Oedemeridae

Male false oil beetle Oedemera nobilis, copyright Entomart.

Belongs within: Tenebrionoidea.

The Oedemeridae are a group of elongate, soft-bodied beetles whose larvae feed on dead wood. Adults may feed on pollen or be short-lived and not feed at all. Members of this family are commonly known as false blister beetles due to their resemblance to the blister beetles of the Meloidae, which they also resemble in producing irritant chemicals for defense that may cause blisters on the skin of humans (Bouchard 2014).

Characters (from Lawrence & Britton 1991): Elongate, parallel-sided, soft-bodied, often bicoloured and clothed with short, decumbent hairs. Head usually somewhat produced anteriorly; antennal insertions located dorsally in front of eyes, antenna 11-segmented, filiform, serrate or incrassate; apical segment of maxillary palp more or less expanded and truncate (excavate in some males); lateral pronotal carinae absent; fore coxae projecting, trochantins exposed, fore coxal cavities externally open, internally closed; mesocoxal cavities contiguous, laterally open; tarsal formula 5-5-4, penultimate tarsal segment lobed beneath; abdomen with five or six ventrites, two ventrites connate. Larvae elongate, subcylindrical, very lightly sclerotised, with large, often slightly asymmetrical head and asperity-bearing ampullae on T1–T2 or T1–T3 and S2–S4 or S3–S4. Antennae well developed; epicranial stem long, frontal arms V-shaped; mandibles large and asymmetrical, with transversely ridged molae; ligula well developed, with prehypopharyngeal lobe between it and hypopharynx.

Oedemeridae [Oedemerinae]
    |--Asclerini LB91
    |    |--Asclera coarctata C01
    |    `--Pseudolychus LB91
    |         |--P. apicalis Macleay 1872 Mas86
    |         |--P. atratus Guér. 1833 Mas86
    |         |--P. cinctus Guér. 1833 Mas86
    |         |--P. haemopterus Guér. 1833 Mas86
    |         |--P. haemorrhoidalis L09
    |         |--P. marginata Guér. 1833 Mas86
    |         `--P. wallacei Lea 1909 L09
    |--Nacerdini [Nacerdinae] B14
    |    |--Anogcodes B14
    |    |--Opsimea B14
    |    |--Agasma semicrudum LB91
    |    |--Ditylus LB91
    |    `--Nacerdes B14
    |         |  i. s.: N. rufipes Macleay 1886 Mac86
    |         `--N. (Nacerdes) B14
    |              |--N. (N.) brancuccii B14
    |              |--N. (N.) melanura (Linnaeus 1758) B14
    |              `--N. (N.) semirufa B14
    `--Oedemera [Oedemerini] B14
         |--O. australis [incl. O. rubricollis] B35
         |--O. bivittata MacLeay in Boisduval 1835 B35
         |--O. brevicornis Latreille in Boisduval 1835 B35
         |--O. croceicollis [incl. O. croceicollis var. sarmatica] C01
         |--O. flavescens C01
         |--O. forsteri B35
         |--O. livida [=Dryops livida] B35
         |--O. luctuosa Dejean in Boisduval 1835 B35
         |--O. lurida C01
         |--O. nobilis V09
         |--O. podagrariae (Linnaeus 1767) B14 [=Necydalis podagrariae L02]
         |    |--O. p. podagrariae B14
         |    |--O. p. acutipalpis B14
         |    `--O. p. ventralis B14
         |--O. rostrata [=Leptura rostrata] L02
         |--O. ruficollis [=Necydalis ruficollis] L02
         |--O. substriata B35
         |--O. tibialis Lucas 1846 E12
         |--O. virescens C01
         |--O. viridana Lucas 1846 E12
         `--O. viridissima [=Necydalis viridissima] L02

Oedemeridae incertae sedis:
  Selenopalpus Mas86
    |--S. cyaneus T27
    |--S. fuscus Macleay 1872 Mas86
    `--S. mastersi Macleay 1872 Mas86
  Ananca G89
    |--A. australis Boisd. 1835 [incl. A. rubricollis] Mas86
    |--A. bivittata Mas86
    |--A. brevicornis Mas86
    |--A. luctuosa Mas86
    |--A. nigronotata Bohem. 1858 Mas86
    |--A. puncta Macleay 1827 [incl. A. palliata, A. suturalis] Mas86
    |--A. ruficollis Macleay 1872 Mas86
    |--A. spurcaticollis Fairm. 1885 G89
    `--A. vitticollis Macleay 1872 Mas86
  Colobostomus griseovestitus Fairm. 1885 G89
  Chrysanthia viridis C01
  Ischnomera mansueta Newm. 1851 Mas86
  Calopus serraticornis MW15, L02
  Dohrnia miranda Newm. 1851 Mas86
  Copidita mira B70
  Sessinia decolor AT01
  Sisenes championi AT01
  Oxacis AT01
    |--O. taeniata AT01
    `--O. xerensis AT01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AT01] Arnett, R. H., Jr & M. C. Thomas (eds) 2001. American Beetles vol. 1. Archostemata, Myxophaga, Adephaga, Polyphaga: Staphyliniformia. CRC Press: Boca Raton.

