Brachystomellidae

Juvenile Brachystomella parvula, copyright Andy Murray.

Belongs within: Collembola.

The Brachystomellidae are a group of elongate-bodied springtails that lack mandibles, with a toothed head present on the maxilla and flattened, blunt buccal cones (Greenslade 1991).

<==Brachystomellidae
    |--Salvarella wallacei G91
    |--Setanodosa G91
    |--Subclavontella G91
    |--Rapoportella G91
    |--Bellingeria Christiansen & Pike 2002 CP02
    |    `--*B. cornua Christiansen & Pike 2002 CP02
    `--Brachystomella Ågren 1903 [incl. Guacharia] W39
         |--*B. maritima Ågren 1903 CB80
         |--B. acantha Womersley 1933 W39
         |--B. afurcata Womersley 1933 W39
         |--B. anomala Womersley 1933 W39
         |--B. arida Christiansen & Bellinger 1980 CB80
         |--B. capitata Womersley 1930 W39
         |--B. christianseni H83
         |--B. contorta CB80
         |--B. curvula CB80
         |--B. dianae G91
         |--B. fungicola Womersley 1933 W39
         |--B. geniculata Womersley 1934 W39
         |--B. globulosa Cassagnau & Rapoport 1962 CB80
         |--B. granulata Womersley 1935 W39
         |--B. hiemalis Yosii 1956 CB80
         |--B. parvula (Schäffer 1896) [=Schoettella parvula] CB80
         |--B. platensis G91
         |--B. stachi Mills 1934 CB80
         |--B. terricola Womersley 1930 W39
         `--B. villalobosi Cassagnau & Rapoport 1962 CB80

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CB80] Christiansen, K., & P. Bellinger. 1980. The Collembola of North America north of the Rio Grande: A taxonomic analysis vol. 1. Introduction; general; families Poduridae and Hypogastruridae. Grinnell College: Grinnell (Iowa).

[CP02] Christiansen, K., & E. Pike. 2002. Cretaceous Collembola (Arthropoda, Hexapoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Canada. Cretaceous Research 23: 165–188.

[G91] Greenslade, P. J. 1991. Collembola (springtails). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 252–264. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[H83] Hammen, L. van der. 1983. Contribution to the knowledge of the soil-fauna of New Guinea. Zoologische Verhandelingen 206: 1–36.

[W39] Womersley, H. 1939. Primitive Insects of South Australia: Silverfish, springtails, and their allies. South Australian Branch of the British Science Guild: Adelaide.

Tomoceridae

Tomocerus minor, copyright Francisco Welter-Schultes.

Belongs within: Collembola.

The Tomoceridae are a group of elongate springtails in which the third abdominal segment is longer than the fourth (Womersley 1939).

Characters (from Womersley 1939): Postantennal organ absent. Abdominal segment 3 longer than 4, all tergites free. With or without scales, if present then these with longitudinal ribs. Ciliated sensory setae present on abdominal segments or not. Furca present and well developed.

<==Tomoceridae
    |  i. s.: Lasiofinus CP02
    |         Entomocerus Christiansen & Pike 2002 CP02
    |           `--*E. mirus Christiansen & Pike 2002 CP02
    |--Lepidophorellinae W39
    |    |--Neophorella Womersley 1934 [Neophorellini] S-AB08
    |    |--Lepidophorella Schäffer 1897 (see below for synonymy) S-AB08
    |    |    |--L. australis Carpenter 1925 W39
    |    |    `--L. brachycephala (Moniez 1894) [=Drepanura brachycephala] W39
    |    |--Antennacyrtus Salmon 1941 S-AB08
    |    |--Lasofinius Ireson & Greenslade 1990 S-AB08
    |    `--Novacerus Salmon 1942 S-AB08
    `--Tomocerinae S-AB08
         |--Aphaenomurus Yosii 1956 S-AB08
         |--Monodontocerus Yosii 1955 S-AB08
         |--Tritomurus Frauenfeld 1854 S-AB08
         `--Tomocerus Nicolet 1842 CB80
              |  i. s.: T. bicolor (Say 1821) (n. d.) [=Podura bicolor] CB80
              |         T. iricolor Say 1821 (n. d.) CB80
              |         T. longicornis (Müller 1776) [=Podura longicornis] CB80
              |         T. lubbocki Schäffer 1900 S00
              |         T. niger Bourlet 1839 (n. d.) CB80
              |         T. nigritus Maynard 1951 (n. d.) CB80
              |         T. tasmanicus Womersley 1935 W39
              |--T. (Tomocerus) CB80
              |    |--*T. (T.) minor (Lubbock 1862) CB80 (see below for synonymy)
              |    `--T. (T.) vulgaris (Tullberg 1871) CB80, W39
              |--T. (Lethemurus Yosii 1970) CB80
              |    `--T. (*L.) missus Mills 1949 [=T. (Tritomurus) missus] CB80
              |--T. (Plutomurus Yosii 1956) CB80
              |    |--‘Tritomurus’ riugadoensis Yosii 1939 [=*Plutomurus riugadoensis] CB80
              |    |--T. (P.) brevimucronatus Denis 1929 CB80
              |    |--T. (P.) californicus Folsom 1913 [=Tritomuruc californicus; incl. Tr. oregonensis Denis 1929] CB80
              |    |--T. (P.) grahami Christiansen 1980 CB80
              |    `--T. (P.) wilkeyi Christiansen 1965 CB80
              |--T. (Pogonognathellus Paclt 1944) (see below for synonymy) CB80
              |    |--T. (*P.) plumbeus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Podura plumbea, *Pogonognathus plumbeus] CB80
              |    |--T. (P.) bidentatus Folsom 1913 (see below for synonymy) CB80
              |    |--T. (P.) celsus Christiansen 1965 CB80
              |    |--T. (P.) dubius Christiansen 1965 CB80
              |    |--T. (P.) elongatus Maynard 1951 [=*Maynardia elongata] CB80
              |    `--T. (P.) flavescens (Tullberg 1871) (see below for synonymy) CB80
              |--T. (Tomocerina Yosii 1955) CB80
              |    |--T. (*T.) minutus Tullberg 1876 CB80
              |    |--T. (T.) curtus Christiansen 1965 CB80
              |    |--T. (T.) lamelliferus Mills 1934 CB80
              |    `--T. (T.) teres Christiansen 1965 CB80
              `--T. (Tomolonus Mills 1949) CB80
                   `--T. (*T.) reductus (Mills 1949) [=*Tomolonus reductus] CB80

