Haplothripini

Female Scopaeothrips bicolor, from Thysanoptera California.

Belongs within: Phlaeothripidae.
Contains: Apterygothrips, Karnyothrips, Podothrips, Adraneothrips, Haplothrips, Lissothrips, Leptothrips.

The Haplothripini are a group of mostly flower-feeding thrips characterised by medially constricted fore wings, the presence of prosternal basantral sclerites, and the presence of a maxillary bridge in the head (Mound et al. 2013).

<==Haplothripini
    |--+--+--‘Haplothrips’ leucanthemi (Schrank 1781) BMW13, MM96 (see below for synonymy)
    |  |  `--Dyothrips pallescens BMW13
    |  `--+--Haplothrips BMW13
    |     `--Lissothrips BMW13
    `--+--Leptothrips BMW13
       `--+--‘Haplothrips’ graminis Hood 1912 BMW13, MM96 (see below for synonymy)
          `--Scopaeothripina [Rhopalothripini] P60
               |--Froggattothrips P60
               |--Spilothrips P60
               |--Rhopalothripoides P60
               |    |--R. brunneus A78
               |    |--R. froggatti MH91
               |    `--R. luteus MC13
               `--Scopaeothrips Hood 1912 BMW13, MM96 [incl. Rhopalothrips Hood 1912 MM96]
                    |--*S. unicolor Hood 1912 MM96
                    |--S. bicolor (Hood 1912) [=*Rhopalothrips bicolor] MM96
                    `--‘Rhopalothrips’ tuberculatus Girault 1929 G29

Haplothripini incertae sedis:
  Anchylothrips P60
  Apterygothrips P60
  Aulothrips P60
  Dolicholepta P60
  Dolichothrips P60
    |--D. inquilinus A78
    `--D. longicollis A78
  Elatea P60
  Euryaplothrips P60
  Gigaplothrips P60
  Hadothrips P60
  Karnyothrips P60
  Melampodothrips P60
  Praepodothrips P60
  Priesneria Bagnall 1926 P73
    |--*P. kellyana Bagnall 1926 P73
    |--P. doliicornis (Bianchi 1946) [=Karnyothrips doliicornis] P73
    |--P. insolitus (Ananthakrishnan 1969) [=Agrothrips insolitus] P73
    |--P. longistylosa Pitkin 1973 P73
    `--P. peronis MDT13
  Talitha P60
  Tetragonothrips P60
  Craniothrips Bagnall 1915 P60, MM96
    `--*C. urichi Bagnall 1915 MM96
  Epomisothrips Hood 1954 P60, MM96
    `--*E. araucariae Hood 1954 MM96
  Goniothrips Hood 1927 P60, MM96
    `--*G. denticornis Hood 1927 MM96
  Bagnalliella Karny 1920 P60, MM96
    `--*B. yuccae [=Cephalothrips yuccae] MM96
  Antillothrips Stannard 1957 P60, MM96
    |--A. cingulatus (Hood 1919) MM96 (see below for synonymy)
    |--A. exastis MM96
    |--A. hartwigi Pitkin 1977 MM96
    `--A. speciosus (Hood 1925) [=Zygothrips speciosus] MM96
  Podothrips P60
  Zaliothrips Hood 1938 P60, MM96
    |--*Z. citripes Hood 1938 MM96
    |--Z. abdominalis Hood 1954 MM96
    |--Z. imitator Hood 1956 MM96
    |--Z. longisetosus Hood 1956 MM96
    |--Z. luteolus Hood 1956 MM96
    `--Z. nigripes Hood 1938 MM96
  Agrothrips Jacot-Guillarmod 1939 P60, MM96
    |--*A. priesneri Jacot-Guillarmod 1939 MM96
    |--A. arenicola (Hood 1939) [=Karnyothrips arenicola] MM96
    |--A. dimidiatus (Hood 1939) [=Watsoniella dimidiata] MM96
    |--A. omani (Crawford 1947) [=Haplothrips omani] MM96
    |--A. pallidus (Hood 1912) [=Zygothrips pallidus] MM96
    |--A. tantillus Stannard 1958 MM96
    `--A. tenebricosus (Priesner 1925) [=Haplothrips tenebricosus] MM96
  Adraneothrips P73
  Xylaplothrips P73
    |--X. clavipes (Karny 1920) [=Haplothrips clavipes] P73
    |--X. darci (Girault 1930) [=Haplothrips darci] P73
    |--X. flavitibia P73
    |--X. inquilinus P73
    |--X. longus P73
    |--X. orientalis P73
    |--X. reedi Pitkin 1973 P73
    `--X. subterraneus (Crawford 1938) [=Haplothrips (Xylaplothrips) subterraneus] C38
  Androthrips A78
    |--A. flavipes A78
    |--A. melastomae A78
    |--A. ochraceus A78
    `--A. ramachandrai A78
  Aeglothrips denticulus A78

Antillothrips cingulatus (Hood 1919) MM96 [=Zygothrips cingulatus MM96, Haplothrips cingulatus P73; incl. *A. graminatus Stannard 1957 MM96, P73, Watsoniella latiaureus Girault 1927 P73]

‘Haplothrips’ graminis Hood 1912 BMW13, MM96 [incl. H. angustipennis Watson 1922 MM96, H. colombiensis Moulton 1933 MM96, Anthothrips floridensis Watson 1916 MM96, H. humilis Hood 1914 MM96, H. querci Watson 1920 MM96, H. rabuni Watson 1922 MM96]

‘Haplothrips’ leucanthemi (Schrank 1781) BMW13, MM96 [=Thrips leucanthemi MM96; incl. Phloeothrips niger Osborn 1883 MM96, Haplothrips niger MH91, Zygothrips wyomingensis Watson 1924 MM96]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A78] Ananthakrishnan, T. N. 1978. Thrips galls and gall thrips. Zoological Survey of India, Technical Monograph 1: 1–69, 26 pls.

[BMW13] Buckman, R. S., L. A. Mound & M. F. Whiting. 2013. Phylogeny of thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) based on five molecular loci. Systematic Entomology 38: 123–133.

[C38] Crawford, J. C. 1938. Some new or little known Thysanoptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (2): 35–43.

[G29] Girault, A. A. 1929. Description of a case of lunacy in Homo and of six-legged articulates. Privately published (reprinted: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 262–265).

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[MDT13] Mound, L. A., L.-H. Dang & D. J. Tree. 2013. Genera of fungivorous Phlaeothripinae (Thysanoptera) from dead branches and leaf-litter in Australia. Zootaxa 3681 (3): 201–224.

[MH91] Mound, L. A., & B. S. Heming. 1991. Thysanoptera (thrips). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 510–515. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

[P73] Pitkin, B. R. 1973. A revision of the Australian Haplothripini, with descriptions of three new species (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae). Aust. Ent. Soc. 12: 315–339.

[P60] Priesner, H. 1960. Das System der Tubulifera (Thysanoptera). Anzeiger der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 13: 283–296.

Panchaetothripinae

Greenhouse thrips Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, photographed by Jesse Rorabaugh.

Belongs within: Thripidae.
Contains: Caliothrips.

The Panchaetothripinae are a group of leaf-feeding thrips characterised by a strong reticulate sculpture over the body surface, particularly the legs, together with fore wings with the first vein more or less fused to the costa, and transverse meso- and metathoracic furcae that lack a median spinula (Mound & Marullo 1996).

