Cytheroidea

Microcythere cf. nana, copyright Carol Dickson-Fisher.

Belongs within: Ostracoda.
Contains: Entocytherinae, Sphaeromicolinae, Cobanocythere, Cytheromatinae, Cytherideinae, Cushmanideinae, Xestoleberis, Cytherois, Limnocytherinae, Timiriaseviinae, Loxoconchinae, Progonocytherinae, Pterygocytherinae, Trachyleberidinae, Palaeocytherideinae, Cytherinae.

The Cytheroidea are a primarily marine group of ostracods that are first known from the Middle Ordovician (Benson et al. 1961). Many cytheroids are highly ornamented. Most are aquatic, though species of the genus Terrestricythere are known from supralittoral saline soils. Freshwater cytheroids are known from the families Cytherideidae, Entocytheridae, Kliellidae, Leptocytheridae, Limnocytheridae and Loxoconchidae. Members of the marine and brackish-water family Cytheruridae are small in size with a carapace bearing a mostly well ornamented surface, caudal processes and a flattened venter (Benson et al. 1961).

Characters (from Benson et al. 1961): Three similar pairs of legs adapted for locomotion; antennules generally subpediform; exopodite of antennae developed as long, curved, rodlike flagellum containing ducts of glands lying on each side of body. Adductor muscle scars detectable on most carapaces, usually arranged in nearly vertical row of four elements, with one or two antennal scars and usually three mandibular scars in front. Usually a compound hinge characteristically divided into three or four elements, any or all of which may be dentate (hinge teeth absent in some species).