Lepidophorella Schäffer 1897 [incl. Millsia Womersley 1942, Pseudolepidophorella Salmon 1941; Lepidophorellini] S-AB08

Tomocerus (Pogonognathellus Paclt 1944) [=Pogonognathus Börner 1908 non Agassiz 1846; incl. Architomocerura Denis 1931, Maynardia Yosii 1956] CB80

Tomocerus (Pogonognathellus) bidentatus Folsom 1913 [incl. Tritomurus henroti Delamare 1949, To. jeanneli Bonet 1934] CB80

Tomocerus (Pogonognathellus) flavescens (Tullberg 1871) [=Macrotoma flavescens; incl. T. albus Packard 1877, T. americanus Schött 1896, T. arcticus Schött 1893, *Architomocerura crassicauda Denis 1931, T. pallidus Packard 1888, T. separatus Folsom 1913] CB80

*Tomocerus (Tomocerus) minor (Lubbock 1862) CB80 [=Macrotoma minor CB80; incl. M. tridentifera Tullberg 1872 CB80, Tomocerus tridentifer S00]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CB80] Christiansen, K., & P. Bellinger. 1980. The Collembola of North America north of the Rio Grande: A taxonomic analysis vol. 3. Family Entomobryidae. Grinnell College: Grinnell (Iowa).

[CP02] Christiansen, K., & E. Pike. 2002. Cretaceous Collembola (Arthropoda, Hexapoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Canada. Cretaceous Research 23: 165–188.

[S00] Schäffer, C. 1900. Ueber württembergische Collembola. Jahreshefte des Vereins für vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg 56: 245–280, pl. 2.

[S-AB08] Soto-Adames, F. N., J.-A. Barra, K. Christiansen & R. Jordana. 2008. Suprageneric classification of Collembola Entomobryomorpha. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 101 (3): 501–513.

[W39] Womersley, H. 1939. Primitive Insects of South Australia: Silverfish, springtails, and their allies. South Australian Branch of the British Science Guild: Adelaide.

Campodeoidea

Campodea staphylinus, copyright Michel Vuijlsteke.

Belongs within: Diplura.

The Campodeoidea are a group of diplurans with filiform cerci and lacking abdominal spiracles (Ferguson 1990).

Characters (from Ferguson 1990): Trichobothria present, beginning on antennal segment 3; mandible with lacinia mobilis (prostheca); maxilla without palpus, lacinia without pectens; urosternite 1 without styli, with one pair of subcoxal appendages; styli present on urosternites 2–7, with several distinctly developed setae; abdominal spiracles absent; cerci multisegmented, filiform, long or short, without inner canal, closed at apex; anal valvules well developed.

