Therapsida

Reconstruction of Lemurosaurus pricei, by Theropsida.

Belongs within: Sphenacodontidae.
Contains: Eutherapsida.

The Therapsida are a clade including all synapsids except for the basal 'pelycosaurs', first known from the Middle Permian. Basal members of the clade include the Biarmosuchia, a group of small to medium-sized carnivores known from the Middle and Upper Permian of South Africa and Russia, characterised by the possession of uniformly small upper incisor teeth (Sidor 2003).

Synapomorphies (from Kemp 1988): Lateral temporal fenestra enlarged; supratemporal lost; shallow groove (external auditory meatus) on posterior face of squamosal; septomaxilla with long posterodorsal process; pineal foramen on raised boss; reflected lamina of angular greatly enlarged as thin sheet; jaw articulation shifted forwards; mobile basipterygoid articulation absent; interpterygoid vacuity reduced; palatal teeth reduced; paroccipital process extending more laterally than ventrally; vomer transversely widened between internal nares; transverse process of pterygoid shifted forward; no ossified intercentra in trunk; ossified sternum; cleithrum reduced, scapular blade narrow, coracoid and procoracoid reduced, screw-shaped glenoid absent; ilium expanded both anteriorly and posteriorly, acetabulum circular, fourth trochanter of femur absent; phalanges reduced.

<==Therapsida
    |--+--Eotitanosuchus [Eotitanosuchia] CL97
    |  `--Eutherapsida S03
    `--Biarmosuchia S03
         |  i. s.: Phthinosuchus Efremov 1954 K88, D07 [Phthinosuchia]
         |           |--P. discors D07
         |           `--P. horissiaki D07
         |--Biarmosuchidae TT05
         |    |--Biarmosuchoides romanovi Tverdochlebova & Ivakhnenko 1994 TT05
         |    `--Biarmosuchus Chudinov 1960 S03, D07 [incl. Biarmosaurus K88]
         |         |--B. antecessor D07
         |         |--B. tchudinovi D07
         |         `--B. tener D07
         `--+--Hipposaurus Broom 1940 S03, D07
            |    |--H. boonstrai D07
            |    `--H. seelyi D07
            `--Ictidorhinidae S03
                 |--Lycaenodon Broom 1925 [incl. Hipposauroides Boonstra 1952] S03
                 |    `--*L. longiceps Broom 1925 [incl. Hipposaurus rubidgei Broom 1940, *Hipposauroides rubidgei] S03
                 `--+--Ictidorhinus martinsi S03
                    `--Burnetiamorpha S03
                         |--Lemurosaurus pricei S03
                         `--Burnetiidae S03
                              |--Burnetia mirabilis S03
                              |--Proburnetia S03
                              `--Bullacephalus S03

Therapsida incertae sedis:
  Delphinognathus N85
  Lycaenops Colbert 1948 D07
    |--L. angusticeps D07
    `--L. ornatus D07
  Microurania [Microuraniidae] TT05
    `--M. minima Ivakhnenko 1995 TT05
  Porosteognathus [Pristerognathidae] TT05
  Scylacosuchus [Scylacosauridae] TT05
    `--S. orenburgensis TT05
  Moschorhinidae TT05
    |--Annatherapsidus petri (Amalitskii 1922) TT05
    `--Chthonosaurus velocidens V’yushkov 1955 TT05
  Titanosuchus Owen 1879 D07
    |--T. cloeti D07
    `--T. ferox D07
  Jonkeria Van Hoepen 1916 D07
    |--J. boonstrai D07
    |--J. haughtoni D07
    |--J. ingens D07
    |--J. koupensis D07
    |--J. parva D07
    |--J. rossowi D07
    |--J. truculenta D07
    `--J. vanderbyli D07
  Moschops Broom 1911 D07
    |--M. capiensis D07
    |--M. koupensis D07
    |--M. oweni D07
    `--M. whaitsi D07
  Styracocephalus Houghton 1929 D07
    `--S. platyrhynchus D07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CL97] Cheng Z. & Li J. 1997. A new genus of primitive dinocephalian—the third report on Late Permian Dashankou lower tetrapod fauna. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 35 (1): 35–43.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[K88] Kemp, T. S. 1988. Interrelationships of the Synapsida. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods vol. 2. Mammals pp. 1–22. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[N85] Norman, D. 1985 (reprinted 2000). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Salamander Books: London.

[S03] Sidor, C. A. 2003. The naris and palate of Lycaenodon longiceps (Therapsida: Biarmosuchia), with comments on their early evolution in the Therapsida. Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 977–984.

[TT05] Tverdokhlebov, V. P., G. I. Tverdokhlebova, A. V. Minikh, M. V. Surkov & M. J. Benton. 2005. Upper Permian vertebrates and their sedimentological context in the South Urals, Russia. Earth-Science Reviews 69: 27–77.