<==Cytheroidea [Cytheracea, Cytherocopina]
    |--Thaerocytheridae MD01
    |--Terrestricythere Schornikov 1969 DH86 [Terresticytheracea, Terrestricytheridae MD01]
    |    `--T. ivanovae Schornikov 1969 DH86
    |--Sinusuella Spizharsky 1939 [Sinusuellidae, Sinusuellinae] BB61
    |    `--*S. ignota Spizharsky 1939 BB61
    |--Entocytheridae MD01
    |    |--Entocytherinae DH86
    |    `--Sphaeromicolinae DH86
    |--Arcacythere Hornibrook 1952 BB61 [Rockalliidae WSB93]
    |    |--*A. chapmani Hornibrook 1952 BB61
    |    `--A. eocenica (Whatley et al. 1982) WSB93
    |--Psammocythere Klie 1936 DH86 [incl. Bonaducecythere McKenzie 1977 G83; Psammocytheridae MD01, Psammocytherinae]
    |    |--*P. remanei Klie 1936 BB61
    |    |--P. hartmanni (McKenzie 1977) [=*Bonaducecythere hartmanni] G83
    |    `--P. santacruzensis Gottwald 1983 G83
    |--Cobanocytherinae [Cobanocytheridae] DH86
    |    |--Cobanocythere DH86
    |    `--Paracobanocythere Gottwald 1983 DH86
    |         `--*P. hawaiiensis Gottwald 1983 G83
    |--Kliellidae [Kliellinae] MD01
    |    |--Kliella Schäfer 1945 DH86
    |    |    `--*K. hyaloderma Schäfer 1945 BB61
    |    `--Nanokliella Schäfer 1945 DH86
    |         `--*N. dictyoconcha Schäfer 1945 BB61
    |--Acronotellidae BB61
    |    |--Acronotella Ulrich & Bassler 1923 [=Acrotonella (l. c.)] BB61
    |    |    `--*A. shideleri Ulrich & Bassler 1923 BB61
    |    `--Eoconchoecia Moberg 1895 BB61
    |         `--*E. mucronata Moberg 1895 BB61
    |--Berounellidae BB61
    |    |--Berounella Bouček 1936 BB61
    |    |    `--*B. rostrata Bouček 1936 BB61
    |    `--Kirkbyellina Kummerow 1939 BB61
    |         `--*K. styliolata Kummerow 1939 BB61
    |--Cytherissinellidae [Cytherissinellinae] BB61
    |    |--Cytherissinella Schneider 1956 BB61
    |    |    `--*C. okrajantzi Schneider 1956 BB61
    |    |--Lutkevichinella Schneider 1956 BB61
    |    |    `--*L. bruttanae Schneider 1956 BB61
    |    `--Triassinella Schneider 1956 M61, BB61
    |         `--*T. chramovi Schneider 1956 BB61
    |--Pectocytheridae [Pectocytherinae] MD01
    |    |--Praemunseyella ornata Bate 1972 WSB93
    |    |--Pectocythere Hanai 1957 BB61
    |    |    `--*P. quadrangulata Hanai 1957 BB61
    |    |--Dolocythere Mertens 1956 BB61
    |    |    `--*D. rara Mertens 1956 BB61
    |    `--Munseyella van den Bold 1957 [=Toulminia Munsey 1953 non Zittel 1878] BB61
    |         `--*M. hyalokystis (Munsey 1953) [=*Toulminia hyalokystis] BB61
    |--Cytheromatidae MD01
    |    |--Cytheromatinae DH86
    |    `--Microloxoconcha Hartmann 1954 [Microloxoconchinae] DH86
    |         |--*M. compressa Hartmann 1954 G83
    |         |--M. barralesi Hartmann 1965 DH86
    |         |--M. fragilis Hartmann 1974 DH86
    |         |--M. marinovi Schornikov 1969 DH86
    |         |--M. santacruzensis Gottwald 1983 DH86
    |         `--M. subterranea Gottwald 1983 DH86
    |--Tomiellidae [Iniellinae, Tomiellinae] BB61
    |    |--Tomiella Spizharsky 1937 BB61
    |    |    `--T. oblongata (Jaishevsky 1927) [=Kirkbya oblongata; incl. *T. yavorskyi Spizharsky 1937] BB61
    |    |--Iniella Mandelstam in Yavorsky 1956 BB61
    |    |    `--*I. kuznetskiensis (Spizharsky 1937) [=Leperditia kuznetskiensis] BB61
    |    |--Kemeroviana Mandelstam in Yavorsky 1956 BB61
    |    |    `--*K. angulata Mandelstam in Yavorksy 1956 BB61
    |    |--Suriekovella Mandelstam 1958 BB61
    |    |    `--*S. limbata (Mandelstam 1956) [=Iniella limbata] BB61
    |    `--Tomiellina Mandelstam in Yavorsky 1956 BB61
    |         `--*T. umbrata Mandelstam in Yavorsky 1956 BB61
    |--Eucytheridae [Eucytherinae] MD01
    |    |--Euryitycythere Oertli 1959 BB61
    |    |    |--*E. subtilis Bartenstein & Brand 1959 BB61
    |    |    `--E. parisorum BB61
    |    |--Stravia crossata WSB93
    |    |--Pyrocytheridea Lyubimova 1955 [Pyrocytherideinae] BB61
    |    |    `--*P. pergraphica Lyubimova 1955 BB61
    |    |--Rotundracythere Mandelstam 1958 BB61
    |    |    `--*R. rotunda (Hornibrook 1952) [=Eucythere rotundata] BB61
    |    `--Eucythere Brady 1868 [=Cytheropsis Sars 1866 non McCoy 1849] BB61
    |         |--*E. declivis (Norman 1865) [=Cythere declivis, *Cytheropsis declivis] BB61
    |         `--E. triordinis BB61
    |--Cytherettidae [Cytherettinae] BB61
    |    |--Flexus Neviani 1928 [incl. Eucytheretta Puri 1958] BB61
    |    |    `--*F. plicatus (Münster 1830) [=Cythere plicata] BB61
    |    |--Loculicytheretta Ruggieri 1954 BB61
    |    |    `--*L. pavonia (Brady 1866) [=Cythere pavonia] BB61
    |    |--Paracytheretta Triebel 1941 BB61
    |    |    `--*P. reticosa Triebel 1941 BB61
    |    |--Protocytheretta Puri 1958 BB61
    |    |    `--*P. daniana (Brady 1869) [=Cythere daniana] BB61
    |    `--Cytheretta Müller 1894 (see below for synonymy) BB61
    |         |--C. subradiosa (Roemer 1838) [=Cytherina subradiosa; incl. *Cytheretta rubra Müller 1894] BB61
    |         |--C. bambruggensis BB61
    |         `--C. haimeana S61
    |--Cytherideidae [Cuneocytheridae, Schulerideidae] NT02
    |    |  i. s.: Praeschuleridea pseudokinkellinella Bate & Coleman 1975 WSB93
    |    |--Cytherideinae NT02
    |    |--Cushmanideinae NT02
    |    `--Cuneocytherinae BB61
    |         |--Archeocuneocythere Mandelstam 1947 BB61
    |         |    `--*A. reniformis Mandelstam 1947 BB61
    |         |--Monsmirabilia Apostolescu 1955 BB61
    |         |    `--*M. subovata Apostolescu 1955 [=Bairdia perforata Bosquet 1852 non Roemer 1838] BB61
    |         |--Paleomonsmirabilia Apostolescu 1956 BB61
    |         |    `--*P. paupera Apostolescu 1956 BB61
    |         `--Cuneocythere Lienenklaus 1894 BB61
    |              |--C. marginata (Bosquet 1852) [=Bairdia marginata; incl. *C. truncata Lienenklaus 1894] BB61
    |              `--C. foveolata S61
    |--Krithidae [Krithinae] MD01
    |    |--Mesocorallicythere Hartmann 1974 DH86
    |    |    `--M. sagittaeformis Hartmann 1974 DH86
    |    |--Parakrithe van den Bold 1958 BB61
    |    |    `--*P. vermunti (van den Bold 1946) [=Cytheridea (Dolocytheridea) vermunti] BB61
    |    |--Parakrithella Hanai in Benson, Berdan et al. 1961 [=Neocyprideis Hanai 1959 non Apostolescu 1956] BB61
    |    |    `--*P. pseudadonta (Hanai 1959) [=*Neocyprideis pseudadonta] BB61
    |    |--Pseudokrithe Mehes 1941 M61, BB61
    |    |    `--*P. dictyota Mehes 1941 BB61
    |    |--Hemikrithe van den Bold 1950 M61, BB61
    |    |    `--*H. occidentalis van den Bold 1950 BB61
    |    `--Krithe Brady, Crosskey & Robertson 1874 BB61 (see below for synonymy)
    |         |--*K. bartonensis (Jones 1857) [=Cythere (Cytherideis) bartonensis] BB61
    |         `--K. papillosa BB61
    |--Parvocythere Hartmann 1959 [Parvocytheridae] DH86
    |    |  i. s.: P. striata Hartmann 1974 DH86
    |    |--+--P. elongata Hartmann 1959 G83
    |    |  |--P. fernandinensis Gottwald 1983 G83
    |    |  `--P. marginatocostata Hartmann 1974 G83
    |    `--+--*P. dentata Hartmann 1959 G83
    |       |--P. dimorpha Hartmann 1974 G83
    |       |--P. directocostata Hartmann 1974 G83
    |       |--P. galapagoensis Gottwald 1983 G83
    |       |--P. hartmanni Marinov 1962 G83
    |       |--P. psammophila Gottwald 1983 G83
    |       |--P. schmidti Gottwald 1983 G83
    |       |--P. subterranea Gottwald 1983 G83
    |       `--P. supralitoralis Gottwald 1983 G83
    |--Xestoleberididae [Xestoleberinae] MD01
    |    |--Xestoleberis S-VC91
    |    |--Aspidoconcha de Vos 1953 G83, BB61
    |    |    `--*A. limnoriae de Vos 1953 BB61
    |    |--Ornatoleberis Keij 1975 DH86
    |    |    `--O. parva Hartmann 1981 DH86
    |    |--Linocheles Brady 1907 BB61
    |    |    `--*L. vagans Brady 1907 BB61
    |    |--Uroleberis Triebel 1958 BB61
    |    |    `--*U. parnensis (Apostolescu 1955) [=Eocytheropteron parnensis] BB61
    |    |--Atjehella Kingma 1948 M61, BB61
    |    |    `--*A. semiplicata Kingma 1948 BB61
    |    `--Microxestoleberis Müller 1894 DH86
    |         |--*M. nana Müller 1894 BB61
    |         `--M. rostrata Klie 1936 DH86
    |--Paradoxostomatidae [Paradoxostomatinae, Paradoxostomidae, Paradoxostominae] NT02
    |    |--Cytherois NT02
    |    |--Sclerochilus Sars 1866 G83 [=Sclerochylus (l. c.) BB61]
    |    |    `--*S. contortum (Norman 1862) [=Cythere contorta] BB61
    |    |--Boldella Keij 1957 BB61
    |    |    `--*B. deldenensis Keij 1957 BB61
    |    |--Paracythere Müller 1894 BB61
    |    |    `--*P. minima Müller 1894 BB61
    |    |--Xiphichilus Brady 1870 [=Machaerina Brady & Norman 1889 non Vahl 1806 (ICBN)] BB61
    |    |    `--*X. tenuissimum (Norman 1869) [=Bythocythere tenuissima, *Machaerina tenuissima] BB61
    |    |--Paracytherois Müller 1894 BB61
    |    |    |--P. flexuosa (Brady 1868) [=Paradoxostoma flexuosum; incl. *Parac. striata Müller 1894] BB61
    |    |    `--P. praegracilis Herrig 1964 WSB93
    |    `--Paradoxostoma Fischer 1855 BB61
    |         |--*P. dispar Fischer 1855 BB61
    |         |--P. normani S61
    |         `--P. variabile (Baird 1850) G83
    |--Schizocytheridae [Schizocytherides] MD01
    |    |--Sondagella valanginiana Valicenti & Stephens 1984 WSB93
    |    |--Amphicytherura Butler & Jones 1957 BB61
    |    |    |--*A. dubia (Israelsky 1929) [=Cythere dubia] BB61
    |    |    `--A. limburgensis BB61
    |    |--Neomonoceratina Kingma 1948 BB61
    |    |    |--*N. columbiformis Kingma 1948 BB61
    |    |    `--N. mediterranea BB61
    |    |--Palmenella Hirschmann 1916 [incl. Kyphocythere Sars 1925] BB61
    |    |    |--*P. limicola (Norman 1865) [=Cythereis limicola] BB61
    |    |    `--P. carida B61
    |    |--Schizocythere Triebel 1950 BB61
    |    |    |--*S. hollandica Triebel 1950 BB61
    |    |    |--S. batjesi BB61
    |    |    `--S. tessellata BB61
    |    `--Paijenborchella Kingma 1948 [=Payenborchella Keij 1953] BB61
    |         |--*P. iocosa Kingma 1948 BB61
    |         |--P. eocaenica BB61
    |         `--P. longicosta BB61
    |--Limnocytheridae M03
    |    |  i. s.: Gomphodella HA13
    |    |         Afrocythere Klie 1935 BB61
    |    |           `--*A. rostrata Klie 1935 BB61
    |    |         Bisulcocypris Pinto & Sanguinetti 1958 BB61
    |    |           |--*B. pricei Pinto & Sanguinetti 1958 BB61
    |    |           |--B. minnekahtensis BB61
    |    |           `--B. ventrosa BB61
    |    |         Cytheridella Daday 1905 BB61
    |    |           `--*C. ilosvayi Daday 1905 BB61
    |    |         Elpidium Müller 1881 BB61
    |    |           `--*E. bromeliarum Müller 1881 BB61 [=Metacypris bromeliarum T56]
    |    |         Neolimnocythere Delachaux 1928 BB61
    |    |           `--*N. hexaceros Delachaux 1928 BB61
    |    |         Paracythereis Delachaux 1928 BB61
    |    |           `--*P. impudica Delachaux 1928 BB61
    |    |         Permiana Schneider 1947 WSB93, BB61 [Permianidae]
    |    |           |--*P. oblonga Schneider 1947 BB61
    |    |           |--P. cornuta BB61
    |    |           `--P. tuberculata BB61
    |    |--Limnocytherinae BB61
    |    `--Timiriaseviinae DH86
    |--Neocytherideidae [Cytherideidinae, Cytherideisinae, Neocytherideidinae] MD01
    |    |--Aparchitocythere Swain & Peterson 1952 BB61
    |    |    `--*A. typica Swain & Peterson 1952 BB61
    |    |--Aulocytheridea Howe 1951 BB61
    |    |    `--*A. margodentata Howe 1951 BB61
    |    |--Copytus Skogsberg 1939 BB61 [=Copitus (l. c.) M61]
    |    |    `--*C. caligula Skogsberg 1939 BB61
    |    |--Cytherissa Sars 1925 [incl. Alexandrella Schweyer 1939 nec Chevreux 1911 nec Tonnoir 1926] BB61
    |    |    `--*C. lacustris (Sars 1863) [=Cythere lacustris] BB61
    |    |--Hulingsina Puri 1958 BB61
    |    |    `--*H. tuberculata Puri 1958 BB61
    |    |--Paracyprideis Klie 1929 BB61
    |    |    |--*P. fennica (Hirschmann 1909) [=Cytheridea fennica] BB61
    |    |    `--P. rarefistulosa BB61
    |    `--Neocytherideis Puri 1952 [incl. Sahnia Puri 1952] BB61
    |         |--N. subulata BB61
    |         |    |--N. s. subulata BB61
    |         |    `--N. s. fasciata (Brady & Robertson 1874) (see below for synonymy) BB61
    |         `--N. linearis BB61
    |--Leptocytheridae [Leptocytherinae] Y03
    |    |--Cluthia NT02
    |    |--Palusleptocythere Nakao & Tsukagoshi 2002 NT02
    |    |    `--*P. migrans Nakao & Tsukagoshi 2002 NT02
    |    |--Mesocythere Hartmann 1956 BB61
    |    |    `--*M. foveata Hartmann 1956 BB61
    |    |--Tanella Kingma 1948 BB61
    |    |    `--*T. gracilis Kingma 1948 BB61
    |    |--Leptocythere Sars 1925 [=Leptocythera (l. c.)] BB61
    |    |    |--*L. pellucida (Baird 1850) NT02 [=Cythere pellucida BB61]
    |    |    `--L. lacertosa (Hirschmann 1912) Y03
    |    |--Callistocythere Ruggieri 1953 NT02 [=Cryptocythere Mandelstam 1958 BB61]
    |    |    |--*C. littoralis (Müller 1894) [=Cythere littoralis, *Cryptocythere littoralis] BB61
    |    |    |--C. kaiata (Hornibrook 1952) WSB93
    |    |    `--C. pumila Hanai 1957 [incl. C. laevis Okubo 1979] NT02
    |    `--Ishizakiella McKenzie & Sudijono 1981 Y03
    |         |--*I. foveoreticulata McKenzie & Sudijono 1981 Y03
    |         |--I. miurensis (Hanai 1957) Y03 (see below for synonymy)
    |         |--I. novaezealandica (Hartmann 1982) [=Tanella novaezealandica] Y03
    |         |--I. ryukyuensis Tsukagoshi 1994 Y03
    |         `--‘Tanella’ supralittoralis Schornikov 1974 Y03
    |--Loxoconchidae NT02
    |    |  i. s.: Tuberoloxoconcha Hartmann 1973 DH86
    |    |           `--T. tuberosa Hartmann 1954 DH86
    |    |         Loxocorniculum Benson & Coleman 1963 S-VC91
    |    |           `--L. sculptoides Swain 1967 S-VC91
    |    |         Elofsonia Wagner 1957 BB61
    |    |           `--*E. baltica (Hirschmann 1909) [=Loxoconcha baltica] BB61
    |    |         Hirschmannia Elofson 1941 BB61
    |    |           `--*H. viridis (Müller 1785) [=Cythere viridis] BB61
    |    |         Phlyctocythere Keij 1958 BB61
    |    |           `--*P. eocaenica Keij 1958 BB61
    |    |--Loxoconchinae NT02
    |    |--Pseudolimnocythere Klie 1938 [Pseudolimnocytherinae] DH86
    |    |    |--*P. hypogea Klie 1938 BB61, DH86
    |    |    `--P. hartmanni Danielopol 1979 DH86
    |    `--Speluncellinae M61
    |         |--Speluncella Schneider 1956 BB61
    |         |    `--*S. spinosa Schneider 1956 BB61
    |         |--Pulviella Schneider in Mandelstam et al. 1957 M61, BB61
    |         |    `--*P. ovalis Schneider in Mandelstam et al. 1957 BB61
    |         `--Gemmanella Schneider 1956 WSB93, BB61
    |              |--*G. schweyeri Schneider 1956 BB61
    |              `--G. gracilis (Bütler & Gründel 1963) WSB93
    |--Microcythere Müller 1894 DH86 [Microcytheridae MD01, Microcytherinae]
    |    |--*M. inflexa Müller 1894 BB61
    |    |--M. bahusiensis Elofson 1944 DH86
    |    |--M. dentata Müller 1894 DH86
    |    |--M. depressa Müller 1894 DH86
    |    |--M. frigida Müller 1908 DH86
    |    |--M. gibba Müller 1894 DH86
    |    |--M. gottwaldi Hartmann 1978 DH86
    |    |--M. helgolandica Klie 1936 DH86
    |    |--M. hians Müller 1894 DH86
    |    |--M. levis Müller 1894 DH86
    |    |--M. minuta Klie 1936 DH86
    |    |--M. monstruosa Elofson 1944 DH86
    |    |--M. moresiana Stephenson 1935 WSB93
    |    |--M. nana Müller 1894 DH86
    |    |--M. navicula (Norman 1869) DH86
    |    |--M. obliqua Müller 1894 DH86
    |    |--M. parallela Reys 1961 DH86
    |    |--M. parva Klie 1936 DH86
    |    |--M. producta Elofson 1944 DH86
    |    |--M. rara Müller 1894 DH86
    |    |--M. schuettei Hartmann 1957 DH86
    |    `--M. varnensis Marinov 1962 DH86
    |--Protocytheridae [Palaeocytherididae, Parataxodontinae, Pleurocytherinae, Protocytherinae] MD01
    |    |--*Mandawacythere striata Bate 1975 G12
    |    |--Abyssocythereis sulcatoperforata WSB93
    |    |--Aphelocythere Triebel & Klingler 1959 BB61
    |    |    `--*A. undulata Triebel & Klingler 1959 BB61
    |    |--Hutsonia Swain 1946 BB61
    |    |    `--*H. vulgaris Swain 1946 BB61
    |    |--Klieana Martin 1940 BB61
    |    |    `--*K. alata Martin 1940 BB61
    |    |--Looneyella Peck 1951 BB61
    |    |    `--*L. monticula (Jones 1893) [=Cythere monticula] BB61
    |    |--Merocythere Oertli 1957 BB61
    |    |    `--*M. plena (Schmidt 1954) [=Clithrocytheridea plena] BB61
    |    |--Paraschuleridea Swartz & Swain 1946 BB61
    |    |    `--*P. anumbonata Swartz & Swain 1946 BB61
    |    |--Parataxodonta Mandelstam 1956 BB61
    |    |    `--*P. uralensis Mandelstam 1956 BB61
    |    |--Procytheridea Peterson 1954 BB61
    |    |    `--*P. exempla Peterson 1954 BB61
    |    |--Pseudoperissocytheridea Mandelstam 1960 M61
    |    |    `--*P. crassula (Mandelstam 1947) [=Protocythere crassula] BB61
    |    |--Naviculina Katz in Mandelstam et al. 1957 M61, BB61
    |    |    `--*N. longa Lyubimova in Mandelstam et al. 1957 BB61
    |    |--Pleurocythere Triebel 1951 [incl. Annosacythere Kuznetsova 1957] BB61
    |    |    |--*P. richteri Triebel 1951 BB61
    |    |    `--P. striata Ljubimova 1956 WSB93
    |    `--Protocythere Triebel 1938 [=Cytherettina Mandelstam 1956] BB61
    |         |--*P. triplicata (Roemer 1841) [=Cytherina triplicata, *Cytherettina triplicata] BB61
    |         |--P. paquieri RR03
    |         |--P. praetriplicata RR03
    |         `--P. quadricarinata BB61
    |--Bythocytheridae [Bythocytherinae, Pseudocytherinae] HM04
    |    |--Sylthere vonhachi Schallreuter 1978 WSB93
    |    |--Bythocythere Sars 1866 [=Bathocythere (l. c.)] BB61
    |    |    `--*B. turgida Sars 1866 BB61
    |    |--Jonesia Brady 1866 (see below for synonymy) BB61
    |    |    `--J. acuminata (Sars 1866) (see below for synonymy) BB61
    |    |--Miracythere Hornibrook 1952 BB61
    |    |    `--*M. novaspecta Hornibrook 1952 BB61
    |    |--Pseudobythocythere Mertens 1956 BB61
    |    |    `--*P. goerlichi Mertens 1956 BB61
    |    |--Pseudocythere Sars 1866 BB61
    |    |    `--*P. caudata Sars 1866 BB61
    |    |--Triceratina Upson 1933 BB61
    |    |    |--*T. wrefordensis Upson 1933 BB61
    |    |    `--T. inconsueta BB61
    |    |--Cytheralison Hornibrook 1952 M61, BB61
    |    |    |--*C. fava Hornibrook 1952 BB61
    |    |    `--C. parvacauda BB61
    |    |--Bythoceratina Hornibrook 1952 [=Bythocytherina (l. c.)] BB61
    |    |    |--*B. mestayerae Hornibrook 1952 BB61
    |    |    |--B. maoria BB61
    |    |    `--B. tuberculata BB61
    |    `--Monoceratina Roth 1928 HM04 [incl. Bythocytheremorpha Mandelstam 1958 BB61]
    |         |--*M. ventralis Roth 1928 [=M. ventrale] BB61