<==Campodeoidea [Campodeida, Campodeomorpha] F90
    |--Procampodea [Procampodeidae] F90
    |    `--P. macswaini Condé & Pagés 1956 F90
    `--Campodeidae F05
         |  i. s.: Plusiocampa F05
         |           |--P. baetica Sendra 2004 F05
         |           `--P. bonneti F05
         |                |--P. b. bonneti F05
         |                `--P. b. condei Sendra & Escolà 2004 F05
         |--Lepidocampinae F90
         |    |--Syncampa Silvestri 1931 F90
         |    `--Lepidocampa Oudemans 1890 F90
         |         `--L. weberi Oudemans 1890 F90
         |--Hemicampinae F90
         |    |--Tritocampa Silvestri 1933 F90
         |    `--Hemicampa Silvestri 1912 F90
         |         `--H. boudreauxi Condé & Geeraert 1962 F90
         `--Campodeinae CP91
              |--Eutrichocampa hispanica Silvestri 1932 F90
              |--Haplocampa Silvestri 1912 F90
              |--Podocampa Silvestri 1932 [incl. Parallocampa Silvestri 1933] F90
              |--Meiocampa Silvestri 1933 F90
              |--Eumesocampa Silvestri 1933 F90
              |    |--E. danielsi Silvestri 1933 F90
              |    |--E. frigillis (Hilton 1936) F90
              |    `--E. lutzi Silvestri 1933 F90
              |--Campodella Silvestri 1913 CP91, W39
              |    |--*C. clavigera CP91
              |    |--C. milloti CP91
              |    `--C. tiegsi Womersley 1939 W39
              |--Notocampa Silvestri 1930 CP91, W39
              |    |--*N. leae (Silvestri 1931) [=Metriocampa (*Notocampa) leae] W39
              |    |--N. philpotti (Tillyard 1924) [=Campodea philpotti, Metriocampa (Notocampa) philpotti] W39
              |    `--N. westraliense (Wom. 1937) [=Metriocampa (Notocampa) westraliense] W39
              |--Litocampa Silvestri 1933 F90
              |    |  i. s.: L. cookei F90
              |    `--L. (Cocytocampa Paclt 1957) F90
              |         |--L. (C.) perkinsi (Silvestri 1934) F90
              |         `--L. (C.) solomonis Bareth & Condé 1972 F90
              |--Metriocampa Silvestri 1911 F90
              |    |--M. (Austrocampa Wom. 1937) W39
              |    |    `--M. (A.) spinigera Wom. 1937 W39
              |    |         |--M. s. spinigera CP91
              |    |         `--M. s. victoriense Wom. 1937 CP91, W39
              |    `--M. (Tricampa Silvestri 1933) F90
              |         `--M. (T.) paradoxa CP91
              `--Campodea Westwood 1842 F90
                   |  i. s.: C. darwinii RJ93
                   |         C. lubbocki WS10
                   |         C. remyi F90
                   |         C. staphylinus P92
                   |         C. waterhousei Wom. 1937 W39
                   |--C. (Campodea) F05
                   |    |--C. (C.) cossetana Sendra & Escolà 2004 F05
                   |    |--C. (C.) fragilis Meinert 1865 CP91, W39
                   |    |--C. (C.) maestrazgoensis Sendra & Escolà 2004 F05
                   |    |--C. (C.) majorica F05
                   |    |    |--C. m. majorica F05
                   |    |    `--C. m. valentina Sendra & Moreno 2004 F05
                   |    `--C. (C.) navasi Sendra & Moreno 2004 F05
                   |--C. (Dicampa Silvestri 1932) F90
                   |    `--C. (D.) escalerai Silvestri 1932 F90
                   |--C. (Hypercampa Silvestri 1933) F90
                   |    `--C. (H.) essigi Silvestri 1933 F90
                   |--C. (Indocampa) CP91
                   |    |--C. (I.) froggattii Silvestri 1921 CP91, W39
                   |    |--C. (I.) novaecaledoniae CP91
                   |    `--C. (I.) tillyardii Silvestri 1931 CP91, W39
                   `--C. (Monocampa Silvestri 1932) F90
                        |--C. (M.) morgani Silvestri 1911 F90
                        `--C. (M.) tonnoiri Wom. 1937 CP91, W39

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CP91] Condé, B., & J. Pagés. 1991. Diplura. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 269–271. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[F90] Ferguson, L. M. 1990. Insecta: Diplura. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 951–963. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WS10] Wang, M., S. Sun, C. Li & X. Shen. 2010. Distinctive mitochondrial genome of the calanoid copepod Calanus sinicus, a useful molecular marker for phylogenetic and population studies. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 187–192. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

[W39] Womersley, H. 1939. Primitive Insects of South Australia: Silverfish, springtails, and their allies. South Australian Branch of the British Science Guild: Adelaide.

Diplura

Heterojapyx novaezelandae, copyright Bugman-NZ.

Belongs within: Panhexapoda.
Contains: Campodeoidea, Japygidae.

The Diplura are a cosmopolitan group of slender-bodied, wingless, blind hexapods that are mostly found in damp soil under logs and stones (Condé & Pagés 1991).

