Caprinae

Long-tailed goral Nemorhaedus goral, from Wikimedia.

Belongs within: Bovidae.
Contains: Caprini.

The Caprinae, goat-antelopes, are a group of moderately sized, relatively stocky bovids found primarily in the Holarctic region.

Caprinae [Ovibovini, Rupicaprini]
    |--+--+--+--Megalovis Schaub 1923 FS15, C-B07
    |  |  |  |    |--M. balcanicus Crégut-Bonnoure & Dimitrijevic 2006 C-B07
    |  |  |  |    |--M. guangxiensis FS15
    |  |  |  |    |--M. latifrons Schaub 1923 C-B07
    |  |  |  |    |--M. piveteaui Schaub 1937 C-B07
    |  |  |  |    `--M. wimani Schaub 1937 C-B07
    |  |  |  `--+--Euceratherium Sinclair & Furlong 1904 FS15, C-B07
    |  |  |     |    `--E. collinum FS15
    |  |  |     `--Bootherium bombifrons FS15
    |  |  `--Nemorhaedus
    |  |       |  i. s.: N. cranbrooki BP87
    |  |       |         N. crispus IT07
    |  |       |         N. sumatraensis IT07
    |  |       |         N. swinhoei IT07
    |  |       |--+--N. baileyi FS15
    |  |       |  `--N. griseus FS15
    |  |       `--+--N. caudatus FS15
    |  |          `--N. goral FS15
    |  `--Capricornis FS15
    |       |--+--C. crispus Temminck 1845 FS15, M76
    |       |  `--Ovibos de Blainville 1816 FS15, C-B07
    |       |       |--*O. moschatus (Zimmermann 1780) [=Bos moschatus] H48
    |       |       `--O. pallantis H.-Smith 1827 [=O. moschatus pallantis] C-B07
    |       `--+--C. milneedwardsii FS15
    |          |--C. rubidus FS15
    |          |--C. sumatraensis FS15
    |          |--C. swinhoei FS15
    |          `--C. thar FS15
    `--+--+--Oreamnos FS15
       |  |    |--O. americanus G84
       |  |    `--O. harringtoni FS15
       |  `--Rupicapra Blainville 1816 FS15, C-B07
       |       |--*R. rupicapra G78
       |       |    |--R. r. rupicapra BP87
       |       |    `--R. r. ornata BP87
       |       `--R. pyrenaica IT07
       `--Caprini FS15

Caprinae incertae sedis:
  ‘Bos’ makapaani Broom 1937 G78
  Hezhengia bohlini DW04
  Criotherium G78
  Palaeoreas G78
  Urmiatherium [incl. Parurmiatherium, Plesiaddax] G78
  Tsaidamotherium Bohlin 1935 G78, D07
    `--T. hedini D07
  Praeovibos Staudinger 1908 C-B07
    |--P. beringiensis Sher 1971 C-B07
    |--P. mediterraneus Crégut-Bonnoure 2002 C-B07
    |--P. priscus Staudinger 1908 C-B07
    |    |--P. p. priscus C-B07
    |    `--P. p. delumleyi Crégut-Bonnoure 2002 C-B07
    `--P. recticornis (Ryziewicz 1934) C-B07
  Damalavus boroccoi Arambourg 1959 G78
  Palaeoryx G78
  Makapania broomi Wells & Cooke 1956 G78
  Euthyceros thessalicus Athanassiou 2002 C-B07
  Procamptoceras Schaub 1923 C-B07
    `--P. brivatense C-B07
  Pliotragus Kretzoi 1941 C-B07
    |--P. ardeus (Depéret 1883) [incl. Hesperoceras merlae] C-B07
    `--P. macedonicus Crégut-Bonnoure & Tsoukala 2005 C-B07
  Gallogoral Guérin 1965 C-B07
    `--G. meneghinii (Rütimeyer 1878) C-B07
         |--G. m. meneghinii C-B07
         `--G. m. sickenbergii Kostopoulos 1997 C-B07

Inorganic: Oreamnos americanus minilorientalus Okamura 1987 O87
           Oreamnos americanus protominilorientalus Okamura 1987 O87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[C-B07] Crégut-Bonnoure, E. 2007. Apport des Caprinae et Antilopinae (Mammalia, Bovidae) à la biostratigraphie du Pliocène terminal et du Pléistocène d'Europe. Quaternaire 18 (1): 73–97.

[DW04] Deng T., Wang X., Ni X. & Liu L. 2004. Sequence of the Cenozoic mammalian faunas of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 78 (1): 8–14.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[FS15] Faurby, S., & J.-C. Svenning. 2015. A species-level phylogeny of all extant and late Quaternary extinct mammals using a novel heuristic-hierarchical Bayesian approach. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 14–26.

