Syrphus

Syrphus sp. (S. vitripennis or S. torvus), copyright Gail Hampshire.

Belongs within: Syrphidae.

Syrphus is a genus of hover flies, most diverse in the north temperate regions, whose larvae are predatory on Sternorrhyncha (Thompson et al. 2010).

Characters (from Thompson et al. 2010): Postpronotum, anterior anepisternum, metathoracic pleuron, and metasternum bare; calypter with ventral lobe pilose, with long, coarse, erect yellow pile dorsally, especially on posteromedian portion; male abdomen with five unmodified pregential segments, tergum 5 visible in dorsal view. Larva brightly patterned; ventral surface smooth, without setae, prolegs or crochets; anal segment without lappets; posterior respiratory process with dorsal spurs, stem of respiratory process long with spiracles not reaching integument, spiracles dark lined.

<==Syrphus
    |--S. abdominalis L02
    |--S. algirus Macquart 1847 E12
    |--S. arcuatus [=Mulio arcuatus] L02
    |--S. bicinctus [=Mulio bicinctus] L02
    |--S. bifasciatus K01
    |--S. bombylans L02
    |--S. caemiteriorum L02
    |--S. fuciformis L02
    |--S. inanis (Linnaeus 1758) L02, L58 [=Musca inanis L02]
    |--S. intricarius L02
    |--S. knabi T81
    |--S. luniger K01
    |--S. nemorum L02
    |--S. novaezealandiae T27
    |--S. pellucens L02
    |--S. pendulus L02
    |--S. phaeostigma TRZ10
    |--S. pipiens L02
    |--S. ribesii TRZ10
    |--S. ruficornis L02
    |--S. scriptus L02
    |--S. shorae TRZ10
    |--S. tenax L02
    |--S. torvus M90
    |--S. tristis L02
    `--S. vitripennis K01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l’Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[K01] Kertész, K. 1901. Legyek [Dipteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 179–201. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M90] McAlpine, J. F. 1990. Insecta: Diptera adults. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1211–1252. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[T81] Teskey, H. J. 1981. Key to families—larvae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1, pp. 125-147. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[TRZ10] Thompson, E. C., G. E. Rotheray & M. A. Zumbado. 2010. Syrphidae (flower flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 763–792. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[T27] Thomson, G. M. 1927. The pollination of New Zealand flowers by birds and insects. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 106–125.

Tethinidae

Dasyrhicnoessa sp., from PaDIL.

Belongs within: Ephydroidea.

The Tethinidae are a group of small to medium-sized flies usually associated with coastal marine or saline habitats. They may be distinguished from similar flies by the absence of well-developed genal setae, the presence of a single costal break and a complete cell cup in the wing, and the absence of a preapical dorsal seta on the tibiae (Mathis 2010).

Characters (from Mathis 2010): Small to medium-sized flies, body length 1.6–4 mm; frequently invested with pale yellowish to brown microtomentum. With one to four orbital and zero to four fronto-orbital setae; postocellar setae convergent or absent. Vibrissal seta various, if present usually weak. With one proepisternal seta; one proepimeral seta; anepisternum with one or more setae and some setulae posteriorly. Precoxal bridge present. Wing hyaline to infuscate or pale yellow; C with Sc break only; cell cup present but small; A₁ weakened apically, not reaching wing margin. Tibiae lacking preapical dorsal seta. Male terminalia with epandrium bearing two surstyli ventrally; anterior surstylus distinctive; posterior surstylus generally strongly setulose and lobe-like; phallapodeme long, slender; ejaculatory apodeme usually large; phallus usually elongate, ribbon-like, sinuous, subcylindrical, with a more or less dense ventral pubescence, often with several microscopic papillae. Female terminalia with two sclerotised spermathecae; cercus subcylindrical or compressed, sometimes bearing strong, spinelike setulae (pseudacanthophorites); tergites 7 and 7 mostly with characteristic pigmented areas; epiproct generally small, bearing pair of setulae dorsally on apical third; hypoproct large.