Last updated: 27 August 2018.

Synapsida

Mounted skeleton of Edaphosaurus at the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, photographed by Jason Cross.

Belongs within: Reptiliomorpha.
Contains: Sphenacodontidae.

The Synapsida are the total group for mammals—that is, mammals and all fossil animals more closely related to mammals than to reptiles. The most basal synapsids, the Permian 'pelycosaurs', were still fairly 'reptilian' in their general appearance, and include such well-known exemplars as the carnivorous Dimetrodon and the herbivorous Edaphosaurus. The Caseidae were a group of sometimes massive herbivores with barrel-shaped bodies and relatively small heads.

Synapomorphies (from Kemp 1988): Temporal fenestra bounded above by squamosal and postorbital; occipital plate broad and tilted forwards; post-temporal fenestra small; postparietal single and median; septomaxilla with broad base and dorsal process; medial process of jugal sutured to pterygoid, ectopterygoid primitively present.

<==Synapsida [Edaphosauria, Ophiacodontia, Pelycosauria, Sphenacodontia, Theromorpha, Theropsida]
    |--+--Eothyris LR95 [Eothyrididae K88]
    |  `--Caseidae K88
    |       |--Casea Williston 1910 D07
    |       |    |--C. broilli D07
    |       |    `--C. rutena D07
    |       `--Cotylorhynchus Stovall 1937 D07
    |            |--C. hancocki D07
    |            `--C. romeri D07
    `--+--Varanopseidae K88
       |    |--Basicranodon fortsillensis M06
       |    |--Archaeovenator hamiltonensis D-SMS06
       |    |--Mesenosaurus romeri D-SMS06
       |    |--Elliotsmithia longiceps MS01
       |    |--Aerosaurus GKR88
       |    `--Varanops Williston 1914 D07
       |         `--V. brevirostris N85
       `--+--Ophiacodontidae K88
          |    |--Ophiacodon Marsh 1878 D07
          |    |    |--O. major D07
          |    |    |--O. mirus D07
          |    |    |--O. navajovicus D07
          |    |    |--O. retroversus D07
          |    |    |--O. tranguala D07
          |    |    |--O. uniformis D07
          |    |    `--O. watsoni D07
          |    `--Varanosaurus Broili 1904 R61, C07
          |         `--*V. acutirostris Broili 1904 C07
          `--+--Sphenacodontidae K88
             `--Edaphosaurus Cope 1882 C07 [incl. Naosaurus Cope 1886 C07; Edaphosauridae K88, Naosaurinae]
                  |--*E. pogonias Cope 1882 C07
                  |--E. bonaerges D07
                  |--E. cruciger (Cope 1878) [=Dimetrodon cruciger, *Naosaurus cruciger] C07
                  |--E. claviger (Cope 1886) [=Naosaurus claviger] C07
                  |--E. microdus Cope 1884 [=Naosaurus microdus] C07
                  `--‘Naosaurus’ mirabilis Fritsch 1883 C07

Synapsida incertae sedis:
  Protoclepsydrops LR95
  Mycterosaurus longiceps M06
  Archaeothyris florensis M06
  Oedaleops GKR88
  Pariotichidae C07
    |--Pariotichus brachiops C07
    `--Ectocynodon ordinatus C07
  Poliosauridae C07
    |--Archaeobelus vellicatus Cope 1877 C07
    |--Pleuristion brachycoelous Case 1902–1903 C07
    |--Callibrachion gaudryi Boule & Glengeaud 1893 C07
    |--Stereorachis dominans Gaudry 1880 C07
    |--Poliosaurus Case 1907 [Poliosauridae] C07
    |    `--*P. uniformis (Cope 1878) [=Theropleura uniformis] C07
    |--Elcabrosaurus Case 1907 C07
    |    `--*E. baldwini Case 1907 C07
    |--Anomosaurus v. Huene 1902 C07
    |    `--A. strunzi v. Huene 1905 C07
    `--Theropleura [incl. Diopeus Cope 1892] C07
         |--*T. retroversa Cope 1878 (see below for synonymy) C07
         `--T. grandis Case 1907 C07
  Clepsydropidae [Clepsydropinae] C07
    |--Embolophorus fritillus Cope 1878 C07
    |--Metamosaurus fossatus Cope 1878 C07
    |--Bathygnathus borealis Leidy 1854 C07
    |--Tomicosaurus Case 1907 C07
    |--Ctenosaurus koeneni v. Huene 1902 C07
    `--Clepsydrops Cope 1875 [Clepsydropinae] C07
         |--*C. colletti Cope 1875 (n. d.) C07
         |--C. natalis Cope 1878 C07
         |--C. pedunculatus Cope 1877 (n. d.) C07
         `--C. vinslovii Cope 1877 (n. d.) C07
  Tetraceratops Matthew 1908 D07
    `--T. insignis D07

*Theropleura retroversa Cope 1878 [incl. Clepsydrops leptocephalus Cope 1884, *Diopeus leptocephalus, Theropleura triangulata Cope 1878] C07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C07] Case, E. C. 1907. Revision of the Pelycosauria of North America. Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication 55: 1–176, 35 pls.