[B35] Boisduval, J. B. 1835. Voyage de Découvertes de l’Astrolabe. Exécuté par ordre du Roi, pendant les années 1826–1827–1828–1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville. Faune entomologique de l'océan Pacifique, avec l'illustration des insectes nouveaux recueillis pendant le voyage vol. 2. Coléoptères et autres ordres. J. Tastu: Paris.

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[B70] Britton, E. B. 1970. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 495–621. Melbourne University Press.

[C01] Csiki, E. 1901. Bogarak [Coleopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 75–120. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l’Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[G89] Gestro, R. 1889. Viaggio ab Assab nel Mar Rosso dei signori G. Doria ed O. Beccari con il R. Avviso «Esploratore» dal 16 Novembre 1879 al 26 Febbraio 1880.—IV. Coleotteri. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 5–72.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[LB91] Lawrence, J. F., & E. B. Britton. 1991. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 543–683. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[L09] Lea, A. M. 1909. Revision of the Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1909 (1): 45–251, pls 2–6.

[Mac86] Macleay, W. 1886. The insects of the Fly River, New Guinea, "Coleoptera". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (1): 136–157.

[Mas86] Masters, G. 1886. Catalogue of the described Coleoptera of Australia. Part IV. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (2): 259–380.

[MW15] McKenna, D. D., A. L. Wild, K. Kanda, C. L. Bellamy, R. G. Beutel, M. S. Caterino, C. W. Farnum, D. C. Hawks, M. A. Ivie, M. L. Jameson, R. A. B. Leschen, A. E. Marvaldi, J. V. McHugh, A. F. Newton, J. A. Robertson, M. K. Thayer, M. F. Whiting, J. F. Lawrence, A. Ślipiński, D. R. Maddison & B. D. Farrell. 2015. The beetle tree of life reveals that Coleoptera survived end-Permian mass extinction to diversify during the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution. Systematic Entomology 40 (4): 835–880.

[T27] Thomson, G. M. 1927. The pollination of New Zealand flowers by birds and insects. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 106–125.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the wild fauna and flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.

Last updated: 12 November 2020.

Ripiphoridae

Female wedge-shaped beetle Ripiphorus cf. fasciatus, copyright Karl Hillig.

Belongs within: Tenebrionoidea.

The Ripiphoridae are a group of beetles whose larvae are parasitoids of other insects. In members of the subfamily Ripiphorinae and male Rhipidiinae, the elytra are more or less reduced and either apically dehiscent and acute or leave the hind wings largely exposed; in female Rhipidiinae, both elytra and hind wings are entirely absent (Lawrence & Britton 1991).

Characters (from Lawrence & Britton 1991): Elongate, often laterally compressed and posteriorly tapered. Body often subglabrous or clothed with decumbent hairs; head may be strongly deflexed and abruptly constricted behind eyes to form neck which may or may not be visible; antenna 7- or 11-segmented, filiform, serrate, pectinate, flabellate or with single-segmented club; eyes slightly to strongly emarginate, sometimes very large; elytra may be entire and slightly dehiscent, exposing abdominal apex, or highly reduced exposing most of abdomen; fore coxae projecting, trochantins exposed or concealed, fore coxal cavities externally open, internally open or closed; mesocoxal cavities contiguous or moderately separated, laterally open; tarsal formula 5-5-4 or 4-4-4; abdomen with five to seven or nine ventrites, no ventrites connate.

Ripiphoridae
    |--Ptilophorinae LB91
    |--Pelecotominae LB91
    |    |--Trigonodera marmorata LB91
    |    `--Pelecotoma MW15
    |--Hemirhipidiinae LB91
    |    |--Nephrites nitidus Shuck 1838 LB91, M86
    |    `--Sitarida LB91
    |         |--S. hopei M86
    |         `--S. scabriceps LB91
    |--Rhipidiinae LB91
    |    |--Rhipidius pectinicornis [incl. Symbios blattarum] R13
    |    |--Riekella australis LB91
    |    |--Paranephrites xenus LB91
    |    `--Rhipidioides LB91
    |         |--R. helenae LB91
    |         `--R. rubricatus LB91
    `--Ripiphorinae B14
         |--Ripiphorus B14
         |    |--R. fasciatus B14
         |    |--R. paradoxus L02
         |    |--R. subdipterus A71
         |    `--R. vierecki (Fall 1907) B14
         `--Macrosiagonini B14
              |--Metoecus paradoxus B14, A71
              `--Macrosiagon B14
                   |--M. cucullata [=Emenadia cucullata] B28
                   |--M. limbatum (Fabricius 1781) B14
                   |--M. lineare BM76
                   |--M. octomaculatus B28
                   `--M. pictipenne B28

