Helicarion

Helicarion cuvieri, copyright Nuytsia@Tas.

Belongs within: Limacoidei.

Helicarion is a genus of semi-clugs bearing a transparent shell with very fine, very crowded spiral striae (Stanisic et al. 2010).

Characters (from Stanisic et al. 2010): Shell relatively small to medium-sized, ear-shaped, flattened, thin, transparent; last whorl very large; sculpture of very fine, weak, very crowded spiral striae on both the protoconch and teleoconch; base of aperture with diaphanous border. Colour pale yellow-green. Animal colour varying from grey to black, fawn to cream and orange-brown; coloured foot-border and tail tip; mantle lappets only partly covering shell, slime network strongly defined, caudal gland prominent and pointed; visceral organs usually yellow, orange and brown.

<==Helicarion Férussac 1821 SS10 [=Helixarion (l. c.) BR05; Helicarionini]
    |--*H. (Helicarion) cuvieri Férussac 1821 SS10
    `--H. (Austenia) TC89
         |--H. (A.) butleri (see below for synonymy) TC89
         |--‘Austenia’ doisutepensis T84
         |--H. (A.) feae Tapparone Canefri 1889 TC89
         |--H. (A.) peguensis Theobald 1864 [=Vitrina peguensis, Girasia peguensis] TC89
         `--H. (A.) resplendens Nevill 1877 TC89

Helicarion incertae sedis:
  H. insularis PB27
  H. kivuensis PB27
  H. leopardina Iredale 1941 SS10
  H. magnificum TC89
  H. mastersi (Cox 1868) [incl. H. mastersi callidus Iredale 1941] SS10
  H. microgranulatus PB27
  H. niger PB27
  H. ruwenzoriensis PB27
  H. schubotzi PB27
  H. shillongensis TC89
  H. sowerbyanus PB27
  H. stuhlmanni PB27
  H. subsucculentus PB27

Helicarion (Austenia) butleri [=Girasia butleri, incl. Austenia gigas Godwin Austen 1880, Helicarion gigas var. minor Godwin Austen 1875] TC89

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[SS10] Stanisic, J., M. Shea, D. Potter & O. Griffiths. 2010. Australian Land Snails vol. 1. A. field guide to eastern Australian species. Bioculture Press: Mauritius.

[TC89] Tapparone Canefri, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XVIII.—Molluschi terrestri e d’acqua dolce. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 295–359.

[T84] Tillier, S. 1984. Patterns of digestive tract morphology in the limacisation of helicarionid, succineid and athoracophorid snails and slugs (Mollusca: Pulmonata). Malacologia 25 (1): 173–192.

Fastosarion

Fastosarion sp., copyright Rosie Benz.

Belongs within: Limacoidei.

Fastosarion is a genus of large semi-slugs with a shell marked by fine radial ribs found in north-eastern Australia (Scott 1995).

Characters (from Scott 1995): Large to very large semi-slug. Dart sac absent. Vagina present. Spermatheca short. Epiphallus with sinuate flagellum at junction with vas deferens. Caecum near insertion of penial retractor muscle. Penis with pilaster, penis lining ornamented with ridges or papillae.

<==Fastosarion Iredale 1933 [incl. Vercularion Iredale 1933] S95
    |--*F. superba (Cox 1871) S95 (see below for synonymy)
    |--F. ameyi Stanisic in Stanisic, Shea et al. 2010 SS10
    |--F. aquavitae Scott 1995 S95
    |--F. aquila SC07
    |--F. brazieri (Cox 1873) SS10
    |--F. freycineti (Férussac 1821) (see below for synonymy) SS10
    |--F. griseola Stanisic in Stanisic, Shea et al. 2010 SS10
    |--F. helenkingae Scott 1995 S95
    |--F. paluma Stanisic in Stanisic, Shea et al. 2010 SS10
    |--F. papillosa Stanisic in Stanisic, Shea et al. 2010 SS10
    |--F. pustulosa Stanisic in Stanisic, Shea et al. 2010 SS10
    |--F. schelli Stanisic in Stanisic, Shea et al. 2010 SS10
    |--F. staffordorum Stanisic in Stanisic, Shea et al. 2010 SS10
    `--F. virens (Pfeiffer 1849) [incl. Vitrina strangei Pfeiffer 1850] SS10

Fastosarion freycineti (Férussac 1821) [incl. Vitrina (Helicolimax) australasia Blainville 1824, Helix (Vitrina) helicarion Voight 1834] SS10

*Fastosarion superba (Cox 1871) S95 [=Vitrina superba S95, Helicarion (Fastosarion) superba S95; incl. H. bullaceus Odhner 1917 SS10]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[S95] Scott, B. 1995. Redescription of Fastosarion superba (Cox, 1871), with descriptions of two new species of Fastosarion from northern Queensland (Pulmonata: Helicarionidae). Molluscan Research 16: 69–80.