<==Panchaetothripinae [Heliothripinae] BMW13
    |--Australothrips bicolor Bagnall 1916 BMW13, GM79 [incl. Ceratothrips rufiventris Girault 1926 G28, G26b]
    `--+--Phibalothrips BMW13
       `--+--Selenothrips Karny 1911 BMW13, MM96
          |    `--*S. rubrocinctus (Giard 1901) [=Physopus rubrocinctus] MM96
          `--+--Caliothrips BMW13
             `--Heliothrips Haliday 1836 BMW13, MM96
                  |--H. haemorrhoidalis (Bouché 1833) (see below for synonymy) MM96
                  |--H. bifasciipennis Girault 1926 G26a
                  |--H. semiaureus Girault 1928 G28 [incl. Dinurothrips rufiventris Girault 1929 G30, G29]
                  `--H. sylvanus MM96

Panchaetothripinae incertae sedis:
  Sigmothrips aotearoana (Ward 1970) MM04
  Xestothrips glabratus [=Selenothrips glabratus] MM96
  Panchaetothrips indicus B88
  Anisopilothrips Stannard & Mitri 1962 MM96
    `--*A. venustulus (Priesner 1923) [=Heliothrips venustulus; incl. Astrothrips angulatus Hood 1925] MM96
  Elixothrips Stannard & Mitri 1962 MM96
    `--*E. brevisetis (Bagnall 1921) [=Tryphactothrips brevisetis] MM96
  Brachyurothrips Bagnall 1921 MM96
    `--*B. anomalus Bagnall 1921 [incl. B. walteri Costa Lima 1956] MM96
  Oneilliella Wilson 1975 MM96
    `--*O. williamsi (Hood 1928) [=Hercothrips williamsi] MM96
  Parthenothrips Uzel 1895 MM96
    `--*P. dracaenae (Heeger 1854) [=Heliothrips dracaenae] MM96
  Hercinothrips Bagnall 1932 MM96
    |--*H. bicinctus (Bagnall 1919) MM96, MM04 [=Heliothrips bicinctus MM96]
    `--H. femoralis (Reuter 1891) [=Heliothrips femoralis; incl. Hel. apicalis Bondar 1931] MM96
  Dinurothrips Hood 1913 MM96
    |--*D. hookeri Hood 1913 MM96
    `--D. vezenyii Bagnall 1919 MM96
  Helionothrips Bagnall 1932 MM96
    |--*H. brunneipennis [=Heliothrips brunneipennis] MM96
    `--H. funebris (Hood 1928) [=Hercothrips funebris] MM96
  Retithrips Marchal 1910 MM96
    |--R. syriacus (Mayet 1890) (see below for synonymy) MM96
    `--R. javanicus MM96
  Hoodothrips Bondar 1931 [incl. Hoodothripoides Mound 1970] MM96
    |--H. constrictus (Hood 1925) (see below for synonymy) MM96
    |--H. brevipilus (Hood 1928) [=Tryphactothrips brevipilus] MM96
    `--H. lineatus (Hood 1928) (see below for synonymy) MM96
  Arachisothrips Stannard 1952 MM96
    |--*A. millsi Stannard 1952 [incl. A. boneti Stannard 1952] MM96
    |--A. latipennis MM96
    `--A. seticornis Hood 1955 MM96
  Moundothrips MH91

Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouché 1833) [=Thrips haemorrhoidalis; incl. *H. adonidum Halliday 1836, H. ceylonicus] MM96

Hoodothrips constrictus (Hood 1925) [=Astrothrips constrictus; incl. Tryphactothrips ipomoeae Moulton 1933, *Hoodothrips neivai Bondar 1931, H. nigriflavus Medina Gaud 1961] MM96

Hoodothrips lineatus (Hood 1928) [=Tryphactothrips lineatus; incl. *Hoodothripoides braziliensis Mound 1970] MM96

Retithrips syriacus (Mayet 1890) [=Thrips (Heliothrips) syriacus; incl. *R. aegyptiacus Marchal 1910, Stylothrips bondari Bondar 1924] MM96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[BMW13] Buckman, R. S., L. A. Mound & M. F. Whiting. 2013. Phylogeny of thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) based on five molecular loci. Systematic Entomology 38: 123–133.

[G26a] Girault, A. A. 1926a. Characteristics of new Australian insects. Privately published (reprinted: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 197–198).

[G26b] Girault, A. A. 1926b. New pests from Australia. III. Privately published (reprinted: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 203–204).

[G28] Girault, A. A. 1928. A prodigeous discourse on wild animals. Privately published (reprinted: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 218–220).

[G29] Girault, A. A. 1929. New pests from Australia. VI. Privately published (reprinted: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 266–269).

[G30] Girault, A. A. 1930. New pests from Australia. VIII. Privately published (reprinted: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 273–277).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1–400.

[MM04] Martin, N. A., & L. A. Mound. 2004. Host plants for some New Zealand thrips (Thysanoptera: Terebrantia). New Zealand Entomologist 27: 119–123.

[MH91] Mound, L. A., & B. S. Heming. 1991. Thysanoptera (thrips). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 510–515. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

Erebinae

Blue underwing Catocala fraxini, copyright Harald Süpfle.

Belongs within: Erebidae.
Contains: Melipotini, Euclidiini, Ophiusini, Poaphilini.

The Erebinae are a clade of noctuoid moths identified by molecular data, members of which have a smooth apex on the proboscis with all the styloconic sensilla placed dorsally. Females have the seventh sternite reduced and divided into two lobes with with ostium bursae situated in the cleft between the lobes. Larvae are slender semi-loopers with a pair of dorsolateral tubercles on the eighth abdominal segment.