[D-SMS06] Dias-da-Silva, S., S. P. Modesto & C. L. Schultz. 2006. New material of Procolophon (Parareptilia: Procolophonoidea) from the Lower Triassic of Brazil, with remarks on the ages of the Sanga do Cabral and Buena Vista formations of South America. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 43: 1685–1693.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[GKR88] Gauthier, J. A., A. G. Kluge & T. Rowe. 1988. The early evolution of the Amniota. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods vol. 1. Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds pp. 103–155. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[K88] Kemp, T. S. 1988. Interrelationships of the Synapsida. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods vol. 2. Mammals pp. 1–22. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[LR95] Laurin, M., & R. R. Reisz. 1995. A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 113: 165–223.

[M06] Modesto, S. P. 2006. The cranial skeleton of the Early Permian aquatic reptile Mesosaurus tenuidens: implications for relationships and palaeobiology. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 146: 345–368.

[MS01] Modesto, S. P., & R. M. H. Smith. 2001. A new Late Permian captorhinid reptile: a first record from the South African Karoo. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21 (3): 405–409.

[N85] Norman, D. 1985 (reprinted 2000). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Salamander Books: London.

[R61] Romer, A. S. 1961. Synapsid evolution and dentition. In: Vandebroek, G. (ed.) International Colloquium on the Evolution of Lower and Non Specialized Mammals. Koninklijke Vlaames Academie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schone Kunsten van Belgie—Klasse der Wetenschapen 1961 (1): 9–56.

Last updated: 27 August 2018.

Corbiculidae

Corbicula fluminea, from here.

Belongs within: Neoheterodontei.

The Corbiculidae are a family of bivalves found in brackish or fresh water in the modern environment though some fossil representatives lived in marine environments. Corbiculids are remarkable in their diversity of reproductive strategies, including androgenesis (loss of genetic material from the female parent so the developing embryo is effectively a clone of the male parent). In the widespread genus Corbicula, found in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World, the shell is thick and solid, often with concentric sculpture on the outside and a violaceous tinge to the interior (Pilsbry & Bequaert 1927).

Characters (from Pilsbry & Bequaert 1927, as Cyrenidae): Shell trigonal to oval, moderately or very solid, porcellanous, covered with a yellow to olivaceous or brown periostracum; hinge-plate developed, bearing two or three cardinal teeth diverging from the beaks in each valve, and anterior and posterior lateral teeth. Ligament external. Mantle free except posteriorly where a partition divides off a siphonal cavity. Siphons quite short and separate or represented by mere orifices. Gills concrescent posteriorly. Labial palpi rather short, triangular. Oviparous so far as known.