[SC07] Stanisic, J., R. A. D. Cameron, B. M. Pokryszko & J. C. Nekola. 2007. Forest snail faunas from S. E. Queensland and N. E. New South Wales (Australia): patterns of local and regional richness and differentiation. Malacologia 49 (2): 445–462.

[SS10] Stanisic, J., M. Shea, D. Potter & O. Griffiths. 2010. Australian Land Snails vol. 1. A. field guide to eastern Australian species. Bioculture Press: Mauritius.

Coprosma

Twiggy coprosma Coprosma rhamnoides, copyright Rudolph89.

Belongs within: Rubioideae.

Coprosma is a genus of shrubs and trees with often glandular leaves found around the southwest Pacific, with the highest diversity in New Zealand.

Characters (from Allen 1961): Shrubs or trees with simple opposite leaves and interpetiolar stipules usually gland-tipped when young. Plants prevailingly dioecious, but with several types of sexual expressions. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or cymes, seated in a cup formed by partial fusion of two stipulate bracts (forming a calyculus). Calyx-teeth 4–5, usually minute, often absent in male. Corolla-tube usually narrow-funnelform, sometimes campanulate, lobes valvate. Stamens usually inserted near base of corolla-tube; filaments filiform; anthers usually far-exserted, more or less sagittate, apiculate, pendulous. Ovary usually 2-loculed; styles usually 2, very slender, sometimes narrowly clavate in stigmatic region, usually far-exserted. Fruit a succulent, more or less globose drupe with 2–(4) plano-convex pyrenes, usually crowned by withered persistent calyx.