[G84] Geist, V. 1984. Goat antelopes. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Hoofed Mammals pp. 144–149. Torstar Books: New York.

[G78] Gentry, A. W. 1978. Bovidae. In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 540–572. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[H48] Hershkovitz, P. 1948. The technical name of the Virginia deer with a list of the South American forms. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 61: 41–45.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[M76] Masui, M. 1976. Nihon no Doobutsu. Kogakukan: Tokyo.

[ME05] Moullé, P.-E., A. Echassoux, F. Lacombat, E. Desclaux & S. Bailon. 2005. L’environnement animal des premiers habitants de l’Europe méditerranéenne: les grands mammifères contemporains de l’homme du Vallonnet, données taxonomiques et biostratigraphiques pour la deuxième moitie du Pléistocène inférieur. BAR International Series 1364: 105–113.

Tarsiiformes

Reconstruction of Teilhardina magnoliana, copyright Mark A. Klingler.

Belongs within: Primates.
Contains: Omomyinae.

The Tarsiiformes are a clade of primates including the modern tarsiers of insular south-east Asia and their fossil relatives.

Tarsiiformes [Apatomorphidae, Omomyidae, Omomyoidea]
    |  i. s.: Utahiinae G91
    |           |--Utahia G91
    |           `--Stokia G91
    |--Archicebus Ni, Gebo et al. 2013 [Archicebidae] NG13
    |    `--*A. achilles Ni, Gebo et al. 2013 NG13
    `--+--Teilhardininae G91
       |    |--Chlororhysis G91
       |    `--Teilhardina Simpson 1940 NG13, NW03
       |         |  i. s.: T. crassidens NW03
       |         |         T. demissa NW03
       |         |         T. tenuicula NW03
       |         |--T. asiatica Ni, Wang et al. 2003 NG13, NW03
       |         `--+--T. belgica (Teilhard 1927) NG13, S62 [=Omomys belgicus S62]
       |            `--T. magnoliana NG13
       `--+--Altanius orlovi NG13
          `--+--‘Teilhardina’ brandti NG13
             `--+--‘Teilhardina’ americana NG13
                `--+--Tetoniinae G91
                   |    |  i. s.: Mckennamorphus G91
                   |    |--+--Anemorhysis savagei NW03
                   |    |  `--+--Tetonoides pearcei NG13
                   |    |     `--Arapahovius NG13
                   |    |          |--A. advena NG13
                   |    |          `--A.gazini SP09
                   |    `--+--Tetonius homunculus NG13
                   |       `--+--+--Anaptomorphus [Anaptomorphinae] NG13
                   |          |  `--‘Loveina’ zephyri NG13
                   |          `--+--+--Uintanius ameghini NG13
                   |             |  `--Loveina SP09
                   |             |        |--L. wapitiensis SP09
                   |             |        `--+--L. minuta SP09
                   |             |           `--L. sheai SP09
                   |             `--+--Absarokius NG13
                   |                |    |--A. abbotti NG13
                   |                |    `--A. noctivagus NG13
                   |                `--+--Strigorhysis bridgerensis NG13
                   |                   `--Aycrossia lovei NG13
                   `--Omomyinae NG13

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G91] Groves, C. P. 1991. A Theory of Human and Primate Evolution, revised ed. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[NG13] Ni, X., D. L. Gebo, M. Dagosto, J. Meng, P. Tafforeau, J. J. Flynn & K. C. Beard. 2013. The oldest known primate skeleton and early haplorhine evolution. Nature 498: 60–64.

[NW03] Ni, X., Y. Wang, Y. Hu & C. Li. 2003. A euprimate skull from the early Eocene of China. Nature 427: 65–68.

[SP09] Seiffert, E. R., J. M. G. Perry, E. L. Simons & D. M. Boyer. 2009. Convergent evolution of anthropoid-like adaptations in Eocene adapiform primates. Nature 461: 1118–1121.

[S62] Simons, E. L. 1962. A new Eocene primate genus, Cantius, and a revision of some allied European lemuroids. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History): Geology 7 (1): 1–36.

Plesiadapoidea

Mounted skeleton of Plesiadapis cookei at the Musee d'Histoire Naturelle, Brussels, copyright Ghedoghedo.

Belongs within: Euarchonta.

The Plesiadapoidea are a group of arboreal mammals known from the Palaeocene and Early Eocene (Bloch et al. 2007).