Corbiculidae [Corbiculadae, Cyrenidae]
    |--Tetoria yokoyamai KC02
    |--Neocorbicula Fischer 1887 GFK07
    |--Cyanocyclas Blainville 1818 GFK07
    |--Egetaria Mörch 1861 GFK07
    |--Pseudocyrena Bourguignat 1854 GFK07
    |--Cyrenobatissa Suzuki & Oyama 1943 GFK07
    |--Cyrenodonax Dall 1903 GFK07
    |--Posostrea Bogan & Bouchet 1998 GFK07
    |--Corbiculina Dall 1903 GFK07
    |--Leptesthes G88
    |--Filosina JB12
    |--Villorita Gray in Griffith & Pidgeon 1834 GFK07
    |    `--V. cyprinoides Gray 1834 [incl. Corbicula cochinensis Preston 1916] GFK07
    |--Soleilletia Bourguignat 1885 GFK07
    |    |--*S. abbadiana Bourguignat 1885 PB27
    |    `--S. hamyana Bourguignat 1885 PB27
    |--Geloina Gray 1840 GFK07
    |    |--*G. coaxans (Gmelin 1791) GFK07
    |    `--G. erosa (Solander 1786) [=Polymesoda (Geloina) erosa] TTP89
    |--Polymesoda Rafinesque 1820 GFK07
    |    |--P. caroliniana (Bosc 1901) TTP89
    |    |--P. cordata (Martens 1865) [=Cyrena cordata] GFK07
    |    `--P. subarata GK02
    |         |--P. s. subarata GK02
    |         `--P. s. sowerbii (Basterot 1825) GK02
    |--Batissa Gray 1853 GFK07
    |    |--B. angulata Reinhardt 1886 GFK07
    |    |--B. finschi Reinhardt 1886 GFK07
    |    |--B. schmidti Martens 1903 GFK07
    |    |--B. subtrigona Thiele 1928 GFK07
    |    |--B. triquetra Deshayes 1854 H09
    |    `--B. violacea (see below for synonymy) GFK07
    `--Corbicula Megerle von Mühlfeld 1811 GFK07 [incl. Cyrena Lamarck 1818 GFK07, Veloritina Meek 1872 W77]
         |--*C. fluminalis (Müller 1774) PB27, GFK07 (see below for synonymy)
         |--‘Cyrena’ acuta Pr. 1862 C64
         |--C. africana Krauss 1848 GFK07 [=Cyrena africana PB27; incl. Cy. gauritziana Krauss 1848 PB27]
         |--C. artini Pallary 1903 (see below for synonymy) PB27
         |--C. astartina (Martens 1860) GFK07 [=Cyrena astartina GFK07; incl. Co. giraudi Bourguignat 1889 (n. n.) PB27]
         |--C. audoini Germain 1909 PB27
         |--C. bitruncata Martens 1908 GFK07
         |--‘Cyrena’ californica Pr. 1860 [incl. C. subquadrata Desh. 1854 (preoc.)] C64
         |--C. callipyga Bourguignat 1885 PB27
         |--‘Venus’ coaxans Gmelin 1791 [=Cyrena coaxans] H09
         |--C. consobrina Cailliaud 1827 GFK07 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |--C. c. consobrina PB27
         |    `--C. ‘radiata’ edwardi Pilsbry & Bequaert 1927 PB27
         |--C. convexa Desh. 1854 [incl. C. ventricosa] C64
         |--‘Cyrena’ cumingii Desh. 1854 C64
         |--C. cunningtoni Smith 1906 PB27
         |--C. delessertiana Prime 1870 PB27
         |--C. difficilis Prime 1864 PB27
         |--C. doufilei de Rochebrune & Germain 1904 PB27
         |--C. durkeei (Meek 1870) ZZ88 [=Cyrena (Corbicula) durkeei W77, Co. (Veloritina) durkeei W77]
         |--C. fischeri Germain 1907 PB27
         |--C. fluminea (Müller 1774) [incl. C. elatior Marten 1905] GFK07
         |--C. foai Mabille 1901 PB27
         |--C. gabonensis Preston 1909 PB27
         |--C. gravieriana Bourguignat 1885 PB27
         |--C. gustaviana Martens 1900 GFK07
         |--C. heuglini Clessin 1879 PB27
         |--C. inaequilateralis Prime 1864 PB27
         |--C. insignis Desh. 1854 C64
         |--C. irawadica TC89
         |--C. japonica Prime 1864 [incl. C. biformis Reinhardt 1877] GFK07
         |--C. javanica (Mousson 1849) [=Cyrena orientalis var. javanica] GFK07
         |--C. jilinensis Zhu & Zhou 1988 ZZ88
         |--C. kirkii Prime 1864 PB27
         |--C. lacoini Germain 1905 [incl. C. lacoini var. castanea Germain 1905] PB27
         |--C. largillierti Philippi 1844 GFK07
         |--C. leana Prime 1864 GFK07
         |--C. linduensis GFK07
         |--C. loehensis B50
         |--C. madagascariensis Smith 1882 [incl. C. sikorae Ancey 1890] GFK07
         |--C. mahalonensis B50
         |--C. manilensis GFK07 [=C. (Corbiculina) manilensis M66; incl. C. sayana Prime 1864 GFK07]
         |--‘Cyrena’ maritima C64
         |--C. masapensis B50
         |--C. matannensis Sarasin & Sarasin 1898 [=C. matanensis (l. c.)] GFK07
         |--C. meridionalis Clessin 1879 PB27
         |--‘Cyrena’ mexicana Sby. 1829 [incl. C. aequilateralis Desh. 1854, C. fragilis, C. varians] C64
         |--‘Cyrena’ moluccensis Martens 1897 GFK07
         |--C. natalensis Krauss in Clessin 1879 PB27
         |--C. nilotica Clessin 1879 PB27
         |--C. nitens [incl. C. papyracea var. colorata Martens 1905] GFK07
         |--C. noetlingi Martens 1899 [incl. C. notlingi bakmio Counts 1991 (n. n.)] GFK07
         |--C. oblonga Clessin 1879 [=C. oblongata] GFK07
         |--C. oliphantensis Craven 1880 PB27
         |--C. oxiana (Martens 1876) [=Cyrena (Corbicula) fluminalis var. oxiana] GFK07
         |--‘Cyrena’ panamensis Pr. 1860 [incl. C. inflata Desh. 1854 (preoc.)] C64
         |--C. pisum TC89
         |--C. possoensis Sarasin & Sarasin 1898 GFK07
         |--C. producta Martens 1905 GFK07
         |--‘Cyrena’ prona Martens 1908 GFK07
         |--‘Cyrena’ pullastra Mörch 1860 C64
         |--C. pullata Philippi 1850 GFK07
         |--‘Cyrena’ radiata Hanley 1844 C64
         |--‘Cyrena’ recluzii [incl. C. cordiformis Recl. 1853 (preoc.)] C64
         |--C. regia Clessin 1878 GFK07
         |--C. sandai Reinhardt 1878 GFK07
         |--C. senegalensis Clessin 1879 PB27
         |--C. soleilleti Bourguignat 1885 PB27
         |--‘Cyrena’ solida Phil. 1846 C64
         |--‘Cyrena’ sordida Hanl. 1844 C64
         |--C. squalida [incl. C. crosseana Prime 1864] GFK07
         |--C. straminea Reinhardt 1877 GFK07
         |--C. subplanata Martens 1897 [incl. C. celebensis Martens 1897] GFK07
         |--C. subtruncata Bourguignat in Germain 1906 (see below for synonymy) PB27
         |--C. sumatrana [incl. C. angulifera Martens 1897, C. gibba Martens 1897, C. lacustris Martens 1897] GFK07
         |--C. tanganyicensis Crosse 1881 [=C. radiata var. tanganyicensis, C. tanganikana Bourguignat 1885] PB27
         |--C. tobae Martens 1900 GFK07
         |--C. towutensis B50
         |--C. transversa (Martens 1877) [=Cyrena (Corbicula) transversa] GFK07
         |--‘Cyrena’ triangula de Busch 1849 [incl. C. altilis Gld. 1852] C64
         |--C. trapezoidea Martens 1897 GFK07
         `--‘Cyrena’ tumida [incl. C. angulata Desh. 1854 (preoc.)] C64