    |         |--M. ardmorensis (Harlton 1927) [=Cythereis ardmorensis] HM04
    |         |--M. celsalobata Cooper 1941 HM04
    |         |--M. herburyensis BB61
    |         |--M. lewisi Harris & Lalicker 1932 HM04
    |         |--M. macoupeni Scott & Borger 1941 HM04
    |         |--M. spina Cooper 1941 HM04
    |         `--M. youngiana (Jones & Kirby 1886) HM04
    |--Progonocytheridae [Xenocytherinae] BB61
    |    |  i. s.: Acanthocythere Sylvester-Bradley 1956 BB61 [=Acantocythere (l. c.) M61]
    |    |           |--*A. (Acanthocythere) sphaerulata (Jones & Sherborn 1888) [=Cythere sphaerulata] BB61
    |    |           `--A. (Protoacanthocythere) faveolata Bate 1963 WSB93
    |    |         Centrocythere Mertens 1956 BB61
    |    |           `--*C. denticulata Mertens 1956 BB61
    |    |         Gubkiniella Kuznetsova 1956 [=Gubkinella non Suleymanov 1955] BB61
    |    |           `--*G. miranda Kuznetsova 1956 BB61
    |    |         Lophocythere Sylvester-Bradley 1948 BB61
    |    |           `--*L. ostreata (Jones & Sherborn 1888) [=Cytheridea ostreata] BB61
    |    |         Posteroprotocythere Mandelstam in Mandelstam et al. 1958 BB61
    |    |           `--P. propria (Sharapova 1939) [=Orthonotacythere propria, *P. proparia] BB61
    |    |         Procytherettina Mandelstam in Mandelstam et al. 1958 BB61
    |    |           `--*P. sola (Sharapova 1939) [=Cythereis solus] BB61
    |    |         Unodentina Malz 1958 BB61
    |    |           `--*U. spinosa (Schmidt 1955) [=Macrodentina spinosa] BB61
    |    |         Xenocythere Sars 1925 BB61
    |    |           `--*X. cuneiformis (Brady 1868) [=Cythere cuneiformis] BB61
    |    |         Juvenix Kuznetsova in Mandelstam et al. 1957 M61, BB61
    |    |           `--*J. pseudocuspidatus Kuznetsova in Mandelstam et al. 1957 BB61
    |    |         Pavloviella Kuznetsova in Mandelstam et al. 1957 M61, BB61
    |    |           `--*P. barremica Kuznetsova in Mandelstam et al. 1957 BB61
    |    |         Vicinia Kuznetsova in Mandelstam et al. 1957 M61, BB61
    |    |           `--*V. sutilis Kuznetsova in Mandelstam et al. 1957 BB61
    |    |         Neocythere Mertens 1956 (see below for synonymy) BB61
    |    |           |--*N. vanveeni Mertens 1956 BB61
    |    |           `--N. punctatula [=Cythere punctatula, *Trochinius punctatulus, *Trochiscus punctatulus] BB61
    |    |         Majungaella WSB93
    |    |           |--M. annula Bate 1972 WSB93
    |    |           |--M. nematis Grékoff 1963 G12
    |    |           |--M. oxfordiana Bate 1975 G12
    |    |           `--M. spitiensis (Jain & Mannikeri 1975) G12
    |    |--Progonocytherinae G12
    |    `--Neurocytherinae G12
    |         |--Afrocytheridea G12
    |         |--Trichordis triangula G12
    |         `--Neurocythere G12
    |--Trachyleberididae [Cythereidinae, Cythereisinae, Trachyleberidae] NT02
    |    |  i. s.: Ambocythere van den Bold 1957 BB61
    |    |           `--*A. keiji van den Bold 1957 BB61
    |    |         Archicythereis Howe 1936 BB61
    |    |           |--*A. yazooensis (Howe & Chambers 1934) [=Cythereis yazooensis] BB61
    |    |           `--A. holmani BB61
    |    |         Buntonia Howe 1935 [incl. Pyricythereis Howe 1936, Semicythereis Elofson 1944] BB61
    |    |           |--*B. shubutaensis Howe 1935 [incl. Cythereis israelskyi Howe & Pyeatt 1935] BB61
    |    |           `--B. corpulenta BB61
    |    |         Costa Neviani 1928 [incl. Rectotrachyleberis Ruggieri 1952] BB61
    |    |           `--*C. edwardsi (Roemer 1838) [=Cytherina edwardsi] BB61
    |    |         Hermanites Puri 1955 [=Hermania Puri 1954 non Monterosato 1844] BB61
    |    |           `--*H. reticulatus (Puri 1954) [=*Hermania reticulata] BB61
    |    |         Idiocythere Triebel 1958 BB61
    |    |           `--*I. lutetiana Triebel 1958 BB61
    |    |         Murrayina Puri 1954 BB61
    |    |           `--*M. howei Puri 1954 BB61
    |    |         Normanicythere Neale 1959 BB61
    |    |           `--*N. leioderma (Norman 1869) [=Cythere leioderma] BB61
    |    |         Oligocythereis Sylvester-Bradley 1948 BB61
    |    |           |--*O. fullonica (Jones & Sherborn 1888) [=Cythere fullonica] BB61
    |    |           `--O. minuta G12
    |    |         Parexophthalmocythere Oertli 1959 BB61
    |    |           `--*P. rodewaldensis Bartenstein & Brand 1959 BB61
    |    |         Phacorhabdotus Howe & Laurencich 1958 BB61
    |    |           `--*P. texanus Howe & Laurencich 1958 BB61
    |    |         Platycythereis Triebel 1940 BB61
    |    |           `--*P. excavata (Chapman & Sherborn 1893) [=Cythereis excavata] BB61
    |    |         Trachycythere Triebel & Klingler 1959 BB61
    |    |           `--*T. tubulosa Triebel & Klingler 1959 BB61
    |    |         Veenia Butler & Jones 1957 BB61
    |    |           |--*V. ozanana (Israelsky 1929) [=Cythereis ozanana] BB61
    |    |           `--V. parallelopora BB61
    |    |--Pterygocytherinae NT02
    |    |--Trachyleberidinae M61
    |    `--Campylocytherinae S-VC91
    |         |--Campylocythere Edwards 1944 BB61
    |         |    `--*C. laeva Edwards 1944 BB61
    |         `--Basslerites Howe 1937 S-VC91 [=Basslerella Howe 1935 non Kellett 1935 BB61]
    |              |--*B. miocenicus (Howe 1935) [=*Basslerella miocenica] BB61
    |              `--B. sonorensis Benson & Kaesler 1963 S-VC91
    |--Brachycytheridae [Brachycytherinae, Macrodentinae] BB61
    |    |--Amphicythere Triebel 1954 BB61
    |    |    `--*A. semisulcata Triebel 1954 BB61
    |    |--Apatocythere Triebel 1940 BB61
    |    |    `--*A. simulans Triebel 1940 BB61
    |    |--Bosquetina Keij 1857 BB61
    |    |    `--*B. pectinata (Bosquet 1852) [=Cythere pectinata] BB61
    |    |--Dictyocythere Sylvester-Bradley 1956 BB61
    |    |    `--*D. retirugata (Jones 1885) [=Cythere retirugata] BB61
    |    |--Digmocythere Mandelstam 1958 BB61
    |    |    `--*D. russelli (Howe & Lea in Howe & Law 1936) [=Brachycythere russelli] BB61
    |    |--Diogmopteron Hill 1954 BB61
    |    |    `--*D. luenensis (Triebel 1941) [=Brachycythere luenensis] BB61
    |    |--Dordoniella Apostolescu 1955 BB61
    |    |    `--*D. strangulata Apostolescu 1955 BB61
    |    |--Kikliocythere Howe & Laurencich 1958 BB61
    |    |    `--*K. favrodiana (Bosquet 1847) [=Cypridina favrodiana] BB61
    |    |--Kingmaina Keij 1957 BB61
    |    |    `--*K. forbesiana (Bosquet 1852) [=Cythere forbesiana] BB61
    |    |--Macrodentina Martin 1940 [incl. Rhysocythere Sylvester-Bradley 1956] BB61
    |    |    `--*M. lineata Martin 1940 BB61
    |    |--Polydentina Malz 1958 BB61
    |    |    `--*P. steghausi (Klingler 1955) [=Clithrocytheridea steghausi] BB61
    |    |--Incongruellina Ruggieri 1958 LH61
    |    |    `--*I. semispinescens Ruggieri 1958 LH61
    |    |--Exophthalmocythere Triebel 1938 M61, BB61
    |    |    `--*E. mamillata Triebel 1938 BB61
    |    |--Alatacythere Murray & Hussey 1942 BB61
    |    |    |--A. ivani Howe 1951 (see below for synonymy) BB61
    |    |    `--A. lemnicata BB61
    |    |--Pterygocythereis Blake 1933 (see below for synonymy) BB61
    |    |    |--*P. jonesii (Baird 1850) [=Cythereis jonesii] BB61
    |    |    |--P. cornuta BB61
    |    |    |--P. fimbriata BB61
    |    |    `--P. semitranslucens B61
    |    `--Brachycythere Alexander 1933 BB61
    |         |--*B. sphenoides (Reuss 1854) [=Cythere sphenoides] BB61
    |         |--B. driveri B61
    |         |--B. lincolnensis B61
    |         |--B. plena BB61
    |         `--B. ventricosa BB61
    |--Cytheridae NT02
    |    |  i. s.: Spinileberis Hanai 1961 NT02
    |    |           |--S. furuyaensis Ishizaki & Kato 1976 NT02
    |    |           |--S. pulchra Chen in Hou et al. 1982 NT02
    |    |           `--S. quadriaculeata (Brady 1880) [=Cythere quadriaculeata] NT02
    |    |         Nannocythere Schäfer 1953 DH86
    |    |           `--*N. remanei Schäfer 1953 BB61
    |    |         Cnestocythere Triebel 1950 BB61
    |    |           `--*C. lamellicosta Triebel 1950 BB61
    |    |         Loxocythere Hornibrook 1952 [incl. Tetracytherura Ruggieri 1952] BB61
    |    |           `--*L. crassa Hornibrook 1952 BB61
    |    |         Onychocythere Tressler 1939 BB61
    |    |           `--*O. alosa Tressler 1939 BB61
    |    |         Sarsocythere Tressler & Smith 1948 BB61
    |    |           `--*S. patuxiensis Tressler & Smith 1948 BB61
    |    |         Gesoriacula Oertli 1959 LH61
    |    |           `--*G. plana Oertli 1959 LH61
    |    |         Microcytherura Müller 1894 [Microcytherurini] DH86
    |    |           |--*M. nigrescens Müller 1894 BB61
    |    |           |--M. angulosa (Seguenza 1880) DH86
    |    |           |--M. cedunaensis Hartmann 1980 DH86
    |    |           |--M. fulva (Brady & Robertson 1874) DH86
    |    |           `--M. reticulata Hartmann 1974 DH86
    |    |         Saida Hornibrook 1952 WSB93, BB61
    |    |           |--*S. truncata Hornibrook 1952 BB61
    |    |           `--S. nettgauensis Gründel 1966 WSB93
    |    |--Palaeocytherideinae M61
    |    |--Cytherinae M61
    |    |--Mediocytherideis Mandelstam 1956 BB61 [Mediocytherideidinae M61, Mediocytherideisinae]
    |    |    `--*M. apatoica (Schweyer 1949) [=Cytheridea apatoica] BB61
    |    |--Glorianellinae M61
    |    |    |--Glorianella Schneider 1956 BB61
    |    |    |    `--*G. efforta Schneider 1956 BB61
    |    |    `--Renngartenella Schneider in Mandelstam et al. 1957 M61, BB61
    |    |         `--*R. pennata Schneider in Mandelstam et al. 1957 BB61
    |    `--Faluniinae M61
    |         |--Falunia Grekoff & Moyes 1955 BB61
    |         |    `--*F. girondica Grekoff & Moyes 1955 BB61
    |         |--Taxodiella Kuznetsova in Mandelstam et al. 1957 M61, BB61
    |         |    `--*T. fiscellaformis Kuznetsova in Mandelstam et al. 1957 BB61
    |         `--Thalmannia LeRoy 1939 M61, BB61
    |              `--*T. sumatraensis LeRoy 1939 BB61
    |--Hemicytheridae [Hemicytherides, Hemicytherinae, Leguminocythereididae] NT02
    |    |--Baffincythere YE77
    |    |--Finmarchinella YE77
    |    |--Bensonocythere YE77
    |    |--Heterocythereis Elofson 1941 BB61
    |    |    `--*H. albomaculata (Baird 1838) [=Cythere albomaculata] BB61
    |    |--Radimella Pokorny 1969 S-VC91, G83
    |    |    `--R. palosensis (LeRoy 1943) S-VC91
    |    |--Robustaurila Yajima 1982 NT02
    |    |    `--R. ishizakii (Okubo 1980) [=Mutilus ishizakii] NT02
    |    |--Anterocythere McKenzie & Swain 1967 S-VC91
    |    |    `--A. purii McKenzie & Swain 1967 S-VC91
    |    |--Elofsonella Pokorný 1955 [=Paracythereis Elofson 1941 non Delachaux 1928] BB61
    |    |    `--*E. concinna (Jones 1857) [=Cythere concinna, *Paracythereis concinna] BB61
    |    |--Hemicytheria Pokorný 1955 BB61
    |    |    `--*H. folliculosa (Reuss 1850) [=Cypridina folliculosa] BB61
    |    |--Mutilus Neviani 1928 [=Mutila (l. c.)] BB61
    |    |    `--M. retiformis (Terquem 1878) (see below for synonymy) BB61
    |    |--Nephokirkos Howe 1951 BB61
    |    |    `--*N. aquaplanus Howe 1951 BB61
    |    |--‘Nereina’ Mandelstam in Mandelstam et al. 1957 non Cristofori & Jan 1832 BB61
    |    |    `--*N. barenzovoensis Mandelstam in Mandelstam et al. 1957 BB61
    |    |--Pokornyella Oertli 1956 BB61
    |    |    `--*P. limbata (Bosquet 1852) [=Cythere limbata] BB61
    |    |--Procythereis Skogsberg 1928 BB61
    |    |    `--*P. torquata (Skogsberg 1928) [=Cythereis (*Procythereis) torquata] BB61
    |    |--Tyrrhenocythere Ruggieri 1955 BB61
    |    |    `--*T. pignattii Ruggieri 1955 BB61
    |    |--Urocythere Howe 1951 BB61
    |    |    `--*U. attenuata Howe 1951 BB61
    |    |--Urocythereis Ruggieri 1950 BB61
    |    |    `--*U. favosa (Roemer 1838) [=Cytherina favosa] BB61
    |    |--Acuticythereis Edwards 1944 BB61
    |    |    `--*A. laevissima Edwards 1944 BB61
    |    |--Triginglymus Blake 1950 BB61
    |    |    `--*T. hyperochus Blake 1950 BB61
    |    |--Cativella Coryell & Fields 1937 S-VC91 [=Naevecythere Coryell & Fields 1937 BB61]
    |    |    |--*C. navis Coryell & Fields 1937 BB61
    |    |    `--C. unitaria Swain 1967 S-VC91
    |    |--Orionina Puri 1954 S-VC91 [incl. Jugosocythereis Puri 1957 BB61]
    |    |    |--*O. vaughani (Ulrich & Bassler 1904) [=Cythere vaughani] BB61
    |    |    `--O. pseudovaughani Swain 1967 S-VC91
    |    |--Puriana Coryell & Fields 1953 S-VC91 [=Favella Coryell & Fields 1937 non Jorgensen 1925 BB61]
    |    |    |--*P. puella (Coryell & Fields 1937) [=*Favella puella] BB61
    |    |    `--P. pacifica Benson 1959 S-VC91
    |    |--Ambostracon Hazel 1962 S-VC91
    |    |    |--A. glauca (Skogsberg 1928) S-VC91
    |    |    `--A. vermillionensis Swain 1967 S-VC91
    |    |--Malzella Benson 1983 S-VC91
    |    |    `--M. conradi S-VC91
    |    |         |--M. c. conradi S-VC91
    |    |         `--M. c. californica Benson & Kaesler 1963 S-VC91
    |    |--Hemicythere Sars 1925 [incl. Eucythereis Klie 1940] BB61
    |    |    |--*H. villosa (Sars 1866) [=Cythere villosa] BB61
    |    |    |--H. californiensis B61
    |    |    `--H. jollaensis B61
    |    |--Aurila Pokorný 1955 NT02 [=Auris Neviani 1928 non Spix 1827 BB61]
    |    |    |--*A. convexa (Baird 1850) [=Cythere convexa] BB61
    |    |    |--A. cicatricosa BB61
    |    |    |--A. disparata Okubo 1980 NT02
    |    |    `--A. punctata (Münster 1830) [=Cythere punctata] BB61
    |    |--Caudites Coryell & Fields 1937 S-VC91
    |    |    |--*C. medialis Coryell & Fields 1937 BB61
    |    |    |--C. fragilis B61
    |    |    |--C. jacksonvillensis BB61
    |    |    `--C. rosaliensis Swain 1967 S-VC91
    |    `--Leguminocythereis Howe 1936 WSB93, BB61
    |         |--*L. scarabaeus Howe & Law 1936 BB61
    |         |--L. arachidnoides Tambareau 1972 WSB93
    |         |--L. corrugata B61
    |         |--L. dumonti BB61
    |         `--L. genappensis BB61
    `--Cytheruridae [Cytheropterinae, Cytherurinae, Eocytheropterinae, Paracytherideinae, Procytheropterinae] NT02
         |--Angulicytherura Schornikov & Dolgov 1995 NT02
         |    `--A. miii (Ishizaki 1969) [=Tetracytherura miii, Cytherura miii] NT02
         |--Howeina Hanai 1957 BB61
         |    `--*H. camptocytheroidea Hanai 1957 BB61
         |--Kangarina Coryell & Fields 1937 BB61
         |    `--*K. quellita Coryell & Fields 1937 BB61
         |--Kobayashiina Hanai 1957 BB61
         |    `--*K. hyalinosa Hanai 1957 BB61
         |--Metacytheropteron Oertli 1957 BB61
         |    `--*M. elegans Oertli 1957 BB61
         |--Otocythere Triebel & Klingler 1959 BB61
         |    `--*O. callosa Triebel & Klingler 1959 BB61
         |--Paracytheropteron Ruggieri 1952 BB61
         |    `--*P. calcaratum (Seguenza 1880) (see below for synonymy) BB61
         |--Citrella Oertli 1959 LH61
         |    `--*C. nitida Oertli 1959 LH61
         |--Parariscus Oertli 1959 LH61
         |    `--*P. bathonicus Oertli 1959 LH61
         |--‘Paenula’ Kuznetsova in Mandelstam et al. 1957 non Simon 1897 M61, BB61
         |    `--*P. superba Kuznetsova in Mandelstam et al. 1957 BB61
         |--Cytherurina Mandelstam 1958 M61, BB61
         |    `--*C. ‘cellulosa’ [=Hemicytherura cellulosa Hornibrook non Norman 1865] BB61
         |--Pseudocytherura Dubowsky 1939 M61, BB61
         |    `--*P. pontica Dubowsky 1939 BB61
         |--Brachycytheropteron Kuznetsova 1960 M61
         |    `--*B. bicornutum (Alexander 1933) [=Cytheropteron bicornutum] BB61
         |--Eocytheropteron Alexander 1933 BB61
         |    |--*E. bilobatum (Alexander 1929) [=Cytheropteron bilobatum] BB61
         |    `--E. corrosum (Grékoff 1963) G12
         |--Levocytherura Schornikov 1969 DH86
         |    |--L. pontica (Marinov 1962) DH86
         |    `--L. remanei (Marinov 1964) DH86
         |--Mehesella Reyment 1960 [incl. Budaia Méhes 1941 non Wells 1933] BB61
         |    |--*M. paleobiafrensis Reyment 1960 BB61
         |    `--M. biafrensis BB61
         |--Orthonotacythere Alexander 1933 [incl. Cytheropterina Mandelstam 1956] BB61
         |    |--*O. hannai (Israelsky 1929) [=Cytheridea hannai] BB61
         |    `--O. vegranda [=*Cytheropterina vegranda] BB61
         |--Paijenborchellina Kuznetsova 1957 BB61
         |    |--*P. excelens Kuznetsova 1957 BB61
         |    `--P. ijuensis BB61
         |--Procytheropteron Lyubimova 1955 BB61
         |    |--*P. obesum Lyubimova 1955 BB61
         |    `--P. virgineum (Jones 1849) [=Cythere punctatula var. virginea] BB61
         |--Segmina Mandelstam in Mandelstam et al. 1957 M61, BB61
         |    |--*S. lunularis (Lienenklaus 1894) [=Cytheropteron lunulare] BB61
         |    `--S. obvalla BB61
         |--Semicytherura Wagner 1957 NT02
         |    |--*S. nigrescens (Baird 1838) [=Cythere nigrescens] BB61
         |    |--S. acuticostata BB61
         |    `--S. wakamurasaki Yajima 1982 NT02
         |--Eucytherura Müller 1894 BB61
         |    |--*E. complexa (Brady 1867) [=Cythere complexa] BB61
         |    |--E. argentina Ballent 1991 G12
         |    |--E. michelseni (Finger 1983) G12
         |    `--E. pichia (Ballent 1991) G12
         |--Cytherura Sars 1866 NT02
         |    |--*C. gibba (Müller 1785) BB61 [=Cythere gibba BB61, Monoculus gibbus L02]
         |    |--C. bajacala B61
         |    |--C. johnsonoides Swain 1967 S-VC91
         |    `--C. oertlii Dingle 1984 G12
         |--Cytheropteron Sars 1866 [incl. Aversovalva Hornibrook 1952] BB61
         |    |--*C. latissimum (Norman 1865) [=Cythere latissima; incl. Cytheropteron convexum Sars 1866] BB61
         |    |--C. aureum [=*Aversovalva aurea] BB61
         |    |--C. newportense B61
         |    `--C. pacificum B61
         |--Paracytheridea Müller 1894 [incl. Mooreina Harlton 1935] BB61
         |    |--P. bovettensis (Seguenza 1880) [=Cytheropteron bovettensis; incl. *P. depressa Müller 1894] BB61
         |    |--P. brusselensis BB61
         |    |--P. granti B61
         |    `--P. grignonensis S61
         |--Paradoxorhyncha Chapman 1904 (n. d.) G12, BB61
         |    |--*P. foveolata Chapman 1904 BB61
         |    |--P. australiensis (Chapman 1904) [=P. australiense (l. c.)] G12
         |    |--P. jurassica (Chapman 1904) G12
         |    |--P. malgachica Mette & Geiger 2004 G12
         |    `--P. neuquenensis (Ballent 1991) G12
         `--Hemicytherura Elofson 1941 NT02
              |--*H. cellulosa (Norman 1865) [=Cythere cellulosa] BB61
              |--H. clathrata BB61
              |--H. kajiyamai Hanai 1957 NT02
              |--H. reticulata G83
              `--H. tricarinata Hanai 1957 NT02