<==Tethinidae M10a
    |  i. s.: Listriomastax M10a
    |         Macrocanace V87
    |           |--M. australis V87
    |           `--M. littorea V87
    |--Suffomyia M10b [Zaleinae M10a]
    |--Horaismoptera V87 [Horaismopterinae M10a]
    |    `--H. hennigi V87
    |--Apetaenus [Apetaeninae] M10a
    |    |--A. littoreus M10a
    |    `--A. watsoni M10a
    |--Pelomyiinae M10a
    |    |--+--Pelomyiella mallochi M10a
    |    |  `--Neopelomyia rostrata M10a
    |    `--+--Pelomyia M10a
    |       |    |--P. coronata M10a
    |       |    `--P. occidentalis M10a
    |       `--Masoniella M10a
    |            |--M. advena M10a
    |            |--M. argentinaensis M10a
    |            `--M. richardsi M10a
    `--Tethininae M10a
         |--Afrotethina M04
         |--Plesiotethina Munari 2000 M04
         |    `--*P. australis Munari 2000 M04
         |--Thitena Munari 2004 M04
         |    `--*T. cadaverina Munari 2004 M04
         |--Sigaloethina Munari 2004 M04
         |    `--*S. phaia Munari 2004 M04
         |--Pseudorhicnoessa Malloch 1914 [incl. Macrotethina Malloch 1935] M04
         |    |--*P. spinipes Malloch 1914 [incl. Tethina (*Macrotethina) tibiseta Malloch 1935, P. tibiseta] M04
         |    `--P. rattii M10a
         |--Tethina Haliday in Curtis 1837 M04 [incl. Phycomyza V87]
         |    |  i. s.: T. albosetulosa M10a
         |    |         T. flavigenis M10a
         |    |         T. grisea M10a
         |    |         T. hirsuta Munari 2000 M04
         |    |         T. horripilans M10a
         |    |         T. nigriseta Malloch 1924 [=Rhicnoessa nigriseta] M04
         |    |         T. pallidiseta Malloch 1935 M04
         |    |         T. parvula M10a
         |    |--*T. (Tethina) illota (Haliday 1838) [=Opomyza (*Tethina) illota] M04
         |    `--T. (Rhicnoessa) C-T92
         |         |--T. (R.) alboguttata Strobl 1900 C-T92
         |         |--T. (R.) ochracea (Hendel 1913) C-T92 (see below for synonymy)
         |         `--T. (R.) simplex Collin 1966 C-T92
         `--Dasyrhicnoessa Hendel 1934 M04
              |  i. s.: D. serratula Malloch 1935 (n. d.) M04
              |--*D. fulva (Hendel 1913) [=Rhicnoessa fulva] M04
              |--D. aquila Munari 2002 M04
              |--D. atripes Munari 2004 M04
              |--D. bicolor Munari 2002 M04
              |--D. boninensis Sasakawa 1995 M04
              |--D. clandestina Munari 2002 M04
              |--D. ferruginea (Lamb 1914) [=Rhicnoessa ferruginea, Tethina ferruginea] M04
              |--D. fulvescens Malloch 1935 M04
              |--D. humilis Munari 2004 M04
              |--D. insularis (Aldrich 1931) (see below for synonymy) M04
              |--D. macalpinei Munari 2004 M04
              |--D. mathisi Munari 2002 M04
              |--D. ostentatrix Munari 2004 M04
              |--D. pallida Munari 2004 M04
              |--D. platypes Sasakawa 1986 M04
              |--D. sexseriata (Hendel 1913) (see below for synonymy) M04
              |--D. tripunctata Sasakawa 1974 [incl. D. phyllodes Sasakawa 1995] M04
              |--D. vockerothi Hardy & Delfinado 1980 [incl. D. occidentalis Munari 1986] M04
              |--D. yoshiyasui Sasakawa 1986 M04
              `--D. ciliata group M04
                   |--D. ciliata Munari 2004 M04
                   `--+--D. longisetosa Munari 2004 M04
                      `--D. priapus Munari 2004 M04