Nomina nuda: Corbicula gauritziana Krauss 1848 GFK07
             Cyrena fontainei Desh. in Carpenter 1864 C64

Batissa violacea [incl. B. v. var. celebensis Martens 1897, B. v. var. discoidea Martens 1897, B. v. var. extensa Martens 1897, B. v. var. macassarica Martens 1897] GFK07

Corbicula artini Pallary 1903 [incl. C. artini var. albina Pallary 1903, C. lavigeriana Bourguignat in Germain 1906, C. consobrina var. lavigeriei Germain 1906] PB27

Corbicula consobrina Cailliaud 1827 GFK07 [=Co. fluminalis consobrina GFK07; incl. Co. africana var. albida Krauss 1848 GFK07, Cyrena africana var. albida PB27, Co. bithydea Bourguignat in Pallary 1904 (n. n.) PB27, Co. chlora Bourguignat in Pallary 1904 (n. n.) PB27, Co. eucistaera Bourguignat in Pallary 1904 (n. n.) PB27, Co. jickeli Clessin 1878 GFK07, Co. laurenti Bourguignat in Pallary 1904 (n. n.) PB27, Co. nyassana Bourguignat 1889 PB27, Co. africana var. olivacea Krauss 1848 GFK07, Cyrena africana var. olivacea PB27, Co. pusilla Philippi 1846 GFK07, Cy. pusilla PB27, Co. radiata Philippi 1846 GFK07, Cy. radiata non Hanley 1844 PB27, Co. tchadiensis Germain 1916 PB27, Co. tsadiana Martens 1903 GFK07, Co. zelebori Jickeli 1874 GFK07]

*Corbicula fluminalis (Müller 1774) PB27, GFK07 [=Tellina fluminalis PB27, Cyrena (Corbicula) fluminalis PB27; incl. Corbicula cameroni Bourguignat in Germain 1906 PB27, Co. cor Lamarck 1818 PB27, Co. degousei Germain 1906 PB27, Co. fuscata Lamarck 1818 PB27, Co. jouberti Bourguignat in Germain 1907 PB27, Co. kynganica Bourguignat in Germain 1906 PB27, Co. orientalis Lamarck 1818 PB27, Co. purpurea Prime 1864 GFK07]

Corbicula subtruncata Bourguignat in Germain 1906 [=C. subtruncatula Bourguignat 1889 (n. n.); incl. C. subtruncata var. aegyptiaca Bourguignat in Pallary 1909, C. subtruncata var. cyanea Bourguignat in Pallary 1909 (n. n.)] PB27

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B50] Brooks, J. L. 1950. Speciation in ancient lakes (concluded). Quarterly Review of Biology 25: 131–176.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[GFK07] Glaubrecht, M., Z. Fehér & F. Köhler. 2007. Inventorizing an invader: annotated type catalogue of Corbiculidae Gray, 1847 (Bivalvia, Heterodonta, Veneroidea), including Old World limnic Corbicula in the Natural History Museum Berlin. Malacologia 49 (2): 243–272.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[GK02] Gründel, J., & T. Kowalke. 2002. Palaeorissoinidae, a new family of marine and brackish water Rissooidea (Gastropoda, Littorinimorpha). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 226 (1): 43–57.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[JB12] Johnson, M. E., & B. G. Baarli. 2012. Development of intertidal biotas through Phanerozoic time. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 63–128. Springer.