<==Coprosma Forster & Forster 1776 W96
    |--C. subg. Coprosma [incl. C. subg. Microcoprosma Allan 1961] W96
    |    |--C. sect. Coprosma [=C. sect. Foetidae Allan 1961] W96
    |    |    `--C. (subg. *C.) foetidissima Forster & Forster 1776 W96 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--C. sect. Acerosae Allan 1961 A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *A.) acerosa Cunn. 1839 [incl. C. acerosa f. arenaria Kirk 1899] A61
    |    |    |--C. brunnea (Kirk) Cockayne ex Cheesem. 1925 [=C. acerosa f. brunnea Kirk 1899] A61
    |    |    |--C. intertexta Simpson 1945 A61
    |    |    `--C. rugosa Cheeseman 1906 A61
    |    |--C. sect. Antipodae Allan 1961 A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *A.) antipoda Oliver 1935 [incl. Plagianthus linariifolia Buchanan 1884] A61
    |    |    `--C. cheesemanii Oliver 1935 [incl. C. depressa Cheesem. 1887 non Col. ex Hooker 1853] A61
    |    |--C. sect. Cuneatae Allan 1961 A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *C.) cuneata Hooker 1844 A61
    |    |    |--C. astonii Petrie 1912 A61
    |    |    |--C. banksii Petrie 1898 [incl. C. myrtillifolia var. linearis Hooker 1853] A61
    |    |    |--C. colensoi Hooker 1864 [incl. C. pseudo-colensoi Cockayne & Allan 1934] A61
    |    |    `--C. crenulata Oliver 1917 [incl. C. retusa Petrie 1894 non Hooker 1844] A61
    |    |--C. sect. Linariifoliae Allan 1961 A61
    |    |    `--C. (sect. *L.) linariifolia Hooker 1864 [=C. propinqua var. linariifolia Hooker 1853] A61
    |    |--C. sect. Microcoprosma Allan 1961 [=C. sect. Rotundifoliae (nom. inv.)] A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *M.) rotundifolia Cunn. 1839 [incl. C. rufescens Colenso 1886] A61
    |    |    |--C. areolata Cheeseman 1886 [incl. C. multiflora Colenso 1889] A61
    |    |    |--C. × gracilicaulis [C. rotundifolia × C. tenuicaulis] A61
    |    |    |--C. polymorpha Oliver 1935 A61
    |    |    |--C. rhamnoides Cunn. 1839 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |--C. tenuicaulis Hooker 1853 [incl. C. tenuicaulis var. major Cheeseman 1906] A61
    |    |    `--C. virescens Petrie 1879 [incl. C. divaricata var. pallida Hooker 1853] A61
    |    |--C. sect. Parviflorae Allan 1961 non Loasa ser. Parviflorae Urban & Gilg 1894 A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *P.) parviflora Hooker 1853 A61
    |    |    |    |--C. p. var. parviflora A61
    |    |    |    `--C. p. var. dumosa Cheeseman 1906 A61
    |    |    |--C. ciliata Hooker 1844 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |    |--C. microcarpa Hooker 1853 [incl. C. margarita Colenso 1896] A61
    |    |    `--C. propinqua Cunn. 1839 [incl. C. alba Colenso 1892] A61
    |    |         |--C. p. var. propinqua [incl. C. propinqua var. typica Oliver 1935] A61
    |    |         |--C. p. vr. latiuscula Allan 1961 A61
    |    |         `--C. p. var. martinii Oliver 1935 A61
    |    |--C. sect. Pseudocuneatae Allan 1961 A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *P.) pseudocuneata Oliver 1928 [incl. C. egmontiana Cockayne 1928] A61
    |    |    `--C. depressa Col. ex Hooker 1853 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |--C. sect. Pumilae Allan 1961 A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *P.) pumila Hooker 1847 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |    |    |--C. p. ssp. pumila D95
    |    |    |    `--C. ‘perpusilla’ ssp. subantarctica D95
    |    |    `--C. petriei Cheesem. 1886 A61
    |    |         |--C. p. var. petriei [incl. C. petriei var. vera Cockayne & Allan 1926] A61
    |    |         `--C. p. var. atropurpurea Cockayne & Allan 1926 A61
    |    |--C. sect. Rigidae Allan 1961 non Artemisia sect. Rigidae Rydberg 1916 A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *R.) rigida Cheeseman 1887 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |    |--C. crassifolia Colenso 1846 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |    |--C. obconica Kirk 1899 A61
    |    |    |--C. rubra Petrie 1885 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    `--C. wallii Petrie in Cheeseman 1925 A61
    |    `--C. sect. Spathulatae Allan 1961 A61
    |         |--C. (sect. *S.) spathulata Cunn. 1839 A61
    |         |    |--C. s. ssp. spathulata HL01
    |         |    `--C. s. ssp. hikuruana HL01
    |         `--C. arborea Kirk 1878 A61
    |--C. subg. Lucidae Webb 1996 W96
    |    |--C. sect. Lucidae Webb 1996 W96
    |    |    |--C. (subg. *L.) lucida Forster & Forster 1776 W96 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |    |--C. l. var. lucida A61
    |    |    |    `--C. l. var. angustifolia Cheeseman 1925 A61
    |    |    `--C. dodonaeifolia Oliver 1935 A61
    |    |--C. sect. Australes Allan 1961 A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *A.) australis (Rich.) Robinson 1910 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |    |--C. acutifolia Hooker 1856 A61
    |    |    |--C. macrocarpa Cheeseman 1888 A61
    |    |    |--C. robusta Raoul 1844 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |    `--C. tenuifolia Cheeseman 1886 A61
    |    `--C. sect. Petiolatae Allan 1961 A61
    |         |--C. (sect. *P.) petiolata Hooker 1856 A61
    |         |--C. chathamica Cockayne 1902 A61
    |         `--C. repens Richard 1832 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    `--C. subg. Serrula Allan 1961 A61
         `--C. (subg. *S.) serrulata Hooker ex Buchan. 1871 A61

Coprosma incertae sedis:
  C. arcuata Colenso 1846 (n. d.) A61
  C. × buchananii Kirk 1892 A61, C06 [C. crassifolia × C. robusta A61]
  C. × cunninghamii A61 [C. propinqua × C. robusta A61; incl. C. conferta C06]
  C. ernodeoides BM00
  C. × gracilis A61 (see below for synonymy)
  C. hirtella BR65
  C. × kirkii Cheesem. 1897 C06 [C. acerosa × C. repens A61]
  C. montana D95
  C. × neglecta [C. repens × C. rhamnoides] A61
  C. novoguineensis D95
  C. quadrifida (Labillardière) Robinson 1910 (see below for synonymy) BR65
  C. solandri Kirk 1897 (n. d.) A61