Synapomorphies (from Bloch et al. 2007): I³ absent; lower canine smaller than adjacent teeth; P₄ talonid not basined, with one distinct cusp; P³ buccal length more than twice lingual length; P⁴ with one large conule present, intermediate ridge present, preprotocrista absent; lower molar paraconids subequal to or taller than metaconid; M₃ talonid similar in breadth to trigonid or wider; relative size of M³ >0.9 (based on calculation Ln [buccal(length*width) of M³/Ln [buccal (length*width) of M¹); M¹ or M² postprotocingulum pronounced; posterior carotid foramen posteromedial; lumbar transverse processes short and lateral to centrum, not projecting ventrally beyond centrum.

Plesiadapoidea BS07
    |--+--Saxonella [Saxonellidae] NG13
    |  |    |--S. crepaturas NG13
    |  |    `--S. naylori BS07
    |  `--+--Chronolestes simul NG13
    |     `--Carpolestidae BS07
    |          |  i. s.: Carpodaptes Matthew & Granger 1921 BS07, S35a
    |          |           |--*C. aulacodon Matthew & Granger 1921 S35a
    |          |           `--C. cygneus BS07
    |          |--Elphidotarsius NG13
    |          |    |--E. florencae Gidley 1923 S35b
    |          |    |--E. russelli Krause 1978 SFY02
    |          |    |--E. shotgunensis BS07
    |          |    `--E. wightoni BS07
    |          `--+--Carpocristes oriens NG13
    |             `--Carpolestes NG13
    |                  |--C. aquilae S35a
    |                  |--C. dubius BS07
    |                  |--C. nigridens BS07
    |                  `--C. simpsoni NG13
    `--Plesiadapidae BS07
         |  i. s.: Chiromyoides potior S62, T90
         |         Platychoerops BS07
         |--Pronothodectes NG13
         |    |--P. gaoi BS07
         |    |--P. jepi BS07
         |    `--P. matthewi Gidley 1923 S35b
         `--+--Nannodectes NG13
            |    |--N. gidleyi NG13
            |    `--N. intermedius (Gazin 1971) SFY02
            `--Plesiadapis Gervais 1877 NG13, D07
                 |--P. anceps T90
                 |--P. churchilli T90
                 |--P. cookei BS07
                 |--P. gidleyi WR07
                 |--P. gingerichi HC97
                 |--P. insignis BS07
                 |--P. praecursor Gingerich 1975 SFY02
                 |--P. remensis BS07
                 |--P. rex BS07
                 |--P. russelli D07
                 |--P. simonsi T90
                 |--P. tricuspidens NG13
                 `--P. walbeckensis BS07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BS07] Bloch, J. I., M. T. Silcox, D. M. Boyer & E. J. Sargis. 2007. New Paleocene skeletons and the relationship of plesiadapiforms to crown-clade primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 104 (4): 1159–1164.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[HC97] Huang X. & Chen L. 1997. Mammalian remains from the Late Paleocene of Guichi, Anhui. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 35 (1): 49–67.

[NG13] Ni, X., D. L. Gebo, M. Dagosto, J. Meng, P. Tafforeau, J. J. Flynn & K. C. Beard. 2013. The oldest known primate skeleton and early haplorhine evolution. Nature 498: 60–64.

[SFY02] Scott, C. S., R. C. Fox & G. P. Youzwyshyn. 2002. New earliest Tiffanian (late Paleocene) mammals from Cochrane 2, southwestern Alberta, Canada. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47: 691–704.

[S62] Simons, E. L. 1962. A new Eocene primate genus, Cantius, and a revision of some allied European lemuroids. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History): Geology 7 (1): 1–36.

[S35a] Simpson, G. G. 1935a. The Tiffany fauna, Upper Paleocene. I.—Multituberculata, Marsupialia, Insectivora, and ?Chiroptera. American Museum Novitates 795: 1–19.

[S35b] Simpson, G. G. 1935b. New Paleocene mammals from the Fort Union of Montana. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 83 (2981): 221–244.

[T90] Thewissen, J. G. M. 1990. Evolution of Paleocene and Eocene Phenacodontidae (Mammalia, Condylarthra). Museum of Paleontology Papers on Paleontology 29: 1–107.

[WR07] Wible, J. R., G. W. Rougier, M. J. Novacek & R. J. Asher. 2007. Cretaceous eutherians and Laurasian origin for placental mammals near the K/T boundary. Nature 447: 1003–1006.

Hominoidea

Female (left) and male white-cheeked gibbon Nomascus leucogenys, copyright Linda.

Belongs within: Catarrhini.
Contains: Hylobates, Ponginae, Homininae.