Ripiphoridae incertae sedis:
  Rhipistena lugubris Sharp 1878 H82
  Evaniocera M86
    |--E. boryi Lucas 1847 E12
    |--E. gerstackeri Macleay 1872 M86
    |--E. nervosa (Gerstäck 1855) [=Ptilophorus nervosus] M86
    `--E. pruinosa (Gerstäck 1855) [=Ptilophorus pruinosus] M86
  Pirhidius MW15
  Pelecotomoides M86
    |--P. conicollis M86
    |--P. gerstackeri Macleay 1872 M86
    |--P. lutea (Gerstäck 1855) [=Trigonodera lutea] M86
    |--P. marmorata B70
    |--P. mastersi Macleay 1872 M86
    |--P. nuda (Gerstäck 1855) [=Trigonodera nuda] M86
    |--P. senilis (Gerstäck 1855) [=Trigonodera senilis] M86
    `--P. sericea (Gerstäck 1855) [=Trigonodera sericea] M86
  Euctenia sericea Gerstäck 1855 M86
  Emenadia M86
    |--E. luteipennis Macleay 1872 M86
    |--E. maculicollis Bohem. 1858 M86
    |--E. novaehollandiae Gerstäck 1855 M86
    |--E. sobrina Waterh. 1883 M86
    `--E. tricolor Gerstäck 1855 M86

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[B28] Betrem, J. G. 1928. Monographie der Indo-Australischen Scoliiden mit zoogeographischen Betrachtungen. H. Veenman & Zonen: Wageningen.

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[B70] Britton, E. B. 1970. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 495–621. Melbourne University Press.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l’Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[H82] Helmore, D. W. 1982. Drawings of New Zealand insects. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of New Zealand 8: 1–52.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[LB91] Lawrence, J. F., & E. B. Britton. 1991. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 543–683. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[M86] Masters, G. 1886. Catalogue of the described Coleoptera of Australia. Part IV. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (2): 259–380.

[MW15] McKenna, D. D., A. L. Wild, K. Kanda, C. L. Bellamy, R. G. Beutel, M. S. Caterino, C. W. Farnum, D. C. Hawks, M. A. Ivie, M. L. Jameson, R. A. B. Leschen, A. E. Marvaldi, J. V. McHugh, A. F. Newton, J. A. Robertson, M. K. Thayer, M. F. Whiting, J. F. Lawrence, A. Ślipiński, D. R. Maddison & B. D. Farrell. 2015. The beetle tree of life reveals that Coleoptera survived end-Permian mass extinction to diversify during the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution. Systematic Entomology 40 (4): 835–880.

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

Last updated: 12 November 2020.

Zopheridae

Pristoderus antarcticus, copyright Udo Schmidt.

Belongs within: Tenebrionoidea.

The Zopheridae, ironclad beetles, are a group of beetles usually found living under bark of dead or dying trees. Most feed on decaying plant tissue or fungi but species of the genus Nematidium are predators of the larvae of wood-boring weevils (Bouchard 2014).

Characters (from Ironclad ID): Antenna 9–11 segmented with a usually abrupt, 1–3 segmented club; antennal insertions concealed from above; mesocoxal cavities closed; trochanters heteromeroid; tarsal formula 4-4-4 or 5-5-4; male genitalia with tenebrionoid aedeagus.

Zopheridae B14
    |--Zopherinae B14
    |    |--Usechini B14
    |    |    |--Usechus B14
    |    |    `--Usechimorpha B14
    |    |         |--U. barberi B14
    |    |         `--U. montanus Doyen & Lawrence 1979 B14
    |    `--Zopherini B14
    |         |--Zopherus chilensis Gray 1832 B14
    |         |--Zopher B14
    |         |--Zopherosis georgii White 1859 B14, M86
    |         `--Scoriaderma B14
    `--Colydiinae [Colydiidae] B14
         |  i. s.: Enarsus WH02
         |         Ditoma crenata C01 [=Colydium (Didoma) crenatum G20]
         |         Rhopalocerus LB91
         |         Sparactus elongatus LB91
         |         Pseudendestes LB91
         |           |--P. australis LB91
         |           `--P. robertsi LB91
         |         Todima LB91
         |         Ablabus LB91
         |         Dryptops LB91
         |         Nematidium [Nematidiini] B14
         |           `--N. filiforme LeConte 1863 B14
         |         Monoedus [incl. Adimerus] RD77
         |         Colydium elongatum G20
         |--Phellopsis MW15
         `--+--Pycnomerus helmsi MW15, H15
            `--Synchitini B14
                 |--Syncalus B14
                 |--Isotarphius B14
                 `--Pristoderus MW15
                      |--P. antarcticus (White 1846) B14
                      |--P. plagiatus (Broun 1911) E02
                      `--P. saccharatus (Pascoe 1870) [=Byrsax saccharatus] MB08