Coprosma australis (Rich.) Robinson 1910 [=Ronabea australis Rich. 1832; incl. C. autumnalis Colenso 1887, C. grandifolia Hooker 1853] A61

Coprosma ciliata Hooker 1844 [incl. C. myrtillifolia Hooker 1844, C. parviflora var. pilosa Cheeseman 1887, C. ciliata var. virgata Hooker 1844] A61

Coprosma crassifolia Colenso 1846 [incl. C. divaricata var. coriacea Hooker 1853, C. pendula Colenso 1889] A61

Coprosma depressa Col. ex Hooker 1853 [incl. C. pubens Petrie 1894 non Gray 1860, C. ramulosa Petrie 1895] A61

Coprosma foetidissima Forster & Forster 1776 W96 [=C. (sect. *Foetidae) foetidissima A61; incl. C. affinis Hooker 1844 A61, C. pusilla C06, C. sagittata Colenso 1899 A61]

Coprosma × gracilis A61 [C. lucida × C. rhamnoides A61; =C. divaricata var. gracilis Hooker 1853 A61; incl. C. viridis Carse 1927 A61, C27]

Coprosma lucida Forster & Forster 1776 W96 [incl. C. lanceolata Colenso 1899, C. lucida var. obovata Kirk 1899 A61]

Coprosma pumila Hooker 1847 [incl. C. perpusilla Colenso 1890, C. repens Hooker 1844 non Rich. 1832] A61

Coprosma quadrifida (Labillardière) Robinson 1910 [=Canthium quadrifidum Labillardière 1804; incl. Marquisia billardieri Richard 1819, Coprosma billardieri Hooker 1847] BR65

Coprosma repens Richard 1832 A61 [incl. C. baueri A61, C. baueriana Hooker 1853 A61, C. baueri var. oblongifolia Kirk 1899 A61, C. retusa Hooker 1844 A61, C. stockii Williams 1876 A61, C. variegata D95]

Coprosma rhamnoides Cunn. 1839 A61 [=C. rhamnoides var. vera Cheeseman 1906 C06; incl. C. concinna Colenso 1884 A61, C. divaricata Cunn. 1839 A61, C. rhamnoides var. divaricata Cheeseman 1887 A61, C. heterophylla Colenso 1886 A61, C. orbiculata Colenso 1890 A61]

Coprosma rigida Cheeseman 1887 [incl. C. aurantiaca Colenso 1890, C. lentissima Colenso 1890, C. turbinata Colenso 1892] A61

Coprosma robusta Raoul 1844 [incl. C. robusta var. angustata Kirk 1899, C. coffaeoides Colenso 1889, C. robusta var. parva Kirk 1899] A61

Coprosma rubra Petrie 1885 A61 [incl. C. filiformis ms A61, C. divaricata var. latifolia Hooker 1853 A61, C. latifolia Col. ex Cheesem. 1887 C06]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[BM00] Bremer, B., & J.-F. Manen. 2000. Phylogeny and classification of the subfamily Rubioideae (Rubiaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 225: 43–72.

[C27] Carse, H. 1927. Botanical notes, with descriptions of new species. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 89–93.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[D95] Dawson, M. I. 1995. Contributions to a chromosome atlas of the New Zealand flora. 33. Miscellaneous species. New Zealand Journal of Botany 33: 477–487.

[HL01] Heenan, P. B., & P. J. de Lange. 2001. A new, dodecaploid species of Uncinia (Cyperaceae) from ultramafic rocks, Surville Cliffs, Northland, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 39: 373–380.

[W96] Webb, C. J. 1996. A rose by any other name: Two problems of scent in the naming and typification of New Zealand plants. New Zealand Journal of Botany 34: 281–283.

Apocynaceae

Natal plum Carissa grandiflora, copyright Consultaplantas.

Belongs within: Gentianales.
Contains: Vinceae, Tabernaemontaneae, Aspidospermeae, Plumerieae, Apocynoidina.

The Apocynaceae are a primarily pantropical and -subtropical group of flowering plants that are typically laticiferous and produce various alkaloids and cardenolides (Sennblad & Bremer 2002).

