CC10, JT12; incl. G. grallaria Temminck 1820 CC10]

Glareola maldivarum Forster 1795 JT12, CC10 [=G. (Pratincola) maldivarum CC10; incl. G. orientalis Leach 1821 CC10, G. maldivarum orientalis CC10, G. pratincola parryi Mathews 1917 WS48]

Rhinoptilus chalcopterus BKB15 [=Cursorius chalcopterus H66, Tachydromus chalcopterus H66; incl. Cursorius superciliaris Heugl. 1865 H66]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[H66] Hartlaub, G. 1866. Synopsis of the genus Cursorius. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 61–62.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[M05] Mayr, G. 2005. The Paleogene fossil record of birds in Europe. Biological Reviews 80: 515–542.

[M09] Mayr, G. 2009. Paleogene Fossil Birds. Springer.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[S05] Steinheimer, F. D. 2005. Eduard Rüppel’s avian types at the Natural History Museum, Tring (Aves). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (2): 233–264.

[U93] Unwin, D. M. 1993. Aves. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 717–737. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Last updated: 15 August 2019.

Laridae

Least terns Sternula antillarum, copyright Dick Daniels.

Belongs within: Charadriiformes.
Contains: Larinae, Thalasseus, Sterna.

The Laridae, gulls and terns, are primarily coastal birds with long, broad wings, relatively short legs (compared to other members of the Charadriiformes) and feet webbed between the front three toes. The family is commonly divided between the Larinae, gulls, with broader wings and stouter bills, and the Sterninae, terns, with more elongate wings and slender bills, but the phylogenetic analysis by Jetz et al. (2012) places the noddies (Anous) closer to the Larinae than to other Sterninae. These are dark-plumaged terns with pale caps; the noddies and the white terns Gygis are found in tropical regions and usually nest in trees and shrubs rather than on the ground like other larids.

The skimmers of the genus Rynchops may also sit within the Laridae. These tropical and subtropical birds have the lower mandible markedly longer than the upper; the elongated mandible is used to skim along the surface of the water while in flight and pick up small fishes and aquatic invertebrates.

Members of the terns proper include the brown-backed terns of the genus Onychoprion, a primarily tropical group of terns with black caps and brown backs and wings.

<==Laridae [Laridia, Sternidae, Sterninae, Sternini]
    |--+--Larinae BKB15
    |  `--Anous Stephens in Shaw 1826 JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |       |  i. s.: A. melanogenys Gray 1846 CC10
    |       |--A. tenuirostris Temminck 1823 JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |       `--+--A. minutus Boie 1844 JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |          `--A. stolidus (Linnaeus 1758) JT12, CC10 [=Sterna stolida CC10; incl. *A. niger CC10, A. rousseaui S66]
    |               |--A. s. stolidus CC10
    |               `--A. s. pileatus (Scopoli 1786) CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    `--+--Rynchops Linnaeus 1758 BKB15, B94 [Rynchopidae, Rynchopini, Rynchopoidea]
       |    |--R. albicollis JT12
       |    |--R. fulva Linnaeus 1758 L58
       |    |--R. flavirostris JT12
       |    |--R. melanura SS66
       |    `--R. nigra Linnaeus 1758 L58
       `--+--Gygis Wagler 1832 JT12, CC10 [incl. Leucanous Mathews 1912 CC10; Gygini]
          |    |--G. alba (Sparrman 1786) CC10 [=Sterna alba CC10, Anous albus A68]
          |    |    |--G. a. alba CC10
          |    |    `--*G. a. candida (Gmelin 1789) (see below for synonymy) CC10
          |    `--G. microrhyncha JT12 [=G. alba microrhyncha CC10, *Leucanous microrhynchus CC10]
          `--+--Onychoprion Wagler 1832 BKB15, CC10
             |    |--O. aleuticus BKB15 [=Sterna aleutica JT12]
             |    `--+--O. fuscatus Linnaeus 1766 BKB15, CC10 [=Anous fuscatus CC10, Sterna fuscata CC10]
             |       |    |--O. f. fuscatus CC10
             |       |    |--O. f. nubilosus (Sparrman 1788) CC10
             |       |    `--*O. f. serratus (Forster in Wagler 1830) CC10 (see below for synonymy)
             |       `--+--O. anaethetus (Scopoli 1786) BKB15, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
             |          |    |--O. a. anaethetus CC10
             |          |    |--O. a. antarcticus (Lesson 1831) CC10
             |          |    |--O. a. melanopterus (Swainson 1837 CC10 [=Sterna melanoptera D66]
             |          |    `--O. a. nelsoni (Ridgway 1919) CC10
             |          `--O. lunatus (Peale 1848) BKB15, CC10 [=Sterna lunata CC10]
             `--+--Sternula Boie 1822 BKB15, CC10
                |    |--+--S. albifrons (Pallas in Vroeg 1764) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                |    |  |    |--S. a. albifrons CC10
                |    |  |    |--‘Sterna’ a. browni USDI77
                |    |  |    |--S. albifrons guineae Bannerman 1913 CC10
                |    |  |    `--S. a. sinensis (Gmelin 1789) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                |    |  `--S. nereis Gould 1843 BKB15, WH02 (see below for synonymy)
                |    |       |--S. n. nereis CC10
                |    |       |--S. n. davisae Mathews & Iredale 1913 [=Sterna nereis davisae] CC10
                |    |       `--S. n. exsul Mathews 1912 CC10 [=Sterna nereis exsul HR96]
                |    `--+--S. antillarum BKB15 [=Sterna antillarum JT12]
                |       `--S. superciliaris BKB15 [=Sterna superciliaris JT12]
                `--+--Phaetusa simplex BKB15
                   `--+--+--Hydroprogne Kaup 1829 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                      |  |    `--*H. caspia (Pallas 1770) CC10, BKB15, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
                      |  `--Gelochelidon Brehm 1830 BKB15, CC10
                      |       `--G. nilotica (Gmelin 1789) BKB15, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
                      |            |--G. n. nilotica S05
                      |            |--G. n. affinis Horsfield 1821 S05 [=Sterna nilotica affinis M03]
                      |            `--G. n. macrotarsa Gould 1837 R85 (see below for synonymy)
                      `--+--Larosterna inca BKB15
                         `--+--+--Thalasseus BKB15
                            |  `--Sterna BKB15
                            `--Chlidonias Rafinesque 1822 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                                 |--C. hybrida (Pallas 1811) BKB15, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
                                 |    |--C. h. hybrida CC10
                                 |    |--C. ‘hybridus’ delalandi Mathews 1912 CC10
                                 |    `--C. ‘hybridus’ javanicus (Horsfield 1821) CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                                 `--+--C. albostriatus (Gray 1845) BKB15, WH02 (see below for synonymy)
                                    `--+--*C. niger (Linnaeus 1758) CC10, BKB15, L58 (see below for synonymy)
                                       |    |--C. n. niger S18
                                       |    `--‘Hydrochelidon nigra’ surinamensis S18
                                       `--C. leucopterus (Temminck 1815) BKB15, WS48 (see below for synonymy)

