Notoedres

Female of Notoedres cati, from here.

Belongs within: Teinocoptinae.

Notoedres is a genus of scabies mites, divisible between the subgenera Notoedres (with bodies no higher than wide in the females) and Bakeracarus (with dorsoventrally elongate immatures and coxal apodemes I parallel but not fused in the females). All Bakeracarus and many Notoedres are parasites of bats, but some species of subgenus Notoedres within the clades containing N. cati and N. pahangi are parasites of rodents, primates or carnivorans, while N. indicus is a parasite of the house shrew Suncus murinus.

Characters (from Klompen 1992): Delay in addition of setae h2 to protonymph; setae ps1 and ps2 absent in all stages; male with genital apodemes present, setae kT III-IV thin spines or filiform.

<==Notoedres Railliet 1893 K92
    |--N. (Notoedres) (see below for synonymy) K92
    |    |  i. s.: N. (N.) indicus (Fain & Lukoschus 1976) [=*Suncicoptes indicus] K92
    |    |--N. (N.) africanus (Fain 1959) [=Chirnyssus africanus] K92
    |    |--N. (N.) benoiti Fain 1959 K92
    |    |--N. (N.) namibiensis Klompen 1992 K92
    |    |--N. (N.) tadaridae Fain 1959 [incl. N. dohanyi Klompen et al. 1983] K92
    |    |--N. (N.) yunkeri Fain 1962 K92
    |    |--+--N. (N.) alexfaini Lavoipierre 1968 [incl. N. longisetosus Lavoipierre 1968] K92
    |    |  `--N. (N.) cheiromeles Fain 1959 K92
    |    |--+--N. (N.) elongatus Fain 1963 [=N. (*Neonotoedres) elongatus] K92
    |    |  `--N. (N.) rajamanickami Lavoipierre 1968 K92
    |    |--+--N. (N.) dewitti Klompen, Lukoschus et al. 1983 K92
    |    |  |--N. (N.) ismaili Klompen, Lukoschus et al. 1983 K92
    |    |  |--N. (N.) ovatus Dusbabek 1980 K92
    |    |  `--N. (N.) tristis Fain & Marshall 1977 K92
    |    |--+--N. (N.) oudemansi Fain 1965 K92
    |    |  `--+--N. (N.) pseudomuris Lavoipierre 1968 K92
    |    |     `--+--N. (N.) galagoensis Fain 1963 K92
    |    |        |--N. (N.) jamesoni Lavoipierre 1964 K92
    |    |        |--N. (N.) pahangi Klompen, Lukoschus et al. 1983 K92
    |    |        `--N. (N.) paucipilis (Lawrence 1960) [=*Mysarcoptes paucipilis] K92
    |    |--+--N. (N.) muris Megnin 1877 [incl. N. alepis Railliet & Lucet 1893] K92
    |    |  `--+--+--N. (N.) centrifera Jansen 1963 (see below for synonymy) K92
    |    |     |  `--+--*N. (N.) cati (Hering 1838) [=Sarcoptes cati; incl. N. caniculi Gerlach 1857] K92
    |    |     |     `--N. (N.) musculi (Krämer 1865) [=Sarcoptes musculi] K92
    |    |     `--+--N. (N.) mimetilli Fain 1959 K92
    |    |        `--+--N. (N.) chiropteralis (Trouessart 1896) (see below for synonymy) K92
    |    |           `--N. (N.) schoutedeni Fain 1959 [=Bakeracarus schoutedeni] K92
    |    `--+--N. (N.) philippinensis Klompen 1992 K92
    |       `--+--N. (N.) miniopteri Fain 1959 [=N. (Metanotoedres) miniopteri] K92
    |          `--+--N. (N.) verheyeni Fain 1959 [=N. (Metanotoedres) verheyeni] K92
    |             `--+--N. (N.) myoticola (Fain 1959) [=Chirnyssus myoticola] K92
    |                |--N. (N.) myotis (Hedeen 1953) [=Sarcoptes myotis] K92
    |                |--N. (N.) nigricans Klompen 1992 K92
    |                `--N. (N.) roesleri Vitzthum 1932 K92
    `--N. (Bakeracarus Fain 1959) K92
         |--N. (B.) coreanus Ah 1975 K92
         |--N. (B.) helicothrix Fain & Lukoschus 1975 K92
         |--+--N. (B.) paraguayensis Klompen 1992 K92
         |  `--N. (B.) plecoti Fain 1959 [=N. (Notoedres) plecoti] K92
         `--+--N. (*B.) lasionycteris (Boyd & Bernstein 1950) (see below for synonymy) K92
            |--N. (B.) anisothrix Fain & Lukoschus 1975 [=N. lasionycteris anisothrix] K92
            `--+--N. (B.) corynorhini (Fain 1961) (see below for synonymy) K92
               `--+--N. (B.) americanus Klompen 1992 K92
                  `--N. (B.) eptesicus Fain & Lukoschus 1971 [=N. lasionycteris eptesicus] K92