Cytheroidea incertae sedis:
  Fernandinacythere Gottwald 1983 DH86
    `--*F. arenicola Gottwald 1983 G83
  Absonocytheropteron Puri 1957 BB61
    `--*A. carinata Puri 1957 BB61
  Habrocythere Triebel 1940 BB61
    `--*H. fragilis Triebel 1940 BB61
  Laocoonella deVos & Stock 1956 [=Laocoon deVos 1953 non Nierstrasz & Entz 1922] BB61
    `--*L. commensalis (deVos 1953) [=*Laocoon commensalis] BB61
  Marslatourella Malz 1959 BB61
    `--*M. exposita Malz 1959 BB61
  Monoceratella Teichert 1937 BB61
    `--*M. teres Teichert 1937 BB61
  Pericythere Hartmann 1957 BB61
    `--*P. foveata Hartmann 1957 BB61
  Pseudocytheromorpha Puri 1957 BB61
    `--*P. elongata Puri 1957 BB61
  Rectocythere Malz 1958 BB61
    `--*R. iuglandiformis (Klingler 1955) [=Clithrocytheridea iuglandiformis] BB61
  Redekea deVos 1953 BB61
    `--*R. perpusilla deVos 1953 BB61
  Ruggieria Keij 1957 BB61
    `--*R. micheliniana (Bosquet 1852) [=Cythere micheliniana] BB61
  Stillina Laurencich 1957 BB61
    `--*S. asterata Laurencich 1957 BB61
  Tscherdynzeviana Kashevarova 1958 BB61
    `--*T. busulukensis Kasherova 1958 BB61
  Velarocythere Brown 1957 BB61
    `--*V. scuffeltonensis Brown 1957 BB61