<==Apocynaceae [Apocynales, Rauvolfioideae]
    |--Willughbeieae SB02
    |    |  i. s.: Willughbeia SB02
    |    |         Landolphia SB02
    |    |         Couma SB02
    |    |         Lacmellea SB02
    |    |         Pacouria SB02
    |    |         Saba SB02
    |    |--Ancylobotrys petersiana SB02
    |    `--+--Dictyophleba lucida SB02
    |       `--Vahadenia caillei SB02
    `--+--Vinceae SB02
       |--Tabernaemontaneae SB02
       `--+--Aspidospermeae SB02
          `--+--+--Melodineae SB02
             |  |    |--Craspidospermum verticillatum SB02
             |  |    `--Melodinus monogynus SB02
             |  `--Hunterieae SB02
             |       |  i. s.: Hunteria SB02
             |       |--Diplorhynchus condylocarpon SB02
             |       `--+--Picralima nitida SB02
             |          `--Pleiocarpa mutica SB02
             `--+--Plumerieae SB02
                `--+--Apocynoidina SB02
                   `--+--Carisseae SB02
                      |    |--Acokanthera oblongifolia SB02
                      |    `--Carissa SB02
                      |         |--C. bispinosa SB02
                      |         |--C. grandiflora B00
                      |         |--C. lanceolata LK14
                      |         |--C. ovata VT13
                      |         |--C. paucinervis P03
                      |         `--C. spinarum P03
                      `--Alyxieae SB02
                           |  i. s.: Condylocarpon SB02
                           |         Lepiniopsis SB02
                           |--Chilocarpus suaveolens SB02
                           `--+--Lepinia taitensis SB02
                              `--Alyxia SB02 [incl. Gynopogon Forster & Forster 1776 (nom. rej.) BR65]
                                   |--A. buxifolia BR65
                                   |--A. ruscifolia SB02
                                   |--A. spicata LK14
                                   `--A. thyrsiflora C16

Apocynaceae incertae sedis:
  Notonerium gossei BR65
  Baynesia lophophora CV06
  Australluma peschii [=Caralluma peschii] CV06
  Ectadium CV06
    |--E. latifolium CV06
    `--E. rotundifolium CV06
  Hoodia CV06
    |--H. juttae CV06
    |--H. officinalis CV06
    |    |--H. o. ssp. officinalis CV06
    |    `--H. o. ssp. delaetiana CV06
    |--H. ruschii CV06
    `--H. triebneri CV06
  Huernia CV06
    |--H. hallii CV06
    `--H. plowesii CV06
  Larryleachia tirasmontana [incl. Lavrania picta ssp. parvipunctata] CV06
  Lavrania haagnerae CV06
  Orbea CV06
    |--O. albocastanea CV06
    `--O. maculata CV06
         |--O. m. ssp. maculata CV06
         |--O. m. ssp. kaokoensis CV06
         `--O. m. ssp. rangeana CV06
  Stapeliopsis urniflora CV06
  Stigmatorhynchus hereroensis CV06
  Tridentea CV06
    |--T. marientalensis CV06
    |    |--T. m. ssp. marientalensis CV06
    |    `--T. m. ssp. albipilosa CV06
    `--T. pachyrrhiza CV06
  Tromotriche ruschiana CV06
  Asketanthera picardae J87
  Forsteronia J87
    |--F. brasiliensis C55
    `--F. corymbosa J87
  Ichnocarpus frutescens KJ05
  Apocynophyllum Unger 1850 HL08
    |--A. etheridgei Ettingshausen 1886 F71
    |--A. mackinlayi Ettingshausen 1886 F71
    |--A. neriifolium [incl. Folium puberulum Hofmann 1931 (n. n.)] HL08
    `--A. warburtoni Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Cascabela thevetia LK14
  Amsonia tomentosa [incl. A. brevifolia] H93
  Rhazya P93
  Tanghinia venenifera C06
  Stemmadenia donnell-smithii OB11
  Cycladenia humilis H93
    |--C. h. var. humilis [incl. C. humilis var. tomentosa] H93
    `--C. h. var. venusta H93
  Aspidospermoxylon uniseriatum Kruse 1954 CBH93
  Diporites iskaszentgyorgii CBH93
  Ditassa lanceolata SK02, C55
  Fernaldia Lynge 1937 KC01
  ‘Lactaria’ Rafin. 1838 non Pers. 1797 KC01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C16] Cambage, R. H. 1916. Notes on the native flora of tropical Queensland. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 49 (3): 389–447, pls 57–61.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[HL08] Henniger, M. & R. Leder. 2008. Eozäne Makroflora der Querfurter Mulde. Mauritiana 20 (2): 229–251.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[KJ05] Katewa, S. S., A. Jain, B. L. Chaudhary & P. Galav. 2005. Some unreported medicinal uses of plants from the tribal area of Southern Rajasthan. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47: 121–130.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[OB11] Orenstein, R. I., & D. Brewer. 2011. Family Cardinalidae (cardinals). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 330–427. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

