Perissodactyla

Reconstruction of Embolotherium andrewsi with size comparison to average human, copyright Tim Bertelink.

Belongs within: Euungulata.
Contains: Equoidea, Ceratomorpha, Chalicotheriidae.

The Perissodactyla include the odd-toed hoofed mammals: horses, tapirs and rhinoceroses, as well as their fossil relatives the chalicotheres and brontotheres. Modern perissodactyls are relatively large herbivorous mammals with hind-gut fermenting digestive systems. The Brontotheriidae are a group of rhinoceros-like animals known from the Eocene of North America and Eurasia.

Synapomorphies (from Hooker & Dashzeveg 2004): Upper molar paraconule situated distinctly more mesially than protocone, facet 2A occupying paraconule and part of preprotocrista, notched preprotocrista mesiobuccally directed towards paraconule, lower molar metaconid widely twinned with tips bearing facet 2A; upper molar metaconule distinctly mesial of line drawn between metacone and hypocone, lower molar hypoconulid separated from and distal of crest joining hypoconid and entoconid, M³ with hypocone; upper molar parastyle large; M³ not smaller than M², M₃ larger than M₂; upper molars with metaconal fold not joined to metaconule; upper molar metaloph and lower molar hypolophid, especially on M₃, oblique.

Perissodactyla [Ancylopoda, Euperissodactyla, Lophodontomorpha, Mesaxonia, Moropomorpha, Selenida, Tapiromorpha]
    |  i. s.: Symborodon C77
    |         Orotherium Marsh 1872 C77
    |           |--O. cristonense Cope 1877 C77
    |           |--O. laevii Cope 1877 C77
    |           `--O. vintanum Marsh 1872 C77
    |         Orientolophus Ting 1993 HD04
    |           |--*O. hengdongensis Ting 1993 HD04
    |           `--O. namadicus (Dashzeveg 1979) [=Homogalax namadicus] HD04
    |         Mesolambdolophus setoni HUG17
    |--Hallensia mathewsi RH14, F02
    `--+--Equoidea RH14
       `--Isectolophidae RH14
            |--Homogalax RH14
            |    |--H. protapirinus [=Systemodon protapirinus] F02
            |    `--H. wutuensis HD04
            `--+--Cardiolophus radinskyi Gingerich 1991 RH14, HD04
               `--+--Ceratomorpha RH14
                  |--Isectolophus RH14
                  |    |--I. annectens RH14
                  |    `--I. latidens RH14
                  |--Chalicotherioidea HD04
                  |    |  i. s.: Kalimantsia Geraards, Spassov & Kovachev 2001 D07
                  |    |           `--K. bulgarica D07
                  |    |--Protomoropus Hooker & Dashzeveg 2004 HD04
                  |    |    `--*P. gabuniai (Dashzeveg 1979) [=Hyracotherium gabuniai, Orientolophus gabuniai] HD04
                  |    `--+--+--Chalicotheriidae RH14
                  |       |  `--Eomoropidae RH14
                  |       |       |--Eomoropus amarorum RH14
                  |       |       `--Litolophus RH14
                  |       |            |--L. gobiensis HUG17
                  |       |            `--L. mongoliensis RH14
                  |       `--Lophiodontidae HD04
                  |            |--Paleomoropus jepseni Radinsky 1964 HD04
                  |            `--+--Lophiaspis maurettei Depéret 1910 HD04
                  |               `--Lophiodon Cuvier 1822 HD04, M02 [incl. Saurornis Fischer 1967 M02]
                  |                    |--L. leptorhynchum RH14
                  |                    |--‘*Saurornis’ matthesi Fischer 1967 M02
                  |                    `--L. remensis RH14
                  `--+--Lambdotherium [Lambdotheriidae] RH14
                     |    `--L. popoagicum HD04
                     `--Brontotheriidae [Brontotherioidea, Titanotheriidae, Titanotheriomorpha] RH14
                          |  i. s.: Danjiangia HD04
                          |         Dolichorhinus Douglass 1924 D07
                          |           |--D. hyognathus D07
                          |           `--D. intermedius D07
                          |         Nanotitanops shanghuangensis D07
                          |         Aktautitan Mihlbachler, Lucas et al. 2004 D07
                          |           `--A. hippopotamopus D07
                          |         Protitanotherium Lucas 1983 D07
                          |           |--P. curryi D07
                          |           |--P. emarginatum D07
                          |           `--P. superbum D07
                          |         Megacerops Leidy 1870 D07
                          |           |--M. coloradensis D07
                          |           |--M. dispar [=Brontops dispar] D07
                          |           |--M. elatus [=Titanops elatus] D07
                          |           |--M. gigas [=Brontotherium gigas] D07
                          |           |--M. ingens [=Brontotherium ingens] S07
                          |           |--M. kuwagatarhinus D07
                          |           `--M. tyleri D07
                          |         Eotitanops Osborn 1907 RH14, D07
                          |           |--E. borealis D07
                          |           `--E. minimus D07
                          |         Palaeosyops Leidy 1870 RH14, D07
                          |           |--P. fontinalis D07
                          |           |--P. laevidens D07
                          |           |--P. laticeps D07
                          |           |--P. paludosus D07
                          |           `--P. robustus D07
                          |--Rhinotitan [Epimanteoceratinae] WW97
                          |    `--R. mongoliensis WW97
                          |--Embolotherium Osborn 1929 D07 [Embolotheriinae WW97]
                          |    |--E. andrewsi D07
                          |    `--E. grangeri D07
                          `--Metatelmatheriinae WW97
                               |--Desmatotitan WW97
                               |--Hyotitan WW97
                               |--Acrotitan WW97
                               |--Arctotitan WW97
                               |--Qufutitan Wang & Wang 1997 WW97
                               |    `--*Q. zhoui Wang & Wang 1997 WW97
                               `--Metatelmatherium WW97
                                    |--M. cristatum WW97
                                    `--M. ultimum WW97

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C77] Cope, E. D. 1877. Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (2): i–iv, 1–370.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[F02] Froehlich, D. J. 2002. Quo vadis eohippus? The systematics and taxonomy of the early Eocene equids (Perissodactyla). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 134: 141–256.

[HUG17] Halliday, T. J. D., P. Upchurch & A. Goswami. 2017. Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals. Biological Reviews 92 (1): 521–550.