Notoedres (Bakeracarus) corynorhini (Fain 1961) [=Bakeracarus lasionycteris corynorhini, N. lasionycteris corynorhini] K92

Notoedres (*Bakeracarus) lasionycteris (Boyd & Bernstein 1950) [=Sarcoptes lasionycteris, Teinocoptes lasionycteris; incl. N. lasionycteris intermedius (Dusbabek 1970), N. lasionycteris minimus (Dusbabek 1970)] K92

Notoedres (Notoedres) [incl. Chirnyssus Fain 1959, Jansnotoedres Fain 1965, Metanotoedres Fain 1959, Mysarcoptes Lawrence 1960, Neonotoedres Fain 1963, Suncicoptes Fain & Lukoschus 1976] K92

Notoedres (Notoedres) centrifera Jansen 1963 [=N. (*Jansnotoedres) centrifera; incl. N. douglasi Lavoipierre 1964] K92

Notoedres (Notoedres) chiropteralis (Trouessart 1896) [=Sarcoptes chiropteralis, Prosopodectes chiropteralis; incl. Bakeracarus schoutedeni hyatti Fain 1963, Notoedres vanschaiki Van Eyndhoven 1946] K92

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[K92] Klompen, J. S. H. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships in the mite family Sarcoptidae (Acari: Astigmata). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 180: i-vi, 1-154.

Alcedinidae

Oriental dwarf kingfisher Ceyx erithaca, copyright Shantanu Kuveskar.

Belongs within: Alcedines.
Contains: Alcedo.

The Alcedinidae, river kingfishers, are a group of small, brightly coloured kingfishers found in Eurasia, Africa and Australasia. They may be piscivorous or insectivorous, with the bill being black in piscivorous forms and red in insectivorous species. Members include the three-toed kingfishers of the genus Ceyx, in which one of the forward-pointing toes of other genera has mostly been lost (a vestigial fourth toe is present in the Sulawesi dwarf kingfisher C. fallax). Species of Ceyx as currently recognised are found in southern Asia and Australasia. African species previously included in this genus are now classified the genera Ispidina and Corythornis. Ispidina includes the African pygmy kingfisher I. picta and African dwarf kingfisher I. lecontei, both of which have a blue back, rufous underparts, white throat and red bill. Ispidina picta has a blue crown whereas I. lecontei has a rufous crown with a black front. Most species of Corythornis are similarly blue above and rufous below except the Madagascan kingfisher Corythornis madagascariensis which is rufous with white underparts.

<==Alcedinidae [Alcedininae]
    |  i. s.: Caridonax fulgidus JT12
    |         Streptoceryle S18
    |           |--S. alcyon S18
    |           `--S. torquata S18
    |--Ispidina Kaup 1848 BKB15, B94 [Ispidininae]
    |    |--I. lecontei BKB15 [=Ceyx lecontei JT12]
    |    `--I. picta BKB15 [=Ceyx pictus JT12]
    `--+--Corythornis BKB15
       |    |--C. madagascariensis BKB15 [=Ceyx madagascariensis JT12]
       |    `--+--C. vintsioides BKB15 [=Alcedo vintsioides JT12]
       |       `--+--C. cristatus (Pallas 1764) BKB15, S05 (see below for synonymy)
       |          `--C. leucogaster BKB15 [=Alcedo leucogaster JT12]
       `--+--Alcedo BKB15
          `--Ceyx Lacépède 1799 BKB15, B94 [Ceycinae]
               |  i. s.: C. tridactyla S89
               |--C. fallax JT12
               |    |--C. f. fallax R02
               |    `--C. f. sangirensis R02
               `--+--+--C. pusillus BKB15 [=Alcedo pusilla JT12; incl. A. pusilla halmaherae J06]
                  |  |    |--C. p. pusillus M03
                  |  |    |--‘Alcedo’ p. halli M03
                  |  |    `--‘Alcedo’ p. ramsayi M03
                  |  `--+--C. azureus (Latham 1801) BKB15, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
                  |     |    |--C. a. azureus M03
                  |     |    |--‘Alcedo’ a. diemenensis M03
                  |     |    `--‘Alcedo’ a. ruficollaris M03
                  |     `--C. websteri BKB15 [=Alcedo websteri JT12]
                  `--+--C. melanurus JT12
                     `--+--+--C. erithaca JT12
                        |  `--C. rufidorsa JT12
                        `--+--C. lepidus JT12
                           `--+--C. argentatus BKB15 [=Alcedo argentata JT12]
                              `--C. cyanopectus BKB15 [=Alcedo cyanopectus JT12]