Erebinae [Catocalinae]
    |--+--Ugia Walker 1858 ZK11, Z21
    |  |    `--U. insuspecta ZK11
    |  `--Acantholipes Lederer 1857 ZK11, FL05 [Acantholipini]
    |       |--A. circumdata ZK11
    |       `--A. regularis ZK11
    `--+--Sypnini ZK11
       |    |--Sypnoides fumosa ZK11
       |    `--Sypna ZK11
       `--+--Thysania Dalman 1824 FL05 [Thysaniini ZK11]
          |    |--T. agrippina DS73
          |    `--T. zenobia DS73
          |--+--Pandesma [Pandesmini] ZK11
          |  |    |--P. costalis S01
          |  |    |--P. pagana Swinhoe 1901 S01
          |  |    |--P. robusta ZK11
          |  |    `--P. submurina MC13
          |  `--+--Heteropalpia acrosticta ZK11
          |     `--+--Pericyma Herrich-Schäffer 1851 FL05 [Pericymini ZK11]
          |        |    `--P. cruegeri ZK11
          |        `--+--Catephiini [Catephidae] ZK11
          |           |    |--Anophia acronyctoides WM66
          |           |    `--Catephia Ochsenheimer 1816 FL05
          |           |         `--C. alchymista ZK11
          |           `--Sphingomorpha chlorea ZK11
          `--+--+--+--+--Serrodes campana ZK11
             |  |  |  `--Melipotini ZK11
             |  |  `--+--Erebus Latreille 1910 FL05 [Erebini ZK11]
             |  |     |    |--E. ephesperis ZK11
             |  |     |    `--E. odora H01
             |  |     `--Erygia apicalis ZK11
             |  `--+--Sympis rufibasis ZK11
             |     `--+--Anisoneura salebrosa ZK11
             |        `--Hulodini [Hulodides] ZK11
             |             |--Ericeia subcinerea ZK11
             |             `--Hulodes Guenée 1852 FL05
             |                  `--H. caranea ZK11
             `--+--+--Hypopyrini [Hypopyridae] ZK11
                |  |    |--Hypopyra Guenée 1852 FL05
                |  |    |    `--H. capensis ZK11
                |  |    `--Spirama ZK11
                |  `--+--Ercheia Walker 1858 FL05 [Ercheini ZK11]
                |     |    `--E. cyllaria ZK11
                |     `--+--Pantydia ZK11
                |        |    |--P. capistrata MC13
                |        |    |--P. diemeni ZK11
                |        |    `--P. sparsa G84
                |        `--Euclidiini ZK11
                |--+--Catocalini [Catocalidi] ZK11
                |  |    |--Catocala Schrank 1802 FL05
                |  |    |    |--C. fraxini DS73
                |  |    |    |--C. koreana Staudinger 1892 I92
                |  |    |    |--C. nupta DS73
                |  |    |    |--C. promissa DS73
                |  |    |    `--C. sponsa (Linnaeus 1767) JP05
                |  |    `--Ulotrichopus Wallengren 1860 Z21
                |  |         |--U. macula ZK11
                |  |         `--U. variegata Hampson 1902 Z21
                |  `--Audeini ZK11
                |       |--Audea Walker 1858 Z21
                |       |    `--A. bipunctata ZK11
                |       `--Crypsotidia Rothschild 1901 Z21
                `--+--Ophiusini ZK11
                   `--Poaphilini LS13

Erebinae incertae sedis:
  Dasypodia selenophora NC91, MC13
  Diatenes MC13
    |--D. aglossoides MC13
    `--D. marmarinopa MC13
  Donuca memorabilis MC13
  Eudesmeola lawsoni MC13
  Prorocopis melanochorda MC13
  Lyncestis acontioides [=Melipotis acontioides] PP72
  Psorya hadesia PP72
  Leistera Swinhoe 1909 Z21
    `--*L. pulchristrigata (Bethune-Baker 1906) [=Catephia pulchristrigata] Z21
  Cosmophila Boisduval 1833 Z21
    `--C. flava (Fabr. 1775) P27
  Homodes Guenée 1852 Z21
  Hypocala Guenée 1852 [Hypocalini] Z21
  Tamba Hübner 1823 Z21
  Arytrura John 1912 [Arytrurini] FL05
  Brevipecten FL05
  Ascalapha Hübner 1809 FL05, Z21
  Hemeroblemma FL05
  Latebraria FL05
  Antiblemma FL05
  Athyrma FL05
  Omopterini Z21
    |--Zale Hübner 1818 FL05, Z21 [incl. Omoptera Guérin-Méneville 1832 FL05]
    `--Matigramma Grote 1872 Z21
  Amphigonia Guenée 1852 [Amphigoniidae] FL05
  Anydrophila John 1909 [Anydrophilini] FL05
  Ctenusa Hampson 1910 [Ctenusini] FL05
  Hypogramma Guenée 1852 [Hypogrammidae] FL05
  Ommatophora Guenée 1852 [Ommatophoridae] FL05
  Speiredonia Hübner 1823 [Speiredoniinae] FL05
    |--S. mutabilis ZS10
    `--S. zamis ZS10
  Tachosa Walker 1869 [Tachosini] FL05
  Tinolius Walker 1855 [Tinoliidae] FL05
  Yrias Guenée 1852 [Yriasidae] FL05
  Thermesia Hübner 1823 [Thermesidae] FL05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[DS73] Dickens, M., & E. Storey. 1973. The World of Moths. Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.: New York.

[FL05] Fibiger, M., & J. D. Lafontaine. 2005. A review of the higher classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera) with special reference to the Holarctic fauna. Esperiana 11: 7–92.

[G84] Gauld, I. D. 1984. An Introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia. British Museum (Natural History).

[H01] Hampson, G. F. 1901. The Lepidoptera-Phalaenae of the Bahamas. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 246–261.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[JP05] Jungmann, E., & U. Poller. 2005. Neunachweise und Wiederfunde für die Schmetterlingsfauna (Insecta; Lepidoptera) des Altenburger Landes. Mauritiana 19 (2): 317–326.

[LS13] Lafontaine, J. D., & B. C. Schmidt. 2013. Comments on differences in classification of the superfamily Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) between Eurasia and North America. ZooKeys 264: 209–217.

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[PP72] Parkin, P., D. T. Parkin, A. W. Ewing & H. A. Ford. 1972. A report on the arthropods collected by the Edinburgh University Galapagos Islands expedition, 1968. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 48 (2): 100–107.

[P27] Philpott, A. 1927. New Zealand Lepidoptera: notes and descriptions. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 703–709.

[S01] Swinhoe, C. 1901. New genera and species of eastern and Australian moths (continued). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 489–501.

[WM66] Wallace, A. R., & F. Moore. 1866. List of lepidopterous insects collected at Takow, Formosa, by Mr. R. Swinhoe. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 355–365.

[ZK11] Zahiri, R., I. J. Kitching, J. D. Lafontaine, M. Mutanen, L. Kaila, J. D. Holloway & N. Wahlberg. 2011. A new molecular phylogeny offers hope for a stable family level classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera). Zoologica Scripta 40 (2): 158–173.

[ZS10] Zborowski, P., & R. Storey. 2010. A Field Guide to Insects in Australia 3^rd ed. Reed New Holland: Sydney.

[Z21] Zilli, A. 2021. Tabwecala robinsoni gen. nov., sp. nov., from Vanuatu and its systematic postion in the 'Ophiusini-Poaphilini' clade (Lepidoptera, Erebidae). Nota Lepidopterologica 44: 193–211.

Chrysomelidae

Scarlet lily beetle Lilioceris lilii, copyright Gilles Gonthier.

Belongs within: Phytophaga.
Contains: Donacia, Sagrinae, Colaspoides, Colasposoma, Corynodes, Nodostoma, Colaspis, Hispinae, Crioceris, Lema, Acanthoscelides, Bruchus, Cassida, Cryptocephalini, Clytrini, Galerucinae, Chrysomelini.

The Chrysomelidae, leaf beetles, are a cosmopolitan family of beetles that mostly feed on living plant tissue. Adults feed externally whereas larvae may feed either externally or internally. Subgroups of the Chrysomelidae include the Bruchinae, seed-feeding species with a somewhat rostrate head that superficially resemble weevils in appearance. The Chrysomelinae are generally ovate beetles characterised by a truncate clypeus whose larvae feed externally and are often armed with repugnatorial glands. The Cryptocephalinae usually have a strongly hypognathous head that is deeply inserted into the prothorax. The Eumolpinae have larvae that are found in soil and probably feed on plant roots (Lawrence & Britton 1991).