The Hominoidea are a clade of Old World primates including the modern apes and all taxa more closely related to apes than Old World monkeys.

Synapomorphies (from Stevens et al. 2013): P₃ moderately sectorial; P₄ very broad; M_1–3 mesial foveae broad.

<==Hominoidea [Proconsulidae]
    |--Kalepithecus songhorensis SS13
    |--Proconsul Hopwood 1933 SS13, M-SA09 [incl. Xenopithecus Hopwood 1933 SAP78; Proconsulinae]
    |    |--P. heseloni SS13
    |    |--P. nyanzae Clark & Leakey 1950 SS13, SAP78
    |    `--+--*P. africanus Hopwood 1933 SAP78, SS13, SAP78 (see below for synonymy)
    |       `--P. major Clark & Leakey 1950 SS13, SAP78 [=Dryopithecus major SAP78]
    `--+--Nyanzapithecinae SS13
       |    |--Turkanapithecus Leakey & Leakey 1986 SS13, M-SA09
       |    |    `--T. kalakolensis SS13
       |    `--+--Nyanzapithecus SS13
       |       |    |--N. vancouveringorum [=N. vancouveringi] SS13
       |       |    `--+--N. harrisoni SS13
       |       |       `--N. pickfordi SS13
       |       `--+--Rukwapithecus Stevens, Seiffert et al. 2013 SS13
       |          |    `--*R. fleaglei Stevens, Seiffert et al. 2013 SS13
       |          `--Rangwapithecus Andrews 1974 SS13, SAP78
       |               |--*R. gordoni (Andrews 1974) (see below for synonymy) SAP78
       |               `--R. vancouveringi (Andrews 1974) (see below for synonymy) SAP78
       `--Afropithecidae [Kenyapithecinae] M-SA09
            |--Equatorini M-SA09
            |    |--Nacholapithecus Ishida et al. 1999 M-SA09
            |    `--Equatorius Ward et al. 1999 SS13, M-SA09
            |         `--E. africanus SS13
            `--+--Afropithechinae [Afropithecini] M-SA09
               |     |--Heliopithecus Andrews & Martin 1987 M-SA09
               |     |--Afropithecus Leakey & Leakey 1986 SS13, M-SA09
               |     |    `--A. turkanensis SS13
               |     `--Morotopithecus Gebo et al. 1997 M-SA09
               |          `--M. bishopi SS13
               `--+--Kenyapithecini M-SA09
                  |    |--Griphopithecus Abel 1902 M-SA09
                  |    |    `--G. alpani AA15
                  |    `--Kenyapithecus Leakey 1962 M-SA09
                  |         |--*K. wickeri Leakey 1962 SAP78, SP78 [=Ramapithecus wickeri SP78]
                  |         `--K. africanus (Clark & Leakey 1951) SAP78, SP78 [=Sivapithecus africanus SP78]
                  |--Hylobatidae [Hylobatinae] M-SA09
                  |    |  i. s.: Krishnapithecus krishnaii G91
                  |    |         Yuanmoupithecus AA15
                  |    |         Bunopithecus hoolock TM05 [=Hylobates hoolock G91]
                  |    |--+--Hylobates SS13
                  |    |  `--Hoolock FS15
                  |    |       |--H. hoolock FS15
                  |    |       `--H. leuconedys FS15
                  |    `--+--Symphalangus syndactylus FS15 [=Hylobates syndactylus G91]
                  |       `--Nomascus FS15
                  |            |--N. nasutus TM05
                  |            `--+--N. hainanus FS15
                  |               `--+--N. concolor TM05 [=Hylobates concolor G91]
                  |                  |    |--N. c. concolor G91
                  |                  |    `--N. c. lu [=Hylobates concolor lu] G91
                  |                  `--+--N. gabriellae TM05
                  |                     `--N. leucogenys TM05 [=Hylobates concolor leucogenys G91, BP87]
                  |                          |--N. l. leucogenys TM05
                  |                          `--N. l. siki TM05
                  `--Hominidae [Pongidae] AA15
                       |--Hispanopithecus Villalta & Crusafont 1944 AA15, M-SA09
                       |    |--H. crusafonti AA15
                       |    |--H. hungaricus AA15
                       |    `--H. laietanus M-SA09 (see below for synonymy)
                       `--+--+--Ponginae AA15
                          |  `--Homininae SS13
                          `--Dryopithecini [Dryopithecidae, Dryopithecinae] M-SA09
                               |--Anoiapithecus Moyà-Sola, Alba et al. 2009 M-SA09
                               |    `--*A. brevirostris Moyà-Sola, Alba et al. 2009 M-SA09
                               |--Pierolapithecus Moyà-Solà, Köhler et al. 2004 M-SA09
                               |    `--*P. catalaunicus Moyà-Solà, Köhler et al. 2004 M-SK04
                               `--Dryopithecus Lartet 1856 M-SA09
                                    |--*D. fontani Lartet 1856 SAP78
                                    |--D. brancoi KN07
                                    `--D. sivalensis SAP78