Ceyx azureus (Latham 1801) BKB15, WS48 [=Alcedo azurea WS48; incl. Alcyone azurea alisteri Mathews 1912 WS48]

Corythornis cristatus (Pallas 1764) BKB15, S05 [=Alcedo cristata JT12; incl. A. cyanostigma Rüppell 1837 S05]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[J06] Johnstone, R. E. 2006. The birds of Gag Island, Western Papuan islands, Indonesia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 23 (2): 115–132.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[R02] Riley, J. 2002. Population sizes and the status of endemic and restricted-range bird species on Sangihe Island, Indonesia. Bird Conservation International 12: 53–78.

[S05] Steinheimer, F. D. 2005. Eduard Rüppel’s avian types at the Natural History Museum, Tring (Aves). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (2): 233–264.

[S18] Stone, W. 1918. Birds of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to a collection made by Mr. Lindsey L. Jewel. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 239–280.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Last updated: 5 August 2019.

Alcedines

Blue-crowned motmot Momotus momota, photographed by Stephen Turner.

Belongs within: Coraciiformes.
Contains: Alcedinidae.

The Alcedines are a clade of birds supported by molecular analysis uniting the Alcedinidae (kingfishers), Todidae (todies) and Momotidae (motmots). The latter two families are presently restricted to the New World, but stem representatives of both families have been identified from the Palaeogene fossil record of Europe (Mayr & Knopf 2007).

<==Alcedines [Alcedinoides, Halcyones, Momotoidea]
    |--Todidae MK07
    |    |--Palaeotodus Olson 1976 MK07
    |    |    |--*P. emryi Olson 1976 MK07
    |    |    |--P. escampsiensis Mourer-Chauviré 1985 MK07
    |    |    `--P. itardiensis Mourer-Chauviré 1985 MK07
    |    `--Todus Brisson 1760 B94
    |         |--T. todus (Linnaeus 1758) [incl. *T. viridis Linné 1766] B94
    |         |--T. angustirostris MK07
    |         |--T. mexicanus EA06
    |         `--T. multicolor Gould 1837 M04
    `--+--Alcedinidae MK07
       `--Momotidae [Merulidae, Prionitidae] MK07
            |  i. s.: Uintornis lucaris FP64
            |         Hylomanes Lichtenstein 1839 [Hylomanidae] M04
            |         Eumomota Sclater 1858 M04
            |           `--E. superciliosa FP64
            |                |--E. s. superciliosa FS55
            |                `--E. s. apiaster FS55
            |--Protornis Meyer 1844 MK07, M04
            |    |--*P. glarniensis Meyer 1844 (see below for synonymy) M02
            |    `--P. blumeri Heer 1865 M02
            `--+--Electron Gistel 1848 MK07, M04
               |--Aspatha MK07
               |--Baryphthengus MK07
               `--Momotus Brisson 1760 MK07, M04 [incl. Prionites Illiger 1811 B94]
                    |--M. brasiliensis SS66
                    |--M. lessonii FS55
                    |--M. martii SS66
                    |--M. mexicanus ZJM03
                    `--M. momota MK07

*Protornis glarniensis Meyer 1844 [=P. glarisiensis (l. c.), P. glaronensis; incl. Osteornis scolopacinus Gervais 1844] M02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[EA06] Ericson, P. G. P., C. L. Anderson, T. Britton, A. Elzanowski, U. S. Johansson, M. Källersjö, J. I. Ohlson, T. J. Parsons, D. Zuccon & G. Mayr. 2006. Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils. Biology Letters 2 (4): 543-547.