Laridae incertae sedis:
  Gaviota Miller & Sibley 1941 M02
    `--*G. niobara Miller & Sibley 1941 M02
  Laricola Mlíkovský 2002 M02
    |--*L. elegans (Milne-Edwards 1868) [=Larus elegans] M02
    `--L. totanoides (Milne-Edwards 1868) [=Larus totanoides] M02
  Procelsterna Lafresnaye 1842 CC10
    |--P. cerulea (Bennett 1840) CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--P. c. cerulea CC10
    |    |--P. c. murphyi Mougin & de Naurois 1981 CC10
    |    `--P. c. nebouxi Mathews 1912 CC10
    `--P. albivitta Bonaparte 1856 JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)

Anous Stephens in Shaw 1826 JT12, CC10 [incl. Megalopterus Boie 1826 CC10, Micranous Saunders 1895 CC10; Anoini, Megalopterini]

Anous minutus Boie 1844 JT12, CC10 [=A. tenuirostris minutus CC10, Megalopterus minutus CC10; incl. Me. minutus kermadeci Mathews 1916, Anous leucocapillus Gould 1846 CC10, Micranous leucocapillus CC10]

Anous stolidus pileatus (Scopoli 1786) CC10 [=Sterna pileata CC10; incl. A. stolidus gilberti Mathews 1912 WS48, S. unicolor Nordmann in Erman 1837 CC10, A. stolidus unicolor CC10]

Anous tenuirostris Temminck 1823 JT12, CC10 [=Sterna tenuirostris CC10, *Megalopterus tenuirostris CC10, *Micranous tenuirostris CC10; incl. Anous melanops Gould 1845 WS48]

Chlidonias Rafinesque 1822 BKB15, CC10 [=Hydrochelidon Boie 1822 CC10; incl. Maoristerna Mathews 1944 CC10]

Chlidonias albostriatus (Gray 1845) BKB15, WH02 [=Hydrochelidon albostriata CC10, Chlidonias hybrida albistriata CC10, C. albostriata CC10, C. hybrida albostriatus FST81, Hydrochelidon albistriata CC10, *Maoristerna albostriata CC10, Sterna albistriata CC10, Sterna albostriata CC10; incl. Sterna antarctica Forster in Wagler 1832 non Lesson 1831 CC10, Sternula antarctica CC10, Sterna cinerea Ellman 1861 non Haldeman 1843 CC10]

Chlidonias hybrida (Pallas 1811) BKB15, WS48 [=Sterna hybrida CC10, C. hybridus CC10, Hydrochelidon hybrida CC10]

Chlidonias ‘hybridus’ javanicus (Horsfield 1821) CC10 [=Sterna javanica CC10; incl. Hydrochelidon fluviatilis Goudl 1843 CC10, Chlidonias hybrida fluviatilis WS48, C. leucopareia fluviatilis CC10, Hydrochelidon leucopareia rogersi Mathews 1912 WS48]

Chlidonias leucopterus (Temminck 1815) BKB15, WS48 [=Sterna leucoptera CC10, Childonias (l. c.) leucoptera CC10, Chlidonias leucoptera CC10, Hydrochelidon leucoptera G66]

*Chlidonias niger (Linnaeus 1758) CC10, BKB15, L58 [=*Hydrochelidon nigra CC10, Sterna nigra WBSJ82]

Gelochelidon nilotica (Gmelin 1789) BKB15, WS48 [=Sterna nilotica SJ85; incl. *G. meridionalis CC10]

Gelochelidon nilotica macrotarsa Gould 1837 R85 [=Sterna nilotica macrotarsa M03; incl. G. nilotica cloatesi Mathews 1924 WS48]

*Gygis alba candida (Gmelin 1789) [=Sterna candida, Leucanous albus candidus; incl. G. alba royana Mathews 1912, L. albus royanus] CC10