Chrysomelidae
    |--+--Criocerinae [Crioceridae] MT11
    |  |    |--Crioceris MW15
    |  |    |--Stethopachys formosa LB91
    |  |    |--Lema LB91
    |  |    `--Lilioceris B14
    |  |         |--L. cheni Gressit & Kimoto 1961 B14
    |  |         |--L. egena B14
    |  |         |--L. lilii B14
    |  |         `--L. nigripes LB91
    |  `--Bruchinae [Bruchidae, Lariidae, Mylabridae] MW15
    |       |--Caryedes brasiliensis GE05
    |       |--Caryoborus pallidus B88
    |       |--Acanthoscelides SJ73
    |       |--Spermophagus cardui C01
    |       |--Bruchus MW15
    |       |--Sennius morosus G05
    |       |--Mesolaria longala Zhang 1986 RJ93
    |       |--Caryedon B14
    |       |    |--C. abdominalis B14
    |       |    `--C. serratus (Olivier 1790) B14
    |       |--Rhaebus [Rhaebini] B14
    |       |    |--R. ammoni B14
    |       |    `--R. mannerheimi Motschulsky 1845 B14
    |       |--Callosobruchus LB91
    |       |    |--C. chinensis N57
    |       |    `--C. maculatus RCT07
    |       |--Stator G05
    |       |    |--S. limbatus G05
    |       |    `--S. pruininus G05
    |       |--Pachymerus RD77
    |       |    |--P. chinensis RD77
    |       |    `--P. dactris O49
    |       `--Bruchidius F05
    |            |--B. incarnatus TG96
    |            |--B. lyndhurstensis LB91
    |            `--B. niger Anton 2004 F05
    `--+--+--Cassidinae [Cassidini] MW15
       |  |    |--Cassida B88
       |  |    |--Hemisphaerota cyanea (Say 1824) B14
       |  |    |--Meroscalcis selecta LB91
       |  |    |--Aspidomorpha LB91
       |  |    |--Brontispa B14
       |  |    |    |--B. longissima (Gestro 1885) B14
       |  |    |    `--B. simonthomasi Gressitt 1960 B14
       |  |    |--Dicladispa B14
       |  |    |    |--D. armigera (Olivier 1808) B14
       |  |    |    `--D. birendra Maulik 1919 B14
       |  |    |--Acromis B14
       |  |    |    |--A. sparsa (Boheman 1854) B14
       |  |    |    |--A. spinifex B14
       |  |    |    `--A. venosa B14
       |  |    `--Cephaloleia belti B14
       |  `--Cryptocephalinae [Camptosomata, Clytrinae] MW15
       |       |  i. s.: Aporocera ZS10
       |       |         Fulcidax monstrosa (Fabricius 1798) B14
       |       |         Leasia LB91
       |       |         Neochlamisus bebbiana MW15
       |       |         Lachnabothra QI93
       |       |         Prasonotus QI93
       |       |         Loxopleurus B70
       |       |--Cryptocephalini SW07
       |       |--Clytrini SW07
       |       `--Chlamisus [Chlamisini] LB91
       `--+--Galerucinae MW15
          `--Chrysomelinae MW15
               |  i. s.: Leptinotarsa B14
               |           |--L. decemlineata Say 1824 B14
               |           `--L. juncta B14
               |         Sterromela trimaculata LB91
               |         Phratora B14
               |           |  i. s.: P. frosti B14
               |           |         P. hudsonica B14
               |           `--P. (Phyllodecta) B14
               |                |--‘Phyllodecta’ longula C01
               |                |--P. (P.) polaris (Schneider 1886) B14
               |                |--‘Phyllodecta’ vitellinae C01
               |                `--‘Phyllodecta’ vulgatissima [incl. P. vulgatissima var. obscura] C01
               |         Chlamys L02
               |           |--C. cristata [=Cryptocephalus (Chlamys) cristatus] G20
               |           |--C. formosana Bates 1866 B66
               |           |--C. gibba [=Clythra gibba] L02
               |           |--C. monstrosa [=Clythra monstrosa] L02
               |           |--C. plicata [=Clythra plicata] L02
               |           `--C. tuberosa L02
               |         Orina RD77
               |         Phaedon RD77
               |           |--P. armoraciae C01
               |           `--P. cochleariae H91
               |         Phytodecta RD77
               |           |--P. chrysomeloides Jacoby 1889 J89a
               |           |--P. formicata R13
               |           |--P. linnaeana (see below for synonymy) C01
               |           |--P. rufipes C01
               |           `--P. viminalis R13
               |         Zygogramma piceicollis Stål 1859 Lu89
               |--Chrysomelini MW15
               `--Timarcha [Timarchini] B14
                    |--T. punica Lucas 1847 E12
                    `--T. tenebricosa (Fabricius 1775) B14