[FS55] Felten, H., & J. Steinbacher. 1955. Zur Vogelfauna von El Salvador. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (1-2): 9-19.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[M04] Mayr, G. 2004. New specimens of Hassiavis laticauda (Aves: Cypselomorphae) and Quasisyndactylus longibrachis (Aves: Alcediniformes) from the Middle Eocene of Messel, Germany. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 252: 23-28.

[M05] Mayr, G. 2005. The Paleogene fossil record of birds in Europe. Biological Reviews 80: 515-542.

[MK07] Mayr, G., & C. W. Knopf. 2007. A tody (Alcediniformes: Todidae) from the early Oligocene of Germany. Auk 124 (4): 1294-1304.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[SS66] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866. Catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Uyacali, Eastern Peru, with notes and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 175-201.

[ZJM03] Zeffer, A., L. C. Johansson & Å. Marmebro. 2003. Functional correlation between habitat use and leg morphology in birds (Aves). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79: 461-484.

Picidae

Acorn woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus, photographed by David Hofmann.

Belongs within: Piciformes.
Contains: Picoidini, Colaptini, Dryocopini, Picini.

The Picidae include the woodpeckers (Picinae), wrynecks (Jynx) and piculets (Picumninae), and are found on all continents except Australia and Antarctica. Picids have more or less straight, pointed beaks and elongate tongues. They are ancestrally insectivorous and arboreal, though some have become terrestrial and/or herbivorous.

<==Picidae
    |--Jynx Linnaeus 1758 M02 [Iunginae, Jungidae, Jyngidae, Jynginae B94, Torquillinae, Yunginae, Yunxinae]
    |    `--J. torquilla Linnaeus 1758 M02
    |--Picumninae B94
    |    |--Nesoctites Hargitt 1890 [Nesoctitini] B94
    |    |    `--N. micromegas A61
    |    `--Picumnus Temminck 1825 [Picumnini] B94
    |         |--P. buffoni SS66
    |         |--P. castelnaudi SS66
    |         |--P. cinnamomeus SS66
    |         |--P. cirrhatus S55
    |         |--P. guttifer S55
    |         |--P. innominatus VP89
    |         |    |--P. i. innominatus VP89
    |         |    `--P. i. chinensis VP89
    |         `--P. rufiventris (Bonaparte 1837) [=Asthenurus rufiventris] SS66
    `--Picinae [Dendrodrocopinae, Psilorhinae] B94
         |  i. s.: Sphyrapicus A61
         |           |--S. nuchalis MSD93
         |           |--S. ruber [incl. S. daggetti] S70
         |           `--S. varius A61
         |         Thripias xantholophus FP64
         |         Mesopicos goertae FP64
         |--Picoidini B94
         |--Colaptini B94
         |--Dryocopini B94
         |--Picini B94
         |--Hemicircini B94
         |    |--Meiglyptes Swainson 1837 [Meiglyptini] B94
         |    `--Hemicircus Swainson 1837 B94
         |         `--H. canente RD02
         `--Melanerpes Swainson 1832 [incl. Centurus Swainson 1837; Centurini, Melanerpini] B94
              |--‘Centurus’ aurifrons A61
              |    |--C. a. aurifrons FS55
              |    `--C. a. santacruzi FS55
              |--M. cruentatus SS66
              |--M. erythrocephalus A61
              |--M. formicivorus FP64
              |--M. portoricensis SWK87
              |--‘Centurus’ pygmaeus G68
              |--‘Centurus’ radiolatus A61
              `--M. uropygialis FP64