Dasyrhicnoessa insularis (Aldrich 1931) [=Tethina insularis, Rhicnoessa insularis; incl. Dasyrhicnoessa freidbergi Munari 1994, Tethina lasiophthalma Malloch 1933, D. lasiophthalma] M04

Dasyrhicnoessa sexseriata (Hendel 1913) [=Rhicnoessa sexstriata, Tethina sexstriata; incl. Dasyrhicnoessa asymbasia Sasakawa 1995] M04

Tethina (Rhicnoessa) ochracea (Hendel 1913) C-T92 [=Rhicnoessa ochracea M04; incl. T. canzonerii Munari 1981 M04, T. chilensis Malloch 1934 M04, Rhicnoessa texana Malloch 1913 M04, T. texana M04]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C-T92] Carles-Tolrá, M. 1992. New and interesting records of Diptera Acalyptrata from Spain. Part I: Acartophthalmidae, Opomyzidae, Anthomyzidae, Asteiidae, Carnidae, Tethinidae, Milichiidae and Cryptochetidae. Bull. Annls Soc. R. Belge Ent. 128: 343–353.

[M10a] Mathis, W. N. 2010a. Tethinidae (beach flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1109–1114. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[M10b] Mathis, W. N. 2010b. Canacidae (surf flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1115–1119. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[M04] Munari, L. 2004. Beach flies (Diptera: Tethinidae: Tethininae) from Australia and Papua New Guinea, with descriptions of two new genera and ten new species. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 29–56.

[V87] Vockeroth, J. R. 1987. Tethinidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1073–1078. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

Last updated: 11 July 2021.

Drosophila

Drosophila busckii, from Wikimedia Commons.

Belongs within: Drosophilidae.
Contains: Drosophila (Drosophila), Drosophila (Sophophora).

Drosophila is a diverse, cosmopolitan genus of vinegar flies; the monophyly of the genus as generally recognised is currently under debate. Many species have become widely dispersed outside their native ranges as a result of human activity. One of these is southeast Asian native D. busckii, a small, spotted species that breeds in decaying matter (Grimaldi 2010). This species is distinguished by the presence of longitudinal stripes on the pleurae and the absence of preapical setae on the second and third tibiae.

Characters (from Grimaldi 2010): Arista plumose; facial carina large, often with flat surface; eyes pubescent; acrostichals in six or more rows; two pairs of dorsocentral setae; prescutellar setae absent; two katepisternal setae present of unequal lengths; wing tip rounded; crossveins distant.

<==Drosophila Fallén 1823 (see below for synonymy) SDF04
    |--D. (Dorsilopha) busckii RV05
    `--+--D. (Drosophila) RV05
       `--D. (Sophophora) RV05

Drosophila incertae sedis:
  D. acutilabella S00
  D. artificialis D37
  D. auraria KVV96
  D. berryi W87
  D. colorata M90
  D. earlei D37
  D. fenestrarum RD77
  D. grimshawi WT11
  D. guttifera M47
  D. heteroneura C96
  ‘*Tanygastrella’ hypopygialis Duda 1924 SDF04
  D. macrospina D51
    |--D. m. macrospina D51
    |--D. m. limpiensis D51
    `--D. m. ohioensis D51
  D. megagenys W91
  ‘*Adrosophila’ minuta Séguy 1938 SDF04
  ‘*Spuriostyloptera’ multipunctata Duda 1923 SDF04
  D. nasutoides LG91
  D. neorepleta D51
  D. nigrospiracula S85
  D. notha W91
  D. onychophora G10
  D. orientacea GJR97
  D. planitibia G91
  D. prosaltans D51
  D. quadrilineata de Meijere 1911 [=*Chaetodrosophilella quadrilineata] SDF04
  D. recens S00
  D. rubida W70
  D. silvestris VD94
  D. sturtevanti D51
  D. subarctica CE79
  D. suboccidentalis S00
  D. sulcata D37
  D. transversa D37
  D. uvarum B88
  D. vibrissina D37
  D. wheeleri G84
  D. (Paradrosophila Duda 1923) SDF04
    `--D. (*P.) pictipennis Kertész 1901 SDF04
  D. (Phalodoris) lebanonensis CE79
  D. (Pholadoris) T68
    |--D. (P.) lativittata T68
    |--D. (P.) pattersoni T68
    `--D. (P.) victoria T68
  D. (Spinulophila Duda 1923) SDF04
    `--D. (*S.) signata (Duda 1923) [=*Spinulophila signata] SDF04