Hydroprogne Kaup 1829 BKB15, CC10 [=Heroprogne Buller 190 CC10, Sylochelidon Brehm 1831 CC10]

*Hydroprogne caspia (Pallas 1770) CC10, BKB15, WS48 [=*Heroprogne caspia CC10, Sterna caspia CC10, *Sylochelidon caspius CC10; incl. Sterna major Ellman 1861 CC10, Hydroprogne tschegrava oliveri Mathews & Iredale 1913 CC10, H. caspia oliveri CC10, Sylochelidon strenuus Gould 1846 CC10, H. caspia strenua CC10, H. tschegrava strenua CC10, Sterna (Sylochelidon) strenuus CC10, Sylochelidon strenua CC10, Sterna tchegrava Lepechin 1770 (nom. rej.) CC10, Hydroprogne tschegrava S70]

Onychoprion anaethetus (Scopoli 1786) BKB15, WS48 [=Sterna anaethetus CC10; incl. Melanosterna anaethetus rogersi Mathews 1915 WS48]

*Onychoprion fuscatus serratus (Forster in Wagler 1830) CC10 [=Sterna fuscata serrata CC10, S. fuscata serratus CC10; incl. O. fuscatus glauerti Mathews 1922 WS48, O. fuscatus kermadeci Mathews 1916 CC10, Sterna fuscata kermadeci CC10]

Procelsterna albivitta Bonaparte 1856 JT12, CC10 [=P. cerulea albivitta CC10, P. cerulea albivittata CC10, Anous cinereus Gould 1846 non Sterna cinerea Haldeman 1843 CC10, P. cerulea cinerea CC10; incl. P. cerulea kermadeci Mathews 1916 CC10]

Procelsterna cerulea (Bennett 1840) CC10 [=Sterna cerulea CC10, Anous cerulea A68; incl. *Procelsterna tereticollis CC10]

Sternula albifrons (Pallas in Vroeg 1764) BKB15, CC10 [=Sterna albifrons CC10; incl. Sterna minuta Linnaeus 1766 CC10, *Sternula minuta CC10]

Sternula albifrons sinensis (Gmelin 1789) BKB15, CC10 [=Sterna albifrons sinensis CC10; incl. Sternula inconspicua Masters 1875 CC10, Sternula placens Gould 1871 CC10, Sterna sinensis placens CC10, Sterna sinensis tormenti Mathews 1912 CC10]

Sternula nereis Gould 1843 BKB15, WH02 [=Sterna nereis CC10; incl. Sternula nereis horni Mathews 1912 WS48]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A68] Ashmole, N. P. 1968. Body size, prey size, and ecological segregation in five sympatric tropical terns (Aves: Laridae). Systematic Zoology 17 (3): 292–304.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[D66] Dohrn, H. 1866. Synopsis of the birds of Ilha do Principe, with some remarks on their habits and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 324–332.

[G66] Gould, J. 1866. Additions to the list of the avifauna of Australia, with descriptions of three new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 217–218.

[HR96] Heather, B. D., & H. A. Robertson. 1996. The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand. Viking: Auckland.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[S66] Schlegel, H. 1866. Communication from, on mammals and birds collected in Madagascar. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 419–426.

[S70] Schnell, G. D. 1970. A phenetic study of the suborder Lari (Aves) I. Methods and results of principal components analysis. Systematic Zoology 19 (1): 35–57.

[SS66] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866. Catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Uyacali, Eastern Peru, with notes and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 175–201.

[S18] Stone, W. 1918. Birds of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to a collection made by Mr. Lindsey L. Jewel. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 239–280.

[S05] Steinheimer, F. D. 2005. Eduard Rüppel’s avian types at the Natural History Museum, Tring (Aves). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (2): 233–264.

[SJ85] Storr, G. M., & R. E. Johnstone. 1985. Field Guide to the Birds of Western Australia 2^nd ed. Western Australian Museum: Perth (Australia).

[USDI77] USDI (United States Department of the Interior). 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants—republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420–36431.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

[WBSJ82] Wild Bird Society of Japan. 1982. A Field Guide to the Birds of Japan. Kodansha International Ltd.: Tokyo.

[WH02] Worthy, T. H., & R. N. Holdaway. 2002. The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric life of New Zealand. Indiana University Press: Bloomington (Indiana).

Last updated: 15 August 2019.

Alcidae

Thick-billed murre Uria lomvia, photographed by Allan & Elaine Wilson.

Belongs within: Charadriiformes.

The Alcidae include the auks, murres (or guillemots) and puffins. Alcids are heavy-bodied marine birds with legs placed far back on the body that use their wings to propel themselves when diving. Members of the family are found in the Arctic and north temperate regions.