[KC02] Komatsu, T., K. Chinzei, M. S. Zakhera & H. Matsuoka. 2002. Jurassic soft-bottom oyster Crassostrea from Japan. Palaeontology 45 (6): 1037–1048.

[M66] Metcalf, A. L. 1966. Corbicula manilensis in the Mesilla Valley of Texas and New Mexico. Nautilus 80 (1): 16–20.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[TTP89] Tan Tiu, A. & R. S. Prezant. 1989. Shell tubules in Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Heterodonta): functional morphology and microstructure. Nautilus 103 (1): 36–39.

[TC89] Tapparone Canefri, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XVIII.—Molluschi terrestri e d’acqua dolce. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 295–359.

[W77] White, C. A. 1877. Report upon the invertebrate fossils collected in portions of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, by parties of the expeditions of 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874. U.S. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (1): 1–219, pls 1–21.

[ZZ88] Zhu G.-X. & Zhou Y.-Z. 1988. Fresh-water molluscan fauna across Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary in southeast Jilin. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 27 (6): 713–721.

Last updated: 26 February 2022.

Dosinia

Ringed dosinia Dosinia anus, photographed by Graham Bould.

Belongs within: Veneridae.

Dosinia is a large genus of infaunal bivalves found worldwide. The first members of the genus are known from the Palaeocene of New Zealand with representatives not found in Europe and North America until the Miocene (Marwick 1927).

Characters (from Cox et al. 1969): Equivalve, compressed, nearly orbicular, concentrically striate; lunule well defined; hinge strong, with AII present.

<==Dosinia Scopoli 1777 DK10
    |--D. (Dosinia) P61
    |    |--*D. (D.) africana P61
    |    |--D. (D.) lambata (Gould 1850) P61
    |    `--D. (D.) lupina M27
    |--D. (Austrodosinia Dall 1902) P61
    |    |--D. (*A.) anus (Philippi 1848) [=Cytheria anus] P61
    |    |--D. (A.) horrida Marwick 1927 M27
    |    |--D. (A.) kaawaensis Marwick 1927 M27
    |    |--D. (A.) magna Hutton 1873 M27
    |    `--D. (A.) waitakiensis Marwick 1927 M27
    |--D. (Kakahuia Marwick 1927) M27
    |    `--D. (*K.) suteri Marwick 1927 M27
    |--D. (Kereia Marwick 1927) DK10
    |    |--D. (*K.) greyi Zittel 1864 P61 [=D. (Dosinisca) greyi M27]
    |    |--D. (K.) cottoni Marwick 1927 M27
    |    |--D. (K.) densicosta Marwick 1927 M27
    |    |--D. (K.) densilineata Pritchard 1896 DK10
    |    |--D. (K.) imparistriata Tate 1887 DK10
    |    |--D. (K.) johnstoni Tate 1887 DK10
    |    |--D. (K.) mackayi Marwick 1927 M27
    |    |--D. (K.) numerosissima Darragh & Kendrick 2010 DK10
    |    |--D. (K.) ongleyi Marwick 1927 M27
    |    |--D. (K.) perplexa Marwick 1927 M27
    |    `--D. (K.) waiparaensis Marwick 1927 M27
    |--D. (Phacosoma Jukes-Browne 1912) P61
    |    |--D. (*P.) japonica P61 [=Artemis japonica M27]
    |    |--D. (P.) maoriana Oliver 1923 P61
    |    |--D. (P.) subrosea (Gray 1835) P61 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--D. (P.) troscheli M27
    |    `--D. (P.) wanganuiensis Marwick 1927 M27
    `--D. (Raina Marwick 1927) M27
         |--D. (*R.) bensoni Marwick 1927 M27
         |--D. (R.) nukumaruensis Marwick 1927 M27
         |--D. (R.) paparoaensis Marwick 1927 M27
         `--D. (R.) waipipiensis Marwick 1927 M27

Dosinia incertae sedis:
  D. alta Conrad 1855 C64
  D. amphidesmoides (Reeve 1850) [=Artemis amphidesmoides] H09
  D. annae C64
  D. biscocta (Reeve 1850) XZ10
  D. brasiliensis White 1888 M27
  D. caerulea (Reeve 1850) F27 [=Artemis caerulea H09, Dosinorbis caerulea M27]
  D. corrugata (Reeve 1850) XZ10
  D. deshayesii Adams 1856 H09
  D. discus C66
  D. dunkeri C64
  D. elegans C66
  D. exasperata (Philippi 1847) [=Cytherea exasperata] H09
  D. exoleta (Linnaeus 1758) M62, L58 [=Venus exoleta K91, Artemis exoleta K91]
  D. histrio (Gmelin 1791) [=Venus histrio] H09
  D. longula C64
  D. miticula Viader 1951 L96
  D. montana C64
  D. nobilis Deshayes 1853 H09
  D. penicillata L10
  D. philippii [incl. Cytherea patagonica] G79
  D. ponderosa [incl. Venus cycloides, D. distans] C64
  D. sculpta (Hanley 1856) [=Artemis sculpta] H09
  D. subobliqua C64
  D. tumida (Gray 1838) [=Artemis tumida] H09