Drosophila Fallén 1823 [incl. Adrosophila Séguy 1938, Chaetodrosophilella Duda 1923, Chaetodrosophila (l. c.), Spuriostyloptera Duda 1923, Tanygastrella Duda 1924] SDF04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[C96] Campbell, N. A. 1996. Biology 4^th ed. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.: Menlo Park (California).

[CE79] Coyne, J. A., W. F. Eanes, J. A. M. Ramshaw & R. K. Koehn. 1979. Electrophoretic heterogeneity of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase among many species of Drosophila. Systematic Zoology 28 (2): 164–175.

[D37] Dobzhansky, T. 1937. Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press: New York.

[D51] Dobzhansky, T. 1951. Genetics and the Origin of Species 3^rd ed. Columbia University Press: New York.

[GJR97] Giordano, R., J. J. Jackson & H. M. Robertson. 1997. The role of Wolbachia bacteria in reproductive incompatibilities and hybrid zones of Diabrotica beetles and Gryllus crickets. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 94: 11439–11444.

[G84] Gosling, E. M. 1984. The systematic status of Mytilus galloprovincialis in western Europe: a review. Malacologia 25 (2): 551–568.

[G10] Grimaldi, D. 2010. Drosophilidae (small fruit flies, pomace flies, vinegar flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1197–1206. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[G91] Groves, C. P. 1991. A Theory of Human and Primate Evolution revised ed. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[KVV96] Kroon, A., R. L. Voenendaal & A. Veerman. 1996. Does the spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Tetranychidae) respond to photoperiod in a quantitative manner? In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 5–7. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[LG91] Li, W.-H., & D. Graur. 1991. Fundamentals of Molecular Evolution. Sinauer: Sunderland (MA).

[M47] Mayr, E. 1947. Ecological factors in speciation. Evolution 1: 263–288.

[M90] McAlpine, J. F. 1990. Insecta: Diptera adults. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1211–1252. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RV05] Robe, L. J., V. L. S. Valente, M. Budnik & E. L. S. Loreto. 2005. Molecular phylogeny of the subgenus Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae) with an emphasis on Neotropical species and groups: a nuclear versus mitochondrial gene approach. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 623–640.

[S00] Siddiqi, M. R. 2000. Tylenchida: Parasites of plants and insects 2^nd ed. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[SDF04] Singh, B. K., S. Dash & R. S. Fartyal. 2004. Revision of the species of the subgenus Drosophila (Drosophila) of the Kumaon region, India, with the description of eight new species. Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 163–176.

[S85] Slatkin, M. 1985. Gene flow in natural populations. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 16: 393-430.

[T68] Throckmorton, L. H. 1968. Concordance and discordance of taxonomic characters in Drosophila classification. Systematic Zoology 17 (4): 355–387.

[VD94] Vogler, A. P., & R. Desalle. 1994. Diagnosing units of conservation management. Conservation Biology 8 (2): 354–363.

[W87] Wheeler, M. R. 1987. Drosophilidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1011–1018. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[W70] White, M. J. D. 1970. Cytogenetics. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 72–82. Melbourne University Press.

[W91] Whitten, M. J. 1991. Australian insects in scientific research. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 236–251. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Last updated: 24 April 2022.