Hominoidea incertae sedis:
  Otavipithecus F01
  Oreopithecoidea SD78
    |--Mabokopithecus SD78
    `--Oreopithecus Gervais 1872 D07 [Oreopithecidae G91]
         `--O. bambolii G01
  Ugandapithecus gitongai SK07
  Nakalipithecus Kunimatsu, Nakatsukasa et al. 2007 KN07
    `--*N. nakayamai Kunimatsu, Nakatsukasa et al. 2007 KN07
  Pliobates Alba, Almécija et al. 2015 [Pliobatidae] AA15
    `--*P. cataloniae Alba, Almécija et al. 2015 AA15

Hispanopithecus laietanus M-SA09 [=Dryopithecus laietanus M-SK04; incl. Sivapithecus occidentalis M-SK04]

*Proconsul africanus Hopwood 1933 SAP78, SS13, SAP78 [=Dryopithecus (Proconsul) africanus SAP78; incl. *Xenopithecus koruensis Hopwood 1933 SAP78]

*Rangwapithecus gordoni (Andrews 1974) [=Dryopithecus (*Rangwapithecus) gordoni, Proconsul (*R.) gordoni] SAP78

Rangwapithecus vancouveringi (Andrews 1974) [=Dryopithecus (R.) vancouveringi, Proconsul (R.) vancouveringi] SAP78

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AA15] Alba, D. M., S. Almécija, D. DeMiguel, J. Fortuny, M. Pérez de los Ríos, M. Pina, J. M. Robles & S. Moyà-Solà. 2015. Miocene small-bodied ape from Eurasia sheds light on hominoid evolution. Science 350 (6260): aab2625.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[FS15] Faurby, S., & J.-C. Svenning. 2015. A species-level phylogeny of all extant and late Quaternary extinct mammals using a novel heuristic-hierarchical Bayesian approach. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 14–26.

[F01] Faure, M. 2001. Encyclopedia of human evolution and prehistory [book review]. Geobios 34: 504.

[G01] Gee, H. 2001. Return to the planet of the apes. Nature 412: 131–132.

[G91] Groves, C. P. 1991. A Theory of Human and Primate Evolution, revised ed. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[KN07] Kunimatsu, Y., M. Nakatsukasa, Y. Sawada, T. Sakai, M. Hyodo, H. Hyodo, T. Itaya, H. Nakaya, H. Saegusa, A. Mazurier, M. Saneyoshi, H. Tsujikawa, A. Yamamoto & E. Mbua. 2007. A new Late Miocene great ape from Kenya and its implications for the origins of African great apes and humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 104 (49): 19220–19225.

[M-SA09] Moyà-Solà, S., D. M. Alba, S. Almécija, I. Casanovas-Vilar, M. Köhler, S. De Esteban-Trivigno, J. M. Robles, J. Galindo & J. Fortuny. 2009. A unique Middle Miocene European hominoid and the origins of the great ape and human clade. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (24): 9601–9606.

[M-SK04] Moyà-Solà, S., M. Köhler, D. M. Alba, I. Casanovas-Vilar & J. Galindo. 2004. Pierolapithecus catalaunicus, a new Middle Miocene great ape from Spain. Science 306: 1339–1344.

[SAP78] Simons, E. L., P. Andrews & D. R. Pilbeam. 1978. Cenozoic apes. In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 120–146. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[SD78] Simons, E. L., & E. Delson. 1978. Cercopithecidae and Parapithecidae. In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 100–119. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[SP78] Simons, E. L., & D. R. Pilbeam. 1978. Ramapithecus (Hominidae, Hominoidea). In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 147–153. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[SS13] Stevens, N. J., E. R. Seiffert, P. M. O'Connor, E. M. Roberts, M. D. Schmitz, C. Krause, E. Gorscak, S. Ngasala, T. L. Hieronymus & J. Temu. 2013. Palaeontological evidence for an Oligocene divergence between Old World monkeys and apes. Nature 497: 611–614.

[SK07] Suwa, G., R. T. Kono, S. Katoh, B. Asfaw & Y. Beyene. 2007. A new species of great ape from the Late Miocene epoch in Ethiopia. Nature 448: 921–924.