<==Alcidae [Alcides, Petralcidae, Phalerididae, Plautidae, Triolidae]
    |--Lunda cirrhata (Pallas 1769) I92
    |--Nautilornis FP64
    |--Australca grandis FP64
    |--Cyclorrhynchus ME04
    |--Ptychorhamphus ME04
    |--Hydrotherikornis oregonus Miller 1931 R76
    |--Cerorhinca Bonaparte 1828 [Cerorhincidae] B94
    |    `--C. monocerata ZJM03
    |--Alca Linnaeus 1758 [incl. Pinguinus Bonnaterre 1791, Plautus Brünnich 1772 (nom. rej.) non Gunnerus 1761] M02
    |    |--A. impennis (Linnaeus 1758) (see below for synonymy) M02
    |    `--A. torda Linnaeus 1758 M02
    |--Alle Link 1806 [incl. Plautus Gunnerus 1761 (nom. inv.); Allidae] B94
    |    `--A. alle ZJM03 [=Plautus alle FP64]
    |--Petralca Mlíkovský 1987 M02
    |    `--*P. austriaca Mlíkovský 1987 M02
    |--Synthliboramphus Brandt 1837 [Synthliboramphidae] B94
    |    |--S. antiquus (Gmelin 1789) I92
    |    `--S. wumizusume (Temminck 1835) I92
    |--Fratercula Brisson 1760 [incl. Mormon Illiger 1811; Fraterculidae, Mormonidae] B94
    |    |--F. arctica ZJM03
    |    |--F. cirrhata FP64
    |    `--F. corniculata WBSJ82
    |--Brachyramphus Brandt 1837 [Brachyramphidae] B94
    |    `--B. marmoratus I92
    |         |--B. m. marmoratus I92
    |         `--B. m. perdix (Pallas 1811) I92
    |--Cepphus Pallas 1769 [Cepphidae] M02
    |    |--C. carbo WBSJ82
    |    |--C. columba WBSJ82
    |    |--C. grylle ZJM03
    |    `--C. storeri Harrison 1977 M02
    |--Aethia Merrem 1788 [incl. Phaleris Temminck 1820, Simorhynchus Merrem 1819; Aethiidae, Simorhynchidae] B94
    |    |--A. cristatella WBSJ82
    |    |--A. psittacula WBSJ82
    |    |--A. pusilla WBSJ82
    |    `--A. pygmaea WBSJ82
    `--Uria Brisson 1760 [Uriidae] M02
         |--U. aalge (Pontoppidan 1763) [=Colymbus aalge] M02
         |    |--U. a. aalge I92
         |    `--U. a. inornata Salomonsen 1932 I92
         |--U. ausonia Portis 1889 M02
         `--U. lomvia ZJM03

Alca impennis (Linnaeus 1758) [=Pinguinus impennis, Plautus impennis; incl. A. major Brisson 1760 (nom. inv.)] M02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[ME04] Mayr, G., & P. G. P. Ericson. 2004. Evidence for a sister group relationship between the Madagascan mesites (Mesitornithidae) and the cuckoos (Cuculidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 84 (1-2): 1-17.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[R76] Ray, C. E. 1976. Fossil marine mammals of Oregon. Systematic Zoology 25 (4): 420-436.

[WBSJ82] Wild Bird Society of Japan. 1982. A Field Guide to the Birds of Japan. Kodansha International Ltd.: Tokyo.

[ZJM03] Zeffer, A., L. C. Johansson & Å. Marmebro. 2003. Functional correlation between habitat use and leg morphology in birds (Aves). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79: 461-484.

Anomalogonatae

Holotype of Primozygodactylus major, from here.

Belongs within: Neoaves.
Contains: Coliiformes, Strigiformes, Trogonidae, Coraciiformes, Piciformes, Bucerotidae, Upupiformes, Cathartae, Accipitridae, Cariamae, Falconidae, Psittaciformes, Passeriformes.

The name 'Anomalogonatae' has been used here for the clade of 'higher land birds' identified by molecular analysis (Hackett et al. 2008). This clade corresponds to the Anomalogonatae as it has been recognised previously on the basis of the absence of the musculus ambiens in the leg (Mayr et al. 2003), albeit with the exclusion of the Caprimulgiformes and Apodiformes, and the inclusion of the 'Falconiformes'. Recent molecular studies have agreed that the latter are polyphyletic within the higher land birds: the falcons form a clade with the cariamas, parrots and perching birds, while the remaining 'Falconiformes' are in a more basally placed clade.

<==Anomalogonatae (see below for synonymy)
    |--+--Coliiformes JT12
    |  `--+--+--Strigiformes JT12
    |     |  `--Messelasturidae M05b
    |     |       |--Messelastur Peters 1994 M05b
    |     |       |    `--*M. gratulator Peters 1994 M.02
    |     |       `--Tynskya Mayr 2000 M05b
    |     |            `--*T. eocaena Mayr 2000 Ml02
    |     `--+--Leptosomidae [Leptosomiformes] Ma02a
    |        |    |--Leptosomus Vieillot 1816 HK08, B94 (see below for synonymy)
    |        |    |    |--L. afer Sch66
    |        |    |    `--L. discolor Ma02a
    |        |    `--Plesiocathartes Gaillard 1908 Ma02a
    |        |         |--*P. europaeus Gaillard 1908 Ml02
    |        |         |--P. gaillardi Crusafont & Villalta 1955 Ma02a
    |        |         `--P. kelleri Mayr 2002 Ma02a
    |        `--+--Trogonidae HK08
    |           `--+--+--Coraciiformes Ma02a
    |              |  `--Piciformes HK08
    |              `--Bucerotes [Bucerotiformes] LZ07
    |                   |--Bucerotidae Ma02a
    |                   `--Upupiformes Ma02a
    `--+--+--Cathartae JT12
       |  `--+--Accipitridae HK08
       |     `--Sagittariidae [Gypogeranidae, Serpentariidae, Serpentariides] LZ07
       |          |--Sagittarius Hermann 1783 JT12, B94 (see below for synonymy)
       |          |    `--S. serpentarius HK08 [=Serpentarius serpentarius K08]
       |          `--Pelargopappus Stejneger 1885 M05a (see below for synonymy)
       |               `--*P. magnus (Milne-Edwards 1868) (see below for synonymy) Ml02
       `--+--+--Cariamae HK08
          |  `--Salmila Mayr 2000 [Salmilidae] Ma02b
          |       `--*S. robusta Mayr 2000 Ml02
          `--+--Falconidae HK08
             `--+--Psittaciformes HK08
                `--+--Passeriformes HK08
                   `--+--Zygodactylidae [Miopiconidae] M04
                      |    |--Miopico Mayr 1998 Ml02
                      |    |    `--M. benimellalensis Mayr 1998 Ml02
                      |    `--Zygodactylus Ballmann 1969 Ml02
                      |         |--*Z. ignotus Ballmann 1969 Ml02
                      |         `--Z. grivensis Ballmann 1969 Ml02
                      `--Primoscenidae [Primoscinidae] M04
                           |--Primoscens Harrison & Walker 1977 Ml02
                           |    `--*P. minutus Harrison & Walker 1977 Ml02
                           `--Primozygodactylus Mayr 1998 M04, Ml02
                                |--*P. danielsi Mayr 1998 Ml02
                                |--P. ballmanni Mayr 1998 Ml02
                                `--P. major Mayr 1998 Ml02