Alatacythere ivani Howe 1951 [incl. Cythereis (Pterygocythereis) alexanderi Howe & Law 1936 non Morrow 1934, *A. alexanderi] BB61

Cytheretta Müller 1894 [incl. Cylindrus Neviani 1928 nec Deshayes 1824 nec Fitzinger 1833, Prionocytheretta Mehes 1941, Pseudocytheretta Cushman 1906] BB61

Ishizakiella miurensis (Hanai 1957) Y03 [=Tanella miurensis Y03; incl. Cythere inflata Brady 1890 (preoc.) NT02, Tanella pacifica Hanai 1957 NT02, Ishizakiella pacifica NT02]

Jonesia Brady 1866 [=Macrocythere Sars 1926; incl. Luvula Coryell & Fields 1937, Macrocytherina Coryell & Fields 1937] BB61

Jonesia acuminata (Sars 1866) [=Bythocythere acuminata; incl. Cythere simplex Norman 1865 non C. auriculata simplex Cornuel 1848, *Jonesia simplex] BB61

Krithe Brady, Crosskey & Robertson 1874 BB61 [incl. Ilyobates Sars 1866 non Kraatz 1856 BB61, Paracytherideis M61]

Mutilus retiformis (Terquem 1878) [=Cythere retiformis; incl. Cythereis (*Mutilus) laticancellata Neviani 1928] BB61

Neocythere Mertens 1956 [incl. Trochinius Mandelstam 1957, Trochiscus Mandelstam in Mandelstam et al. 1956 nec Heyden 1826 nec Sowerby 1838] BB61

Neocytherideis subulata fasciata (Brady & Robertson 1874) [=Cytherideis subulata var. fasciata, *N. elongatus Puri 1952] BB61

*Paracytheropteron calcaratum (Seguenza 1880) [=Cytheropteron calcaratum, Paracytheridea (*Paracytheropteron) calcarata] BB61

Pterygocythereis Blake 1933 [=Pterigocythereis (l. c.); incl. Fimbria Neviani 1928 nec Mühlfeld 1811 nec Bohadsch ex O’Donoghue 1926] BB61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B61] Benson, R. H. 1961. Ecology of ostracode assemblages. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt Q. Arthropoda 3: Crustacea: Ostracoda pp. Q56–Q63. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.

[BB61] Benson, R. H., J. M. Berdan, W. A. van den Bold, T. Hanai, I. Hessland, H. V. Howe, R. V. Kesling, S. A. Levinson, R. A. Reyment, R. C. Moore, H. W. Scott, R. H. Shaver, I. G. Sohn, L. E. Stover, F. M. Swain & P. C. Sylvester-Bradley. 1961. Systematic descriptions. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt Q. Arthropoda 3: Crustacea: Ostracoda pp. Q99–Q421. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.

[DH86] Danielopol, D. L., & G. Hartmann. 1986. Ostracoda. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 265–294. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[G83] Gottwald, J. 1983. Interstitielle Fauna von Galapagos. XXX. Podocopida 1 (Ostracoda). Mikrofauna des Meeresbodens 90: 1–187.

[G12] Guzel, M. 2012. Jurassic and Early Cretaceous ostracods from Western Australia: what they reveal about evolution of the Indian Ocean. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 849–882. Springer.

[HM04] Hoare, R. D., & G. K. Merrill. 2004. A Pennsylvanian (Morrowan) ostracode fauna from Texas. Journal of Paleontology 78 (1): 185–204.

[HA13] Humphreys, G., J. Alexander, M. S. Harvey & W. F. Humphreys. 2013. The subterranean fauna of Barrow Island, north-western Australia: 10 years on. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 145–158.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 4. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[LH61] Levinson, S. A., & H. V. Howe. 1961. Addendum. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt Q. Arthropoda 3: Crustacea: Ostracoda pp. Q421–Q422. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.

[M03] Martens, K. 2003. On a remarkable South African giant ostracod (Crustacea, Ostracoda, Cyprididae) from temporary pools, with additional appendages. Hydrobiologia 500: 115–130.

[MD01] Martin, J. W., & G. E. Davis. 2001. An updated classification of the Recent Crustacea. Natural History Museum Los Angeles County, Science Series 39: 1–124.

[M61] Moore, R. C. 1961. Supplement—USSR treatise on Ostracoda. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt Q. Arthropoda 3: Crustacea: Ostracoda pp. Q422–Q429. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.

[NT02] Nakao, Y., & A. Tsukagoshi. 2002. Brackish-water Ostracoda (Crustacea) from the Obitsu River estuary, central Japan. Species Diversity 7 (1): 67–115.

[RR03] Rossi, A., J. Rey, B. Andreu & K. Taj-Eddine. 2003. Apport des ostracodes à l’interprétation séquentielle du Crétacé inférieur (Berriasien–Valanginien) du bassin d’Essaouira-Agadir (Maroc). Comptes Rendus Palevol 2: 133–141.