Characters (from Condé & Pagés 1991): Small to large, narrow-bodied hexapods, mostly unpigmented; eyes absent; antennae moniliform, with intrinsic muscles in the flagellar segments; thorax usually weakly developed; legs 5-segmented; abdomen 10-segmented, with styles and exsertile vesicles on at least some of the segments, gonopore between 8 and 9; cerci variously developed. Larval development epimorphic.

<==Diplura
    |  i. s.: Onychojapyx schmidti Pierce 1950 K-P87
    |         Testajapyx Kukalová-Peck 1987 [Testajapygidae] K-P87
    |           `--*T. thomasi Kukalová-Peck 1987 K-P87
    |         Ocellia [Ocelliidae] RJ93
    |           `--O. articulicornis RJ93
    |--Rhabdura F90
    |    |--Campodeoidea F90
    |    `--Projapygoidea F90
    |         |--Anajapyx Silvestri 1903 [Anajapygidae] F90
    |         |    |--*A. vesiculosus W39
    |         |    |--A. hermosus Smith 1960 F90
    |         |    `--A. menkei F90
    |         |--Projapygidae CP91
    |         |    |--Projapyx Cook 1899 F90
    |         |    |    `--*P. stylifer W39
    |         |    `--Symphylurinus Silvestri 1909 F90
    |         |         |--*S. grassi W39
    |         |         `--S. swani CP91
    |         `--Octostigma [Octostigmatidae] P01
    |              |--*O. herbivorum [=O. herbivora] P01
    |              |--O. sinense [=O. sinensis] P01
    |              `--O. spiniferum Pagés 2001 P01
    `--Japygoidea [Dicellurata, Japygomorpha] F90
         |--Dinjapyx W39 [Dinjapygidae F90, Dinjapyginae]
         |--Japygidae CP91
         |--Evalljapyx Silvestri 1911 F90 [Evalljapygidae CP91, Evalljapyginae]
         |--Heterojapyx CP91 [Heterojapygidae, Heterojapyginae F90]
         |    |--H. evansi Wom. 1934 W39
         |    |--H. gallardi Till. 1924 W39
         |    |--H. novaezelandae W39
         |    |--H. soulei RD77
         |    |--H. tambourinensis Wom. 1934 W39
         |    |--H. tillyardi K-P83
         |    `--H. victoriae Silvestri 1910 W39
         `--Parajapygidae [Parajapyginae] F90
              |--Ectasjapyx W39
              `--Parajapyx CP91
                   |  i. s.: P. emeryanus MG06
                   |         P. isabellae S62
                   |         P. swani Wom. 1934 W39
                   `--P. (Parajapyx) B86
                        |--P. (P.) botosaneanui Pagés 1975 B86
                        `--P. (P.) gerlachi Pagés 1967 B86

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B86] Botosaneanu, L. 1986. Insecta: Diplura (avec une note sur les Acari: Nematalycidae). In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) p. 618. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[CP91] Condé, B., & J. Pagés. 1991. Diplura. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 269–271. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[F90] Ferguson, L. M. 1990. Insecta: Diplura. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 951–963. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[K-P83] Kukalová-Peck, J. 1983. Origin of the insect wing and wing articulation from the arthropodan leg. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 1618–1669.

[K-P87] Kukalová-Peck, J. 1987. New Carboniferous Diplura, Monura, and Thysanura, the hexapod ground plan, and the role of thoracic side lobes in the origin of wings (Insecta). Canadian Journal of Zoology 65: 2327–2345.

[MG06] Mallatt, J., & G. Giribet. 2006. Further use of nearly complete 28S and 18S rRNA genes to classify Ecdysozoa: 37 more arthropods and a kinorhynch. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40: 772–794.

[P01] Pagés, J. 2001. Notes sur des diploures rabdoures (insectes, aptérygotes) n^o 2: Octostigma spiniferum sp. n. (Projapygoidea, Octostigmatidae) de Java (Indonésie)—Diplura Genavensia XXV. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 108 (1): 31–39.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S62] Smith, L. M. 1962. Japygidae of South America. 3: Japygidae of Chile. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 273–292.

[W39] Womersley, H. 1939. Primitive Insects of South Australia: Silverfish, springtails, and their allies. South Australian Branch of the British Science Guild: Adelaide.

Japygidae

Metajapyx suterraneus, copyright Christopher C. Wirth.

Belongs within: Diplura.

The Japygidae are a group of diplurans with forcipate cerci and trichobothria on segments 4–6 of the antennae (Condé & Pagés 1991).

Characters (from Condé & Pagés 1991): Trichobothria present on segments 4–6 of antenna; mandible without prostheca; labial palps present; four pairs of thoracic spiracles; pretarsus without empodium on ventral side of the two lateral claws; S1–7 with minute membranous vesicles; cerci one-segmented, forcipate.