Zopheridae incertae sedis:
  Notocoxelus E02
  Heterargus ED04
  Cotulades LB91
    |--C. fascicularis Pascoe 1860 M86
    |--C. funerosa Hope 1845 M86
    `--C. leucospila Hope 1845 M86
  Latometus pubescens Erichs. 1842 LB91, M86
  Docalis LB91
    |--D. degener Pascoe 1860 M86
    `--D. exoletus Pascoe 1860 M86

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[C01] Csiki, E. 1901. Bogarak [Coleopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 75–120. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[E02] Emberson, R. M. 2002. The beetle (Coleoptera) fauna of the Chatham Islands: additions and corrections. New Zealand Entomologist 25: 69–77.

[ED04] Ewers, R. M., & R. K. Didham. 2004. A first assessment of New Zealand beetles restricted to large forest areas. Weta 27: 33–40.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[H15] Hedley, C. 1915. Presidential address. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 49 (1): 1–77, pls 1–7.

[LB91] Lawrence, J. F., & E. B. Britton. 1991. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 543–683. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[M86] Masters, G. 1886. Catalogue of the described Coleoptera of Australia. Part IV. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (2): 259–380.

[MB08] Matthews, E. G., & P. Bouchard. 2008. Tenebrionid Beetles of Australia: Descriptions of tribes, keys to genera, catalogue of species. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

[MW15] McKenna, D. D., A. L. Wild, K. Kanda, C. L. Bellamy, R. G. Beutel, M. S. Caterino, C. W. Farnum, D. C. Hawks, M. A. Ivie, M. L. Jameson, R. A. B. Leschen, A. E. Marvaldi, J. V. McHugh, A. F. Newton, J. A. Robertson, M. K. Thayer, M. F. Whiting, J. F. Lawrence, A. Ślipiński, D. R. Maddison & B. D. Farrell. 2015. The beetle tree of life reveals that Coleoptera survived end-Permian mass extinction to diversify during the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution. Systematic Entomology 40 (4): 835–880.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[WH02] Worthy, T. H., & R. N. Holdaway. 2002. The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric life of New Zealand. Indiana University Press: Bloomington (Indiana).

Last updated: 12 November 2020.

Salpingidae

Pytho kolwensis, copyright Deryni.

Belongs within: Tenebrionoidea.

The Salpingidae are a group of elongate, more or less flattened beetles that are usually found among vegetation, and whose larvae feed on bark or phloem under bark or in dead twigs (Lawrence & Britton 1991). Molecular phylogenetic analysis (McKenna et al. 2015) suggests that the Salpingidae are paraphyletic to the similar family Pythidae, distinguished by its projecting fore coxae and laterally open mid coxae (vs transverse or globular fore coxae and closed mid coxae in Salpingidae). Both Salpingidae and Pythidae are divided between multiple subfamilies, some of which have historically been treated as distinct families.

Characters (from Lawrence & Britton 1991): Elongate, slightly to strongly flattened, usually subglabrous or clothed with scattered setae. Head prognathous, sometimes produced and rostrate, never abruptly narrowed behind eyes; antenna 10- or 11-segmented, filiform, moniliform or with three-segmented club; lateral pronotal carinae complete, incomplete or occasionally absent, simple, undulate or dentate; fore coxae transverse or globular, trochantin concealed, fore coxal cavities externally open or closed, internally closed; mid coxal cavities contiguous or separated, mid coxal cavities laterally closed; tarsi almost always simple, tarsal formula 5-5-4 or (rarely) 4-4-4; abdomen with five ventrites, no or two ventrites connate. Larvae elongate, parallel-sided, slightly to strongly flattened, moderately to lightly pigmented except for head and abdominal apex. Epicranial stem absent; frontal arms with relatively narrow angle between them, usually with paired endocarinae beneath them; hypostomal rods moderately to very long and subparallel; S9 with 1 to several teeth on each side at base (sometimes forming basal row interrupted at middle); armature on T9 usually complex, with accessory processes on urogomphi and/or additional spines or processes in front of or between them.