Picidae incertae sedis:
  Dendropicos MMJ03
  Chryserpes striatus SWK87
  Sapheopipo noguchii (Seebohm 1887) I92
  Micropternus VP89
    |--M. brachyurus VP89
    `--M. phaeoceps S89
  Gecinulus grantia VP89
  Blythipicus pyrrhotis VP89
    |--B. p. pyrrhotis VP89
    `--B. p. sinensis VP89
  Nesoceleus fernandinae FP64
  Sasia FP64
    |--S. africana DL94
    `--S. ochracea FP64
  Scapaneus S55
    |--S. melanoleucos S55
    |    |--S. m. melanoleucos S55
    |    `--S. m. cearae S55
    `--S. trachelopyrus S55
  Crocomorphus flavus S55
    |--C. f. flavus S55
    `--C. f. inornatus S55
  Balanosphyra formicivora S55
    |--B. f. formicivora S55
    `--B. f. bairdii S55
  Leuconerpes candidus S55
  Ceophloeus lineatus FS55
    |--C. l. lineatus FS55
    `--C. l. similis FS55
  Piculus rubiginosa FS55
    |--P. r. rubiginosa FS55
    `--P. r. yucatanensis FS55
  Geocolaptes arator S66
  Yungipicus canicapillus (Blyth 1845) [=Picus canicapillus] W66
    |--Y. c. canicapillus W66
    |--Y. c. auritus Eyton 1845 W66
    `--Y. c. moluccensis W66

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[DL94] Dinesen, L., T. Lehmberg, J. O. Svendsen, L. A. Hansen & J. Fjeldså. 1994. A new genus and species of perdicine bird (Phasianidae, Perdicini) from Tanzania, a relict form with Indo-Malayan affinities. Ibis 136: 2-11.

[FS55] Felten, H., & J. Steinbacher. 1955. Zur Vogelfauna von El Salvador. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (1-2): 9-19.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[G68] Grant, P. R. 1968. Bill size, body size, and the ecological adaptations of bird species to competitive situations on islands. Systematic Zoology 17 (3): 319-333.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[MMJ03] Mayr, G., A. Manegold & U. S. Johansson. 2003. Monophyletic groups within ‘higher land birds’ – comparison of morphological and molecular data. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 41: 233-248.

[MSD93] Mills, L. S., M. E. Soulé & D. F. Doak. 1993. The keystone-species concept in ecology and conservation. BioScience 43 (4): 219-224.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[RD02] Robin, V. V., & P. Davidar. 2002. The vertical stratification of birds in mixed species flocks at Parambikulam, south India: a comparison between two habitats. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 389-399.

[S89] Salvadori, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea nella Birmania e nelle regioni vicine. XIX. – Uccelli raccolti nei Monti Carin a nord-est di Tounghoo, nel Pegù presso Rangoon e Tounghoo e nel Tenasserim presso Malewoon. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 369-438.

[S66] Sclater, P. L. 1866. Report on birds collected at Windvogelberg, South Africa, by Capt. G. E. Bulger, C. M. Z. S. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 21-23.

[SS66] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866. Catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Uyacali, Eastern Peru, with notes and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 175-201.

[S70] Short, L. L. 1970. A reply to Uzzell and Ashmole. Systematic Zoology 19 (2): 199-202.

[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.

[S55] Steinbacher, J. 1955. Zur Morphologie und Anatomie des Zungenapparates brasilianischer Spechte. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 1-8.

[VP89] Viney, C., & K. Phillipps. 1989. Birds of Hong Kong 5^th ed. Government Printer: Hong Kong.

[W66] Walden, A. 1866. Notes on birds collected in Tennasserim and in the Andaman Islands. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 537-556.

Capitonidae

Golden-naped barbet Megalaima pulcherrima, photographed by sesamest74.

Belongs within: Piciformes.

The Capitonidae contains the barbets, a pantropical group of often brightly-coloured frugivorous birds. They have short necks, relatively big heads and heavy bills with conspicuous bristles or tufts of feathers over the nostrils (Austin 1961). Many authors now include this family in the Ramphastidae with the toucans.