[TM05] Takacs, Z., J. C. Morales, T. Geissmann & D. J. Melnick. 2005. A complete species-level phylogeny of the Hylobatidae based on mitochondrial ND3-ND4 gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 456–467.

Catarrhini

Skull of Epipliopithecus vindobonensis, copyright James St John.

Belongs within: Anthropoidea.
Contains: Hominoidea, Cercopithecidae.

The Catarrhini are a clade of primates including the Old World monkeys and apes. Living members of this clade have downward-facing nostrils and two pairs each of upper and lower premolars.

Catarrhini [Catarrhina, Propliopithecidae, Propliopithecoidea]
    |  i. s.: Kamoyapithecus hamiltoni SS13
    |--Oligopithecidae MA05
    |    |--Catopithecus Simons 1989 SS13, G91
    |    |    `--C. browni SS13
    |    |--Oligopithecus Simons 1962 G91
    |    |    |--*O. savagei Simons 1962 SAP78
    |    |    `--O. rogeri NG13
    |    `--Talahpithecus Jaeger, Beard et al. 2010 JB10
    |         `--*T. parvus Jaeger, Beard et al. 2010 JB10
    `--+--Saadanius hijazensis AA15, SS13
       |--Propliopithecus Schlosser 1910 [incl. Aeolopithecus Simons 1965, Moeripithecus Schlosser 1911] SAP78
       |    |  i. s.: P. ankelae [=P. ankeli] G91
       |    |--P. markgrafi (Schlosser 1911) G91, SAP78 [=Moeripithecus markgrafi SP09]
       |    `--+--*P. haeckeli Schlosser 1911 SAP78, SP09, SAP78
       |       `--+--P. chirobates (Simons 1965) SP09, SAP78 [=*Aeolopithecus chirobates SAP78, G91]
       |          `--Aegyptopithecus Simons 1965 NG13, SAP78
       |               `--*A. zeuxis Simons 1962 SAP78
       `--+--+--Pliopithecidae [Pliopithecoidea] G91
          |  |    |--+--Dionysopithecus [Dionysopithecidae] AA15
          |  |    |  |    `--D. shuangouensis Li 1978 MA05
          |  |    |  `--+--Barberapithecus huerzeleri AA15
          |  |    |     `--Crouzeliinae G91
          |  |    |          |--Crouzelia G91
          |  |    |          |--Plesiopliopithecus G91
          |  |    |          `--Anapithecus hernyaki AA15
          |  |    `--Pliopithecinae G91
          |  |         |--Lomorupithecus harrisoni SS13
          |  |         `--Pliopithecus Lartet 1849 SS13, D07
          |  |              |--P. antiquus SS13
          |  |              |--P. canmatensis AA15
          |  |              |--P. piveteaui D07
          |  |              |--P. platydon D07
          |  |              |--P. vindobonensis CC77
          |  |              `--P. zhanxiangi D07
          |  `--+--Hominoidea SS13
          |     `--+--+--Laccopithecus robustus SS13
          |        |  `--Epipliopithecus vindobonensis AA15, SS13
          |        `--Dendropithecidae SS13
          |             |--Limnopithecus Hopwood 1933 SS13, SAP78
          |             |    |--*L. legetet Hopwood 1933 [=Pliopithecus (Limnopithecus) legetet] SAP78
          |             |    `--L. evansi MacInnes 1943 SS13, SAP78
          |             `--+--Dendropithecus Andrews & Simons 1977 SS13, SAP78
          |                |    `--*D. macinnesi (Clark & Leakey 1950) (see below for synonymy) SAP78
          |                `--+--Simiolus enjiessi SS13
          |                   `--Micropithecus clarki SS13
          `--Cercopithecoidea [Victoriapithecidae] SS13
               |  i. s.: Zaltanpithecus simonsi SS13
               |--Nsungwepithecus Stevens, Seiffert et al. 2013 SS13
               |    `--*N. gunnelli Stevens, Seiffert et al. 2013 SS13
               `--+--Prohylobates Fourtau 1918 SS13, SD78
                  |    `--P. tandyi Fourtau 1918 [incl. Dryopithecus mogharensis Fourtau 1918] SD78
                  |--Noropithecus SS13
                  |    |--N. bulukensis SS13
                  |    |--N. fleaglei SS13
                  |    `--N. kipsaramanensis SS13
                  `--+--Cercopithecidae AA15
                     `--Victoriapithecus von Koenigswald 1969 SS13, SD78
                          |--V. leakeyi von Koenigswald 1969 SD78
                          `--V. macinnesi von Koenigswald 1969 SD78

*Dendropithecus macinnesi (Clark & Leakey 1950) [=Limnopithecus macinnesi, Pliopithecus (Limnopithecus) macinnesi] SAP78

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AA15] Alba, D. M., S. Almécija, D. DeMiguel, J. Fortuny, M. Pérez de los Ríos, M. Pina, J. M. Robles & S. Moyà-Solà. 2015. Miocene small-bodied ape from Eurasia sheds light on hominoid evolution. Science 350 (6260): aab2625.