Diastatidae

Diastata fuscula, copyright Dick Belgers.

Belongs within: Ephydroidea.

The Diastatidae are a group of small, drosophilid-like flies found primarily among lush, low vegetation, often in relatively damp locations. The classification of this group has historically been disputed with Diastata alternatively placed within the Ephydridae, in which case the remaining genera are treated as the Campichoetidae (Mathis 2010).

Characters (from Mathis 2010): Adults small, greyish-brown, body length 2.5–4 mm; usually with patterned wings and weakly spinose costa. Postocellar setae convergent; both inner and outer verticals present; ocellar and vibrissal setae well developed; two well-developed fronto-orbital setae present, proclinate seta laterad of reclinate seta present. Antenna decumbent; arista elongate, macropubescent or short plumose. Anepisternum setose or bare; katepisternum bearing twelve setae, posterior seta stronger. C extending to M; C with either subcostal break only or both humeral and subcostal breaks; Sc incomplete, not reaching C, often fusing with R₁ distally; R₁ bare; both CuA₂ and A₁ present; cell cup closed, crossvein bm-cu present. Legs moderatly elongate, slender. Abdominal segments 1–5 unmodified; male with segments 6–8 reduced, although tergite 7 well developed, sternite 7 absent; abdominal spiracles (6 or 7) in membrane.

<==Diastatidae [Campichoetidae] M10
    |--Euthychaeta M10
    |--Pareuthychaeta M10
    |    |--P. electrica M87
    |    `--P. minuta M87
    |--Campichoeta M10
    |    |--C. basalis [incl. Thryptocheta tristis] M10
    |    |--C. latigena M10
    |    `--C. punctum M87
    `--Diastata M10
         |--D. argentina M10
         |--D. costaricensis M10
         |--D. dimidiata M10
         |--D. fuscula WT11
         `--D. vagans M10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[M10] Mathis, W. N. 2010. Diastatidae (diastatid flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1207–1210. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[M87] McAlpine, J. F. 1987. Diastatidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1019–1022. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Last updated: 11 July 2021.

Drosophila (Sophophora)

Drosophila melanogaster, copyright Ryszard.

Belongs within: Drosophila.

Drosophila subgenus Sophophora is a genus of vinegar flies most diverse in central Africa and southeast Asia, with a number of species (included the widely studied D. melanogaster) introduced worldwide (Grimaldi 2010).

<==Drosophila (Sophophora) G10
    |--+--D. (S.) obscura RV05
    |  `--D. (S.) pseudoobscura RV05
    `--+--D. (S.) erecta RV05
       |--D. (S.) yakuba RV05
       `--+--D. (S.) melanogaster Meigen 1830 RV05, GE05
          `--+--D. (S.) mauritiana GE05
             |--D. (S.) sechellia H99, GE05
             `--D. (S.) simulans RV05

Drosophila (Sophophora) incertae sedis:
  D. (S.) affinis CE79
  D. (S.) algonquin CE79
  D. (S.) ambigua CE79
  D. (S.) ananassae CE79
  D. (S.) athabasca CE79
  D. (S.) azteca CE79
  D. (S.) bipectinata CE79
  D. (S.) birchii CE79
  D. (S.) bocqueti H99
  D. (S.) burlai H99
  D. (S.) capricorni CE79
  D. (S.) elegans H99
  D. (S.) emarginata T68
  D. (S.) equinoxialis CE79
  D. (S.) eugracilis H99
  D. (S.) fumipennis CE79
  D. (S.) guanche CE79
  D. (S.) malerkotliana G10
  D. (S.) miranda CE79
  D. (S.) narragansett CE79
  D. (S.) nebulosa CE79
  D. (S.) neocordata T68
  D. (S.) neoelliptica T68
  D. (S.) orena CE79
  D. (S.) paulistorum T68
  D. (S.) pavlovskiana CE79
  D. (S.) persimilis CE79
  D. (S.) populi T68
  D. (S.) pseudobocainensis T68
  D. (S.) saltans G10
  D. (S.) subobscura CE79
  D. (S.) sucinea T68
  D. (S.) simulans H99
  D. (S.) teissieri CE79
  D. (S.) tolteca CE79
  D. (S.) tropicalis CE79
  D. (S.) vulcana H99
  D. (S.) willistoni G10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CE79] Coyne, J. A., W. F. Eanes, J. A. M. Ramshaw & R. K. Koehn. 1979. Electrophoretic heterogeneity of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase among many species of Drosophila. Systematic Zoology 28 (2): 164–175.