[HD04] Hooker, J. J., & D. Dashzeveg. 2004. The origin of chalicotheres (Perissodactyla, Mammalia). Palaeontology 47 (6): 1363–1386.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[RH14] Rose, K. D., L. T. Holbrook, R. S. Rana, K. Kumar, K. E. Jones, H. E. Ahrens, P. Missiaen, A. Sahni & T. Smith. 2014. Early Eocene fossils suggest that the mammalian order Perissodactyla originated in India. Nature Communications 5: 5570.

[WW97] Wang Y. & Wang J. 1997. A new brontothere from late Middle Eocene of Qufu, Shandong. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 35 (1): 68–77.

Last updated: 6 August 2018.

Siluriformes

Diplomystes nahuelbutaensis, copyright Pablo Reyes Lobao-Tello.

Belongs within: Ostariophysi.
Contains: Auchenipteridae, Doradidae, Plotosidae, Siluridae, Claroteidae, Amphiliidae, Loricaroidei, Bagridae, Sisoroidea, Heptapteridae, Pimelodidae, Ictaluridae, Clariidae, Ariidae.

The Siluriformes are the catfishes, an order of scale-less fishes with distinctive barbels around the mouth. Catfishes include both freshwater and marine representatives, with the former being more diverse. Most authors have regarded the South American velvet catfish Diplomystes as the sister group of all other Siluriformes; Diplomystes and the fossil Hypsidoris farsonensis are the only catfish with a well-developed maxilla bearing teeth. Hypsidoris farsonensis is united with other Siluroidei by the presence of seventeen or fewer principal caudal rays, and an extension of lamellar bone over the ventral surface of the fifth centrum, which is in turn joined closely to the complex centrum (Diogo & Peng 2009).

Characters (from Bond 1996): True scales absent, skin bare or with bony plates which may bear dermal denticles. Subopercular, symplectic and parietal bones absent. Weberian apparatus of five or more vertebrae with second to fourth (or fifth) vertebrae fused. Barbels present around mouth. Premaxillary teeth present; maxillary teeth absent. Intermuscular bones absent. Pectoral and dorsal fins usually with large spines at leading edges; spines with locking mechanism holding them erect, often with associated venom glands. Adipose fin usually present.

Siluriformes [Nematognathi, Siluri, Siluroidiformes]
    |--Diplomystes [Diplomystidae, Diplomystoidei] DP09
    |    |  i. s.: D. mesembrinus SLH06
    |    |--D. camposensis DP09
    |    |--D. nahuelbutaensis DP09
    |    `--+--D. chilensis DP09 [=Diplomyste chilensis B96]
    |       `--D. viedmensis SL86 [=Olivaichthys viedmensis DP09]
    `--Siluroidei R-HH05
         |--Hypsidoris [Hypsidoridae, Hypsidoroidea] DP09
         |    `--H. farsonensis Lundberg & Case 1970 DP09
         `--Siluroidea [Arioida] DP09
              |  i. s.: Titanoglanis DP09
              |         Austroglanis SLH06 [Austroglanididae DP09]
              |         Lacantunia Rodiles-Hernández, Hendrickson et al. 2005 R-HH05 [Lacantuniidae DP09]
              |           `--*L. enigmatica Rodiles-Hernández, Hendrickson et al. 2005 R-HH05
              |         Doradoidea SLH06
              |           |--Auchenipteridae SLH06
              |           `--Doradidae DP09
              |         Plotosidae SLH06
              |         Chaca [Chacidae] SLH06
              |           `--C. chaca M58
              |         Siluridae SLH06
              |         0--Proeutropius DP09
              |         `--Pangasiidae SLH06
              |              |--Pangasianodon SLH06
              |              |    |--P. gigas B96
              |              |    `--P. hypophthalmus SLH07
              |              `--+--Helicophagus waandersii SLH06
              |                 `--Pangasius SLH06
              |                      |--P. indicus von der Marck 1876 P93
              |                      |--P. larnaudei SLH06
              |                      |--P. sanitwongsei USDI77
              |                      `--P. sutchi T07
              |         0--Claroteidae SLH06
              |         `--+--+--Amphiliidae SLH06
              |            |  `--Malapterurus [Malapteruridae] SLH06
              |            |       |--M. beninensis SLH06
              |            |       |--M. electricus B96
              |            |       `--M. tanganyikaensis SLH06
              |            `--Mochokidae SLH06
              |                 |--+--Atopochilus savorgnani SLH06
              |                 |  `--Euchilichthys dybowski SLH06
              |                 `--+--Microsynodontis SLH06
              |                    `--Synodontis SLH06
              |                         |--S. batesii SLH06
              |                         |--S. melanostictus B50
              |                         `--S. victoriae G74
              |--Loricaroidei DP09
              `--+--Cetopsidae [Cetopsinae] DP09
                 |    |--Hemicetopsis candiru F15
                 |    |--Helogenes [Helogenidae, Helogeninae] DP09
                 |    |    `--H. marmoratus SLH06
                 |    `--Cetopsis Agassiz 1929 TP86
                 |         |--C. caecutiens (Lichtenstein 1819) TP86
                 |         `--C. candiru SLH06
                 `--+--+--Bagridae AS09
                    |  |--+--Sisoroidea SLH06
                    |  |  `--+--Laides hexanema SLH06
                    |  |     `--Ailia [Ailiinae] SLH06
                    |  |          `--A. coila SLH06
                    |  `--Horabagridae SLH06
                    |       |--Horabagrus brachysoma SLH06
                    |       |--Platytropius SLH06
                    |       `--Pseudeutropius SLH06
                    |            |--P. brachypopterus SLH06
                    |            `--P. garua C01
                    `--+--Pimelodoidea SLH06
                       |    |--+--Heptapteridae DP09
                       |    |  `--Conorhynchos conirostris DP09
                       |    `--+--Pimelodidae AS09
                       |       `--Pseudopimelodidae SLH06
                       |            |--Batrochoglanis raninus SLH06
                       |            `--Pseudopimelodus SLH06
                       |                 |--P. bufonius SLH06
                       |                 `--P. mangurus SLH06
                       `--+--Ictaluroidea SLH06
                          |    |--Ictaluridae AS09
                          |    `--Cranoglanis [Cranoglanididae] SLH06
                          |         `--C. bouderius NE12
                          `--+--Clarioidea SLH06
                             |    |--Clariidae AS09
                             |    `--Heteropneustes AT05 [Heteropneustidae DP09, Saccobranchidae]
                             |         `--H. fossilis (Bloch 1794) AT05 [=Saccobranchus fossilis B96]
                             `--Arioidea SLH06
                                  |--Ariidae AS09
                                  `--Anchariidae SLH06
                                       |--Ancharius DP09
                                       `--Gogo Ng & Sparks 2005 DP09
                                            `--G. arcuatus SLH06