Anomalogonatae incertae sedis:
  Horusornis Mourer-Chauviré 1991 Ml02 [Horusornithidae M05b]
    `--*H. vianeyliaudae Mourer-Chauviré 1991 Ml02
  Parvulivenator Harrison 1982 M05a
    `--*P. watteli Harrison 1982 Ml02
  Stintonornis Harrison 1984 M05a
    `--*S. mitchelli Harrison 1984 Ml02
  Milvoides Harrison & Walker 1979 M05a
    `--*M. kempi Harrison & Walker 1979 Ml02
  Oxylophus glandarius Scl66
  Corythornis cristata Scl66

Anomalogonatae [Accipitres, Coracii, Coraciides, Diurni, Falcones, Falconides, Falconiformes, Falconimorphae, Falconoidea, Leptosomatoidea, Passerimorphae, Picariae, Picoclamatores, Raptores, Trogones, Trogonomorphae, Zygodactyli]

Leptosomus Vieillot 1816 HK08, B94 [=Leptosoma (l. c.) non Stafford 1904 B94; Leptosomatinae, Leptosominae]

Pelargopappus Stejneger 1885 M05a [=Pelargocrex Milne-Edwards 1893 Ml02, Pelargodes Lydekker 1891 Ml02, Pelargopsis Milne-Edwards 1868 non Gloger 1841 Ml02; incl. Amphiserpentarius Gaillard 1908 Ml02, Amynoptilon Cracraft & Rich 1972 Ml02]

*Pelargopappus magnus (Milne-Edwards 1868) [=Pelargopsis magnus, *Pelargocrex magnus, *Pelargodes magnus; incl. Serpentarius robustus Milne-Edwards 1870, Amphiserpentarius robustus, *Amynoptilon robustum, *Amphiserpentarius schlosseri Gaillard 1908, Pelargopappus schlosseri, Pelargopsis stehlini Gaillard 1908, Pelargodes stehlini, Pelargopappus stehlini, Pelargopsis trouessarti Gaillard 1908, Pelargodes trouessarti, Pelargopappus trouessarti] Ml02

Sagittarius Hermann 1783 HK08, B94 [incl. Gypogeranus Illiger 1811 B94, Serpentarius Cuvier 1798 B94]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[HK08] Hackett, S. J., R. T. Kimball, S. Reddy, R. C. K. Bowie, E. L. Braun, M. J. Braun, J. L. Chojnowski, W. A. Cox, K.-L. Han, J. Harshman, C. J. Huddleston, B. D. Marks, K. J. Miglia, W. S. Moore, F. H. Sheldon, D. W. Steadman, C. C. Witt & T. Yuri. 2008. A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history. Science 320: 1763-1768.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444-448.

[K08] Kellogg, V. L. 1908. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den Umgebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ostafrikas 1905–1906, 15. Corrodentia, 4. Mallophaga. Almqvist & Wiksells Boktryckeri-A. B.: Uppsala.

[LZ07] Livezey, B. C., & R. L. Zusi. 2007. Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (1): 1-95.

[Ma02a] Mayr, G. 2002a. A new species of Plesiocathartes (Aves: ?Leptosomidae) from the Middle Eocene of Messel, Germany. PaleoBios 22 (1): 10-20.

[Ma02b] Mayr, G. 2002b. A new specimen of Salmila robusta (Aves: Gruiformes: Salmilidae n. fam.) from the Middle Eocene of Messel. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 76 (2): 305-316.

[M04] Mayr, G. 2004. The phylogenetic relationships of the early Tertiary Primoscenidae and Sylphornithidae and the sister taxon of crown group piciform birds. Journal of Ornithology 145: 188-198.

[M05a] Mayr, G. 2005a. The Paleogene fossil record of birds in Europe. Biological Reviews 80: 515-542.

[M05b] Mayr, G. 2005b. The postcranial osteology and phylogenetic position of the Middle Eocene Messelastur gratulator Peters, 1994—a morphological link between owls (Strigiformes) and falconiform birds? Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (3): 635-645.

Mayr, G., A. Manegold & U. S. Johansson. 2003. Monophyletic groups within ‘higher land birds’ – comparison of morphological and molecular data. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 41: 233-248.

[Ml02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[Sch66] Schlegel, H. 1866. Communication from, on mammals and birds collected in Madagascar. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 419-426.

[Scl66] Sclater, P. L. 1866. Report on birds collected at Windvogelberg, South Africa, by Capt. G. E. Bulger, C. M. Z. S. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 21-23.