<==Japygidae
    |--Provalljapyx Silvestri 1949 [Provalljapyginae] F90
    |--Japygellinae W39
    |    |--Allurjapyx W39
    |    |--Epijapyx W39
    |    |--Japyginus W39
    |    `--Japygellus W39
    |--Indiajapyginae W39
    |    |--Burmjapyx glauerti W39, WM70
    |    |--Parindjapyx W39
    |    |--Neojapyx W39
    |    `--Indjapyx W39
    `--Japyginae S62
         |--Opisthjapyx W39
         |--Catajapyx W39
         |--Mixojapyx W39
         |--Megajapyx W39
         |--Hecajapyx S62
         |--Occasjapyx japonicus S62, SC17
         |--Austrjapyx S62
         |--Japygianus wheeleri WM70
         |--Japyx Halliday 1863 W39
         |    |--J. solifugus WS10
         |    `--J. westraliense Wom. 1934 W39
         |--Chiljapyx Smith 1962 S62
         |    `--*C. caltagironei Smith 1962 S62
         |--Penjapyx Smith 1962 S62
         |    `--*P. altus Smith 1962 S62
         |--Hapljapyx Silvestri 1948-1949 S62
         |    `--*H. lopesi Silvestri 1948-1949 S62
         |--Nelsjapyx Smith 1962 S62
         |    |--*N. hichinsi Smith 1962 S62
         |    `--N. soldadi Smith 1962 S62
         |--Rossjapyx Smith 1962 S62
         |    |--*R. australis Smith 1962 S62
         |    `--R. anodus (Silvestri 1949) [=Hapljapyx anodus; incl. H. subanodus Silvestri 1949] S62
         |--Valpjapyx Smith 1962 S62
         |    |--*V. botani Smith 1962 S62
         |    `--V. talcae Smith 1962 S62
         |--Teljapyx Silvestri 1949 S62
         |    |--*T. riestrae Silvestri 1949 S62
         |    |--T. megalocerus (Silv. 1901) S62
         |    `--T. profundus Smith 1962 S62
         |--Merojapyx Silvestri 1949 S62
         |    |--*M. speggazzinii Silvestri 1949 S62
         |    |--M. bidentatus [=M. bidentaus (l. c.)] S62
         |    |--M. porteri Silvestri 1949 S62
         |    `--M. riverosi Silvestri 1949 S62
         |--Notojapyx WM70
         |    |--N. mjobergi CP91
         |    `--N. tillyardi CP91
         |         |--N. t. tillyardi CP91
         |         `--N. t. pagesi CP91
         `--Metajapyx W39
              |--M. froggatti (Silvestri 1930) [=Japyx (Metajapyx) froggatti; incl. J. augens Silv. 1930] W39
              |--M. glauerti (Wom. 1934) [=Japyx (Metajapyx) glauerti] W39
              |--M. leae (Silvestri 1930) [=Japyx (Metajapyx) leae] W39
              |--M. longiseta (Silvestri 1908) [=Japyx (Metajapyx) longiseta] W39
              |--M. michaelseni (Silvestri 1930) [=Japyx (Metajapyx) michaelseni] W39
              |--M. mjoebergi (Silvestri 1928) [=Japyx (Metajapyx) mjoebergi] W39
              |--M. nichollsi (Wom. 1934) [=Japyx (Metajapyx) nichollsi] W39
              |--M. onkaparinga (Wom. 1935) [=Japyx (Metajapyx) onkaparinga] W39
              |--M. suterraneus RS10
              `--M. tillyardii (Silvestri 1930) [=Japyx (Metajapyx) tillyardii] W39

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CP91] Condé, B., & J. Pagés. 1991. Diplura. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 269–271. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[F90] Ferguson, L. M. 1990. Insecta: Diplura. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 951–963. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[RS10] Regier, J. C., J. W. Shultz, A. Zwick, A. Hussey, B. Ball, R. Wetzer, J. W. Martin & C. W. Cunningham. 2010. Arthropod relationships revealed by phylogenomic analysis of nuclear protein-coding sequences. Nature 463: 1079–1083.

[SC17] Schwentner, M., D. J. Combosch, J. P. Nelson & G. Giribet. 2017. A phylogenomic solution to the origin of insects by resolving crustacean-hexapod relationships. Current Biology 27: 1818–1824.

[S62] Smith, L. M. 1962. Japygidae of South America. 3: Japygidae of Chile. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 273–292.

[WM70] Wallace, M. M. H., & I. M. Mackerras. 1970. The entognathous hexapods. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 205–216. Melbourne University Press.