Dosinia (Phacosoma) subrosea (Gray 1835) P61 [=D. (Austrodosinia) subrosea M27, Dosinorbis subrosea M27; incl. Dosinea dispar H86]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[C66] Clench, W. J. 1966. Extension in range for Dosinia discus. Nautilus 80 (2): 70.

Cox, L. R., N. D. Newell et al. 1969. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt N. Bivalvia vol. 2. The Geological Society of America, Inc. and The University of Kansas.

[DK10] Darragh, T. A., & G. W. Kendrick. 2010. Eocene molluscs from the Merlinleigh Sandstone, Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 26 (1): 23–41.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[G79] Guppy, R. J. L. 1879. First sketch of a marine invertebrate fauna of the Gulf of Paria and its neighbourhood. Part I.—Mollusca. Journal of Conchology 2: 151–172.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[H86] Hutton, F. W. 1886. The Mollusca of the Pareora and Oamaru systems of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (1): 205–237.

[K91] Kozloff, E. N. 1991. Malacobdella siliquae sp. nov. and Malacobdella macomae sp. nov., commensal nemerteans from bivalve molluscs on the Pacific coast of North America. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69: 1612–1618.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[L96] Loch, I. 1996. Notice: R. Viader collection. Molluscan Research 17: 110.

[L10] Lutaenko, K. A. 2010. Bivalve molluscan biogeography of the Japan Sea: an overview. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 1–6. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

[M27] Marwick, J. 1927. The Veneridae of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 567–636.

[M62] Monniot, F. 1962. Recherches sur les graviers a Amphioxus de la région de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie et Milieu 13: 231–322.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[XZ10] Xu, F., & J. Zhang. 2010. Study on the bivalve faunal composition of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 7–12. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Paphia

Paphia alapapilionis. Photo from here.

Belongs within: Veneridae.

Paphia is a genus of bivalves that first appeared in the Oligocene, and is found primarily in the Pacific region, extending to Europe (Cox et al. 1969). The subgenus Callistotapes has the cardinal teeth of the hinge more divergent than in the type, with the left posterior cardinal much closer to the ligamental nymph (Marwick 1927).

Characters (from Cox et al. 1969): Elongate, compressed, shell surface glossy; hinge plate narrow; lateral teeth wanting.

<==Paphia Bolten 1798 M27
    |  i. s.: P. deshayesi (Hanley 1856) [=Venus deshayesi] H09
    |         P. fabagella (Deshayes 1854) [=Tapes fabagella, Pullastra fabagella, Venerupis fabagella] F27
    |         P. gallus (Gmelin 1791) [=Venus gallus] H09
    |         P. hiantina [=Venus hiantina] H09
    |         P. literata (Linnaeus 1758) [=Venus literata] H09
    |         P. radiata H09
    |         P. semirugata (Phillipi 1847) MG-H11
    |         P. sulcosa (Philippi 1847) [=Venus sulcosa] H09
    |         P. textile (Gmelin 1791) [=Venus textilis] H09
    |         P. tristis (Lamarck 1818) [=Venus tristis] H09
    |         P. variegata (Sowerby 1852) [=Tapes variegata] H09
    |--*P. (Paphia) alapapilionis M27
    `--P. (Callistotapes Sacco 1900) M27
         |--P. (*C.) vetula [=Venus vetula] M27
         `--P. (C.) finlayi Marwick 1927 M27

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Cox, L. R., N. D. Newell et al. 1969. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt N. Bivalvia vol. 2. The Geological Society of America, Inc. and The University of Kansas.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[M27] Marwick, J. 1927. The Veneridae of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 567–636.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

Mixtacandona

Specimens of Trapezicandona [=Mixtacandona] from southern France. Photo from here.

Belongs within: Candonidae.

Mixtacandona is a genus of subterranean freshwater ostracods from Europe. Karanovic & Pesce (2000) indicated that the often-ascribed publication of 'Klie 1938' for this genus is in error, and pointed out that the name for this genus should be Trapezicandona Schornikov 1969.