Salpingidae [Elacatidae, Inopeplidae, Othniidae, Tretothoracidae]
    |  i. s.: Sphaeriesthes mutilatus LB91
    |         Eurystethus RD77
    |         Rhinosimus RD77
    |           |--R. planirostris [=Anthribus planirostris] L02
    |           `--R. roboris [=Bruchus (Rhinosimus) roboris] G20
    |--Aglenus [Agleninae] LB91
    |    `--A. brunneus LB91
    |--Inopeplus [Inopeplinae] LB91
    |    `--I. dimidiatus LB91
    |--Othniinae LB91
    |    |--Elacatis delusa MW15, LB91
    |    `--Othnius delusa B70
    |--Aegialitinae B14
    |    |--Aegialites canadensis Zerche 2004 B14
    |    `--Antarcticodomus B14
    |--Dacoderinae [Dacoderidae] B14
    |    |--Tretothorax cleistostoma Lea 1910 B14
    |    |--Dacoderus B14
    |    `--Myrmecoderus B14
    `--+--Salpinginae LB91
       |    |  i. s.: Neosalpingus hybridus LB91
       |    |         Orphanotrophium LB91
       |    |         Lissodema hybridum LB91, Erichs. 1842 M86
       |    |         Platysalpingus LB91
       |    |--Notosalpingus MW15
       |    `--+--Euryplatus MW15
       |       `--Salpingus MW15
       `--Pythidae MW15
            |  i. s.: Ischyomius MW15
            |         Lecontia Champion 1889 B51
            |--Anaplopus [Anaplopinae] LB91
            |    `--A. tuberculatus LB91
            `--Pythinae LB91
                 |--Synercticus LB91
                 |    |--S. heteromerus Newm. 1842 M86
                 |    `--S. piceus (Pascoe 1862) [=Aposyla picea] M86
                 `--Pytho B14
                      |--P. caeruleus L02
                      |--P. kolwensis Sahlberg 1833 B14
                      |--P. nivalis B14
                      `--P. strictus B14

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B51] Barber, H. S. 1951. North American fireflies of the genus Photuris. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 117 (1): i–vi, 1–36.

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[B70] Britton, E. B. 1970. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 495–621. Melbourne University Press.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[LB91] Lawrence, J. F., & E. B. Britton. 1991. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 543–683. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[M86] Masters, G. 1886. Catalogue of the described Coleoptera of Australia. Part IV. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (2): 259–380.

[MW15] McKenna, D. D., A. L. Wild, K. Kanda, C. L. Bellamy, R. G. Beutel, M. S. Caterino, C. W. Farnum, D. C. Hawks, M. A. Ivie, M. L. Jameson, R. A. B. Leschen, A. E. Marvaldi, J. V. McHugh, A. F. Newton, J. A. Robertson, M. K. Thayer, M. F. Whiting, J. F. Lawrence, A. Ślipiński, D. R. Maddison & B. D. Farrell. 2015. The beetle tree of life reveals that Coleoptera survived end-Permian mass extinction to diversify during the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution. Systematic Entomology 40 (4): 835–880.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

Last updated: 12 November 2020.

Dipsacales

Laurestine Viburnum tinus, copyright Retama.

Belongs within: Campanulidae.
Contains: Caprifoliaceae, Dipsacaceae, Valerianaceae.

The Dipsacales are a clade of plants usually with opposite, gland-toothed leaves and flowers borne in cymose inflorescences. Members of the family Adoxaceae have fruit which are drupes, and include the elder Sambucus nigra whose fruit are used for flavouring drinks and other culinary purposes.

Characters (from mobot.org): Route I secoiridoids present; vessel elements with scalariform perforation plates; petiole bundles arcuate; colleters absent; buds perulate; leaves opposite, margins gland-toothed, bases more or less confluent; inflorescence with terminal flowers, branches cymose; pollen grains tricellular; gynoecium with three connate carpels, at least partly inferior; ovules apotropous; fruit indehiscent, wall with fibrous layers perpendicular to each other and thick walled sclereids, containing crystals, calyx persistent; testa vascularized, exotestal cells enlarged, cuboid/rectangular, variously thickened and lignified, seed coat 1-21 μm across; endosperm without haustoria, cells thin-walled, not differentiated.

Dipsacales
    |  i. s.: Morinaceae T00
    |           |--Acanthocalyx T00
    |           |--Cryptothladia T00
    |           `--Morina T00
    |                |--M. longifolia O88
    |                |--M. nepalensis O88
    |                `--M. polyphylla O88
    |--+--Caprifoliaceae K03
    |  `--+--+--Dipsacaceae K03
    |     |  `--Valerianaceae K03
    |     `--Linnaeaceae K03
    |          |--Linnaea borealis C55
    |          |    |--L. b. var. borealis H93
    |          |    `--L. b. var. longiflora H93
    |          `--Abelia K03
    |               |--A. grandiflora K03
    |               `--A. triflora K03
    `--Adoxaceae [Viburnaceae] K03
         |--Viburnum K03 [Opuloideae T00, Viburnoideae]
         |    |--V. acerifolium K03
         |    |--V. awabuki MH98
         |    |--V. ellipticum H93
         |    |--V. erubescens D07
         |    |--V. mullaha O88
         |    |    |--V. m. var. mullaha O88
         |    |    `--V. m. var. glabrescens O88
         |    |--V. opulus K03
         |    |--V. sargentii K03
         |    |--V. taitoense CP02
         |    `--V. tinus BR65
         `--Adoxoideae T00
              |--Adoxa moschatellina N77
              `--Sambucus T00
                   |--S. canadensis K03
                   |--S. cerulea B14
                   |--S. ebulus R-CT01
                   |--S. gaudichaudiana BR65
                   |--S. melanocarpa H93
                   |--S. mexicanus RJ11
                   |--S. nigra BR65
                   |--S. racemosa K03
                   |    |--S. r. var. racemosa H93
                   |    `--S. r. var. microbotrys H93
                   `--S. sieboldiana LO98