Larus

Herring gulls Larus argentatus, photographed by Ricky.

Belongs within: Larinae.

The genus Larus, previously used to include the majority of gulls, has often been restricted by recent authors to include the herring gulls and related species. These are larger gulls with white heads and grey or black backs. Taxonomy of the group has historically been complex with disagreement on the treatment of closely related forms at the species or subspecies level. Members of the genus include a basal clade of large, mostly dark-backed species containing the Pacific gull L. pacificus, Belcher's gull L. belcheri, black-tailed gull L. crassirostris and Olrog's gull L. atlanticus; Olrog's gull is found on the Atlantic coast of South America whereas the others are found around the Pacific ocean.

Larus Linnaeus 1758 [=Dominicanus Bruch 1853; incl. Clupeilarus Bonaparte 1856] CC10
    |  i. s.: L. eburneus WBSJ82
    |         L. elmorei FP64
    |         L. graellsii N10 [=L. fuscus graellsii FP64]
    |         L. kamtschatschensis SU93
    |         L. leucopterus S70
    |         L. livens JT12
    |         L. ‘pomare’ (Bruch 1855) (n. d.) [=Gavia pomare non G. pomarre Bruch 1853, L. pomarae (l. c.)] CC10
    |         L. sabini M03
    |         L. teruelensis (Villalta 1963) [=Totanus teruelensis, Tringa teruelensis] M02
    |--+--+--L. atlanticus JT12
    |  |  `--L. crassirostris BKB15
    |  `--+--L. belcheri BKB15
    |     `--L. pacificus Latham 1802 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    `--+--L. heermanni BKB15
       `--+--+--L. canus Linnaeus 1758 BKB15, M02
          |  `--L. delawarensis BKB15
          `--+--L. occidentalis JT12
             `--+--+--*L. marinus Linnaeus 1758 CC10, BKB15, L58 [=*Dominicanus marinus CC10]
                |  `--+--L. armenicus JT12 [=L. argentatus armenicus FP64, L. fuscus armenicus FP64]
                |     `--L. michahellis JT12 [=L. argentatus michahelles FP64, L. fuscus michahelles FP64]
                `--+--L. californicus BKB15
                   |--L. heuglini BKB15 [=L. argentatus heuglini SU93, L. fuscus heuglini FP64]
                   |--+--L. dominicanus Lichtenstein 1823 BKB15, CC10
                   |  |    |--L. d. dominicanus (see below for synonymy) CC10
                   |  |    |--L. d. austrinus Fleming 1924 CC10
                   |  |    |--L. d. judithae Jiguet 2002 CC10
                   |  |    |--L. d. melisandae Jiguet 2002 CC10
                   |  |    `--L. d. vetula (Bruch 1853) CC10
                   |  `--L. fuscus Linnaeus 1758 JT12, CC10 [=*Clupeilarus fuscus CC10, Lestris fuscus CC10]
                   |       |--L. f. fuscus FP64
                   |       `--L. f. antelius FP64
                   `--+--L. argentatus BKB15
                      |    |--L. a. argentatus FP64
                      |    |--L. a. atlantis [=L. fuscus atlantis] FP64
                      |    |--L. a. birulai FP64
                      |    `--L. a. omissus FP64
                      |--L. cachinnans BKB15 [=L. argentatus cachinnans FP64, L. fuscus cachinnans FP64]
                      `--+-L. glaucescens BKB15
                         |--+--L. hyperboreus BKB15
                         |  |--L. thayeri BKB15
                         |  `--L. vegae BKB15 [=L. argentatus vegae SU93]
                         `--+--L. smithsonianus BKB15 [=L. argentatus smithsonianus N10]
                            `--+--L. glaucoides BKB15
                               |    |--L. g. glaucoides FP64
                               |    `--L. g. kumlieni FP64
                               |--L. mongolicus BKB15 (see below for synonymy)
                               `--L. schistisagus BKB15

Inorganic: Larus ridibundus minilorientalus Okamura 1987 O87

Nomina nuda: Larus burdigalensis Lucazeau 1959 M02
             Larus melanoleucos Boie 1844 CC10

Larus dominicanus dominicanus Lichtenstein 1823 [incl. Larus dominicanus absolutus Mathews 1944, Lestris antarcticus Ellman 1861 non Lesson 1831, Larus antipodus Gray 1844, Clupeilarus antipodum, Dominicanus antipodum, D. antipodus, Larus antipodum, Larus dominicanus antipodus] CC10

Larus mongolicus BKB15 [=L. argentatus mongolicus SU93, L. cachinnans mongolicus VP89, L. fuscus mongolicus FP64]

Larus pacificus Latham 1802 BKB15, CC10 [=Gabianus pacificus WS48; incl. L. georgii Vigors 1827 WS48, L. pacificus georgii M03]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[S70] Schnell, G. D. 1970. A phenetic study of the suborder Lari (Aves) I. Methods and results of principal components analysis. Systematic Zoology 19 (1): 35–57.

[SU93] Sonobe, K., & S. Usui (eds.) 1993. A Field Guide to the Waterbirds of Asia. Wild Bird Society of Japan: Tokyo.

[VP89] Viney, C., & K. Phillipps. 1989. Birds of Hong Kong 5^th ed. Government Printer: Hong Kong.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

[WBSJ82] Wild Bird Society of Japan. 1982. A Field Guide to the Birds of Japan. Kodansha International Ltd.: Tokyo.