[P93] Pittaway, A. R. 1993. The Hawkmoths of the Western Palaearctic. Harley Books: Colchester.

[SB02] Sennblad, B., & B. Bremer. 2002. Classification of Apocynaceae s.l. according to a new approach combining Linnaean and phylogenetic taxonomy. Systematic Biology 51 (3): 389–409.

[SK02] Struwe, L., J. W. Kadereit, J. Klackenberg, S. Nilsson, M. Thiv, K. B. von Hagen & V. A. Albert. 2002. Systematics, character evolution, and biogeography of Gentianaceae, including a new tribal and subtribal classification. In: Struwe, L., & V. A. Albert (eds) Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History pp. 21–309. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

Delta

Delta campaniformis, copyright Graham Winterflood.

Belongs within: Eumeninae.

Delta is a genus of potter wasps widespread in warmer regions of the Old World, characterised by an elongate metasomal petiole, slightly longer than than the mesosoma, with tergum I largely impunctate, a single mid tibial spur, and an apically truncate clypeus. They build jug-like nests in sheltered locations such as the sides of buildings or crevices on tree trunks.

<==Delta Saussure 1855 C85
    |--‘Vespa’ emarginata Linnaeus 1758 [incl. Vespa maxillosa DeGeer 1775, Eumenes (*Delta) maxillosus] C85
    |--D. arcuata (Fabricius 1775) [=Vespa arcuata] C85
    |--D. bicinctus (Saussure 1852) [=Eumenes bicincta] C85
    |--D. caffer (Linnaeus 1767) [=Vespa caffra, Eumenes caffer, E. caffra] GS61
    |--D. campaniformis (Fabricius 1775) [=Vespa campaniformis] C85
    |    |--D. c. campaniforme C85
    |    |--D. c. assatus (Giordani Soika 1934) [=Eumenes campaniformis assatus] C85
    |    `--D. c. esuriens G84
    |--D. higletti (Meade Waldo 1910) (see below for synonymy) GS61
    |--D. hottentotus GS61
    |    |--D. h. hottentotus GS61
    |    `--D. h. concinnus (Saussure 1855) [=Eumenes hottentotus concinnus, E. lepeleterii concinnus] GS61
    |--D. incola (Giordani Soika 1935) C85
    |    |--D. i. incola C85
    |    |--D. i. aruensis (Giordani Soika 1935) [=Eumenes (Delta) ncola aruensis] C85
    |    `--D. i. teleporus (van der Vecht 1959) [=Eumenes incola teleporus] C85
    |--D. latreillei (Saussure 1852) [=Eumenes latreillei, E. (Delta) pyriformis var. latreillei] C85
    |--D. lepeleterii (Saussure 1853) (see below for synonymy) GS61
    |--D. nigritarsis (Meade-Waldo 1910) [=Eumenes nigritarsis, E. (Delta) pyriformis var. nigritarsis] C85
    |--D. philantes (Saussure 1852) [=Eumenes philantes] C85
    |--D. phthisicus (Gerstaecker 1857) [=Eumenes phthisicus] GS61
    |--D. transmarinum (van der Vecht 1959) [=Eumenes transmarinus] C85
    `--D. xanthurum (Saussure 1852) [=Eumenes xanthura] C85

Delta higletti (Meade Waldo 1910) [=Eumenes campaniformis higletti; incl. E. campaniformis marshalli Bequaert 1926, E. maxillosus pulcherrimus Schulthess 1910] GS61

Delta lepeleterii (Saussure 1853) [=Eumenes lepeleterii, E. lepeletierii; incl. E. campaniformis formosus Bequaert 1926] GS61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C85] Cardale, J. C. 1985. Vespoidea and Sphecoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 150–303. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[G84] Gauld, I. D. 1984. An Introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia. British Museum (Natural History).