Characters (from Karanovic & Pesce 2000, for Trapezicandona): Valve shape trapezoidal, triangular or elongated. Valve surface smooth or slightly ornamented. Antennula 7-segmented. Antenna of male with or without male bristles. Aesthetasc on antenna very long (more than 60% of first endopodal segment). Exopodite on antenna consisting of plate, one long and two small setae. Exopodite of first thoracic leg with three setae, prehensile palps slightly asymmetrical. Protopodite of walking leg without setae. Walking leg 5-segmented. Protopodite of cleaning leg with three setae. Cleaning leg 4 or 5-segmented. Penultimate segment of cleaning leg with one or two setae, terminal segment with one long and two small setae. Furca with very short posterior seta. Genital segment without appendages. Zenker's organ with seven whorls of spines. Hemipenis typical with lateral lobe very thin relative to other lobes.

<==Mixtacandona Klie 1938 DH86
    |--M. botosaneanui Danielopol 1978 DH86
    |--M. chappuisi (Klie 1943) DH86
    |--M. cottarellii Danielopol 1982 DH86
    |--M. elegans Danielopol & Cvetkov 1978 DH86
    |--M. hvarensis Danielopol 1969 DH86
    |--M. juberthieae Danielopol 1977-78 DH86
    |--M. laisi Klie 1938 DH86
    |    |--M. l. laisi DH86
    |    `--M. l. vindobonensis (Löffler 1963) DH86
    |--M. ljovuschkini (Rudjakov 1963) DH86
    |--M. loeffleri Danielopol 1978 DH86
    |--M. peliaca (Schäfer 1945) DH86
    |--M. pietrosanii Danielopol & Cvetkov 1978 DH86
    |--M. pseudocrenulata (Schäfer 1945) DH86
    |--M. riongessa (Bronstein 1947) DH86
    |--M. stammeri (Klie 1938) DH86
    |--M. tabacarui Danielopol & Cvetkov 1978 DH86
    |--M. taurica (Schornikov 1969) DH86
    `--M. transleithanica (Löffler 1960) DH86

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[DH86] Danielopol, D. L., & G. Hartmann. 1986. Ostracoda. In Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) (L. Botosaneanu, ed.) pp. 265-294. E. J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

Karanovic, I., & G. L. Pesce. 2000. Trapezicandona italica n. sp. from the underground waters of southern Italy (Crustacea, Ostracoda). Fragmenta Entomologica 32 (2): 213-224.

Laupala

Laupala kohalensis. Photo from here.

Belongs within: Grylloidea.

Laupala is a diverse genus of crickets found on the Hawaiian Islands. The numerous species are morphologically very similar to each other, and until 1994 were thought to belong to a single species. The existence of multiple species was realised when it was discovered that each species had a distinctive song (often together with variations in male genitalia). Laupala may be divided between three species groups, one of which (the L. kauaiensis group) is found on the island of Kauai, whereas the other two groups are each distributed over the remaining four major Hawaiian islands.

See also: A question of taste.

Characters (from Otte 1994): Male genitalia with narrow epiphallic process and short prongs; body colour generally uniform brown to dark brown or black (without dark spots and markings on head, pronotum, forewings or abdomen); legs I and II largely unbanded; song consisting of a slow train of pulses, males singing mainly in daytime (particularly morning).

<==Laupala Otte 1994 O94
    |--L. kauaiensis group O94
    |    |--L. kanaele Otte 1994 O94
    |    |--L. kauaiensis Otte 1994 [=L. kawaiensis (l. c.)] O94
    |    |--L. kokeensis Otte 1994 O94
    |    |--L. koloa Otte 1994 O94
    |    |--L. makaweli Otte 1994 O94
    |    |--L. olohena Otte 1994 O94
    |    `--L. wailua Otte 1994 O94
    |--L. cerasina group O94
    |    |--L. cerasina Otte 1994 O94
    |    |--L. eukolea Otte 1994 O94
    |    |--L. fugax Otte 1994 O94
    |    |--L. kolea Otte 1994 O94
    |    |--L. mediaspisa Otte 1994 O94
    |    |--L. neospisa Otte 1994 O94
    |    |--L. spisa Otte 1994 O94
    |    `--L. waikemoi Otte 1994 O94
    `--L. pacifica group O94
         |--*L. nui Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. eupacifica Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. hapapa Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. hualalai Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. kai Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. kohalensis Otte 1994 [=L. kohalina (l. c.)] O94
         |--L. kona Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. lanaiensis Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. media Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. molokaiensis Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. nigra Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. oahuensis Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. pacifica Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. paranigra Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. parapacifica Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. paraprosea Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. prosea Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. pruna Otte 1994 [=L. kaumana (l. c.)] O94
         |--L. tantalis Otte 1994 [=L. antalis (l. c.)] O94
         `--L. vespertina Otte 1994 O94

Nomen nudum: Laupala orientalis Otte 1994 O94

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[O94] Otte, D. 1994. The Crickets of Hawaii: origin, systematics and evolution. The Orthopterists' Society: The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.