Last updated: 10 August 2019.

Phorusrhacidae

Reconstruction of Psilopterus lemoinei, one of the smaller phorusrhacids, by FunkMonk.

Belongs within: Cariamae.

The Phorusrhacidae include the 'terror birds' of South America, flightless carnivorous birds that lived from the mid-Palaeocene to the Upper Pliocene/Lower Pleistocene. The latest surviving species, Titanis walleri, is also notable for being found in southern North America. Some phorusrhacids reached significant sizes, with heights comparable to a human; other species were smaller, possibly a little over two feet in height (Alvarenga & Höfling 2003).

Alvarenga & Höfling (2003) recognised five subfamilies within the Phorusrhacidae (excluding Cunampaia, which they regarded as undiagnostic). The smallest phorusrhacids belonged to the Psilopterinae, and the largest to the Phorusrhacinae and Brontornithinae. The Phorusrhacinae were of a more slender and cursorial build than the heavy, robust Brontornithinae.

Characters (from Alvarenga & Höfling 2003): Large or even gigantic build; body slim in frontal view, especially the premaxila, pelvis and thorax being laterally flattened; premaxilla bulky, especially high, with a pointed strong apex in the form of a hook; jaw with very solid symphysis; ample and pervious nostrils (septum absent); palate desmognate; basipterigoid processes well-developed; pterigoids with evident articulation for basipterigoid process in mid-portion; ribs lacking uncinate processes; pubis atrophied in cranial half; wings reduced; coracoid with extreme reduction of procoracoidal and acrocoracoidal processes, possessing an ample scapular facet, in the form of a groove in the apex; humerus with internal tuberosity bulging proximally, proximal half of diaphysis being strongly bent and processus flexorius distally prominent; tarsometatarsus with triangular-shaped hypotarsus when viewed from below and without tendon grooves; strongly curved ungual phalanx.

<==Phorusrhacidae (see below for synonymy)
    |  i. s.: Patagornithinae [Tolmodinae] AH03
    |           |--Patagornis Moreno & Mercerat 1891 (see below for synonymy) AH03
    |           |    `--*P. marshi Moreno & Mercerat 1891 (see below for synonymy) AH03
    |           |--Andalgalornis Patterson & Kraglievich 1960 AH03
    |           |    `--A. steulletti (Kraglievich 1931) (see below for synonymy) AH03
    |           `--Andrewsornis Patterson 1941 AH03
    |                |--*A. abbotti Patterson 1941 AH03
    |                `--‘Aucornis’ solidus Ameghino 1898 (n. d.) AH03
    |--+--Phorusrhacinae [Phororhacinae] FP64
    |  |    |--Phorusrhacos Ameghino 1887 AH03 (see below for synonymy)
    |  |    |    `--*P. longissimus Ameghino 1887 AH03 (see below for synonymy)
    |  |    |--Titanis Brodkorb 1963 AH03
    |  |    |    `--*T. walleri Brodkorb 1963 AH03
    |  |    `--Devincenzia Kraglievich 1932 [incl. Onactornis Cabrera 1939] AH03
    |  |         `--D. pozzi (Kraglievich 1931) (see below for synonymy) AH03
    |  `--+--Cunampaia Rusconi 1946 FP64, AH03 [Cunampaiidae]
    |     |    `--C. simplex FP64
    |     `--Brontornithinae [Brontorniinae] FP64
    |          |--Brontornis Moreno & Mercerat 1891 [incl. Rostrornis Moreno & Mercerat 1891] AH03
    |          |    `--*B. burmeisteri Moreno & Mercerat 1891 (see below for synonymy) AH03
    |          |--Physornis Ameghino 1895 [incl. Aucornis Ameghino 1898] AH03
    |          |    `--*P. fortis Ameghino 1895 [incl. Aucornis euryrhynchus Ameghino 1899] AH03
    |          `--Paraphysornis Alvarenga 1993 AH03
    |               `--*P. brasiliensis (Alvarenga 1982) [=Physornis brasiliensis] AH03
    `--Psilopteridae [Pelecyornidae, Pelecyornithidae, Psilopteriidae] FP64
         |--Mesembriornis Moreno 1889 (see below for synonymy) AH03
         |    |--*M. milneedwardsi Moreno 1889 (see below for synonymy) AH03
         |    `--M. incertus (Rovereto 1914) [=Prophororhacos incertus] AH03
         `--Psilopterinae AH03
              |  i. s.: ‘Paleociconia’ cristata Moreno & Mercerat 1891 (n. d.) AH03
              |--Smiliornis Ameghino 1891 AH03
              |    `--S. penetrans Ameghino 1899 AH03
              |--Procariama Rovereto 1914 AH03
              |    `--*P. simplex Rovereto 1914 AH03
              |--Riacama Ameghino 1899 AH03
              |    `--R. caliginea Ameghino 1899 AH03
              |--Lophiornis Ameghino 1891 AH03
              |    `--L. obliquus Ameghino 1891 AH03
              |--Paleopsilopterus Alvarenga 1985 AH03
              |    `--*P. itaboraiensis Alvarenga 1985 AH03
              |--Pseudolarus Ameghino 1891 AH03
              |    |--P. eocaenus Ameghino 1891 A94
              |    `--P. guaraniticus Ameghino 1899 AH03
              `--Psilopterus Moreno & Mercerat 1891 [incl. Pelecyornis Ameghino 1891, Staphylornis Mercerat 1897] AH03
                   |--P. bachmanni (Moreno & Mercerat 1891) AH03 (see below for synonymy)
                   |--P. affinis (Ameghino 1899) [=Phororhacos affinis] AH03
                   |--P. colzecus Tonni & Tambussi 1988 AH03
                   `--P. lemoinei (Moreno & Mercerat 1891) AH03 (see below for synonymy)