Siluriformes incertae sedis:
  Andinichthys Gayet 1988 [Andinichthyidae] GM01
  Ompok B96
  Doiichthys [Doiichthyidae] M58
    `--D. novaeguineae Weber 1913 M58
  Bucklandium diluvii König 1825 M02
  Haustor catus D56
  Hypostomum plecostomum H04
  Hologenes [Hologeneidae] F15
    `--H. marmoratus F15
  Pygidiidae [Pygidiinae] F15
    |--Hatcheria areolata F15
    `--Pygidium F15
         |--P. dispar F15
         |--P. poeyanum (Cope 1877) [=Trichomycterus poeyanus] F15
         `--P. rivulatum [incl. Trichomycterus pardus Cope 1874] F15
  Cyclopium [Cyclopiidae] F15
    |--*C. chimborazoi Fowler 1915 F15
    |--C. cirratum (Regan 1912) [=Arges cirratus] F15
    `--C. sabalo F15
  Paulicea luetkeni C01
  Sorubimichthys planiceps C01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AT05] Agnese, J.-F., & G. G. Teugels. 2005. Insight into the phylogeny of African Clariidae (Teleostei, Siluriformes): implications for their body shape evolution, biogeography, and taxonomy. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 546–553.

[AS09] Alfaro, M. E., F. Santini, C. Brock, H. Alamillo, A. Dornburg, D. L. Rabosky, G. Carnevale & L. J. Harmon. 2009. Nine exceptional radiations plus high turnover explain species diversity in jawed vertebrates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (32): 13410–13414.

[B96] Bond, C. E. 1996. Biology of Fishes 2^nd ed. Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth.

[B50] Brooks, J. L. 1950. Speciation in ancient lakes (concluded). Quarterly Review of Biology 25: 131–176.

[C01] Chambrier, A. de. 2001. A new tapeworm from the Amazon, Amazotaenia yvettae gen. n., sp. n. (Eucestoda: Proteocephalidea) from the siluriform fishes Brachyplatystoma filamentosum and B. vaillanti (Pimelodidae). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 108 (2): 303–316.

[D56] Dawes, B. 1956. The Trematoda with special reference to British and other European forms. University Press: Cambridge.

[DP09] Diogo, R., & Z. Peng. 2009. State of the art of siluriform higher-level phylogeny. In: Grande, T., F. Poyato-Ariza & R. Diogo (eds) Gonorynchiformes and Ostariophysan Relationships: A Comprehensive Review pp. 465–515. Springer.

[F15] Fowler, H. W. 1915. Notes on nematognathous fishes. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (2): 203–243.

[GM01] Gayet, M., L. G. Marshall, T. Sempere, F. J. Meunier, H. Cappetta & J-C. Rage. 2001. Middle Maastrichtian vertebrates (fishes, amphibians, dinosaurs and other reptiles, mammals) from Pajcha Pata (Bolivia). Biostratigraphic, palaeoecologic and palaeobiostratigraphic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 169: 39–68.

[G74] Greenwood, P. H. 1974. The cichlid fishes of Lake Vistoria, East Africa: The biology and evolution of a species flock. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History): Zoology Suppl. 6: 1–134.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[M58] Munro, I. S. R. 1958. The fishes of the New Guinea region: A check-list of the fishes of New Guinea incorporating records of species collected by the Fisheries Survey Vessel “Fairwind” during the years 1948 to 1950. Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal 10 (4): 97–369 (reprinted 1958. Territory of Papua and New Guinea Fisheries Bulletin no. 1).

[NE12] Near, T. J., R. I. Eytan, A. Dornburg, K. L. Kuhn, J. A. Moore, M. P. Davis, P. C. Wainwright, M. Friedman & W. L. Smith. 2012. Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (34): 13698–13703.

[P93] Patterson, C. 1993. Osteichthyes: Teleostei. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 621–656. Chapman & Hall: London.

[R-HH05] Rodiles-Hernández, R., D. A. Hendrickson, J. G. Lundberg & J. M. Humphries. 2005. Lacantunia enigmatica (Teleostei: Siluriformes) a new and phylogenetically puzzling freshwater fish from Mesoamerica. Zootaxa 1000: 1–24.

[SL86] Schaefer, S. A., & G. V. Lauder. 1986. Historical transformation of functional design: evolutionary morphology of feeding mechanisms in loricarioid catfishes. Systematic Zoology 35 (4): 489–508.

[SLH06] Sullivan, J. P., J. G. Lundberg & M. Hardman. 2006. A phylogenetic analysis of the major groups of catfishes (Teleostei: Siluriformes) using rag1 and rag2 nuclear gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41: 636–662.

[T07] Tagami, K. 2007. Phoretic histiostomatid mites on the smoky-brown cockroach Periplaneta fuliginosa (Blattaria: Blattidae), contained unknown deutonymph of Histiostoma piscium (Astigmata, Histiostomatidae). In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 249–255. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[TP86] Thinès, G., & G. Proudlove. 1986. Pisces. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 709–733. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[USDI77] USDI (United States Department of the Interior). 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants—republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420–36431.

Last updated: 12 February 2022.

Aves

Greater rheas Rhea americana, copyright Nino Barbieri.

Belongs within: Ornithurae.
Contains: Struthio, Casuariiformes, Apteryx, Aepyornithidae, Dinornithiformes, Lithornithidae, Tinamidae, Neoaves, Anseriformes, Pangalliformes.