[S61] Scott, H. W. 1961. Shell morphology of Ostracoda. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt Q. Arthropoda 3: Crustacea: Ostracoda pp. Q21–Q37. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.

[S-VC91] Segura-Vernis, L. R., & A. L. Carreño. 1991. Foraminíferos y ostrácodos de la Laguna de La Paz, Baja California Sur, México. Inv. Mar. CICIMAR 6 (1): 195–224.

[T56] Tressler, W. L. 1956. Ostracoda from bromeliads in Jamaica and Florida. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (10): 333–336.

[WSB93] Whatley, R. C., D. J. Siveter & I. D. Boomer. 1993. Arthropoda (Crustacea: Ostracoda). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 343–356. Chapman & Hall: London.

[Y03] Yamaguchi, S. 2003. Biogeographical history and morphological evolution of two closely related ostracod species, Ishizakiella ryukyuensis and I. miurensis. Journal of Crustacean Biology 23 (3): 623–632.

[YE77] Younker, J. L., & R. Ehrlich. 1977. Fourier biometrics: harmonic amplitudes as multivariate shape descriptors. Systematic Zoology 26 (3): 336–342.

Last updated: 11 October 2020.

Ostracoda

Right view of Acanthoscapha bohemica, from Benson et al. (1961).

Belongs within: Oligostraca.
Contains: Paleodarwinula, Bradoriida, Cypridinida, Halocypridida, Leperditicopida, Healdiocopina, Sigilliocopina, Cytherocopina, Darwinulocopina, Cypridocopina, Bairdiidae, Palaeocopida, Platycopida.

The Ostracoda are a class of mostly aquatic (both freshwater and marine) crustaceans in which the body is enclosed within a bivalved, usually calcified carapace. Most ostracods are relatively small (1.5 mm or less) though there are some larger species. The body is short and laterally compressed, and lacks signs of external segmentation. There are four pairs of head appendages (the antennules, antennae, mandibles and maxillae), one to three pairs of thoracic appendages and a terminal pair of furcae/furcal rami (Benson et al. 1961). The antennae function as the primary locomotory organs.

Living ostracods are divided between the Myodocopomorpha, which generally have a distinct rostrum and rostral incisure, and the Podocopomorpha, in which the antenna is modified for walking rather than swimming. Plesiomorphic features retained by living myodocopomorphs include the presence of lateral eyes and a heart (Liebau 2005) with the loss of a heart in podocopomorphs probably being related to their reduction in body size. The podocopomorphs are uniformly calcified but myodocopomorphs may be weakly or not calcified. The earliest definite representatives of the ostracods are known from the Ordovician; earlier arthropod groups with bivalved but non-calcified carapaces, such as the Archaeocopida and Phosphatocopida, have commonly been assigned to the ostracods but their affinities remain debated (Liebau 2005).

Ostracoda [Beyrichicopina, Kloedenellocopina, Ostrachoda, Ostracodoidea, Ostrapoda]
    |--Myodocopomorpha [Entomidacea, Entomozoacea, Myodocopa, Myodocopida, Myodocopina] L05
    |    |  i. s.: Skogsbergia lerneri RS10
    |    |         Harbansus paucichelatus RS10
    |    |         Nasunaris LSE13
    |    |         Deloris laevis A99
    |    |         Cyprosina Jones 1881 BB61 [Cyprosinidae WSB93]
    |    |           `--*C. whidbornei Jones 1881 BB61
    |    |--Cypridinida L05
    |    |--Halocypridida L05
    |    `--Leperditicopida L05
    `--Podocopomorpha L05
          |--Podocopida [Podocopa] HM04
          |    |  i. s.: Abursus Loranger 1954 BB61
          |    |           `--*A. beaumontensus Loranger 1954 BB61
          |    |         Altha Neckaja 1958 BB61
          |    |           `--*A. modesta Neckaja 1958 A03a
          |    |         Macrocyproides Spivey 1939 BB61
          |    |           `--*M. clermontensis Spivey 1939 BB61
          |    |         Punctaparchites Kay 1934 BB61
          |    |           `--*P. rugosus (Jones 1858) [=Cytheropsis rugosus] BB61
          |    |         Calcaribeyrichia JB12
          |    |         Londinia JB12
          |    |         Risona [Rishonidae] WSB93
          |    |           `--R. sarcinula Reynolds 1978 WSB93
          |    |         Balticella Thorslund 1940 BB61 [Balticellidae, Balticelloidea L05]
          |    |           `--*B. oblonga Thorslund 1940 BB61
          |    |--Healdiocopina BB61
          |    `--Podocopina HM04
          |         |  i. s.: Sigilliocopina WSB93
          |         |--Cytherocopina L05
          |         `--+--+--Darwinulocopina S61
          |            |  `--Cypridocopina S61
          |            `--Bairdioidea [Bairdiacea, Bairdiocopina] S61
          |                 |  i. s.: Pseudophanasymmetria Sohn & Berdan 1952 BB61
          |                 |           `--*P. foveata (van Veen 1936) [=Phanassymetria foveata] BB61
          |                 |--Bairdiidae HM04
          |                 |--Beecherellidae BB61
          |                 |    |--Beecherella Ulrich 1891 BB61
          |                 |    |    `--*B. carinata Ulrich 1891 BB61
          |                 |    |--Ulrichella Bouček 1936 BB61
          |                 |    |    `--*U. remesi Bouček 1936 BB61
          |                 |    |--Rhysomagis Kesling, Kavary et al. 1959 LH61
          |                 |    |    `--*R. dichelomota Kesling, Kavary et al. 1959 LH61
          |                 |    `--Platyrhomboides Harris 1957 WSB93, BB61
          |                 |         |--*P. quadratus Harris 1957 BB61
          |                 |         `--P. virginiensis Kraft 1962 WSB93
          |                 `--Acanthoscapha Ulrich & Bassler 1923 BB61 [incl. Alanella Bouček 1936 BB61; Alanellidae L05]
          |                      |--*A. navicula (Ulrich 1891) [=Beecherella navicula] BB61
          |                      |--A. blessi Kozur 1989 WSB93
          |                      `--A. bohemica BB61
          |--Palaeocopida L05
          `--Platycopida L05

Ostracoda incertae sedis:
  Sarscypridopsis ochracea PH10
  Mandocythere entremontensis [=Costacythere entremontensis] RR03
  Rehacythereis RR03
  Tschernovia Samoilova in Samoilova & Smirnova 1972 A03b
    `--T. tabovensis Samoilova in Samoilova & Smirnova 1972 A03b
  Metavargula mazeri B88
  Eocarinabeyrichia carinata Wang 1983 WL04
  Repandocypris austinensis TDC06
  Trigonocypris globulosa TDC06
  Paleodarwinula TT05
  Prasuchonella TT05
    |--P. belebeica TT05
    |--P. nasalis TT05
    |--P. onega TT05
    |--P. stelmachovi TT05
    `--P. tichvinskaja TT05
  Garjainovula lija TT05
  Wjatkellina fragilina TT05
  Diasterope grisea HS01
  Leuroleberis zelandica HS01
  Schleroconcha arcuata HS01
  Acanthocythereis dunelmensis (Norman 1865) G83
  Tourconcha lapidiscola (Hartmann 1959) G83
  Kimsella EL11
  Sinocypris reticulata NG13
  Sinometacypris dongyuemiaoensis NG13
  Deeveya spiralis KIY04
  Battus Dalman 1826 (preoc.) S61
  Nymphatelina LSE13
  Acrossula Kummerow 1953 BB61
    `--*A. u-scripta Kummerow 1953 BB61
  Ampuloides Polenova 1952 BB61
    `--*A. verrucosa Polenova 1952 BB61
  Ballardina Harris 1957 BB61
    `--*B. concentrica Harris 1957 BB61
  Craspedopyxion Jaanusson 1957 BB61
    `--*C. undulosum (Öpik 1937) [=Primitia undulosa] BB61
  Hemiaechminoides Morris & Hill 1952 BB61
    `--*H. monospinosus Morris & Hill 1952 BB61
  Hupehella Hou 1955 BB61
    `--*H. lunata Hou 1955 BB61
  Parapyxion Jaanusson 1957 BB61
    `--*P. subovatum (Thorslund 1948) [=Primitia subovata] BB61
  Pyxion Thorslund 1948 BB61
    `--*P. carinatum (Hadding 1913) [=Primitia carinata] BB61
  Rectella Neckaja 1958 [=Mica Neckaja 1952 non Budde-Lund 1908] BB61
    `--*R. inaequalis (Neckaja 1952) [=*Mica inaequalis] BB61
  Antitomis Gürich 1896 (n. d.) BB61
    `--*A. bisulcata Gürich 1896 BB61
  Bernix Jones 1884 (n. d.) BB61
    `--*B. tatei (Jones 1864) [=Beyrichia tatei] BB61
  Bohemia Skajdr 1951 (n. d.) BB61
  Bryocypris Røen 1956 (n. d.) BB61
  Budnianella Bouček 1936 (n. d.) BB61
    `--*B. caroli Bouček 1936 BB61
  Caryon Barrande 1872 (n. d.) BB61
    `--*C. bohemicum Barrande 1872 BB61
  Colpos Moberg 1895 (n. d.) BB61
    `--*C. insignis Moberg 1895 BB61
  Ctenentoma Schmidt 1941 (n. d.) BB61
    `--*C. umbonata (Steusloff 1894) [=Entomis umbonata] BB61
  Cuselina Ammon in Reis, Schuster et al. 1910 (n. d.) BB61
    `--*C. impressa Ammon in Reis, Schuster et al. 1910 BB61
  Cyclocytheridea Mandelstam in Lyubimova 1955 (n. d.) BB61
    `--C. nordvikensis [=Camptocythere nordvikensis] BB61
  Entomidella Jones 1873 (n. d.) BB61
    `--*E. buprestris (Jones in Hicks 1872) (see below for synonymy) BB61
  Gibba Fuchs 1920 (n. d.) BB61
    `--*G. ‘spinosa’ (Fuchs 1920) [=Beyrichia (*Gibba) spinosa non Cytherina spinosa Hall 1852] BB61
  Glyptolichwinella Posner in Samoilova 1951 (n. d.) BB61
  Golcondella Croneis & Gale 1938 (n. d.) BB61
    `--*G. sulcata Croneis & Gale 1938 BB61
  Huarpina Rusconi 1954 (n. d.) BB61
  Isocythere Terquem 1885 (n. d.) BB61
    `--*I. nova Terquem 1885 BB61
  Junctocytheretta Anonymous in Mandelstam et al. 1956 BB61
    `--*J. signata [=Eucytherura signata] BB61
  Leioprimitia Kummerow 1939 (n. d.) BB61
    `--*L. punctata Kummerow 1939 BB61
  Leptoprimita Kummerow 1953 (n. d.) BB61
    `--*L. compressa Kummerow 1953 BB61
  Lichwinella Posner 1948 (n. d.) BB61
  Monoculus Linnaeus 1758 BB61
    |--M. conchaceus BB61 [=Cypris conchacea L02]
    |--M. foliaceus Linnaeus 1758 L58
    |--M. lenticularis Linnaeus 1758 L58
    `--M. telemus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  Neochilina Matern 1929 (n. d.) BB61
    `--*N. binsenbachensis Matern 1929 BB61
  Nezamyslia Přibyl 1955 (n. d.) BB61
  Opisthoplax Kummerow 1943 (n. d.) BB61
    `--*O. compressa Kummerow 1943 BB61
  Orthoconchoecia Granata & Caporiacco 1949 (n. d.) BB61
  Pulvillites Öpik 1937 (n. d.) BB61
    `--*P. triangulum Öpik 1937 BB61
  Quadricollina Öpik 1953 (n. d.) BB61
    `--*Q. initialis Öpik 1953 BB61
  Russia Polenova 1952 (n. d.) BB61
    `--*R. unicostata (Polenova 1952) [=Gravia (*Russia) unicostata] BB61
  Sulcatia Polenova 1952 (n. d.) BB61
  ‘Synaphe’ Chapman 1914 (n. d.) nec Huebner 1825 nec Jones & Kirkby 1896 BB61
    `--*S. mesozoica Chapman 1914 BB61
  Tetrasulcata Matern 1929 (n. d.) BB61
    `--*T. fluens Matern 1929 BB61
  Zonozoe Barrande 1872 BB61
    `--*Z. drabowiensis Barrande 1872 BB61
  ‘Pseudocypris’ Herbst 1958 non Daday 1908 LH61
    `--*P. dietzi Herbst 1958 LH61
  Ostpreussensia Schallreuter 1993 TM02
  Rabilimis YE77
    |--R. mirabilis Brady 1874 YE77
    |--R. paramirabilis Swain 1963 YE77
    `--R. septentrionalis YE77
  Goranella JB12
  Ohesaarina JB12
  Arculicythere G12
    |--A. defluxa Grékoff 1963 G12
    |--A. dubia Dingle 1984 G12
    |--A. kroemmelbeini Rosenfeld & Raab 1984 G12
    |--A. modica Grékoff 1963 G12
    |--A. semilunata Singh 1997 G12
    `--A. tumida Dingle 1971 [incl. Pseudobythocythere kallakkudiensis Jain 1976] G12
  Fistulosacythere Lord et al. 2006 G12
  Bringocythere Lord et al. 2006 G12
  Aitkenicythere G12
    |--A. gracilis (Bate 1975) G12
    `--A. striosulcata Dingle 1984 G12
  Procytherura G12
    |--P. aerodynamica Bate 1975 G12
    |--P. amygdala Ballent & Whatley 2009 G12
    |--P. beerae Brenner & Oertli 1976 G12
    |--P. brenneri Valicenti & Stephens 1984 G12
    |--P. dinglei Brenner & Oertli 1976 G12
    |--P. kroemmelbeini Musacchio 1979 G12
    |--P. maculata Brenner & Oertli 1976 G12
    `--P. tintinnabulum Valicenti & Stephens 1984 G12
  Rostrocytheridea opisthorhynchus Ballent & Whatley 2007 G12
  Parahemingwayella dalzieli Dingle 1984 G12
  Collisarboris stanleyensis Dingle 1984 G12
  Pirileberis mkuzensis Dingle 1984 G12
  Bradoriida WSB93
  Harperopsis ohensis Schallreuter et al. 2000 BT04
  Cymbicopia PG98
    |--C. hanseni PG98
    `--C. hispida PG98
  Bathyleberis oculata PG98
  Dolasterope johansoni PG98