<==Capitonidae
    |  i. s.: ‘Bucco’ corvinus W66
    |         ‘Bucco’ faiostriatus W66
    |--Gymnobucco Bonaparte 1850 [Gymnobucconidae] B94
    |--Calorhamphus Lesson 1839 [Calorhamphidae] B94
    |--Semnornis Richmond 1900 [Semnornithidae] B94
    |    `--S. ramphastinus A61
    |--Tricholaema FP64
    |    |--T. diadematum FP64
    |    `--T. melanocephala (Cretzschmar 1829) [=Pogonias melanocephala] S05
    |--Capito Vieillot 1816 B94
    |    |--C. aurantiicollis SS66
    |    |--C. aurovirens SS66
    |    |--C. melanotis SS66
    |    |--C. niger HK08
    |    `--C. peruvianus SS66
    `--Megalaima Gray 1842 [Megalaimatidae] B94
         |--M. asiatica [=Cyanops asiatica] S89
         |--M. cyanotis S89
         |--M. davisoni S89
         |--M. franklini A61
         |--M. hodgsonii Bonaparte 1850 [incl. Capito lineatus, Megalaima lineata] W66
         |--M. pulcherrima FP64
         |--M. ramsayi Walden 1875 S89
         |--M. virens HK08
         `--M. viridis RD02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[FP6] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[HK08] Hackett, S. J., R. T. Kimball, S. Reddy, R. C. K. Bowie, E. L. Braun, M. J. Braun, J. L. Chojnowski, W. A. Cox, K.-L. Han, J. Harshman, C. J. Huddleston, B. D. Marks, K. J. Miglia, W. S. Moore, F. H. Sheldon, D. W. Steadman, C. C. Witt & T. Yuri. 2008. A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history. Science 320: 1763-1768.

[RD02] Robin, V. V., & P. Davidar. 2002. The vertical stratification of birds in mixed species flocks at Parambikulam, south India: a comparison between two habitats. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 389-399.

[S89] Salvadori, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea nella Birmania e nelle regioni vicine. XIX. – Uccelli raccolti nei Monti Carin a nord-est di Tounghoo, nel Pegù presso Rangoon e Tounghoo e nel Tenasserim presso Malewoon. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 369-438.

[SS66] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866. Catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Uyacali, Eastern Peru, with notes and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 175-201.

[S05] Steinheimer, F. D. 2005. Eduard Rüppel’s avian types at the Natural History Museum, Tring (Aves). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (2): 233-264.

Ramphastidae

Black-collared barbet Lybius torquatus from South Africa, photographed by Giuliano Gerra and Silvio Sommazzi.

Belongs within: Piciformes.

The Ramphastidae contain the toucans, Neotropical frugivorous birds with distinctive large, canoe-shaped bills. Many authors also include the pantropical barbets in this family.

<==Ramphastidae
    |--Baillonius bailloni MMJ03
    |--Psilopogon MMJ03
    |--Andigena laminirostris A61
    |--Aulacorhynchus prasinus FP64
    |    |--A. p. prasinus FS55
    |    `--A. p. stenorhabdus FS55
    |--Aulacoramphus G66
    |    |--A. atrigularis G66
    |    |--A. caeruleigularis G66
    |    `--A. cyanolaemus Gould 1866 G66
    |--Trachyphonus Ranzani 1821 MMJ03, M02 [incl. Capitonides Ballmann 1969 M02; Trachyphonidae]
    |    |--T. erythrocephalus FP64
    |    |--T. europeus (Ballmann 1969) [=*Capitonides europeus] M02
    |    |--T. margaritatus (Cretzschmar 1828) [=Bucco margaritatus, Micropogon margaritatus] S05
    |    `--T. protractus (Ballmann 1983) [=Capitonides protractus] M02
    |--Selenidera MMJ03
    |    |--S. culik MMJ03
    |    |--S. langsdorfi SS66
    |    |--S. maculirostris MMJ03
    |    `--S. reinwardtii PT03
    |--Pteroglossus Illiger 1811 [Pteroglossidae] B94
    |    |--P. aracari MMJ03
    |    |--P. bitorquatus A61
    |    |--P. castanotis SS66
    |    |--P. humboldtii SS66
    |    |--P. torquatus FS55
    |    `--P. viridis A61
    |--Lybius Hermann 1783 MMJ03, B94 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--L. bidentatus FP64
    |    |--L. guifsobalito Hermann 1783 (see below for synonymy) S05
    |    |--‘Pogonias’ saltii Swainson 1837 S05
    |    |--L. torquatus A61
    |    |--L. undatus (Rüppell 1837) [=Pogonias undatus] S05
    |    |    |--L. u. undatus S05
    |    |    `--L. u. thiogaster Neumann 1903 S05
    |    `--‘Pogonias’ vieilloti D66
    |--Ramphastos Linnaeus 1758 B94
    |    |--R. ambiguus MMJ03
    |    |--R. culminatus SS66
    |    |--R. cuvieri SS66
    |    |--R. sulfuratus FP64
    |    |--R. swainsonii KK05
    |    |--R. toco PT03
    |    `--R. vitellinus MMJ03
    `--Pogoniulus Lafresnaye 1844 M02
         `--P. chrysoconus B93
              |--P. c. chrysoconus B93
              `--P. c. extoni (Layard 1871) [=Barbatula extoni] B93