[WS10] Wang, M., S. Sun, C. Li & X. Shen. 2010. Distinctive mitochondrial genome of the calanoid copepod Calanus sinicus, a useful molecular marker for phylogenetic and population studies. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 187–192. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

[W39] Womersley, H. 1939. Primitive Insects of South Australia: Silverfish, springtails, and their allies. South Australian Branch of the British Science Guild: Adelaide.

Lepismatidae

Heterolepisma sp., copyright Graeme Smith.

Belongs within: Zygentoma.

The Lepismatidae are a group of silverfish in which the body is covered with scales (Smith & Watson 1991).

<==Lepismatidae
    |  i. s.: Leucolepisma arenaria Wall 1954 F90
    |         Stylifera gigantea Escherich 1905 F90
    |         Mirolepisma deserticola Silvestri 1938 F90
    |         Lepismodes inquilinus SW91
    |         Onycholepisma arizonae MP08
    |         Peliolepisma RD77
    |         Pachystylus P92
    |         Lampropholis burmiticus Cockerell 1917 P92
    |--Acrotelsa Escherich 1905 W39 [Acrotelsatinae MP08]
    |    `--A. collaris (Fabricius 1793) [incl. Lepisma mucronata Packard 1873] F90
    |--Lepismatinae [Ctenolepismatidae] MP08
    |    |--Paracrotelsa MP08
    |    |--Tricholepisma Paclt 1967 MP08
    |    |--Afrolepisma Mendes 1981 MP08
    |    |--Neoasterolepisma Mendes 1988 MP08
    |    |--Lepitrochisma Mendes 1988 MP08
    |    |--Burmalepisma Mendes & Poinar 2008 MP08
    |    |    `--*B. cretacicum Mendes & Poinar 2008 MP08
    |    |--Xenolepisma Mendes 1981 MP08
    |    |    `--X. penangi SE12
    |    |--Allacrotelsa Silvestri 1934 W39
    |    |    |--A. burmitica R02
    |    |    |--A. dubia R02
    |    |    `--A. spinulata (Packard 1873) [incl. Stachisma mexicana Wygodzinsky 1949] F90
    |    |--Lepisma Linnaeus 1758 W39
    |    |    |--*L. saccharina Linnaeus 1758 W39
    |    |    |--L. lineata SJ92
    |    |    |--L. niveofasciata G89
    |    |    `--L. terrestris Linnaeus 1758 L58
    |    |--Mormisma MP08
    |    |--Acrotelsella Silvestri 1934 W39
    |    |    |--A. devriesiana (Silvestri 1908) [=Acrotelsa devriesiana] W39
    |    |    |    |--A. d. devriesiana W39
    |    |    |    |--A. d. perspinata W39 [=Acrotelsa devriesiana perspinata NR26]
    |    |    |    `--A. d. westralis (Nicholls & Richardson 1925) W39 [=Acrotelsa westralis NR26]
    |    |    |--A. escherichi Womersley 1939 W39
    |    |    |--A. producta (Escherich 1905) [=Acrotelsa producta] W39
    |    |    |--A. silvestri Womersley 1939 W39
    |    |    `--A. splendens (Nicholls & Richardson 1925) (see below for synonymy) W39
    |    |--Thermobia Bergroth 1890 W39
    |    |    |--T. campbelli (Barnhart 1951) F90
    |    |    `--T. domestica (Packard 1873) SC17, F90 [incl. Thermophila furnorum Rovelli 1889 W39]
    |    `--Ctenolepisma Escherich 1905 W39
    |         |--C. burmanica MP08
    |         |--C. ciliata (Dufour 1831) F90
    |         |--C. diversisquamis Silvestri 1908 [incl. C. reducta Folsom 1923] F90
    |         |--C. lineata RS10
    |         |    |--C. l. lineata F90
    |         |    `--C. l. pilifera (Lucas 1840) (see below for synonymy) F90
    |         |--C. longicaudata Escherich 1905 [incl. C. urbana Slabaugh 1940] F90
    |         |--C. targionii (Grassi & Rovelli 1889) F90
    |         `--C. terebrans C90
    `--Heterolepismatinae S13
         |--Anisolepisma Paclt 1967 MC13, S13
         |    `--*A. hartmeyeri (Silvestri 1908) [=Heterolepisma hartmeyeri] S13
         `--Heterolepisma Escherich 1905 [incl. Isolepisma Escherich 1905, Notolepisma Tillyard 1924] S13
              |--*H. pampeana (Silvestri 1902) [=Lepisma pampeana] S13
              |--H. andina (Silvestri 1902) [=Lepisma andina] S13
              |--H. annectans (Silvestri 1924) S13
              |--H. bisetosa (Carpenter 1916) S13
              |--H. dispar Uchida 1944 S13
              |--H. exacta (Silvestri 1918) S13
              |--H. horni Stach 1933 S13
              |--H. howensis Womersley 1942 S13
              |--H. insularis (Banks 1901) S13
              |--H. japonica (Uchida 1968) S13
              |--H. kraepelini Silvestri 1908 S13
              |--H. michaelseni Silvestri 1908 S13
              |--H. mossambicensis Mendes 1993 S13
              |--H. parva Smith 2013 S13
              |--H. primafra (Silvestri 1949) S13
              |--H. rouxi (Silvestri 1915) S13
              |--H. serranoi Mendes 2011 S13
              |--H. stilivarians Silvestri 1908 S13
              |--H. trisetosa (Escherich 1905) [=*Isolepisma trisetosa] S13
              `--H. zealandica (Tillyard 1924) [=*Notolepisma zealandica] S13