*Entomidella buprestris (Jones in Hicks 1872) [=Entomis buprestris, Leperditia buprestris Salter in Hick 1865 (n. n.)] BB61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A03a] Adamczak, F. J. 2003a. The platycopine dynasty. 1. Family Kloedenellidae Ulrich & Bassler, 1908. Actual kloedenellaceans. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie—Abhandlungen 229 (3): 339–373.

[A03b] Adamczak, F. J. 2003b. The platycopine dynasty. 2. Family Cavellinidae Egorov, 1950. Authentic platycopines. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie—Abhandlungen 229 (3): 375–391.

[A99] Ax, P. 1999. Das System der Metazoa II. Ein Lehrbuch der phylogenetischen Systematik. Gustav Fisher Verlag: Stuttgart (transl. 2000. Multicellular Animals: The phylogenetic system of the Metazoa vol. 2. Springer).

[BB61] Benson, R. H., J. M. Berdan, W. A. van den Bold, T. Hanai, I. Hessland, H. V. Howe, R. V. Kesling, S. A. Levinson, R. A. Reyment, R. C. Moore, H. W. Scott, R. H. Shaver, I. G. Sohn, L. E. Stover, F. M. Swain & P. C. Sylvester-Bradley. 1961. Systematic descriptions. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt Q. Arthropoda 3: Crustacea: Ostracoda pp. Q99–Q421. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.

[B88] Boxshall, G. A. 1988. A new genus of tantulocaridan (Crustacea: Tantulocarida) parasitic on a harpacticoid copepod from Tasmania. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology series 54 (6): 271–274.

[BT04] Braddy, S. J., V. P. Tollerton Jr, P. R. Racheboeuf & R. Schallreuter. 2004. Eurypterids, phyllocarids, and ostracodes. In: Webby, B. D., F. Paris, M. L. Droser & I. G. Percival (eds) The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event pp. 255–265. Columbia University Press.

[EL11] Erwin, D. H., M. Laflamme, S. M. Tweedt, E. A. Sperling, D. Pisani & K. J. Peterson. 2011. The Cambrian conundrum: early divergence and later ecological success in the early history of animals. Science 334: 1091–1097.

[G83] Gottwald, J. 1983. Interstitielle Fauna von Galapagos. XXX. Podocopida 1 (Ostracoda). Mikrofauna des Meeresbodens 90: 1–187.

[G12] Guzel, M. 2012. Jurassic and Early Cretaceous ostracods from Western Australia: what they reveal about evolution of the Indian Ocean. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 849–882. Springer.

[HS01] Hayward, B. W., A. B. Stephenson, M. S. Morley, W. M. Blom, H. R. Grenfell, F. J. Brook, J. L. Riley, F. Thompson & J. J. Hayward. 2001. Marine biota of Parengarenga Harbour, Northland, New Zealand. Records of the Auckland Museum 37: 45–80.

[HM04] Hoare, R. D., & G. K. Merrill. 2004. A Pennsylvanian (Morrowan) ostracode fauna from Texas. Journal of Paleontology 78 (1): 185–204.

[JB12] Johnson, M. E., & B. G. Baarli. 2012. Development of intertidal biotas through Phanerozoic time. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 63–128. Springer.

[KIY04] Koenemann, S., T. M. Iliffe & J. Yager. 2004. Kaloketos pilosus, a new genus and species of Remipedia (Crustacea) from the Turks and Caicos Islands. Zootaxa 618: 1–12.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 4. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[LSE13] Legg, D. A., M. D. Sutton & G. D. Edgecombe. 2013. Arthropod fossil data increase congruence of morphological and molecular phylogenies. Nature Communications 4: 2485.

[LH61] Levinson, S. A., & H. V. Howe. 1961. Addendum. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt Q. Arthropoda 3: Crustacea: Ostracoda pp. Q421–Q422. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.

[L05] Liebau, A. 2005. A revised classification of the higher taxa of the Ostracoda (Crustacea). Hydrobiologia 538: 115–137.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[NG13] Ni, X., D. L. Gebo, M. Dagosto, J. Meng, P. Tafforeau, J. J. Flynn & K. C. Beard. 2013. The oldest known primate skeleton and early haplorhine evolution. Nature 498: 60–64.

[PH10] Pinder, A. M., S. A. Halse, R. J. Shiel & J. M. McRae. 2010. An arid zone awash with diversity: patterns in the distribution of aquatic invertebrates in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 78 (1): 205–246.

[PG98] Probert, P. K., & S. L. Grove. 1998. Macrobenthic assemblages of the continental shelf and upper slope off the west coast of South Island, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 28: 259–280.

[RS10] Regier, J. C., J. W. Shultz, A. Zwick, A. Hussey, B. Ball, R. Wetzer, J. W. Martin & C. W. Cunningham. 2010. Arthropod relationships revealed by phylogenomic analysis of nuclear protein-coding sequences. Nature 463: 1079–1083.

[RR03] Rossi, A., J. Rey, B. Andreu & K. Taj-Eddine. 2003. Apport des ostracodes à l’interprétation séquentielle du Crétacé inférieur (Berriasien–Valanginien) du bassin d’Essaouira-Agadir (Maroc). Comptes Rendus Palevol 2: 133–141.

[S61] Scott, H. W. 1961. Classification of Ostracoda. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt Q. Arthropoda 3: Crustacea: Ostracoda pp. Q74–Q92. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.

[TDC06] Timms, B. V., B. Datson & M. Coleman. 2006. The wetlands of the Lake Carey catchment, northeast Goldfields of Western Australia, with special reference to large branchiopods. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 89 (4): 175–183.

[TM02] Tinn, O., & T. Meidla. 2002. An enigmatic early ?palaeocope ostracode from the Arenig of NW Russia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47: 685–690.

[TT05] Tverdokhlebov, V. P., G. I. Tverdokhlebova, A. V. Minikh, M. V. Surkov & M. J. Benton. 2005. Upper Permian vertebrates and their sedimentological context in the South Urals, Russia. Earth-Science Reviews 69: 27–77.

[WL04] Wang S.-Q. & R. F. Lundin. 2004. Sinoleperditiini (Ostracoda) from the Lower Emsian Shanglun Formation at the Shanglun village, central Guangxi, China. Journal of Paleontology 78 (2): 349–358.

[WSB93] Whatley, R. C., D. J. Siveter & I. D. Boomer. 1993. Arthropoda (Crustacea: Ostracoda). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 343–356. Chapman & Hall: London.

[YE77] Younker, J. L., & R. Ehrlich. 1977. Fourier biometrics: harmonic amplitudes as multivariate shape descriptors. Systematic Zoology 26 (3): 336–342.

Last updated: 21 October 2020.

Tantulocarida

Diagnostic figures of the tantulus larva of Austrotantulus lincolni from Boxshall (1988). The mature male can be seen developing within the trunk sac.

Belongs within: Vericrustacea.

The Tantulocarida are a group of minute marine crustaceans ectoparasitic on other crustaceans: they have been recorded from copepods, cumaceans, isopods, ostracods and tanaids (Boxshall 1988). Other than paired antennules at one stage of the life cycle, tantulocaridans completely lack cephalic appendages (Martin & Davis 2001).

Tantulocarida
    |  i. s.: Stygotantulus stocki MD01
    |--Microdajidae B88
    |--Doryphallophoridae MD01
    |--Onceroxenidae MD01
    |--Basipodella [Basipodellidae] B88
    |    |--B. atlantica B88
    |    `--B. harpacticola B88
    `--Deoterthridae B88
         |--Austrotantulus Boxshall 1988 B88
         |    `--*A. lincolni Boxshall 1988 B88
         `--Deoterthron B88
              |--*D. dentatum B88
              |--D. aselloticola B88
              |--D. harrisoni B88
              `--D. megacephala B88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Boxshall, G. A. 1988. A new genus of tantulocaridan (Crustacea: Tantulocarida) parasitic on a harpacticoid copepod from Tasmania. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology series 54 (6): 271-274.