Chrysomelidae incertae sedis:
  Pseudomegamerus grandis GE05, P02
  Eucolaspis brunnea WFS04
  Oreina cacaliae AM07
  Arnomus brouni T27
  Nesaecrepidia BHM08
  Protoscelis GE05
  Protosceloides GE05
  Eurydemus oculatus Chap. 1879 G89
  Physimera DL99
  Cheilotoma musciformis F05
    |--C. m. musciformis F05
    `--C. m. hispanica Medvedev 2004 F05
  Haemonia WP99
  Gastrophysa viridula V09
  Pachybrachys C01
    |--P. fimbriolatus C01
    `--P. hieroghyphicus [incl. P. hieroghyphicus var. tristis] C01
  Stylosomus flavus C01
  Adoxus C01
    |--A. obscurus C01
    `--A. villosulus C01
  Gastroidea C01
    |--G. polygoni [incl. G. polygoni var. ruficollis] C01
    `--G. viridula C01
  Entomoscelis C01
    |--E. adonidis C01
    `--E. orinalis F92
  Xenomela heydeni C01
  Paropsides C01
    |--P. duodecimpustulatus C01
    `--P. nigrofasciatus Jac. 1888 F89
  Hydrothassa glabra C01
  Sternoplatys weisei Csiki 1901 C01
  Melasoma C01
    |--M. collaris [incl. M. collaris var. daurica] C01
    |--M. lapponica C01
    |--M. populi C01
    `--M. tremulae R13
  Malacosoma Chv. 1846 [incl. Exocera] FS90
    |--M. collaris C01
    `--M. detritum Fab. 1801 [incl. M. guadeloupense, M. pallidicorne] FS90
  Phyllobrotica C01
    |--P. quadrimaculata B56
    |--P. signata C01
    `--P. unicolor J89a
  Lochmaea C01
    |--L. birmanica Jacoby 1889 J89a
    |--L. capreae C01
    |--L. rugosa [=Galerucella rugosa] J89a
    `--L. suturalis F92
  Adimonia C01
    |--A. incisicollis C01
    |--A. mongolica Csiki 1901 C01
    |--A. pomonae C01
    |--A. sedakovi C01
    |--A. tanaceti C01
    `--A. violacea Lucas 1849 E12
  Pallasia absinthii C01
  Ochrosis salicariae C01
  Chalcoides C01
    |--C. aurata C01
    |--C. cyanea C01
    |--C. helxines [incl. C. helxines var. fulvicornis] C01
    `--C. metallica C01
  Mantura rustica [incl. M. rustica var. suturalis] C01
  Capraita B14
  Platymela sticticollis B14
  Spilopyra [Spilopyrinae] B14
    `--S. sumptuosa Baly 1860 B14
  Syneta [Synetinae] B14
    |--S. adamsi B14
    `--S. betulae (Fabricius 1792) B14
  Zeugophora [Zeugophorinae] B14
    |  i. s.: Z. flavicollis C01
    `--Z. (Zeugophora) B14
         |--Z. (Z.) scutellaris Suffrian 1840 B14
         `--Z. (Z.) subspinosa B14
  Lamprosomatinae [Lamprosomatini] B14
    |--Oomorphus B14
    |    |--O. concolor (Sturm 1807) B14
    |    `--O. japanus B14
    `--Lamprosoma B66
         |--L. alienum Bates 1866 B66
         |--L. concolor B66
         `--L. cupricolle L90a
  Donacia B14
  Sagrinae B14
  Eumolpinae [Eumolpidae, Pseudocolaspides] MT11
    |--Eka M30
    |--Trichochrysea hirta (Fabricius 1801) MT11
    |--Malegia Lefevre 1883 MT11
    |--Colaspoides MT11
    |--Cleorina aeneomicans (Baly 1867) [=Nodostoma aeneomicans; incl. C. aulica Lef. 1885] Le89a
    |--Colasposoma MT11
    |--Phytorus dilatatus Jacoby 1884 MT11
    |--Apolepis MT11
    |--Lepidocolaspis MT11
    |--Chloropterus B14
    |--Edusella abdominalis LB91
    |--Geloptera LB91
    |--Tomyris LB91
    |--Cleoporus badius Lefèvre 1889 Le89a
    |--Corynodes Le89a
    |--Nodostoma Le89a
    |--Dicolectes aulicus Lef. 1886 Le89b
    |--Eryxia baikiei Baly 1865 Le89b
    |--Colaspis L90a
    |--Sphaeropis humeralis Lef. 1878 L90a
    |--Phanaeta ruficollis Lef. 1878 L90a
    |--Iphimeis L90b
    |--Chalcophana cyanipennis Lefèvre 1890 L90b
    |--Agbalus violaceus [=Corysthea violacea] L90b
    |--‘Nephus’ Jacoby 1889 non Mulsant 1846 J89b
    |    `--*N. femoratus Jacoby 1889 J89b
    |--Chalcolema Jacoby 1890 MT11
    |    `--C. fulvicornis (Jacoby 1889) [=Platycorynus fulvicornis] MT11
    |--Osnaparis Fairmaire 1889 F89
    |    `--*O. nucea Fairmaire 1889 F89
    |--Leprotoides MT11
    |    |--L. flavipes Jacoby 1896 MT11
    |    `--L. hitamtitik Medvedev & Takizawa 2011 MT11
    |--Tricliona MT11
    |    |--T. oculata Medvedev & Takizawa 2011 MT11
    |    `--T. sulcatipennis Jacoby 1896 MT11
    |--Pagria MT11
    |    |--P. flavopustulata Baly 1874 MT11
    |    `--P. sumatrensis Lefevre 1887 MT11
    |--Aulacolepis Le89a
    |    |--A. decorata J89a
    |    `--A. mouhoti Baly 1863 Le89a
    |--Mouhotina Le89a
    |    |--M. rufipes Lefèvre 1889 Le89a
    |    `--M. tibialis (Lef. 1885) [=Stethotes tibialis] Le89a
    |--Nerissus Le89b
    |    |--N. affinis Lefèvre 1889 Le89b
    |    `--N. strigosus Chap. 1874 Le89b
    |--Syagrus Le89b
    |    |--S. alluaudi Lefèvre 1889 Le89b
    |    `--S. calcaratus (Fabr. 1775) (see below for synonymy) Le89b
    |--Menius Le89b
    |    |--M. aeratus [=Syagrus aeratus] Le89b
    |    `--M. tarsalis Lef. 1887 Le89b
    |--Lamprosphaerus L90a
    |    |--L. caeruleatus Lef. 1877 L90a
    |    `--L. minutus [=Chrysodina minuta] L90a
    |--Alethaxius L90b
    |    |--A. brevis Lefèvre 1890 L90b
    |    |--A. parvulus Lefèvre 1889 Le89c
    |    `--A. tuberculifer Lefèvre 1890 L90b
    |--Corysthea L90b
    |    |--C. ruficollis Lefèvre 1890 L90b
    |    `--C. rugulosa Lefèvre 1890 L90b
    |--Endocephalus L90b
    |    |--E. fasciatus Lefèvre 1890 L90b
    |    `--E. lefevrei Harold 1874 L90b
    |--Xanthonia Baly 1863 [incl. Icogramma Weise 1922] MT11
    |    |--X. insularis Medvedev & Takizawa 2011 MT11
    |    |--X. lineigera (Weise 1922) MT11
    |    `--X. minuta Pic 1929 MT11
    |--Aulexis MT11
    |    |--A. elongata J89a
    |    |--A. pallida (Lefevre 1887) MT11
    |    `--A. tibialis Jacoby 1889 J89a
    |--Basilepta MT11
    |    |--B. flavescens (Motschulsky 1866) [incl. Nodostoma beccarii Jacoby 1884] MT11
    |    |--B. nigromarginata (Jacoby 1896) MT11
    |    `--B. simplex (Jacoby 1884) MT11
    |--Pseudocolaspis Le89b
    |    |--P. albostriata G89
    |    |--P. setosa Lucas 1846 E12
    |    `--P. setulosa Lef. 1887 Le89b
    |--Choris Lefèvre 1877 [incl. Mevania Harold 1874 non Stäl 1865] L90a
    |    |--C. kirschi (Har. 1874) [=Mevania kirschi] L90a
    |    |--C. lateralis Lef. 1877 L90a
    |    `--C. nucea Lef. 1877 L90a
    |--Rhabdopterus L90a
    |    |--R. circumdatus Lefèvre 1889 Le89c
    |    |--R. cuprinus Lefèvre 1890 L90a
    |    |--R. fulvipes L90a
    |    `--R. obsitus Lef. 1885 L90a
    |--Typophorus L90a