The name 'Aves' is used here to refer to the crown group of birds. In recent years, a consensus has developed between most phylogenetic studies (both morphological and molecular) that the Palaeognathae (ratites and tinamous) are the basalmost lineage within modern birds, with their sister group divided between the Galloanserae (including gamefowl and waterfowl) and the Neoaves (including all other birds). Living ratites are flightless birds of South America, Africa and Australasia, characterised by the absence of a keel on the sternum. They include the Rheidae, rheas, of South America, three-toed ostrich-like birds with greyish plumage. Recent molecular analyses (e.g. Burleigh et al. 2015) have suggested that the flighted Tinamidae (tinamous), which do have a keeled sternum, are nested within the living ratites, suggesting convergent evolution of the unkeeled sternum in various ratite lineages.

Several fossil birds remain doubtfully placed within this framework. Remiornis heberti is known from limb bones in the late Palaeocene of France, and may be a member of the palaeognaths (Mayr 2005). Eremopezus eocaenus is another very large bird from the upper Eocene of Egypt; though known only from leg bones, these indicate that it had very mobile toes, probably related to raptorial habits, rather than the cursorial or graviportal feet of modern ratites (Rasmussen et al. 2001).

See also: A frustrating giant bird; How irritable is this bird?; Bird evolution—problems with Science; More from the "They don't write papers like they used to" files.

<==Aves [Cursores, Gallinae, Neornithes]
    |--Palaeognathae (see below for synonymy) HK08
    |    |  i. s.: Remiornis Lemoine 1881 M02 [Remiornithidae M05, Remiornithiformes]
    |    |           |--*R. heberti Lemoine 1881 M02
    |    |           `--R. minor (Lemoine 1878) [=Gastornis minor] M02
    |    |         Palaeotis Lambrecht 1928 M02 [Palaeotididae M05]
    |    |           `--*P. weigelti Lambrecht 1928 (see below for synonymy) M02
    |    |         Eleutherornis Schaub 1940 M02 [Eleutherornithidae FP64, Eleutherornithini]
    |    |           `--*E. helveticus Schaub 1940 M02
    |    |         Eremopezus Andrews 1904 ML14, RS01 [Eremopezidae, Eremopezithes]
    |    |           `--*E. eocaenus Andrews 1904 [incl. Stromeria fajumensis Lambrecht 1929, S. fayumensis] RS01
    |    |--Struthio BKB15
    |    `--+--Rheidae [Rheiformes] BKB15
    |       |    |  i. s.: Opisthodactylus patagonicus Ameghino 1891 AH03
    |       |    |         Heterorhea dabbeni FP64
    |       |    |--Diogenornis fragilis ML14
    |       |    `--+--Pterocnemia pennata L81
    |       |       `--Rhea Brisson 1760 HK08, B94
    |       |            |--R. americana HK08
    |       |            `--R. pennata JT12
    |       `--+--+--Casuariiformes BKB15
    |          |  `--+--Apteryx BKB15
    |          |     `--Aepyornithidae ML14
    |          `--+--Dinornithiformes BKB15
    |             `--+--Lithornithidae ML14
    |                `--Tinamidae BKB15
    `--Neognathae [Amblypterae, Ciconii, Insessores, Pullastrae] HK08
         |  i. s.: Walbeckornis Mayr 2007 M07
         |           `--*W. creber Mayr 2007 M07
         |--Neoaves HK08
         `--Galloanseres [Galloanserae, Galloanserimorphae] JM14
              |--Anseriformes HK08
              `--Pangalliformes HK08