[CC77] Ciochon, R. L., & R. S. Corruccini. 1977. The phenetic position of Pliopithecus and its phylogenetic relationship to the Hominoidea. Systematic Zoology 26 (3): 290–299.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[G91] Groves, C. P. 1991. A Theory of Human and Primate Evolution, revised ed. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[JB10] Jaeger, J.-J., K. C. Beard, Y. Chaimanee, M. Salem, M. Benammi, O. Hlal, P. Coster, A. A. Bilal, P. Duringer, M. Schuster, X. Valentin, B. Marandat, L. Marivaux, E. Métais, O. Hammuda & M. Brunet. 2010. Late middle Eocene epoch of Libya yields earliest known radiation of African anthropoids. Nature 467: 1095–1098.

[MA05] Marivaux, L., P.-O. Antoine, S. R. H. Baqri, M. Benammi, Y. Chaimanee, J.-Y. Crochet, D. de Franceschi, N. Iqbal, J.-J. Jaeger, G. Métais, G. Roohi & J.-L. Welcomme. 2005. Anthropoid primates from the Oligocene of Pakistan (Bugti Hills): data on early anthropoid evolution and biogeography. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 102 (24): 8436–8441.

[NG13] Ni, X., D. L. Gebo, M. Dagosto, J. Meng, P. Tafforeau, J. J. Flynn & K. C. Beard. 2013. The oldest known primate skeleton and early haplorhine evolution. Nature 498: 60–64.

[SP09] Seiffert, E. R., J. M. G. Perry, E. L. Simons & D. M. Boyer. 2009. Convergent evolution of anthropoid-like adaptations in Eocene adapiform primates. Nature 461: 1118–1121.

[SAP78] Simons, E. L., P. Andrews & D. R. Pilbeam. 1978. Cenozoic apes. In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 120–146. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[SD78] Simons, E. L., & E. Delson. 1978. Cercopithecidae and Parapithecidae. In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 100–119. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[SS13] Stevens, N. J., E. R. Seiffert, P. M. O'Connor, E. M. Roberts, M. D. Schmitz, C. Krause, E. Gorscak, S. Ngasala, T. L. Hieronymus & J. Temu. 2013. Palaeontological evidence for an Oligocene divergence between Old World monkeys and apes. Nature 497: 611–614.

Ponginae

Skull of Sivapithecus sivalensis at the British Museum of Natural History, copyright Ghedoghedo.

Belongs within: Hominoidea.

The Ponginae are the clade of apes more closely related to modern orangutans Pongo than to chimpanzees, gorillas or humans.

Characters (from Chaimanee et al. 2003): Enamel wrinkled; I¹ very large; I³ small and peg-like; P³ low crowned with reduced heteromorphy; molar cingula absent.

<==Ponginae [Pongini]
    |  i. s.: Platodontopithecus jianghuaiensis Gu & Lin 1983 G91
    |--Ankarapithecus Ozansoy 1957 CS04, M-SA09
    |    `--A. meteai Ozansoy 1957 M-SA09, G91 [=Sivapithecus meteai G91]
    |--Lufengpithecus CS04
    |    |--L. keiyuanensis CS04
    |    `--L. lufengensis Wu 1987 CJ03 [=Ramapithecus lufengensis G91]
    |--Gigantopithecus von Koeningswald 1935 CS04, D07
    |    |--G. blacki G91
    |    `--G. giganteus [incl. G. bilaspurensis] G91
    |--Sivapithecus Pilgrim 1910 CJ03, M-SA09
    |    |--S. alpani G91
    |    |--S. darwini G91
    |    |--S. indicus M-SA09
    |    |--S. parvada KN07
    |    |--S. punjabicus G91
    |    |--S. sivalensis CJ03 [=Palaeopithecus sivalensis G91]
    |    `--S. yunnanensis G91
    `--+--Khoratpithecus Chaimanee, Suteethorn et al. 2004 CS04
       |    |--*K. pirayai Chaimanee, Suteethorn et al. 2004 CS04
       |    `--K. chiangmuanensis (Chaimanee, Jolly et al. 2003) [=Lufengpithecus chiangmuanensis] CS04
       `--Pongo Lacépède 1799 CS04, M-SA09 [incl. Hemanthropus von Koenigswald 1957 G91]
            |--P. abelii AA15 [=P. pygmaeus abelii BP87]
            |--‘Hemianthropus’ peii von Koenigswald 1957 [=Hemanthropus peii] G91
            `--P. pygmaeus SAP78