    |    |--T. annulatus Lef. 1877 L90a
    |    |--T. exilis Lef. 1878 L90a
    |    `--T. viridicyaneus (Crotch 1873) [=Paria viridicyanea; incl. T. sturmi Lef. 1877] L90a
    |--Abirus MT11
    |    |--A. flavopilosus Jacoby 1884 MT11
    |    |--A. fortunei (Baly 1861) [=Dermorhytis fortunei] F89
    |    |--A. harmandi Lef. 1876 Le89a
    |    `--A. piceipes J89b
    |--Scelodonta MT11
    |    |--S. dillwyni (Stephens 1831) MT11
    |    |--S. nitidula Baly 1864 Le89a
    |    |--S. strigicollis J89a
    |    `--S. vittata [=Eumolpus vittatus, Heteraspis vittata] Le89a
    |--Chrysochus B14
    |    |--C. asclepiadeus C01
    |    |--C. auratus (Fabricius 1775) B14
    |    |--C. cobaltinus B14
    |    `--C. pulcher J89a
    |--Chrysodina L90a
    |    |--C. cribricollis Lefèvre 1890 L90a
    |    |--C. laevicollis Lefèvre 1885 L90a
    |    |--C. parvula Lef. 1885 L90a
    |    `--C. tibialis Lefèvre 1890 L90a
    |--Nodonota L90a
    |    |--N. laeta Lef. 1878 L90a
    |    |--N. simoni Lefèvre 1890 L90a
    |    |--N. singularis Lefèvre 1890 L90a
    |    `--N. tuberculata Lef. 1875 L90a
    |--Ephyraea Lefèvre 1890 L90a
    |    |--E. castanea Lefèvre 1890 L90a
    |    |--E. chapuisi (Har. 1874) [=Chrysodina chapuisi] L90a
    |    |--E. glaucescens Lefèvre 1890 L90a
    |    `--E. hypomelas Lefèvre 1890 L90a
    |--Talurus Lefèvre 1890 L90b
    |    |--*T. rugosus [=Rhabdopterus rugosus] L90b
    |    |--T. fulgens Lefèvre 1890 L90b
    |    |--T. picitarsis Lefèvre 1890 L90b
    |    `--T. salvini [=Rhabdopterus salvini] L90b
    |--Aoria Baly 1863 MT11
    |    |--A. bowringii (Baly 1860) [=Adoxus bowringii] Le89a
    |    |--A. nigripes (Baly 1860) [=Adoxus nigripes] Le89a
    |    |--A. pusilla Lefèvre 1889 Le89a
    |    |--A. quinquemaculata Bates 1866 B66
    |    `--A. rufotestacea Fairmaire 1889 F89
    |--Nodina MT11
    |    |--N. baliana Medvedev & Takizawa 2011 MT11
    |    |--N. chalcosoma J89a
    |    |--N. fulvitarsis Jacoby 1896 MT11
    |    |--N. pusilla Motsch. 1858 Le89a
    |    `--N. rotundata Motsch. 1858 Le89a
    |--Rhyparida MT11
    |    |--R. armata Jacoby 1889 J89b
    |    |--R. bimaculata Jacoby 1889 J89a
    |    |--R. microdentata Medvedev & Takizawa 2011 MT11
    |    |--R. morosa B70
    |    `--R. nigrosignata Jacoby 1884 MT11
    |--Callisina MT11
    |    |--C. fasciata Baly 1860 MT11
    |    |    |--C. f. fasciata MT11
    |    |    |--C. f. baliana Medvedev & Takizawa 2011 MT11
    |    |    `--C. f. javana Medvedev & Takizawa 2011 MT11
    |    `--C. quadripustulata J89a
    |--Eumolpus L02
    |    |--E. cyanellus Dejean in Boisduval 1835 B35
    |    |--E. pictus Perty 1832 [incl. Balya quadrimaculata Jacoby 1882] L90b
    |    |--E. pretiosus L02
    |    |--E. quattuorpunctatus L02
    |    |--E. surinamensis Fabr. 1775 L90a
    |    `--E. vitis [=Cryptocephalus (Eumolpus) vitis] G20
    |--Pachnephorus MT11
    |    |--P. canus B14
    |    |--P. cylindricus Lucas 1846 E12
    |    |--P. porosus Baly 1878 MT11
    |    |--P. seriatus Lef. 1887 Le89a
    |    |--P. tessellatus (Duftschmid 1825) B14
    |    `--P. variegatus Lef. 1887 Le89a
    |--Platycorynus Chevrolat 1837 MT11
    |    |--P. approximans Baly 1864 MT11
    |    |--P. fraternus (Baly 1964) MT11
    |    |--P. hijau Medvedev & Takizawa 2011 MT11
    |    |--P. lefevrei (Jacoby 1895) MT11
    |    |--P. rufescens Medvedev & Takizawa 2011 MT11
    |    `--P. rufipennis Pic 1934 MT11
    |--Myochrous Le89c
    |    |--M. armatus Le89c
    |    `--M. curculionoides Lefèvre 1889 Le89c
    `--Euryope hoehneli Lefèvre 1890 L90c
  ‘Aletes’ Chapuis 1874 nec Rafinesque 1815 nec Carpenter 1857 N47
  Systena lherminieri [incl. S. pallida] FS90
  Oxygona Chv. 1847 FS90
    `--O. pallens Fab. 1792 [incl. O. modesta] FS90
  Pseudodisonycha turquinensis Blake 1956 B56
  Griburius larvatus AT01
  Bassareus croceipennis AT01
  Metachroma gracile Black 1937 B37
  Megistops B37
    |--M. adulta B37
    |--M. fictor B37
    |--M. lugubrina B37
    |--M. ornatus B37
    |--M. pretiosus B37
    |--M. quattuornotata B37
    |--M. rubropustulata B37
    `--M. tabebuiae Blake 1937 B37
  Paratrikona Spaeth 1923 B37
    |--P. lerouxi [=Trikona lerouxi] B37
    |--P. ovata Blake 1938 B38
    |--P. turrifera [=Trikona turrifera] B37
    `--P. turritella Blake 1937 B37
  Batonota Hope 1839 B37
  Akantaka Maulik 1916 B37
  Trikona Maulik 1916 B37
    `--T. humeralis B37
  Elytrogona nigrodorsata Blake 1937 B37
  Chalcosicya B38
    |--C. costata Blake 1938 B38
    |--C. ditrichota Blake 1938 B38
    |--C. maestrensis B38
    |--C. nana B38
    `--C. rotunda Blake 1938 B38
  Anisodera P92
  Chalepus praeustus [=Odontota praeusta] FS90
  Criocerina P92
  Electrolema P92
  Hadroscelus P92
  Inclusus P92
  Oposispa P92
  Protanisodera P92
  Sucinagonia P92
  Profidia Gresset 1963 P92
    `--*P. nitida Gresset 1963 P92
  Palaeothona Jac. 1885 FS90
    `--P. semifulva Jac. 1885 [incl. P. smaragdipennis] FS90
  Euplectroscelis Crotch 1873 FS90
    `--E. variabilis Jac. 1885 [incl. E. variabilis var. rubra Fleutiaux & Sallé 1890] FS90
  Homophyla Har. 1877 FS90
    `--H. krugi Weise 1885 FS90
  Homophoeta Er. 1847 FS90
    `--H. aequinoctialis Linné 1758 [incl. H. aequinoctialis var. albicollis Fab. 1787, H. leucospila] FS90
  Cerotoma Chv. 1843 FS90
    |--C. ruficornis Ol. 1791 [incl. C. decorata, C. denticornis] FS90
    `--C. trifurcata WR-SG01
  Melanispa Baly 1858 FS90
    `--M. truncata Baly 1858 FS90
  Mesomphalia Hope 1838 FS90
    |--M. aenea Ol. 1790 FS90
    `--M. exclamationis Linné 1767 FS90
  Chelymorpha Boh. 1854 FS90
    |--C. argus G17
    |--C. cribraria Fab. 1775 [incl. C. apiata, C. multipunctata] FS90
    `--C. polysticha Boh. 1854 FS90
  Selenis Hope 1839 FS90
    `--S. spinifex Linné 1763 [incl. S. cerastes] FS90
  Omoplata Hope 1840 FS90
    `--O. distincta Boh. 1854 FS90
  Coptocycla Boh. 1855 FS90
    |--C. bistripunctata Ol. 1790 [incl. C. aurichalcea, C. sexpunctata] FS90
    |--C. cruciata Linné 1767 [incl. C. crux, C. cruciata var. fuliginosa, C. vicina] FS90
    `--C. guadeloupensis Boh. 1855 [incl. C. gemmea] FS90
  Anomalonyx Weise 1903 BP02
  Hispinae MT11