Aves incertae sedis:
  ‘Dimorpha’ Hodgson 1841 nec Panzer 1806 nec Gray 1840 C-S93
  Malacias S89
    |--M. castanopterus Salvadori 1889 S89
    `--M. melanoleucus S89
  Poliopsar S89
    |--P. fuscogularis Salvadori 1889 S89
    `--P. nemoricola [=Sturnia nemoricola] S89
  Trichostoma rubiginosa Walden 1875 S89
  Actinura ramsayi Walden 1875 S89
  Digenea cerviniventris Sharpe 1879 S89
  Lophospizias trivirgatus [=Astur trivirgatus] S89
  Scelospizias poliopsis S89
  Xantholaema haemacephala S89
  Chrysophlegma S89
    |--C. chlorolophum [=C. chlorolophus, Geclaus chlorolophus] S89
    `--C. flavinucha S89
  Lepocestes pyrrhotis [=Venilia pyrrhotis] S89
  Rhopodytes S89
    |--R. sumatranus [=Poliococcyx sumatranus] S89
    `--R. tristis S89
  Centrococcyx bengalensis S89
  Entomobia smyrnensis S89
  Dichoceros bicornis S89
  Hydrornis oatesi S89
  Cryptolopha S89
    |--C. bicolor Styan 1892 L03
    |--C. schwaneri S89
    |--C. superciliaris S89
    `--C. tephrocephala S89
  Muscicapula maculata S89
  Stoparola melanops S89
  Volvocivora melanoptera [=Campophaga melanoptera] S89
  Chaptia aenea S89
  Bhringa remifer S89
  Chibia splendens S89
  Dendrophila frontalis S89
  Machlolophus spilonotus S89
  Allotrius S89
    |--A. intermedius S89
    `--A. melanotis [=Ptererythrius melanotis] S89
  Mesia argentauris S89
  Siva S89
    |--S. cyanuroptera S89
    `--S. sordida S89
  Staphidia striata S89
  Timelia bengalensis S89
  Dryonastes chinensis S89
  Trochalopteron melanostigma S89
  Lioptila saturata S89
  Suya superciliaris S89
  Notodela leucura [=Myiomela leucura] S89
  Oreocincla dauma S89
  Oreicola ferrea S89
  Euplocomus lineatus S89
  Arboricola S89
    |--A. brunneipectus S89
    `--A. rufogularis S89
  Ardeiralla flavicollis S89
  Iyngipicus pumilus [=Picus pumilus] S89
  Nectarophila hasselti [=Cinnyris hasselti] S89
  Cyrtostomus flammaxillaris [=Cinnyris flammaxillaris] S89
  Cyanops ramsayi P89
  Erythrosterna acornaus Be66
  Petrocossyphus cyaneus Be66
  Chrysonotus intermedius Be66
  Cyanotis Scl66
    |--C. azarae Scl66
    `--C. omnicolor Scl66
  Noctua Sch66
    |--N. polleni Sch66
    `--N. sonneratii Sch66
  Gervaisia albispecularis Sch66
  Oxynotus Sch66
    |--O. ferrugineus Sch66
    `--O. newtoni Sch66
  Hartlaubia madagascariensis Sch66
  Taccocua leschenaultii Bu66
  ‘Heteromorpha’ Hodgson 1843 nec Hübner 1822 nec Kirby 1823 NO08
  Fluviatilavis Harrison 1983 M02
    `--*F. antunesi Harrison 1983 M02
  Actiornis Lydekker 1891 M02
    `--*A. anglicus Lydekker 1891 M02
  Ardeacites Haushalter 1855 M02
    `--*A. molassicus Haushalter 1855 M02
  Chenornis Portis 1884 M02
    `--*C. graculoides Portis 1884 M02
  Coturnipes Harrison & Walker 1977 M02
    `--*C. cooperi Harrison & Walker 1977 M02
  Miofulica Lambrecht 1933 M02
    `--*M. dejardini (Beneden 1871) [=Fulica dejardinii] M02
  Gigantibis Harrison & Walker 1976 M02
    `--*G. incognita Harrison & Walker 1976 M02
  Homalopus Milne-Edwards 1871 M02
    `--*H. picoides Milne-Edwards 1871 M02
  Palaeopapia Harrison & Walker 1979 [=Howardia Harrison & Walker 1976 non Berlese & Leonardi 1896] M02
    `--*P. eous (Harrison & Walker 1976) [=*Howardia eous] M02
  Ibidopodia Milne-Edwards 1871 M02
    `--*I. palustris Milne-Edwards 1871 M02
  Kievornis Aver’janov, Potapova & Nesov 1990 M02
    `--*K. rogovitshi Aver’janov, Potapova & Nesov 1990 M02
  Litoripes Harrison & Walker 1979 M02
    `--*L. medius Harrison & Walker 1979 M02
  Oligocathartes Harrison & Walker 1979 M02
    `--*O. olsoni Harrison & Walker 1979 M02
  Ornitholithes M02
    |--O. bosniaskii Portis 1887 M02
    |--O. faujasi Omboni 1885 M02
    |--O. gabbrensis Portis 1887 M02
    |--O. procaccinii Portis 1887 M02
    `--O. tenuipennis Omboni 1885 M02
  Ornitholithus Dughi & Sirugue 1962 M02
    |--*O. biroi Dughi & Sirugue 1962 M02
    `--O. arcuatus Dughi & Sirugue 1962 (see below for synonymy) M02
  Parvicuculus Harrison & Walker 1977 [Parvicuculidae] M02
    `--*P. minor Harrison & Walker 1977 M02
  Parvigyps Harrison & Walker 1977 M02
    `--*P. praevox Harrison & Walker 1977 M02
  Petropluvialis Harrison & Walker 1976 M02
    `--*P. simplex Harrison & Walker 1976 M02
  Piscator Harrison & Walker 1976 M02
    `--*P. tenuirostris Harrison & Walker 1976 M02
  Pliogrus Lambrecht 1933 M02
    `--*P. germanicus Lambrecht 1933 M02
  Proceriavis Harrison & Walker 1979 M02
    `--*P. maritini Harrison & Walker 1979 M02
  Procuculus Harrison & Walker 1977 M02
    `--*P. minutus Harrison & Walker 1977 M02
  Proplegadis Harrison & Walker 1971 M02
    `--*P. fisheri Harrison & Walker 1971 M02
  Pumiliornis Mayr 1999 M02
    `--*P. tessellatus Mayr 1999 M02
  Teracus Milne-Edwards 1871 [=Ieracus Aymard 1856 (n. n.)] M02
    `--*T. littoralis Milne-Edwards 1871 [=Ieracus littoralis Aymard 1856 (n. n.)] M02
  ‘Macropus’ Nuttall 1824 nec Shaw 1790 nec Latreille 1802 nec Thunberg 1805 S61
  Pengana robertbolesi N10
  Nyctalops Wagler 1832 H11
  Corvultur albicollis K08
  Cranellus Tobias 1844 KA-Z11
  Dysmorodrepanis munroi HSS13
  Graculavidae M07
    |--Graculavus Marsh 1872 M02
    |    `--*G. velox C04
    |--Telmatornis M07
    |--Laornis M07
    `--Palaeotringa M07
  Tshulia Nessov 1988 M07
  Palintropus Brodkorb 1970 M07
  Plectophora Gray 1834 LT61
  Chettusia gregaria C01

Nomen nudum: Ornitholithes ralli Anonymous in Karg 1805 M02

Inorganic: Rhea americana minilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87

Ornitholithus arcuatus Dughi & Sirugue 1962 [incl. O. mammeatus Dughi & Sirugue 1962, O. mammillatus Dughi & Sirugue 1962, O. mammosus Dughi & Sirugue 1962] M02

Palaeognathae [Apteryges, Apterygimorphae, Brevipennes, Palaeognathiformes, Panpalaeognathae, Panratitae, Ratitae, Ratiti, Struthiones, Struthioni, Struthioniformes, Struthionimorphae, Struthionoidea, Timamomorphae] HK08

*Palaeotis weigelti Lambrecht 1928 [incl. Paleogrus geiseltalensis Lambrecht 1935, Ornitocnemus geiseltalensis] M02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AH03] Alvarenga, H. M. F., & E. Höfling. 2003. Systematic revision of the Phorusrhacidae (Aves: Ralliformes). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 43 (4): 55–91.

[Be66] Beavan, R. C. 1866. Extracts from a letter addressed to the Secretary relating his trip to Zwagaben, and discovery of Nemorhaedus sumatrensis. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 2–4.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[Bu66] Bulger, G. E. 1866. List of birds observed at Wellington, Neilgherry Hills, about 6000 feet above the level of the sea, during the months of April and May, 1866. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 568–571.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[C-S93] Cavalier-Smith, T. 1993. The protozoan phylum Opalozoa. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 40 (5): 609–615.

[C04] Clarke, J. A. 2004. Morphology, phylogenetic taxonomy, and systematics of Ichthyornis and Apatornis (Avialae: Ornithurae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 286: 1–179.