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CP02] Chung, S.-W., & C.-I. Peng. 2002. Senecio kuanshanensis (Asteraceae), a new species from southern Taiwan. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 43: 155–159.

[D07] Dash, S. S. 2007. Useful plants of Kabi Sacred Grove, Sikkim. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 79–88.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[K03] Kårehed, J. 2003. The family Pennantiaceae and its relationships to Apiales. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 1–24.

[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263–276.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[N77] Niedbała, W. 1977. Badania biocenotyczne nad mechowcami (Acari, Oribatei) Masywu Ślęży. Badania Fizjograficzne nad Polską Zachodnią, Seria C—Zoologia 30: 47–73.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[R-CT01] Ragusa-di Chiara, S., & H. Tsolakis. 2001. Phytoseiid faunas of natural and agricultural ecosystems in Sicily. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 522–529. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

Last updated: 15 November 2018.

Caprifoliaceae

Boxleaf honeysuckle Lonicera nitida, copyright Vijverln.

Belongs within: Dipsacales.

The Caprifoliaceae are a group of flowering plants with opposite leaves and more or less monosymmetric flowers.

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Subshrubs, shrubs, vines or small trees. Leaves opposite, simple or compound, stipules generally absent. Flowers with calyx tube fused to ovary, limb generally five-lobed; corolla radial or bilateral, rotate to cylindric, generally five-lobed; stamens generally five, epipetalous, alternate corolla lobes; ovary inferior, one- to five-chambered, single style. Fruit a berry, drupe or capsule.

<==Caprifoliaceae
    |--Kolkwitzia BA03
    |--Weigela BA03
    |--Silvianthus T00
    |--Triosteum himalayanum O88
    |--Leycesteria formosa V09
    |--Symphoricarpos K03
    |    |  i. s.: S. orbiculatus K03
    |    |--S. subg. Symphoricarpos H93
    |    |    |--S. albus H93
    |    |    |    |--S. a. var. albus H93
    |    |    |    `--S. a. var. laevigatus [incl. S. rivularis] H93
    |    |    `--S. mollis [incl. S. acutus, S. hesperius] H93
    |    `--S. subg. Anisanthus H93
    |         |--S. longiflorus H93
    |         `--S. rotundifolius [incl. S. vaccinioides] H93
    |              |--S. r. var. rotundifolius H93
    |              `--S. r. var. parishii H93
    `--Lonicera [incl. Caprifolium] BR65
         |--L. caprifolium C55
         |--L. cauriana H93
         |--L. ciliosa H93
         |--L. conjugalis H93
         |--L. cyanocarpa O88
         |    |--L. c. var. cyanocarpa O88
         |    `--L. c. var. porphyrantha O88
         |--L. etrusca R-RR-GM-S98
         |--L. hispida O88
         |    |--L. h. var. hispida O88
         |    |--L. h. var. bracteata O88
         |    `--L. h. var. setosa O88
         |--L. hispidula H93
         |    |--L. h. var. hispidula H93
         |    `--L. h. var. vacillans [incl. L. hispidula var. californica] H93
         |--L. hypoleuca O88
         |    |--L. h. var. hypoleuca O88
         |    `--L. h. var. glabrata O88
         |--L. interrupta H93
         |--L. involucrata H93
         |    |--L. i. var. involucrata H93
         |    `--L. i. var. ledebourii H93
         |--L. japonica CB06
         |--L. litangensis O88
         |--L. maackii CB06
         |--L. minutifolia O88
         |--L. morrowii NDA05
         |--L. myrtilloides O88
         |--L. myrtillus O88
         |--L. nigra P93
         |--L. nitida H05
         |--L. obovata O88
         |--L. periclymenum P93
         |--L. prolifera NDA05
         |--L. rupicola O88
         |--L. spinosa O88
         |--L. subspicata H93
         |    |--L. s. var. subspicata H93
         |    `--L. s. var. denudata [incl. L. subspicata var. johnstonii] H93
         |--L. tatarica P93
         |--L. webbiana O88
         `--L. xylosteum C55

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BA03] Bergthorsson, U., K. L. Adams, B. Thomason & J. D. Palmer. 2003. Widespread horizontal transfer of mitochondrial genes in flowering plants. Nature 424: 197–201.