[MD01] Martin, J. W., & G. E. Davis. 2001. An updated classification of the Recent Crustacea. Natural History Museum Los Angeles County, Science Series 39: 1-124.

Siphonostomatoida

Specimens of Cancerilla on the disc of the brittle star Ophiacantha antarctica, photographed by Rafael Martín-Ledo.

Belongs within: Podoplea.
Contains: Asterocheridae, Nicothoidae, Dyspontiidae, Caligoida.

The Siphonostomatoida are a group of parasitic marine copepods with sucking mouthparts.

Characters (from Nicholls 1944): Second antenna usually with an exopod; mouth-parts suctorial; maxillae and maxillipeds sub-chelate.

<==Siphonostomatoida [Siphonostoma, Siphonostomata]
    |--Brychiopontius [Brychiopontiidae] BO01
    |    `--B. falcatus BO01
    `--+--+--Calverocheres [Calverocheridae] BO01
       |  |    `--C. globosus BO01
       |  `--+--Codoba Heegaard 1951 [Codobidae] BO01
       |     |    `--*C. discoveryi Heegaard 1951 B88
       |     `--Cancerillidae BO01
       |          |--Ophiopsyllus reductus BO01
       |          |--Parophiopsyllus ligatus BO01
       |          |--Parartotrogus Scott & Scott 1893 BO01
       |          |    |--P. arcticus BO01
       |          |    `--P. richardi BK77
       |          `--Cancerilla IFS01
       |               |--C. durbanensis BK77
       |               |--C. neozelanica BK77
       |               `--C. tubulata Dalyell 1851 IFS01 [incl. Caligidium vagabundum Claus 1889 BK77]
       `--+--Micropontius [Micropontiidae] BO01
          |    |--M. glaber BO01
          |    `--M. ovoides BO01
          `--+--Stellicomitidae BO01
             |    |--Stellicomes tumidulus BO01
             |    `--Onychopygus impavidus BO01
             `--+--Dichelina Stephensen 1933 [Dichelinidae] BO01
                |    |--D. phormosomae Stephensen 1933 BO01
                |    `--D. seticauda BO01
                `--Nanaspididae [Nanaspidae] BO01
                     |--Allantogynus Changeux 1958 BO01
                     |    `--A. delamarei BO01
                     |--Stephopontius Thompson & Scott 1903 BO01
                     |    `--S. typicus BO01
                     `--Nanaspis Humes & Cressey 1959 BO01
                          |--N. mixta BO01
                          `--N. ninae BK77

Siphonostomatoida incertae sedis:
  Scottomyzon Giesbrecht 1897 [Scottomyzontidae] IFS01
    `--*S. gibberum (Scott & Scott 1894) [=Dermatomyzon gibberum] IFS01
  Asterocheridae IFS01
  Dioithona oculata (Farran 1913) IFS01
  Bariaka IFS01
  Jushyus IFS01
  Nicothoidae BH88
  Artotrogidae MD01
    |--Dystrogus uncinatus Brady 1910 N44
    `--Artotrogus Boeck 1859 N44
         |--*A. orbicularis N44
         |--A. australis Wilson 1923 N44
         |--A. gigas Brady 1910 N44
         |--A. latifurcatus Nicholls 1944 N44
         `--A. sphaericus Brady 1910 N44
  Dyspontiidae N44
  Myzopontius Giesbrecht 1895 [Myzopontiidae] N44
    |--*M. pungens N44
    `--M. australis Nicholls 1944 N44
  Acontiophorus Brady 1880 [=Solenostoma Brady & Robertson 1873 (preoc.); Acontiophoridae] N44
    |--A. attenuatus Hansen 1923 N44
    |--A. ornatus (Brady & Robertson 1875) [incl. A. armatus Brady 1880] N44
    |--A. scutatus (Brady & Robertson 1873) [incl. A. angulatus Thompson 1888] N44
    `--A. zealandicus Nicholls 1944 N44
  Archidactylinidae MD01
  Caligoida MD01
  Cecrops K-M02d [Cecropidae MD01]
    `--C. latereilli K-M02d
  Coralliomyzontidae MD01
  Dichelesthium M02 [Dichelesthiidae MD01]
    `--D. oblongum M02
  Dinopontiidae MD01
  Dirivultidae MD01
  Dissonidae MD01
  Ecbathyriontidae MD01
  Entomolepididae MD01
  Eudactylinidae MD01
  Euryphoridae MD01
  Hatschekia K-M02c [Hatschekiidae MD01]
    `--H. reinhardtii K-M02c
  Hyponeoidae MD01
  Kroyeriidae MD01
  Lernaeopoda B02 [Lernaeopodidae MD01]
    `--L. centroscyllii B02
  Lernanthropus D83 [Lernanthropidae MD01]
    |--L. gisleri D83
    |--L. pomatomi K-M02a
    |--L. trachuri K-M02b
    `--L. tylosuri C02
  Megapontiidae MD01
  Pandaridae MD01
  Pennellidae MD01
    |--Cardiodectes H01
    |--Haemobaphaes cyclopterina K-MC02b
    `--Penella W81
         |--P. balaenopterae W81
         `--P. filosa K-M02d
  Pontoeciellidae MD01
  Pseudocycnidae MD01
  Rataniidae MD01
  Sphyrion [Sphyriidae MD01]
    `--S. lumpi K-MC02a
  Sponginticolidae MD01
  Spongiocnizontidae MD01
  Tanypleuridae MD01
  Trebiidae MD01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BK77] Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1-159.

[B88] Boxshall, G. A. 1988. A review of the copepod endoparasites of brittle stars. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology series 54 (6): 261-270.

[BH88] Boxshall, G. A., & K. Harrison. 1988. New nicothoid copepods (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) from an amphipod and from deep-sea isopods. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology series 54 (6): 285-299.

[BO01] Boxshall, G. A., & S. Ohtsuka. 2001. Two new families of copepods (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) parasitic on echinoderms. Journal of Crustacean Biology 21 (1): 96-105.

[B02] Burgess, G. H. 2002. Spiny dogfishes. Family Squalidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3^rd ed. pp. 48-57. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[C02] Collette, B. B. 2002. Needlefishes. Family Belonidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3^rd ed. pp. 287-289. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[D83] Darovec, J. E. 1983. Sciaenid fishes (Osteichthyes: Perciformes) of western penisular Florida. Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises 6 (3): 1-73.

[H01] Huys, R. 2001. Splanchnotrophid systematics: A case of polyphyly and taxonomic myopia. Journal of Crustacean Biology 21 (1): 106-156.

[IFS01] Ivanenko, V. N., F. D. Ferrari & A. V. Smurov. 2001. Nauplii and copepodids of Scottomyzon gibberum (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Scottomyzontidae, a new family), a symbiont of Asterias rubens (Asteroidea). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 114 (1): 237-261.

[K-M02a] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002a. Bluefish. Family Pomatomidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3^rd ed. pp. 400-406. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[K-M02b] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002b. Jacks. Family Carangidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3^rd ed. pp. 411-427. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[K-M02c] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002c. Righteye flounders. Family Pleuronectidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3^rd ed. pp. 560-587. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[K-M02d] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002d. Ocean sunfishes. Family Molidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3^rd ed. pp. 603-607. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[K-MC02a] Klein-MacPhee, G., & B. B. Collette. 2002a. Scorpionfishes. Family Scorpaenidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3^rd ed. pp. 331-338. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[K-MC02b] Klein-MacPhee, G., & B. B. Collette. 2002b. Eelpouts. Family Zoarcidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3^rd ed. pp. 466-474. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[MD01] Martin, J. W., & G. E. Davis. 2001. An updated classification of the Recent Crustacea. Natural History Museum Los Angeles County, Science Series 39: 1-124.

[M02] Musick, J. A. 2002. Sturgeons. Family Acipenseridae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3^rd ed. pp. 83-88. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[N44] Nicholls, A. G. 1944. Littoral Copepoda from South Australia. (II) Calanoida, Cyclopoida, Notodelphyoida, Monstrilloida and Caligoida. Records of the South Australian Museum 8 (1): 1-62.

[W81] Watson, L. 1981. Sea Guide to Whales of the World. Hutchinson: London.

Pseudanthessius

Diagnostic figures of Pseudanthessius tenuis, from Nicholls (1944).

Belongs within: Poecilostomatoida.

Pseudanthessius is a genus of marine parasitic copepods associated with a wide range of invertebrate hosts of numerous phyla.

Characters (from Humes & Stock 1973): Body cyclopiform. Urosome in female 5-segmented (occasionally 4-segmented), in male 6-segmented (occasionally 5-segmented). Caudal ramus with six setae. Rostrum not well developed. First antenna 7-segmented, in female with armature 4, 13, 6, 3, 4 + 1 aesthete, 2 + 1 aesthete, and 7 + 1 aesthete; in male with same armature or in some species with additional aesthete on second segment. Second antenna 4-segmented, with formula 1,1,3 and variable terminal armature (1-4 claws or clawlike spines and a few setae; or, in P. tortuosus, two lamelliform elements, one seta, and three spines; or, in P. mucronatus, all elements setiform). Labrum deeply incised medially. Mandible with basal region having its convex edge smooth or with a weak scalelike area or a process and on concave edge a row of spinules; lash long or short. Paragnath a small lobe. First maxilla with three or four elements. Second maxilla of usual lichomolgid type. Maxilliped in female 3-segmented, with pointed tip; in male 4-segmented (assuming that proximal part of the claw represents a fourth segment). Legs 1-4 with 3-segmented rami, except leg 4 endopod which is 1-segmented with two distal elements. Leg 1 endopod of male same armature as in female, or with same formula but with slight differences in form of processes or elements, or in P. deficiens 1,1,4 or in both P. tortuosus and P. aestheticus 1,1,1,4. Leg 5 represented by three elements (subterminal seta and terminal spine and seta); no free segment. Leg 6 represented by two setae near genital openings.

<==Pseudanthessius Claus 1889 [Pseudanthessiidae] N44
    |--P. assimilis Sars 1917 N44
    |--P. concinnus Thompson & Scott 1903 N44
    |--P. dubius Sars 1918 N44
    |--P. gracilis Claus 1889 N44
    |--P. liber (Brady & Robertson 1875) N44 [=Lichomolgus liber BK77]
    |--P. mucronatus Gurney 1927 N44
    |--P. nemertophilus Gallien 1935 N44
    |--P. obscurus Scott 1909 N44
    |--P. sauvagei Canu 1891 N44
    |--P. tenuis Nicholls 1944 N44
    |--P. thorelli (Brady & Robertson 1875) N44 [=Lichomolgus thorelli BK77]
    `--P. weberi Scott 1909 N44

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BK77] Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1-159.

Humes, A. G., & J. H. Stock. 1973. A revision of the family Lichomolgidae Kossmann, 1877, cyclopoid copepods mainly associated with marine invertebrates. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 127.

[N44] Nicholls, A. G. 1944. Littoral Copepoda from South Australia. (II) Calanoida, Cyclopoida, Notodelphyoida, Monstrilloida and Caligoida. Records of the South Australian Museum 8 (1): 1-62.