[GS61] Giordani Soika, A. 1961. Hymenoptera (Aculeata): Vespidae. In: Hanström, B., P. Brinck & G. Rudebeck (eds) South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951 vol. 8 pp. 440–451. Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala.

Last updated: 19 May 2020.

Acarodynerus

Female Acarodynerus clypeatus, from Saussure (1852).

Belongs within: Eumeninae.

Acarodynerus is an Australian genus of mason wasps characterised by the presence of a pair of deep cavities on the posterior face of the propodeum that function as acarinaria. The type species A. clypeatus, known from southeast Queensland, has the acarinaria formed from a large, shiny, convex plate occupying the entire lower half of the posterior face of the propodeum and opening by two small and deep dimples; the rear face of the propodeum as a whole is deeply concave, and the first metasomal tergite is anteriorly truncate with the anterior and dorsal faces separated by a careniform ridge (Giordani Soika 1961).

Characters (from Giordani Soika 1961): Overall aspect elongate, sub-cylindrical, medium to large in size. Mesosoma elongate, postscutellum horizontal or slightly oblique, moderately convex, not transversely keeled, often with a slight median longitudinal depression; dorsal face of propodeum well developed so postscutellum does not form part of posterior face of mesosoma; lower part of posterior face of propodeum bearing large convex, shiny area with two large cavities on either side of median line, in which some mites are often observed. First metasomal tergite sub-truncate at the base, sub-cylindrical.

<==Acarodynerus Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |--*A. clypeatus (Saussure 1853) [=Odynerus (Leionotus) clypeatus] C85
    |--A. acarophilus Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |--A. cavifemur Giordani Soika 1961 GS61
    |--A. denticulatus Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |--A. dietrichianus (Saussure 1869) [=Odynerus dietrichianus] C85
    |    |--A. d. dietrichianus C85
    |    `--A. d. rufocaudatus Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |--A. drewsenianus Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |--A. exarmatus (Giordani Soika 1937) [=Odynerus (Stenodynerus) exarmatus] C85
    |--A. legatus Giordani Soika 1977 C85
    |--A. lunaris Giordani Soika 1977 GS77
    |--A. paleovariatus Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |--A. posttegulatus (Giordani Soika 1937) [=Odynerus (Stenodynerus) posttegulatus] C85
    |--A. propodalaris Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |--A. quadrangolum Giordani Soika 1977 C85
    |--A. queenslandicus Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |--A. spargovillensis (Giordani Soika 1937) [=Odynerus (Stenodynerus) spargovillensis] C85
    |--A. spectrum Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    `--A. triangulum (Saussure 1855) [=Odynerus triangulum] C85

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C85] Cardale, J. C. 1985. Vespoidea and Sphecoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 150–303. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[GS61] Giordani Soika, A. 1961. Gli Odynerus sensu antiquo del continente Australiano e della Tasmania. Boll. Mus. Civ. Venezia 14: 57–202.

[GS77] Giordani Soika, A. 1977. Contributo alla conoscenza degli eumenidi australiani. Memorie della Società Entomologica Italiana 55: 109–138.

Last updated: 19 May 2020.

Paralastor

Paralastor laetus, copyright Friends of Queens Park Bushland.

Belongs within: Eumeninae.

Paralastor is an Australian genus of mason wasps in which males have antennae with only eight well-developed segments, followed by two to four small to very minute ones. Many species in the genus form mimetic groups that resemble each other closely in coloration but differ structurally, indicating a lack of true immediate relationships.