Acrotelsella splendens (Nicholls & Richardson 1925) [=Acrotelsa splendens; incl. Acrotelsella producta var. pacifica Silvestri 1934, Acrotelsella producta var. procedens Silvestri 1934] W39

Ctenolepisma lineata pilifera (Lucas 1840) [incl. Lepisma quadriseriata Packard 1873, L. reticulata Schött 1897, L. rubroviolacea Schött 1897] F90

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C90] Crawford, C. S. 1990. Scorpiones, Solifugae, and associated desert taxa. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 421–475. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[F90] Ferguson, L. M. 1990. Insecta: Microcoryphia and Thysanura. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 935–949. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[G89] Gestro, R. 1889. Viaggio ab Assab nel Mar Rosso dei signori G. Doria ed O. Beccari con il R. Avviso “Esploratore” dal 16 Novembre 1879 al 26 Febbraio 1880.—IV. Coleotteri. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 5–72.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[MP08] Mendes, L. F., & G. O. Poinar. 2008. A new fossil silverfish (Zygentoma: Insecta) in Mesozoic Burmese amber. European Journal of Soil Biology 44: 491–494.

[NR26] Nicholls, G. E., & K. E. Richardson. 1926. A description of two new species of Acrotelsa. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 12 (15): 133–140.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[R02] Rasnitsyn, A. P. 2002. Subclass Lepismatona Latreille, 1804. The wingless insects (=Thysanura Latreille 1796, s. l.) In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 69–74. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[RS10] Regier, J. C., J. W. Shultz, A. Zwick, A. Hussey, B. Ball, R. Wetzer, J. W. Martin & C. W. Cunningham. 2010. Arthropod relationships revealed by phylogenomic analysis of nuclear protein-coding sequences. Nature 463: 1079–1083.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[SJ92] Schlegel, H. G., & H. W. Jannasch. 1992. Prokaryotes and their habitats. In: Balows, A., H. G. Trüper, M. Dworkin, W. Harder & K.-H. Schleifer (eds) The Prokaryotes: A handbook on the biology of bacteria: Ecophysiology, isolation, identification, applications 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 75–125. Springer-Verlag: New York.

[SC17] Schwentner, M., D. J. Combosch, J. P. Nelson & G. Giribet. 2017. A phylogenomic solution to the origin of insects by resolving crustacean-hexapod relationships. Current Biology 27: 1818–1824.

[S13] Smith, G. 2013. A new species of Heterolepisma from Barrow Island (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae). Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 229–240.

[SE12] Smith, G. B., S. M. Eberhard, G. Perina & T. Finston. 2012. New species of short range endemic troglobitic silverfish (Zygentoma: Nicoletiidae) from subterranean habitats in Western Australia's semi-arid Pilbara region. Records of the Western Australian Museum 27 (2): 101–116.

[SW91] Smith, G. B., & J. A. L. Watson. 1991. Thysanura. Zygentoma (silverfish). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 275–278. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[W39] Womersley, H. 1939. Primitive Insects of South Australia: Silverfish, springtails, and their allies. South Australian Branch of the British Science Guild: Adelaide.

Panephemeroptera

Nymph of Mesogenesia petersae, from Staniczek et al. (2011); scale bar = 2 mm.

Belongs within: Palaeoptera.
Contains: Permoplectoptera, Furcatergalia, Pisciformia.

The Panephemeroptera are the clade of insects including the modern Ephemeroptera, mayflies, and their fossil relatives. Mayflies spend the greater part of their life cycle as aquatic nymphs (called naiads), with the emergent stage of their life-cycle (including two instars, the sub-adult subimago and the fully mature imago) being non-feeding and short-lived.