Lybius Hermann 1783 MMJ03, B94 [incl. Pogonias Illiger 1811 non Lacépède 1802 B94, Pogonorhynchus van der Hoeven 1833 B94; Pogoniidae, Pogonorhynchidae]

Lybius guifsobalito Hermann 1783 [incl. L. abyssinicus, L. habessinicus, Pogonias brucii Rüppell 1837, Phytotoma tridactyla] S05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[B93] Brooke, R. K. 1993. Annotated catalogue of the Aves type specimens in the South African Museum. Annals of the South African Museum 102 (10): 327-349.

[D66] Dohrn, H. 1866. Synopsis of the birds of Ilha do Principe, with some remarks on their habits and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 324-332.

[FS55] Felten, H., & J. Steinbacher. 1955. Zur Vogelfauna von El Salvador. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (1-2): 9-19.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[G66] Gould, J. 1866. Description of a new species of toucan belonging to the genus Aulacoramphus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 24.

[KK05] Kloet, R. S. de, & S. R. de Kloet. 2005. The evolution of the spindlin gene in birds: sequence analysis of an intron of the spindlin W and Z gene reveals four major divisions of the Psittaciformes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 706-721.

[MMJ03] Mayr, G., A. Manegold & U. S. Johansson. 2003. Monophyletic groups within ‘higher land birds’ – comparison of morphological and molecular data. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 41: 233-248.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[PT03] Prum, R. O., & R. Torres. 2003. Structural colouration of avian skin: Convergent evolution of coherently scattering dermal collagen arrays. Journal of Experimental Biology 206: 2409-2429.

[SS66] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866. Catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Uyacali, Eastern Peru, with notes and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 175-201.

[S05] Steinheimer, F. D. 2005. Eduard Rüppel’s avian types at the Natural History Museum, Tring (Aves). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (2): 233-264.

Piciformes

Yellow-billed jacamar Galbula albirostris, photographed by William Hull.

Belongs within: Anomalogonatae.
Contains: Ramphastidae, Capitonidae, Picidae.

The Piciformes are a group of birds characterised by the possession of a zygodactylous foot with both the first and fourth toes directed backwards. Living species are divided between the Galbulae, including jacamars (Galbulidae) and puffbirds (Bucconidae), and the Pici, including barbets and toucans (Capitonidae and/or Ramphastidae), honeyguides (Indicatoridae) and woodpeckers (Picidae).

Synapomorphies (from Mayr 2005): Coracoid with distinct notch on medial side of extremitas sternalis; humerus with far ventrodistally extending, large fossa musculi brachialis situated on far medial side of bone, with weakly developed ventral margin; carpometacarpus with well-developed processus intermetacarpalis fused with os metacarpale minus; trochlea metatarsi IV with plantarly projecting wing-like flange; hypotarsus of tarsometatarsus with tendon of musculus flexor hallucis longus situated in marked sulcus medially bordered by prominent crista lateralis hypotarsi.

Synapomorphies of crown group (from Mayr et al. 2003): Proximal end of phalanx proximalis digiti majoris with large, proximally directing process on ventral side; origin of musculus flexor hallucis longus with three heads; tendon of musculus flexor hallucis longus supplying digits I, II and VI; pygostyle with large shield-like discus pygostyli with sharply defined ridge-like lateral margins; extremitas sternalis of coracoid with notch on margo medialis; trochlea metatarsi IV with large trochlea accessoria.