[C01] Csiki, E. 1901. Utivázlat [Reiseskizze]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] Band II. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. xii–xli. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[HK08] Hackett, S. J., R. T. Kimball, S. Reddy, R. C. K. Bowie, E. L. Braun, M. J. Braun, J. L. Chojnowski, W. A. Cox, K.-L. Han, J. Harshman, C. J. Huddleston, B. D. Marks, K. J. Miglia, W. S. Moore, F. H. Sheldon, D. W. Steadman, C. C. Witt & T. Yuri. 2008. A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history. Science 320: 1763–1768.

[H11] Harvey, M. S. 2011. Notes on some Old World schizomids of the genera Ovozomus and Schizomus (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 26 (2): 202–208.

[HSS13] Hirschfeld, E., A. Swash & R. Still. 2013. The World's Rarest Birds. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).

[JM14] Jarvis, E. D., S. Mirarab, A. J. Aberer, B. Li, P. Houde, C. Li, S. Y. W. Ho, B. C. Faircloth, B. Nabholz, J. T. Howard, A. Suh, C. C. Weber, R. R. de Fonseca, J. Li, F. Zhang, H. Li, L. Zhou, N. Narula, L. Liu, G. Ganapathy, B. Boussau, M. S. Bayzid, V. Zavidovych, S. Subramanian, T. Gabaldón, S. Capella-Gutiérrez, J. Huerta-Cepas, B. Rekepalli, K. Munch, M. Schierup, B. Lindow, W. C. Warren, D. Ray, R. E. Green, M. W. Bruford, X. Zhan, A. Dixon, S. Li, N. Li, Y. Huang, E. P. Derryberry, M. F. Bertelsen, F. H. Sheldon, R. T. Brumfield, C. V. Mello, P. V. Lovell, M. Wirthlin, M. P. Cruz Schneider, F. Prosdocimi, J. A. Samaniego, A. M. Vargas Velazquez, A. Alfaro-Núñez, P. F. Campos, B. Petersen, T. Sitcheritz-Ponten, A. Pas, T. Bailey, P. Scofield, M. Bunce, D. M. Lambert, Q. Zhou, P. Perelman, A. C. Driskell, B. Shapiro, Z. Xiong, Y. Zeng, S. Liu, Z. Li, B. Liu, K. Wu, J. Xiao, X. Yinqi, Q. Zheng, Y. Zhang, H. Yang, J. Wang, L. Smeds, F. E. Rheindt, M. Braun, J. Fjeldså, L. Orlando, F. K. Barker, K. A. Jønsson, W. Johnson, K.-P. Koepfli, S. O'Brien, D. Haussler, O. A. Ryder, C. Rahbek, E. Willerslev, G. R. Graves, T. C. Glenn, J. McCormack, D. Burt, H. Ellegren, P. Alström, S. V. Edwards, A. Stamatakis, D. P. Mindell, J. Cracraft, E. L. Braun, T. Warnow, W. Jun, M. T. P. Gilbert & G. Zhang. 2014. Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds. Science 346 (6215): 1320–1331.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[K08] Kellogg, V. L. 1908. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den Umgebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ostafrikas 1905–1906, 15. Corrodentia, 4. Mallophaga. Almqvist & Wiksells Boktryckeri-A. B.: Uppsala.

[KA-Z11] Kury, A. B. & M. A. Alonso-Zarazaga. 2011. Addenda and corrigenda to the "Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones)". Zootaxa 3034: 47–68.

[L03] LeCroy, M. 2003. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 5. Passeriformes: Alaudidae, Hirundinidae, Motacillidae, Campephagidae, Pycnonotidae, Irenidae, Laniidae, Vangidae, Bombycillidae, Dulidae, Cinclidae, Troglodytidae, and Mimidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 278: 1–156.

[LT61] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1961. Remarks on the systematics of the Sarkodina (Protozoa), renamed homonyms and new and validated genera. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 74: 213–234.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

[M05] Mayr, G. 2005. The Paleogene fossil record of birds in Europe. Biological Reviews 80: 515–542.

[M07] Mayr, G. 2007. The birds from the Paleocene fissure filling of Walbeck (Germany). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 (2): 394–408.

[ML14] Mitchell, K. J., B. Llamas, J. Soubrier, N. J. Rawlence, T. H. Worthy, J. Wood, M. S. Y. Lee & A. Cooper. 2014. Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution. Science 344 (6186): 898–900.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

[N008] Nässig, W. A., & R. G. Oberprieler. 2008. An annotated catalogue of the genera of Eupterotidae (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Bombycoidea). Senckenbergiana Biologica 88 (1): 53–80.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[P89] Parona, C. 1889. Sopra alcuni elminti di Vertebrati birmani raccolti da Leonardo Fea. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 765–780.

[RS01] Rasmussen, D. T., E. L. Simons, F. Hertel & A. Judd. 2001. Hindlimb of a giant terrestrial bird from the Upper Eocene, Fayum, Egypt. Palaeontology 44 (2): 325–337.

[S89] Salvadori, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea nella Birmania e nelle regioni vicine. XIX.—Uccelli raccolti nei Monti Carin a nord-est di Tounghoo, nel Pegù presso Rangoon e Tounghoo e nel Tenasserim presso Malewoon. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 369–438.

[Sch66] Schlegel, H. 1866. Communication from, on mammals and birds collected in Madagascar. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 419–426.

[Scl66] Sclater, P. L. 1866. On the birds in the vicinity of Lima, Peru. With notes on their habits, by Prof. W. Nation, of Lima, C. M. Z. S. (Part I.) Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 96–100.

[S61] Southcott, R. V. 1961. Studies on the systematics and biology of the Erythraeoidea (Acarina), with a critical revision of the genera and subfamilies. Australian Journal of Zoology 9: 367–610.

Pelagornithidae

Reconstruction of Osteodontornis orri, by Jaime Chirinos.

Belongs within: Neognathae.

The Pelagornithidae, false-toothed birds, were a lineage of large to gigantic (wingspans in excess of five metres) marine birds found from the late Palaeocene to the latest Pliocene. The vernacular name of the group refers to the distinctive presence of hollow bony projections along the edges of the bill. Their skeletons were very lightly built and have often been poorly preserved in the fossil record; consequently, the taxonomy of the group has historically been confused and many species were previously classified in distinct families.