<==Panephemeroptera SBG11
    |--Syntonopteroidea SBG11
    |    |--Miracopteron [Miracopteridae] SBG11
    |    |    `--M. mirabile R02
    |    `--Syntonopteridae GE05
    |         |--Syntonoptera schucherti RJ93
    |         |--Gallolithoneura SBG11
    |         |--Anglolithoneura SBG11
    |         `--Lithoneura GE05
    |              |--L. lameerei GE05
    |              `--L. mirifica R02
    `--Ephemerida [Ephemeropteroidea, Plectoptera, Protereismatina, Reticulata] SBG11
         |  i. s.: Turphanella Demoulin 1954 KS02
         |         Siphoplecton KS02
         |         Geisfeldiella KS02
         |         Aphelophlebodes KS02
         |         Siphangarus S02
         |         Bolbonyx ludibriosus S02
         |         Mesopalingea lerida S02
         |         Cratoligoneuriella S02
         |         Stenonema interpunctatum M47
         |           |--S. i. interpunctatum M47
         |           |--S. i. canadense M47
         |           |--S. i. frontale M47
         |           `--S. i. heterotarsale M47
         |         Siphlonisca aerodromia MH96
         |         Campylocia anceps D70
         |         Dolania americana K-P83
         |         Ephoron virgo (Olivier 1791) M86
         |         Parameletus K03
         |           |--P. chelifer Bengtsson 1908 K03
         |           `--P. columbiae PC91
         |         Tintorina Krzeminski & Lombardo 2001 KL01 [Tintoriniidae GE05]
         |           `--*T. meridensis Krzeminski & Lombardo 2001 (see below for synonymy) KL01
         |--Permoplectoptera SBG11
         `--Heptabranchia SBG11
              |--Mickoleitiidae [Coxoplectoptera] SBG11
              |    |--Mickoleitia Staniczek, Bechly & Godunko 2011 SBG11
              |    |    `--*M. longimanus Staniczek, Bechly & Godunko 2011 SBG11
              |    `--Mesogenesia Tshernova 1977 SBG11, KS02 [incl. Archaeobehningia Tshernova 1977 SBG11]
              |         |--‘Archaeobehningia’ edmundsi RJ93
              |         `--M. petersae Tshernova 1977 SBG11
              `--Ephemeroptera [Euephemeroptera, Euplectoptera] SBG11
                   |  i. s.: Chironetes albimanicatus RD77
                   |--Ephemerina [Anteriotorna, Bidentiseta, Schistonota] KS02
                   |    |--Furcatergalia GE05
                   |    `--Pisciformia GE05
                   `--Baetiscina [Posteritorna, Prosopistomatoidea] KS02
                        |--Baetisca [Baetiscidae, Baetiscoidea, Carapacea] PC91
                        `--Prosopistomatidae KS02
                             |--Myanmarella rossi KS02
                             `--Prosopistoma PC91

*Tintorina meridensis Krzeminski & Lombardo 2001 [=T. triassica Krzeminski & Lombardo 2001 (n. n.)] KL01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D70] Demoulin, G. 1970. Contribution a la connaisance de ephemeropteres du Miocene. I. Siphlurites explanatus Cockerell. Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 46 (5): 1–4.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[K03] Kluge, N. J. 2003. About evolution and homology of genital appendages of insects. Trudy Russkogo Entomologicheskogo Obshestva [Proceedings of the Russian Entomological Society] 74: 3–16.

[KS02] Kluge, N. Yu., & N. D. Sinitshenkova. 2002. Order Ephemerida Latreille, 1810. The true mayflies (=Ephemeroptera Hyatt et Arms, 1891 (s. l.); =Euephemeroptera Kluge, 2000. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 89–97. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[KL01] Krzeminski, W., & C. Lombardo. 2001. New fossil Ephemeroptera and Coleoptera from the Ladinian (Middle Triassic) of Canton Ticino (Switzerland). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 107 (1): 69–78.

[K-P83] Kukalová-Peck, J. 1983. Origin of the insect wing and wing articulation from the arthropodan leg. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 1618–1669.

[M86] Marten, M. 1986. Drei für Deutschland neue und weitere, selten gefundene Eintagsfliegen aus der Fulda (Insecta, Ephemeroptera). Spixiana 9 (2): 169–173.

[M47] Mayr, E. 1947. Ecological factors in speciation. Evolution 1: 263–288.

[MH96] Miller, S. A., & J. P. Harley. 1996. Zoology 3^rd ed. Wm. C. Brown Publishers: Dubuque (Iowa).

[PC91] Peters, W. L., & I. C. Campbell. 1991. Ephemeroptera (mayflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 279–293. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[R02] Rasnitsyn, A. P. 2002. Cohors Libelluliformes Laicharting, 1781 (=Subulicornes Latreille, 1807, =Hydropalaeoptera Rohdendorf, 1968). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 85–89. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S02] Sinitshenkova, N. D. 2002. Ecological history of the aquatic insects. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 388–426. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[SBG11] Staniczek, A. H., G. Bechly & R. J. Godunko. 2011. Coxoplectoptera, a new fossil order of Palaeoptera (Arthropoda: Insecta), with comments on the phylogeny of the stem group of mayflies (Ephemeroptera). Insect Systematics and Evolution 42: 101–138.