<==Piciformes
    |  i. s.: Zygodactylidae [Miopiconidae, Primoscenidae, Primoscinidae] M02
    |           |--Primoscens Harrison & Walker 1977 M02
    |           |    `--*P. minutus Harrison & Walker 1977 M02
    |           |--Miopico Mayr 1998 M02
    |           |    `--M. benimellalensis Mayr 1998 M02
    |           |--Zygodactylus Ballmann 1969 M02
    |           |    |--*Z. ignotus Ballmann 1969 M02
    |           |    `--Z. grivensis Ballmann 1969 M02
    |           `--Primozygodactylus Mayr 1998 M02
    |                |--*P. danielsi Mayr 1998 M02
    |                |--P. ballmanni Mayr 1998 M02
    |                `--P. major Mayr 1998 M02
    |--Sylphornithidae M05
    |    |--Sylphornis Mourer-Chauviré 1988 M02
    |    |    `--*S. bretouensis Mourer-Chauviré 1988 M02
    |    `--Palaegithalus Milne-Edwards 1871 M05, M02 [Palaegithalidae]
    |         `--*P. cuvieri (Gervais 1848-1852) [=Sitta cuvieri] M02
    |--Gracilitarsidae M05
    |    |--Neanis schucherti Feduccia 1973 M05
    |    |--Gracilitarsus Mayr 1998 M01
    |    |    `--*G. mirabilis Mayr 1998 M01
    |    `--Eutreptodactylus Baird & Vickers-Rich 1997 M05
    |         `--E. itaboraiensis Baird & Vickers-Rich 1997 M01
    `--+--Pici LZ07
       |    |--Capitonoidea LZ07
       |    |    |--Ramphastidae LZ07
       |    |    `--Capitonidae HK08
       |    `--Picoidea LZ07
       |         |--Picidae HK08
       |         `--Indicatoridae LZ07
       |              |--Prodotiscus Sundevall 1850 [Prodotiscidae] B94
       |              `--Indicator Stephens 1815 HK08, B94
       |                   |--I. indicator BP87
       |                   |--I. maculatus HK08
       |                   |--I. minor EA06
       |                   `--I. variegatus MMJ03
       `--Galbulae LZ07
            |--Galbulidae LZ07
            |    |--Galbalcyrhynchus leucotis SS66
            |    |--Jacamerops Lesson 1830 [Jacameropidae] B94
            |    |    `--J. aurea FP64
            |    `--Galbula Brisson 1760 HK08, B94
            |         |--G. albirostris HK08
            |         |--G. cyanescens EA06
            |         |--G. dea A61
            |         `--G. tombacea SS66
            `--Bucconidae [Cyphidae, Tamatiidae] LZ07
                 |--Chelidoptera tenebrosa MMJ03, SS66
                 |--Notharchus macrorynchos MMJ03, A61
                 |--Nystalus maculatus EA06
                 |--Malacoptila Gray 1841 [Malacoptilidae] B94
                 |    `--M. rufa SS66
                 |--Monasa MMJ03
                 |    |--M. nigrifrons MMJ03
                 |    `--M. peruana SS66
                 |--Bucco Brisson 1760 HK08, B94 [incl. Cyphus Spix 1824 B94, Tamatia Lesson 1831 B94]
                 |    |--*B. capensis Linnaeus 1766 B94
                 |    `--B. macrodactylus HK08
                 `--Nonnula SS66
                      |--N. frontalis SS66
                      `--N. ruficapilla SS66

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[EA06] Ericson, P. G. P., C. L. Anderson, T. Britton, A. Elzanowski, U. S. Johansson, M. Källersjö, J. I. Ohlson, T. J. Parsons, D. Zuccon & G. Mayr. 2006. Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils. Biology Letters 2 (4): 543-547.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[HK08] Hackett, S. J., R. T. Kimball, S. Reddy, R. C. K. Bowie, E. L. Braun, M. J. Braun, J. L. Chojnowski, W. A. Cox, K.-L. Han, J. Harshman, C. J. Huddleston, B. D. Marks, K. J. Miglia, W. S. Moore, F. H. Sheldon, D. W. Steadman, C. C. Witt & T. Yuri. 2008. A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history. Science 320: 1763-1768.

[LZ07] Livezey, B. C., & R. L. Zusi. 2007. Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (1): 1-95.

[M01] Mayr, G. 2001. A new specimen of the tiny Middle Eocene bird Gracilitarsus mirabilis (new family: Gracilitarsidae). Condor 103 (1): 78-84.

[M05] Mayr, G. 2005. The Paleogene fossil record of birds in Europe. Biological Reviews 80: 515-542.

[MMJ03] Mayr, G., A. Manegold & U. S. Johansson. 2003. Monophyletic groups within ‘higher land birds’ – comparison of morphological and molecular data. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 41: 233-248.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[SS66] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866. Catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Uyacali, Eastern Peru, with notes and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 175-201.