Nomen nudum: Paleociconia australis Moreno 1889 AH03

Andalgalornis steulletti (Kraglievich 1931) [=Phororhacos steulletti; incl. P. deautieri Kraglievich 1931, *Andalgalornis ferox Patterson & Kraglievich 1960] AH03

*Brontornis burmeisteri Moreno & Mercerat 1891 [incl. Rostrornis floweri Moreno & Mercerat 1891, B. platyonyx Ameghino 1895] AH03

Devincenzia pozzi (Kraglievich 1931) [=Phororhacos pozzi, Onactornis pozzi; incl. O. depressus Cabrera 1939, *Devincenzia gallinali Kraglievich 1932, Phororhacos longissimus mendocinus Kraglievich 1931] AH03

Mesembriornis Moreno 1889 [incl. Hermosiornis Moreno 1889, Paleociconia Moreno 1889, Prophororhacos Rovereto 1914; Hermosiornidae, Hermosiorniidae, Hermosiornithidae, Hermosiornithinae, Mesembriornithinae, Prophororhacinae] AH03

*Mesembriornis milneedwardsi Moreno 1889 [incl. *Paleociconia australis Moreno 1889, Prophororhacos australis, Hermosiornis milneedwardsi Rovereto 1914, Driornis pampeanus Moreno & Mercerat 1891, Hermosiornis rapax Kraglievich 1946] AH03

Patagornis Moreno & Mercerat 1891 [incl. Morenomerceraria Lambrecht 1933, Tolmodus Ameghino 1891] AH03

*Patagornis marshi Moreno & Mercerat 1891 [incl. Tolmodus inflatus Ameghino 1891, Phororhacos inflatus] AH03

Phorusrhacidae [Brontornithes, Brontornithidae, Darwinornithidae, Devincenziidae, Mesembriornidae, Mesembriornithidae, Mesembriornithinae, Paleociconiinae, Patagornithidae, Phororhacidae, Phororhacoidea, Phororhacosidae, Phorusrhacoidae, Phorusrhacoidea, Phorusrhacosidae, Stereornithidae]

Phorusrhacos Ameghino 1887 AH03 [=Phororhacos Ameghino 1889 AH03; incl. Callornis Ameghino 1895 AH03, Darwinornis Moreno & Mercerat 1891 AH03, Dryornis Moreno & Mercerat 1891 A94, Eucallornis Ameghino 1901 AH03, Liornis Ameghino 1895 AH03, Owenornis Moreno & Mercerat 1891 AH03, Stephanornis Mercerat 1893 A94, Stereornis Moreno & Mercerat 1891 AH03, Titanornis Mercerat 1893 AH03; Liorninae, Liornithidae]

Phorusrhacos longissimus Ameghino 1887 AH03[=Phororhacos longissimus AH03; incl. Owenornis affinis Moreno & Mercerat 1891 AH03, Darwinornis copei Moreno & Mercerat 1891 AH03, *Liornis floweri Ameghino 1895 A94, AH03, Stereornis gaundryi Moreno & Mercerat 1891 AH03, *Callornis giganteus Ameghino 1895 A94, AH03, Eucallornis giganteus AH03, Owenornis lydekkeri Moreno & Mercerat 1891 AH03, Liornis minor Dolgopol de Saez 1927 AH03, Titanornis mirabilis Mercerat 1893 AH03, Phororhacos platygnathus Ameghino 1891 AH03, Mesembriornis quatrefragesi Moreno & Mercerat 1891, Phororhacos sehuensis Ameghino 1891 AH03, Stereornis rollieri Moreno & Mercerat 1891 AH03, Darwinornis socialis Moreno & Mercerat 1891 AH03, Mesembriornis studeri Moreno & Mercerat 1891 AH03, D. zitteli Moreno & Mercerat 1891 AH03]

Psilopterus bachmanni (Moreno & Mercerat 1891) AH03 [=Patagornis bachmanni AH03; incl. *Ps. communis Moreno & Mercerat 1891 AH03, Pelecyornis communis A94, Phororhacos delicatus Ameghino 1891 AH03, Psilopterus intermedius Moreno & Mercerat 1891 AH03, Ps. minutus Ameghino 1891 AH03, Pelecyornis minutus A94, Pe. pueyrredonensis Sinclair & Farr 1932 AH03]

Psilopterus lemoinei (Moreno & Mercerat 1891) AH03 [=Patagornis lemoinei AH03; incl. Ps. australis Moreno & Mercerat 1891 AH03, Pelecyornis australis A94, Staphylornis erythacus Mercerat 1897 AH03, S. gallardoi Mercerat 1897 AH03, Phororhacos modicus Ameghino 1895 AH03, Pelecyornis tenuirostris Sinclair & Farr 1932 AH03, Pe. tubulatus Ameghino 1895 AH03]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AH03] Alvarenga, H. M. F., & E. Höfling. 2003. Systematic revision of the Phorusrhacidae (Aves: Ralliformes). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 43 (4): 55-91.

[A94] Ameghino, F. 1894. Sur les oiseaux fossiles de Patagonie et la aune mammalogique des couches a Pyrotherium. Boletín del Instituto Geográfico Argentino 15 (11-12): 501-602.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.