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CB06] Christopher, C. C., & G. W. Barrett. 2006. Coexistence of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) and golden mice (Ochrotomys nuttalli) in a southeastern forest. Journal of Mammalogy 87 (1): 102–107.

[H05] Harris, A. C. 2005. House sparrows (Passer domesticus) repeatedly robbing red spider wasps (Sphictostethus nitidus) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of their paralysed spider prey (Neoramia otagoa) (Araneae: Agelenidae). Weta 29: 21–23.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[K03] Kårehed, J. 2003. The family Pennantiaceae and its relationships to Apiales. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 1–24.

[NDA05] Nickrent, D. L., J. P. Der & F. E. Anderson. 2005. Discovery of the photosynthetic relatives of the "Maltese mushroom" Cynomorium. BMC Evolutionary Biology 5: 38.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[P93] Pittaway, A. R. 1993. The Hawkmoths of the Western Palaearctic. Harley Books: Colchester.

[R-RR-GM-S98] Ramil-Rego, P., M. Rodríguez-Guitián & C. Muñoz-Sobrino. 1998. Sclerophyllous vegetation dynamics in the north of the Iberian peninsula during the last 16,000 years. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 7: 335–351.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the wild fauna and flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.

Pittosporaceae

Japanese mock orange Pittosporum tobira, copyright Dalgial.

Belongs within: Apiales.

The Pittosporaceae are a group of trees, shrubs and lianes widespread in the Old World, members of which produce fruits with seeds covered in a sticky pulp.

Characters (from Allan 1961): Trees, shrubs or lianes with alternate or whorled simple exstipulate leaves. Fls pentamerous, usually perfect, regular, solitary or in cymes or panicles; sepals free or connate near base, imbricate; petals imbricate, clawed; stamens alternating with petals; anthers usually introrse, opening by pores or slits. Ovary superior, 2-5-loculed; placentae parietal or axile, ovules ∞. Fruit usually a loculicidal capsule; seeds usually immersed in viscid pulp, embryo minute, endosperm copious.

<==Pittosporaceae [Pittosporeae]
    |--Citriobatus pauciflorus K03
    |--Cheiranthera filifolia G04a
    |--Bentleya diminuta G04b
    |--Sollya K03
    |    |--S. fusiformis OS04
    |    `--S. heterophylla K03
    |--Auranticarpa M08
    |    |--A. resinosa LK14
    |    `--A. rhombifolia M08
    |--Bursaria K03
    |    |--B. incana B00
    |    |--B. occidentalis G04a
    |    `--B. spinosa K03
    |--Marianthus OS04
    |    |--M. bicolor OS04
    |    |--M. candidus GK00
    |    `--M. erubescens OS04
    |--Billardiera CFH05
    |    |--B. coriacea G4b
    |    |--B. drummondiana GK00
    |    |--B. erubescens GK00
    |    |--B. fusiformis CFH05
    |    |--B. longiflora K03
    |    |--B. parviflora GK00
    |    |--B. scandens C08
    |    |--B. sericea OS04
    |    `--B. variifolia RL05
    `--Pittosporum Banks ex Gaertn. 1788 A61
         |--P. anomalum Laing & Gourlay 1935 MA49
         |--P. bicolor K03
         |--P. buchananii Hook. f. 1867 A61
         |--P. colensoi Hook. f. 1852 A61 (see below for synonymy)
         |--P. cornifolium Cunn. 1832 A61
         |--P. crassicaule Laing & Gourlay 1935 A61
         |--P. crassifolium Banks & Sol. ex Cunn. 1840 [incl. P. crassifolium var. strictum Kirk 1872] A61
         |--P. dallii Cheeseman 1906 MA49
         |--P. divaricatum Ckn. 1915 A61
         |--P. ellipticum Kirk 1872 (see below for synonymy) A61
         |    |--P. e. ssp. ellipticum HL01
         |    `--P. e. ssp. serpentinum HL01
         |--P. eugenioides Cunn. 1840 [=P. engeinoides; incl. P. elegans Raoul 1844, P. microcarpum Putt. 1839] A61
         |--P. fairchildii Cheesem. 1888 A61
         |--P. fasciculatum Hook. f. 1852 (see below for synonymy) A61
         |--P. huttonianum Kirk 1870 [incl. P. huttonianum var. fasciatum Kirk 1899] A61
         |--P. intermedium Kirk 1872 A61
         |--P. japonicum K03
         |--P. kirkii Hook. f. ex Kirk 1870 A61
         |--P. lineare Laing & Gourlay 1935 A61
         |--P. moluccanum LK14
         |--P. multiflorum B00
         |--P. obcordatum Raoul 1844 [incl. P. obcordatum var. kaitaiensis Laing & Gourlay 1935] A61
         |--P. patulum Hook. f. 1864 A61
         |--P. phylliraeoides KM08
         |--P. pimeleoides Cunn. 1840 (see below for synonymy) A61
         |    |--P. p. ssp. pimeleoides HL01
         |    `--P. p. ssp. maius HL01 [=P. pimeleoides var. major Cheeseman 1906 A61, P. michiei Allan 1961 A61]
         |--P. ralphii Kirk 1871 A61
         |--P. revolutum K03
         |--P. rigidum Hook. f. 1852 A61
         |    |--P. r. var. rigidum A61
         |    `--P. r. var. majus Allan 1961 non P. pimeleoides var. major Cheeseman 1906 A61
         |--P. spinescens [=Citriobatus spinescens] B00
         |--P. tenuifolium Sol. ex Gaertn. 1788 (see below for synonymy) A61
         |    |--P. t. var. tenuifolium A27
         |    `--P. t. var. variegata A27
         |--P. tobira K03
         |--P. turneri Petrie 1924 ME70
         |--P. umbellatum Banks & Sol. ex Gaertn. 1788 A61
         |    |--P. u. var. umbellatum A61
         |    `--P. u. var. cordatum Kirk 1872 A61
         |--P. undulatum H06
         `--P. virgatum Kirk 1872 (see below for synonymy) A61
              |--P. v. var. virgatum A61
              `--P. v. var. matthewsii (Petrie) Allan 1961 [=P. matthewsii Petrie 1920] A61