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AA15] Alba, D. M., S. Almécija, D. DeMiguel, J. Fortuny, M. Pérez de los Ríos, M. Pina, J. M. Robles & S. Moyà-Solà. 2015. Miocene small-bodied ape from Eurasia sheds light on hominoid evolution. Science 350 (6260): aab2625.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[CJ03] Chaimanee, Y., D. Jolly, M. Benammi, P. Tafforeau, D. Duzer, I. Moussa & J.-J. Jaeger. 2003. A Middle Miocene hominoid from Thailand and orangutan origins. Nature 422: 61–65.

[CS04] Chaimanee, Y., V. Suteethorn, P. Jintasakul, C. Vidthayanon, B. Murandat & J.-J. Jaeger. 2004. A new orang-utan relative from the Late Miocene of Thailand. Nature 427: 439–441.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[G91] Groves, C. P. 1991. A Theory of Human and Primate Evolution, revised ed. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[KN07] Kunimatsu, Y., M. Nakatsukasa, Y. Sawada, T. Sakai, M. Hyodo, H. Hyodo, T. Itaya, H. Nakaya, H. Saegusa, A. Mazurier, M. Saneyoshi, H. Tsujikawa, A. Yamamoto & E. Mbua. 2007. A new Late Miocene great ape from Kenya and its implications for the origins of African great apes and humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 104 (49): 19220–19225.

[M-SA09] Moyà-Solà, S., D. M. Alba, S. Almécija, I. Casanovas-Vilar, M. Köhler, S. De Esteban-Trivigno, J. M. Robles, J. Galindo & J. Fortuny. 2009. A unique Middle Miocene European hominoid and the origins of the great ape and human clade. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (24): 9601–9606.

[SAP78] Simons, E. L., P. Andrews & D. R. Pilbeam. 1978. Cenozoic apes. In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 120–146. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

Castorimorpha

Reconstruction of Eomys quercyi, copyright Nobu Tamura.

Belongs within: Rodentia.
Includes: Castoridae, Heteromyidae, Geomyidae.

The Castorimorpha are a clade of rodents supported by molecular data including the modern Castoridae (beavers), Heteromyidae (pocket mice) and Geomyidae (gophers).

<==Castorimorpha MJ11
    |--Castoroidea MJ11
    |    |--Castoridae MJ11
    |    `--Mattimys [Eutypomyidae] MJ11
    `--+--Florentiamys MHL03 [Florentiamyidae MJ11, Florentiamyinae]
       |--Heliscomyidae MJ11
       |    |--Heliscomys MJ11
       |    `--Passaliscomys MJ11
       `--Geomyoidea [Saccomyina, Saccomyoidea] HH83
            |--Heteromyidae HH83
            |--Geomyidae MJ11
            `--Eomys Schlosser 1884 D07 [Eomyidae HH83]
                 |--E. abnatensis D07
                 |--E. burkei D07
                 |--E. craiky D07
                 |--E. intermedius D07
                 |--E. major D07
                 |--E. maximus D07
                 |--E. minimus D07
                 |--E. minutes D07
                 |--E. orbicularis D07
                 |--E. orientalis D07
                 |--E. quercyi D07
                 `--E. zitteli D07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[HH83] Hafner, J. C., & M. S. Hafner. 1983. Evolutionary relationships of heteromyid rodents. In: Biology of Desert Rodents. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 7: 3–29.

[MHL03] Meng, J., Y. Hu & C. Li. 2003. The osteology of Rhombomylus (Mammalia, Glires): implications for phylogeny and evolution of Glires. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 275: 1–247.

[MJ11] Meredith, R. W., J. E. Janečka, J. Gatesy, O. A. Ryder, C. A. Fisher, E. C. Teeling, A. Goodbla, E. Eizirik, T. L. L. Simão, T. Stadler, D. L. Rabosky, R. L. Honeycutt, J. J. Flynn, C. M. Ingram, C. Steiner, T. L. Williams, T. J. Robinson, A. Burk-Herrick, M. Westerman, N. A. Ayoub, M. S. Springer & W. J. Murphy. 2011. Impacts of the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution and KPg extinction on mammal diversification. Science 334: 521–524.