Characters (from Mayr 2011): Pseudoteeth present; external narial openings greatly reduced or absent; mandible of adult birds with synovial intraramal joint between os spleniale and os angulare formed by internal ossification associated with Meckel’s cartilage; mandible without ossified symphysis mandibulae, with marked neurovascular furrow along lateral surfaces; extremitas sternalis of coracoid with processus lateralis greatly elongated; humerus with crista deltopectoralis not cranially deflected.

Pelagornithidae [Cyphornithidae, Dasornithidae, Odontopterygiformes, Pelagornithinae, Pseudodontornithidae]
    |--Osteodontornis orri FP64
    |--Palaeochenoides miocaenus Shufeldt 1916 M09
    |--Guguschia nailiae Aslanova & Burchak-Abramovich 1968 M09
    |--Caspiodontornis kobystanicus Aslanova & Burchak-Abramovich 1982 M09
    |--Zheroia kurochkini Nessov 1988 M09
    |--Gigantornis eaglesomei Andrews 1916 M09
    |--Tympanonesiotes wetmorei Hopson 1964 M09
    |--Cyphornis Cope 1894 M02
    |    `--C. magnus FP64
    |--Macrodontopteryx Harrison & Walker 1976 M02
    |    `--*M. oweni Harrison & Walker 1976 M02
    |--Neodontornis Harrison & Walker 1976 CC10
    |    `--*N. stirtoni (Howard & Warter 1969) [=Pseudodontornis stirtoni] CC10
    |--Pelagornis Lartet 1857 CC10
    |    |--*P. miocaenus Lartet 1857 CC10 [incl. P. delfortrii Lambrecht 1933 (n. n.) M02]
    |    `--P. chilensis M11
    |--Dasornis Owen 1870 M02 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--D. emuinus (Bowerbank 1854) M09 (see below for synonymy)
    |    `--‘Neptuniavis’ minor Harrison & Walker 1977 M02
    |--Odontopteryx Owen 1873 [Odontopterygidae] M02
    |    |--*O. toliapica Owen 1873 M02
    |    `--O. tschulensis Aver’janov et al. 1991 M02
    `--Pseudodontornis Lambrecht 1930 M02
         |--*P. longirostris (Spulski 1910) [=Odontopteryx longirostris] M02
         |--P. tenuirostris Harrison 1985 M09
         `--P. tshulensis Averianov et al. 1991 M09

Dasornis Owen 1870 M02 [incl. Argillornis Owen 1878 M02, Megalornis Seeley 1866 nec Gray 1841 nec Owen 1843 M02, Neptuniavis Harrison & Walker 1977 MPR02]

Dasornis emuinus (Bowerbank 1854) M09 [=Lithornis emuinus M02, Argillornis emuinus M02, *Megalornis emuianus M02; incl. *D. londinensis Owen 1870 M02, M09, D. londiniensis M02, Pseudodontornis longidentata Harrison & Walker 1976 M09, *Argillornis longipennis Owen 1878 M02, M09, *Neptuniavis miranda Harrison & Walker 1977 M02, M09]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[M09] Mayr, G. 2009. Paleogene Fossil Birds. Springer.

[M11] Mayr, G. 2011. Cenozoic mystery birds—on the phylogenetic affinities of the bony-toothed birds (Pelagornithidae). Zoologica Scripta 40: 448–467.

[MPR02] Mayr, G., D. S. Peters & S. Rietschel. 2002. Petrel-like birds with a peculiar foot morphology from the Oligocene of Germany and Belgium (Aves: Procellariiformes). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 (3): 667–676.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

Last updated: 5 July 2019.

Apodi

Great dusky swifts Cypseloides senex, photographed by Tom Stephenson.

Belongs within: Apodiformes.
Contains: Chaeturinae, Apodinae.

The Apodi include the swifts, aerial insectivores with long narrow wings. Swifts are divided between the true swifts of the Apodidae and the tree swifts of the Hemiprocnidae. The tree swifts have softer plumage than the true swifts, and males are brighter in colouration. They also build flimsy platform nests on top of tree branches, while true swifts glue cup-shaped nests against vertical surfaces such as cliff faces or tree trunks (Austin 1961).

Synapomorphies (from Mayr 2003a): Extremitas omalis of furcula with long and slender processus acromialis and distinct laterally protruding facies articularis acrocoracoidea; humerus with tuberculum supracondylare ventrale elongated and narrow; maximum length of ulna less than 12× width at midsection; distal end of radius with marked tubercle on ventral side of shaft, opposite to tuberculum carpale of ulna; distal part of caudal margin of phalanx proximalis digiti majoris with sulcus for tendon of M. interosseus ventralis; tarsometatarsus with deep sulcus on dorsal surface, proximal to foramen vasculare distale; salivary glands greatly enlarged, saliva used in nest construction; outermost primaries at least 25× length of longest secondaries.

<==Apodi [Macropterygidae]
    |--Hemiprocnidae [Hemiprocni] MPA77
    |    |--Cypselavus Gaillard 1908 Ma03b
    |    |    `--*C. gallicus Gaillard 1908 M02
    |    `--Hemiprocne Nitzsch 1829 P08 (see below for synonymy)
    |         |  i. s.: H. coronata JT12
    |         |--H. comata JT12
    |         `--+--H. longipennis JT12
    |            |    |--H. l. longipennis H03
    |            |    `--H. l. thoa H03
    |            `--H. mystacea JT12 [=Dendrochelidon mystacea B49]
    `--Apodidae [Cypselidae, Micropodidae] MPA77
         |  i. s.: Tachornis SWK87
         |           |--T. furcata JT12
         |           |--T. phoenicobia MPA77
         |           |--T. squamata JT12
         |           `--T. uranoceles SWK87
         |         Aerodramus Mo03
         |           |--A. spodiopygius Mo03
         |           |    |--A. s. spodiopygius Mo03
         |           |    |--A. s. chillagoensis Mo03
         |           |    `--A. s. terraereginae Mo03
         |           `--A. vanikorensis FR98
         |                |--A. v. vanikorensis FR98
         |                `--A. v. bartschi FR98
         |         Procypseloides Harrison 1984 M02
         |           `--*P. ignotus (Milne-Edwards 1871) (see below for synonymy) M02
         |         Schoutedenapus JT12
         |           |--S. myoptilus MPA77
         |           `--S. schoutedeni JT12
         |         Nephoecetes niger MPA77
         |         Telacanthura JT12
         |           |--T. melanopygia JT12
         |           `--T. ussheri MPA77
         |         Reinarda squamata GZ98
         |--Scaniacypselus Harrison 1984 Ma03a
         |    |--*S. wardi Harrison 1984 Ma03b
         |    `--S. szarskii (Peters 1985) Ma03b [=Aegialornis szarskii M02, Primapus szarskii M02]
         `--+--+--Chaeturinae Ma03b
            |  `--+--Apodinae Ma03b
            |     `--Hirundapus JT12
            |          |--H. caudacutus (Latham 1801) R85
            |          |--H. celebensis JT12
            |          |--H. cochinchinensis VP89
            |          `--H. giganteus JT12
            `--Streptoprocne JT12
                 |  i. s.: S. biscutata JT12
                 |         S. semicollaris MPA77
                 |--S. rutila JT12
                 `--+--S. phelpsi JT12
                    `--+--S. zonaris JT12
                       `--Cypseloides Streubel 1848 Ma03b, B94 [Cypseloidinae]
                            |--C. cherriei JT12
                            |--C. cryptus JT12
                            |--C. fumigatus MPA77
                            |--C. lemosi JT12
                            |--C. niger SWK87
                            |--C. rothschildi JT12
                            |--C. rutilus MPA77
                            |--C. senex JT12
                            `--C. storeri JT12