[G10] Grimaldi, D. 2010. Drosophilidae (small fruit flies, pomace flies, vinegar flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1197–1206. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[H99] Houck, M. A. 1999. Mites as potential horizontal gene transfer agents. In: Needham, G. R., R. Mitchell, D. J. Horn & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 2. Symposia pp. 7–14. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[RV05] Robe, L. J., V. L. S. Valente, M. Budnik & E. L. S. Loreto. 2005. Molecular phylogeny of the subgenus Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae) with an emphasis on Neotropical species and groups: a nuclear versus mitochondrial gene approach. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 623–640.

[T68] Throckmorton, L. H. 1968. Concordance and discordance of taxonomic characters in Drosophila classification. Systematic Zoology 17 (4): 355–387.

Gymnomyzinae

Placopsidella grandis, from the National Museum of Natural History.

Belongs within: Ephydroidea.

The Gymnomyzinae are a group of shore flies with pectinate aristae and small prescutellar acrostichal setae. Members include the cosmopolitan predatory genus Ochthera in which the fore legs are raptorial with the femur enlarged and the tibia bearing a large apical spur (Mathis 2010).

Characters (from Mathis 2010): Arista pectinate; reclinate fronto-orbital seta usually inserted slightly anterior to larger, proclinate fronto-orbital seta; median facial area and lower facial margin without setae; facial setae inserted in more or less vertical series, parallel with parafacial setae; prescutellar acrostichal setae small (about one-half to two-thirds length of posterior dorsocentral seta), inserted close together (distance between about one-half that between either prescutellar and posterior dorsocentral seta on the same side), behind or aligned with intra-alar seta.

<==Gymnomyzinae M10
    |--Ochthera Latreille 1802 L02 [Ochtherini M10]
    |    |--O. manicata [=Musca manicata] L02
    |    `--O. mantis [=Musca mantis] L02
    |--Hecamede [Hecamedini] M10
    |    |--H. albicans M10
    |    `--H. brasiliensis M10
    |--Atissini M10
    |    |--Ptilomyia mabelae M10
    |    `--Atissa M10
    |         |--A. atlantica M10
    |         `--A. pygmaea WMV87
    |--Gastropsini M10
    |    |--Beckeriella M10
    |    `--Gastrops M10
    |         |--G. nebulosus M10
    |         `--G. niger M10
    |--Discocerinini M10
    |    |--Discocerina obscurella M10
    |    |--Gymnoclasiopa M10
    |    |--Pectinifer aeneus M10
    |    |--Ditrichophora M10
    |    |--Polytrichophora agens M10
    |    |--Hydrochasma leucoproctum M10
    |    |--Lamproclasiopa M10
    |    `--Orasiopa mera M10
    |--Lipochaetini M10
    |    |--Glenanthe interior M10
    |    |--Paraglenanthe bahamensis M10, WMV87
    |    |--Lipochaeta M10
    |    |    |--L. ranica M10
    |    |    `--L. slossonae M10
    |    |--Diphuia M10
    |    |    |--D. anomala M10
    |    |    `--D. nitida M10
    |    `--Allotrichoma M10
    |         |--A. (Pseudohecamede) abdominale M10 [=Pseudohecamede abdominalis WMV87]
    |         `--A. simplex M10
    `--Gymnomyzini M10
         |--Cerometopum lacunosum M10
         |--Mosillus M10
         |    |--M. cellaris [=Micropeza (Mosillus) cellaris] G20
         |    |--M. stegmaieri M10
         |    `--M. tibialis M10
         |--Athyroglossa M10
         |    |--A. glabra M10
         |    |--A. glaphyropus M10
         |    `--A. granulosa M10
         `--Placopsidella M10
              |--P. cynocephala M10
              |--P. grandis M10
              `--P. marquesana M10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[M10] Mathis, W. N. 2010. Ephydridae (shore flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1211–1233. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[WMV87] Wirth, W. W., W. N. Mathis & J. R. Vockeroth. 1987. Ephydridae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1027–1047. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