Pittosporum colensoi Hook. f. 1852 A61 [=P. tenuifolium var. colensoi C06; incl. P. huttonianum var. viridifolium Kirk 1899 A61]

Pittosporum ellipticum Kirk 1872 [incl. P. ellipticum var. decorum Cheesem. 1925, P. ellipticum ssp. ovatum Kirk 1872, P. ellipticum var. ovatum Kirk 1899] A61

Pittosporum fasciculatum Hook. f. 1852 [=P. colensoi var. fasciculatum Cheesem. 1906, P. tenuifolium ssp. fasciculatum (Hook. f.) Kirk 1872, P. tenuifolium var. fasciculatum (Hook. f.) Kirk 1899; incl. P. tenuifolium var. fasciculatum subvar. cymosum Kirk 1899] A61

Pittosporum pimeleoides Cunn. 1840 [incl. P. crenulatum Putt. 1839, P. gilliesianum Kirk 1869, P. pimeleoides ssp. reflexum var. gilliesianum (Kirk) Kirk 1872, P. radicans Cunn. 1840, P. reflexum Cunn. 1840, P. pimeleoides ssp. reflexum (Cunn.) Kirk 1872, P. pimeleoides var. reflexum (Cunn.) Hook. f. 1852] A61

Pittosporum tenuifolium Sol. ex Gaertn. 1788 [incl. Trichilia monophylla Rich. 1832] A61

Pittosporum virgatum Kirk 1872 [incl. P. virgatum var. crataegifolia Kirk 1872, P. virgatum var. serratum Kirk 1872] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[A27] Andersen, J. C. 1927. Popular names of New Zealand plants. Part 2. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 905–977.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C08] Cambage, R. H. 1908. Notes on the native flora of New South Wales. Part VI. Deepwater to Torrington and Emmaville. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33 (1): 45–65, pls 1–2.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CFH05] Cochrane, J. A., J. A. Friend & S. J. E. Hill. 2005. Endozoochory and the Australian bluebell: comsumption of Billardiera fusiformis (Labill.) Payer (Pittosporaceae) seeds by three mammal species at Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve, Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 191–196.

[G04a] Gibson, N. 2004a. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35–47.

[G04b] Gibson, N. 2004b. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[HL01] Heenan, P. B. & P. J. de Lange. 2001. A new, dodecaploid species of Uncinia (Cyperaceae) from ultramafic rocks, Surville Cliffs, Northland, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 39: 373–380.

[H06] Henderson, L. 2006. Comparisons of invasive plants in southern Africa originating from southern temperate, northern temperate and tropical regions. Bothalia 36 (2): 201–222.

[K03] Kårehed, J. 2003. The family Pennantiaceae and its relationships to Apiales. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 1–24.

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[MA49] Moore, L. B., & N. M. Adams. 1949. Fruit characters of Pittosporum dallii Cheesemn. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (2): 250–252.

[ME70] Moore, L. B., & E. Edgar. 1970. Flora of New Zealand vol. 2. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Monocotyledones except Gramineae. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[M08] Mound, L. A. 2008. Identification and host associations of some Thysanoptera Phlaeothripinae described from Australia pre-1930. Zootaxa 1714: 41–60.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[RL05] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2005. Selective feeding by macropods on vegetation regenerating following fire. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 155–165.