Phytodecta linnaeana [incl. P. linnaeana var. decostigma, P. linnaeana var. nigricollis, P. linnaeana var. orientalis] C01

Syagrus calcaratus (Fabr. 1775) [=Cryptocephalus calcaratus, Eumolpus calcaratus; incl. Typophorus buqueti Dej. 1837, Syagrus buqueti, Brevicolaspis ruficollis Thomson 1858] Le89b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

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[AT01] Arnett, R. H., Jr & M. C. Thomas (eds) 2001. American Beetles vol. 1. Archostemata, Myxophaga, Adephaga, Polyphaga: Staphyliniformia. CRC Press: Boca Raton.

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[B37] Blake, D. H. 1937. Ten new species of West Indian Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (4): 67–78.

[B38] Blake, D. H. 1938. Eight new species of West Indian Chrysomelidae. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (2): 44–52.

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[B35] Boisduval, J. B. 1835. Voyage de Découvertes de l’Astrolabe. Exécuté par ordre du Roi, pendant les années 1826–1827–1828–1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville. Faune entomologique de l'océan Pacifique, avec l'illustration des insectes nouveaux recueillis pendant le voyage vol. 2. Coléoptères et autres ordres. J. Tastu: Paris.

[BP02] Bologna, M. A., & J. D. Pinto. 2002. The Old World genera of Meloidae (Coleoptera): a key and synopsis. Journal of Natural History 36 (17): 2013–2102.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[B70] Britton, E. B. 1970. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 495–621. Melbourne University Press.

[C01] Csiki, E. 1901. Bogarak [Coleopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 75–120. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[DL99] Dyer, L. A., & D. K. Letourneau. 1999. Relative strengths of top-down and bottom-up forces in a tropical forest community. Oecologia 119: 265–274.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l’Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[F89] Fairmaire, L. 1889. Coléoptères de l'intérieur de la Chine. 5^e partie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: 5–84.

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.

[FS90] Fleutiaux, E., & A. Sallé. 1890. Liste des coléoptères de la Guadeloupe et descriptions d’espèces nouvelles. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: 351–484.

[G89] Gestro, R. 1889. Viaggio ab Assab nel Mar Rosso dei signori G. Doria ed O. Beccari con il R. Avviso “Esploratore” dal 16 Novembre 1879 al 26 Febbraio 1880.—IV. Coleotteri. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 5–72.

[G17] Girault, A. A. 1917. Descriptiones hymenopterorum chalcidoidicarum variorum cum observationibus. III. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 102–111).

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[G05] Grissell, E. E. 2005. A review of North American species of Microdontomerus Crawford (Torymidae: Hymenoptera). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 14 (1): 22–65.

[H91] Hokkanen, H. M. T. 1991. Trap cropping in pest management. Annual Review of Entomology 36: 119–138.

[J89a] Jacoby, M. 1889a. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XVII.—List of the phytophagous Coleoptera obtained by Signor L. Fea at Burmah and Tenasserim, with descriptions of the new species. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 147–237.

[J89b] Jacoby, M. 1889b. List of the phytophagous Coleoptera collected by Signor Modigliani at Nias and Sumatra, with descriptions of the new species. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 278–287.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[LB91] Lawrence, J. F., & E. B. Britton. 1991. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 543–683. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[Le89a] Lefèvre, É. 1889a. Contribution a la faune Indo-Chinoise. 4^e mémoire. Cryptocéphalides, clytrides et eumolpides. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: 287–299.

[Le89b] Lefèvre, É. 1889b. Voyage de M. Ch. Alluaud dans le territoire d'Assinie (Afrique occidentale) en juillet et août 1886. 5^e mémoire. Eumolpides. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: 300–302.

[Le89c] Lefèvre, É. 1889c. Diagnoses suivantes de trois nouvelles espèces d'eumolpides. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: xx–xxi.

[L90a] Lefèvre, É. 1890a. Voyage de M. E. Simon au Venezuela (Décembre 1887–Avril 1888). 6^e mémoire. Clytrides, lamprosomides et eumolpides. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: 329–336.

[L90b] Lefèvre, É. 1890b. Descriptions d'un genre nouveau et de plusieurs nouvelles espèces de coléoptères phytophages de la famille des Eumolpídes. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: 337–340.

[L90c] Lefèvre, É. 1890c. Description d'une nouvelle espèce de coléoptère de la famille des eumolpides. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: clix–clx.

[Lu89] Lucas, H. 1889. Notes suivantes. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: xc–xci.

[M30] Maulik, S. 1930. Chrysomelid Coleoptera of the subfamilies Eumolpinae, Galerucinae, and Halticinae from the Seychelles and other islands of the western Indian Ocean. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 141: 21–22.

[MW15] McKenna, D. D., A. L. Wild, K. Kanda, C. L. Bellamy, R. G. Beutel, M. S. Caterino, C. W. Farnum, D. C. Hawks, M. A. Ivie, M. L. Jameson, R. A. B. Leschen, A. E. Marvaldi, J. V. McHugh, A. F. Newton, J. A. Robertson, M. K. Thayer, M. F. Whiting, J. F. Lawrence, A. Ślipiński, D. R. Maddison & B. D. Farrell. 2015. The beetle tree of life reveals that Coleoptera survived end-Permian mass extinction to diversify during the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution. Systematic Entomology 40 (4): 835–880.

[MT11] Medvedev, L. N., & H. Takizawa. 2011. Leaf beetles of the subfamily Eumolpinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Bali, Indonesia. Serangga 16 (1): 7–27.

[N47] Newell, I. M. 1947. A systematic and ecological study of the Halacaridae of eastern North America. Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection 10 (3): 1–232.

[N57] Nicholson, A. J. 1957. The self-adjustment of populations to change. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 22: 153–172.

[O49] Oliver, A. P. 1949. The fatty acid composition of Hemideina thoracica White. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (3): 321–324.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[P02] Ponomarenko, A. G. 2002. Superorder Scarabaeidea Laicharting, 1781. Order Coleoptera Linné, 1758. The beetles. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 164–176. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[QI93] Quicke, D. L. J., & S. N. Ingram. 1993. Braconine wasps of Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 33 (1): 299–336.

[RCT07] Ragusa Di Chiara, S., H. Tsolakis, E. Ragusa, G. Alonzo & F. Saiano. 2007. Effects of some botanical pesticides on Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acariformes, Tetranychidae) and its predator Cydnodromus californicus (McGregor) (Parasitiformes, Phytoseiidae) in laboratory trials. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 347–354. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[SW07] Schöller, M., & V. Witte. 2007. A review of the genus Clytrasoma Jacoby 1908, with description of a new species collected within a Camponotus sp. ant-nest (Insecta: Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae; Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 87 (1): 51–61.

[SJ73] Slobodchikoff, C. W., & C. D. Johnson. 1973. A phenetic and a phylogenetic approach to the classification of a genus of seed beetles (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Systematic Zoology 22 (3): 280–294.