Last updated: 11 July 2021.

Ephydrinae

Alkali flies Ephydra hians, copyright Judy Gallagher.

Belongs within: Ephydroidea.

The Ephydrinae are a group of shore flies with lateroclinate fronto-orbital setae, and a large, cavernous subcranial cavity. The subcranial cavity is larger and the median facial area and lower facial margin are setose in members of the tribes Scatellini and Ephydrini, whereas Parydra and Dagini often have a smaller subcranial cavity and the median facial area and lower facial margin are bare (Mathis 2010).

Characters (from Mathis 2010): Fronto-orbital setae lateroclinate, usually conspicuous; median facial area and lower facial margin setose, the latter often with long setae (if not, costa short, extended to R₄₊₅); insertions of facial series of setae convergent above; subcranial cavity large and cavernous.

<==Ephydrinae M10
    |  i. s.: Setacera pacifica WMV87
    |         Coenia palustris WMV87, WT11
    |         Paracoenia WMV87
    |           |--P. (Paracoenia) bisetosa WMV87
    |           `--P. (Thiomyia) quatei WMV87
    |         Calocoenia platypelta WMV87
    |         Philotelma alaskense WMV87
    |--Parydra [Parydrini] M10
    |    |--P. (Parydra) aquila WMV87
    |    |--P. fossarum M10
    |    |--P. nigripes M10
    |    `--P. (Chaetoapnaea) parasocia WMV87
    |--Scatellini M10
    |    |--Scatophila cribrata M10
    |    |--Limnellia huachuca M10
    |    |--Haloscatella muria [=Lamproscatella muria] M10
    |    |--Neoscatella vittithorax WMV87, M83
    |    `--Scatella M10
    |         |--S. marinensis M10
    |         |--S. stagnalis P09
    |         `--S. triseta WMV87
    |--Dagini M10
    |    |--Dagus rostratus M10
    |    |--Physemops nemorosus M10
    |    |--Brachydeutera M10
    |    |    |--B. argentata M10
    |    |    |--B. longipes M10
    |    |    `--B. neotropica M10
    |    `--Diedrops M10
    |         |--D. hitchcocki M10
    |         |--D. roldanorum M10
    |         `--D. steineri M10
    `--Ephydrini M10
         |--Dimecoenia spinosa M10
         |--Cirrula M10
         |    |--C. austrina M10
         |    `--C. gigantea WMV87
         `--Ephydra M10
              |  i. s.: E. buresi WMV87
              |         E. californica RD77
              |         E. gracilis M10
              |         E. mexicana M10
              |         E. millibrae M10
              |         E. packardi M10
              |--E. (Ephydra) M10
              |    |--E. (E.) riparia M10
              |    `--E. (E.) subopaca WMV87
              |--E. (Halephydra) cinerea WMV87
              `--E. (Hydropyrus) hians M10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[M83] Martin, N. A. 1983. Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: an annotated species list. DSIR Entomology Division Report 3: 1–98.

[M10] Mathis, W. N. 2010. Ephydridae (shore flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1211–1233. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[P09] Pape, T. 2009. Economic importance of Diptera. In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 65–77. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

[WMV87] Wirth, W. W., W. N. Mathis & J. R. Vockeroth. 1987. Ephydridae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1027–1047. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

Last updated: 10 July 2021.