Hemiprocne Nitzsch 1829 P08 [incl. Dendrochelidon Boie 1832 B94, Macropteryx Swainson 1832 P08; Dendrochelidonidae]

*Procypseloides ignotus (Milne-Edwards 1871) [=Cypselus ignotus, Apus ignotus, Cypseloides ignotus; incl. Collocalia incerta Milne-Edwards 1871, Cypselavus intermedius Gaillard 1939] M02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B49] Baker, E. W. 1949. A review of the mites of the family Cheyletidae in the United States National Museum. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 99 (3238): 267-320.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[FR98] Fritts, T. H., & G. H. Rodda. 1998. The role of introduced species in the degradation of island ecosystems: a case history of Guam. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 113-140.

[GZ98] Gerwin, J. A. & R. M. Zink. 1998. Phylogenetic patterns in the Trochilidae. Auk 115 (1): 105-118.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: Vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311-449.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444-448.

[Ma03a] Mayr, G. 2003a. Phylogeny of early Tertiary swifts and hummingbirds (Aves: Apodiformes). Auk 120 (1): 145-151.

[Ma03b] Mayr, G. 2003b. A new Eocene swift-like bird with a peculiar feathering. Ibis 145: 382-391.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[Mo03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds, 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[MPA77] Moss, W. W., P. C. Peterson & W. T. Atyeo. 1977. A multivariate assessment of phenetic relationships within the feather mite family Eustathiidae (Acari). Systematic Zoology 26 (4): 386-409.

[P08] Paclt, J. 2008. On the triple usage of the family name Apodidae in zoology (Aves; Crustacea; Insecta). Senckenbergiana Biologica 88 (1): 49-52.

[R85] Robertson, C. J. R. (ed.) 1985. Reader’s Digest Complete Book of New Zealand Birds. Reader’s Digest: Sydney.

[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.

[VP89] Viney, C., & K. Phillipps. 1989. Birds of Hong Kong 5^th ed. Government Printer: Hong Kong.

Apodiformes

Fossilised remains of Parargornis messelensis, from here. 'Jungornithids' such as Parargornis belong to the hummingbird stem group, but were still short-billed insectivores.

Belongs within: Cypselomorphae.
Contains: Apodi, Trochilidae.

The Apodiformes contains the swifts (Apodi) and hummingbirds (Trochilidae) (Mayr 2005 extends the scope of Apodiformes to also include their sister group, the Aegothelidae [owlet-nightjars]). The Apodiformes are highly aerial birds with much reduced legs, to the extent that they are not able to move by walking.

Synapomorphies (from Mayr 2005): Proximodorsal part of narial openings covered by osseous sheet; humerus and ulna strongly abbreviated, hand greatly elongated.

<==Apodiformes [Micropodiformes]
    |--Eocypselus Harrison 1984 M03a, M03b [Eocypselidae]
    |    `--*E. vincenti Harrison 1984 M03b
    |--Aegialornithidae [Aegialornithinae, Primapinae, Primapodinae] M03a
    |    |--Primapus Harrison & Walker 1975 M03b
    |    |    `--*P. lacki Harrison & Walker 1975 [=Aegialornis lacki] M02
    |    |--Mesogiornis Mlíkovský 2002 M02
    |    |    `--*M. wetmorei (Collins 1976) [=Aegialornis wetmorei; incl. A. broweri Collins 1976] M02
    |    `--Aegialornis Lydekker 1891 M03b [incl. Belornis Milne-Edwards 1893 M02, Tachyornis Milne-Edwards 1892 M02]
    |         |--*A. gallicus Lydekker 1891 M02 (see below for synonymy)
    |         `--A. germanicus Mlíkovský 2002 M02
    `--+--Apodi M03a
       `--Jungornithidae M03a
            |  i. s.: Palescyvus Karchu 1988 M03b, M02
            |           `--*P. escampensis Karhu 1988 M02
            |--Argornis Karhu 1999 M03b
            |    `--A. caucasicus Karhu 1999 M03b
            |--Parargornis Mayr 2003 M03b
            |    `--*P. messelensis Mayr 2003 M03b
            `--+--Trochilidae M03b
               `--Jungornis Karhu 1988 M03b
                    `--J. tesselatus Karhu 1988 M03b

*Aegialornis gallicus Lydekker 1891 M02 [incl. *Tachyornis hirundo Milne-Edwards 1892 M02, *Belornis hirundo M02, Aegialornis leehnardti Gaillard 1908 M02, A. leenhardti M02, Cypseloides mourerchauvireae Mlíkovskỳ 1989 M05, Procypseloides mourerchauvireae M02]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[M03a] Mayr, G. 2003a. Phylogeny of early Tertiary swifts and hummingbirds (Aves: Apodiformes). Auk 120 (1): 145-151.

[M03b] Mayr, G. 2003b. A new Eocene swift-like bird with a peculiar feathering. Ibis 145: 382-391.

[M05] Mayr, G. 2005. The Paleogene fossil record of birds in Europe. Biological Reviews 80: 515-542.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.