[TG96] Tadros, M. S., & B. B. A. Gobrial. 1996. Ecological studies of mites infesting grains, legumes, and their by-products in Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt. In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 651–655. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[T27] Thomson, G. M. 1927. The pollination of New Zealand flowers by birds and insects. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 106–125.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the Wild Fauna and Flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.

[WP99] Walter, D. E. & H. C. Proctor. 1999. Mites: Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[WR-SG01] Wang, S. F., T. J. Ridsdill-Smith & E. L. Ghisalberti. 2001. Resistance in pasture legumes to redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor (Tucker) (Acari: Penthaleidae). In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 328–341. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[WFS04] Winks, C. J., S. V. Fowler & L. A. Smith. 2004. Invertebrate fauna of boneseed, Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera (L.) T. Norl. (Asteraceae: Calenduleae), an invasive weed in New Zealand. New Zealand Entomologist 27: 61–72.

[ZS10] Zborowski, P., & R. Storey. 2010. A Field Guide to Insects in Australia 3^rd ed. Reed New Holland: Sydney.

Byrrhoidea

Heterocerus fenestratus, copyright Udo Schmidt.

Belongs within: Elateriformia.
Contains: Dryopidae, Ptilodactylidae, Psephenidae, Elmidae, Limnichidae.

The Byrrhoidea are a clade of often aquatic or riparian beetles that commonly have a specialised mode of wing-folding (Lawrence & Britton 1991).

<==Byrrhoidea [Dryopoidea, Psephenoidea] MW15
    |  i. s.: Sinodryopites Hong 2002 [Sinodryopitidae] H02
    |           `--*S. ovalifemorales Hong 2002 H02
    |         Expansifemoria Hong 2002 H02
    |           `--*E. orientalis Hong 2002 H02
    |         Brachypodites Hong 2002 H02
    |           `--*B. liaoningensis Hong 2002 H02
    |         Actinocerites Hong 2002 H02
    |           `--*A. punctatus Hong 2002 H02
    |--Byrrhidae MW15
    |    |  i. s.: Notolioon gemmatus (Lea 1920) [=Pedilophorus gemmatus] B14
    |    |         Cytilus B14
    |    |           |--C. alternatus (Say 1825) B14
    |    |           |--C. avunculus F89
    |    |           `--C. mimicus B14
    |    |--Byrrhinae MW15
    |    |    |--Byrrhus KB11
    |    |    |    |--B. australis B35
    |    |    |    |--B. pilula L02
    |    |    |    |--B. raucus Blackb. 1891 M96
    |    |    |    `--B. torrensensis Blackb. 1889 M96
    |    |    `--Simplocaria semistriata MW15
    |    `--Syncalyptinae KB11
    |         |--Chaetophora spinosa KB11
    |         |--Curimopsis setigera KB11
    |         |--Syncalypta P92
    |         `--Microchaetes MW15
    `--+--+--+--Dryopidae MW15
       |  |  `--Lutrochus [Lutrochidae] MW15
       |  |       |--L. arizonicus MW15
       |  |       `--L. germari Grouvelle 1889 B14
       |  `--Callirhipidae MW15
       |       |--Horatocera B14
       |       |--Zenoa picea B14
       |       |--Ennometes lacordairei LB91, M86
       |       |--Celadonia laportei (Hope 1846) B14
       |       |    |--C. l. laportei B14
       |       |    `--C. l. nigroimpressa B14
       |       `--Callirrhipis Latr. 1829 FS90
       |            |--C. cardwellensis LB91
       |            |--C. dejeanii B35
       |            |--C. insularis Cast. 1835 FS90
       |            |--C. lacordairei Cast. 1834 FS90
       |            |--C. lherminieri Cast. 1834 [incl. C. brunnea Cast. 1834] FS90
       |            `--C. ruficornis M86
       `--+--+--+--Ptilodactylidae MW15
          |  |  `--Podabrocephalus [Podabrocephalidae] MW15
          |  |       `--P. sinuaticollis Pic 1913 B14
          |  `--+--Anchycteis [Anchytarsinae] MW15
          |     |    `--A. velutina MW15
          |     `--Cneoglossa [Cneoglossidae] MW15
          |          |--C. edsoni B14
          |          `--C. lampyroides Champion 1897 B14
          `--+--+--Psephenidae MW15
             |  `--+--Elmidae MW15
             |     `--Eulichadidae MW15
             |          |--Stenocolus scutellaris MW15
             |          `--Eulichas B14
             |               |--E. sausai B14
             |               `--E. serricornis Hájek 2009 B14
             `--+--Chelonariidae MW15
                |    |--Brounia thoracica LE04
                |    `--+--Pseudochelonarium LE04
                |       `--Chelonarium Fab. 1801 LE04, FS90
                |            |--C. atrum L02
                |            |--C. australicum LB91
                |            |--C. ornatum Klug 1825 B14
                |            |--C. pilosellum Chv. 1880 FS90
                |            `--C. signatum B14
                `--+--Limnichidae MW15
                   `--Heteroceridae MW15
                        |--Elythomerus elongatulus LB91
                        |--Lanternarius gemmatus C91
                        |--Augyles maritimus KB11
                        |--Heterocerites kobdoensis Ponomarenko 1986 RJ93
                        `--Heterocerus MW15 [incl. Neoheterocerus B14; Heterocerinae]
                             |--H. angustatus B14
                             |--H. fenestratus MW15
                             |--H. flindersi Blackb. 1887 M96
                             |--H. gnatho LeConte 1863 B14
                             |--H. indistinctus Blackb. 1891 M96
                             |--H. lituratus G89
                             |--H. marginatus L02
                             |--H. multimaculatus Blackb. 1887 M96
                             |--H. salinus C01
                             `--H. victoriae Blackb. 1891 M96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

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[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[C91] Chapman, R. F. 1991. General anatomy and function. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 33–67. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[C01] Csiki, E. 1901. Bogarak [Coleopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 75–120. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[F89] Fairmaire, L. 1889. Coléoptères de l'intérieur de la Chine. 5^e partie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: 5–84.

[FS90] Fleutiaux, E., & A. Sallé. 1890. Liste des coléoptères de la Guadeloupe et descriptions d’espèces nouvelles. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: 351–484.

[G89] Grouvelle, A. 1889. Voyage de M. E. Simon au Venezuela (Décembre 1887–Avril 1888). Coléoptéres, 2^e mémoire. Cucujidae, Rhysodidae, Dryopidae, Cyathoceridae, Heteroceridae. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: 157–166, pl. 6.

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[LB91] Lawrence, J. F., & E. B. Britton. 1991. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 2 pp. 543–683. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

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[MW15] McKenna, D. D., A. L. Wild, K. Kanda, C. L. Bellamy, R. G. Beutel, M. S. Caterino, C. W. Farnum, D. C. Hawks, M. A. Ivie, M. L. Jameson, R. A. B. Leschen, A. E. Marvaldi, J. V. McHugh, A. F. Newton, J. A. Robertson, M. K. Thayer, M. F. Whiting, J. F. Lawrence, A. Ślipiński, D. R. Maddison & B. D. Farrell. 2015. The beetle tree of life reveals that Coleoptera survived end-Permian mass extinction to diversify during the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution. Systematic Entomology 40 (4): 835–880.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.