<==Paralastor Saussure 1856 C85
    |--*P. tuberculatus (Saussure 1853) [=Alastor tuberculatus] C85
    |--P. abnormis (Bingham 1912) [=Alastor abnormis] C85
    |--P. aequifasciatus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. alastoripennis (Saussure 1853) [=Odynerus (Ancistrocerus) alastoripennis] C85
    |--P. albifrons (Fabricius 1775) [=Vespa albifrons] C85
    |--P. alexandriae Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. anostreptus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. arenicola Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. argentifrons (Smith 1857) [=Alastor argentifrons] C85
    |--P. argyrias Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. aterrimus Turner 1919 C85
    |--P. atripennis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. aurocinctus (Guérin-Méneville 1831) [=Odynerus aurocinctus, P. aureocinctus] C85
    |--P. auster Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. australis (Saussure 1853) [=Alastor australis] C85
    |--P. bicarinatus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. bischoffi Giordani Soika 1961 C85
    |--P. brisbanensis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. brunneus (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) brunneus] C85
    |--P. caprai Giordani Soika 1977 C85
    |--P. carinatus (Smith 1857) [=Alastor carinatus] C85
    |--P. clypeopunctatus Schulthess-Rechberg 1925 C85
    |--P. commutatus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. comptus Perkins 1914 C85
    |    |--P. c. comptus C85
    |    `--P. c. rubescens Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. conspiciendus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. conspicuus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. constrictus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. cruentatus (Saussure 1867) [=Alastor (Paralastor) cruentatus] C85
    |--P. cruentus (Saussure 1855) [=Odynerus (Ancistroceroides) cruentus] C85
    |--P. darwinianus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. debilis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. debilitatus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. dentiger Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. despectus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. diabolicus Turner 1919 C85
    |--P. diadema Rayment 1954 C85
    |--P. donatus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. dubiosus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. dyscritias Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. elegans Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. emarginatus (Saussure 1853) [=Alastor emarginatus] C85
    |--P. eriurgus (Saussure 1853) [=Alastor eriurgus] C85
    |--P. euclidias Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. eugonias Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. eustomus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. eutretus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. fallax Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. flaviceps (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) flaviceps] C85
    |--P. frater Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. fraternus (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) fraternus] C85
    |--P. habilis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. hilaris Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. icarioides Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. ignotus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. imitator Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. infernalis (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) infernalis] C85
    |--P. infimus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. insularis (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) insularis] C85
    |--P. lachesis (Saussure 1853) [=Alastor lachesis] C85
    |--P. laetus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. lateritius (Saussure 1867) [=Alastor (Paralastor) lateritius] C85
    |--P. leptias Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. mackayensis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. maculiventris (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) maculiventris] C85
    |--P. medius Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. mesochlorus Perkins 1914 C85
    |    |--P. m. mesochlorus C85
    |    `--P. m. mesochloroides Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. microgonias Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. mimus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. multicolor Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. mutabilis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. nautarum (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) nautarum] C85
    |--P. neglectus (Saussure 1855) [=Odynerus (Parodynerus) neglectus] C85
    |--P. neochromus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. occidentalis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. odynericornis Giordani Soika 1961 C85
    |--P. odyneripennis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. odyneroides Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. oloris Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. optabilis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. ordinarius Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. orientalis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. pallidus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. parca (Saussure 1853) [=Alastor parca] C85
    |--P. petiolatus Schulthess-Rechberg 1925 C85
    |--P. picteti (Saussure 1853) [=Alastor picteti] C85
    |--P. placens Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. plebeius Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. princeps Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. pseudochromus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. punctulatus (Saussure 1853) (see below for synonymy) C85
    |--P. pusillus (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) pusillus] C85
    |--P. roseotinctus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. rubroviolaceus (Giordani Soika 1941) [=Odynerus (Rhynchium) rubroviolaceus] C85
    |--P. rufipes Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. sanguineus (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) sanguineus] C85
    |--P. saussurei Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. semirufus Schulthess-Rechberg 1925 C85
    |--P. simillimus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. simplex Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. simulator Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. smithii (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) smithii] C85
    |--P. solitarius Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. subhabilis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. submersus Turner 1919 C85
    |--P. subobscurus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. suboloris Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. subplebeius Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. subpunctulatus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. summus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. synchromus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. tasmaniensis (Saussure 1853) [=Alastor tasmaniensis] C85
    |--P. tricarinulatus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. tricolor Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. victor Giordani Soika 1977 C85
    |--P. viduus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. vulneratus (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) vulneratus] C85
    |--P. vulpinus (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) vulpinus] C85
    |    |--P. v. vulpinus C85
    |    `--P. v. excisus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. xanthochromus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. xanthus Giordani Soika 1977 C85
    `--P. xerophilus Perkins 1914 C85
         |--P. x. xerophilus C85
         `--P. x. meesi Giordani Soika 1977 C85

Paralastor punctulatus (Saussure 1853) [=Alastor punctulatus; incl. A. albocinctus Smith 1857, A. similis Saussure 1853] C85

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C85] Cardale, J. C. 1985. Vespoidea and Sphecoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 150–303. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

Last updated: 19 May 2020.