Forcipomyia

Male Forcipomyia, copyright Ashley Bradford.

Belongs within: Ceratopogonidae.

Forcipomyia is a diverse genus of hairy biting midges.

Characters (from Downes & Wirth 1981): Female antenna with 13 flagellomeres. Wing with C short or long; cell r₂₊₃ usually short, but if long distinctly narrow; crossvein r-m present; microtrichia minute; macrotrichia moderately abundant, sloping, often scale-like, covering most of wing; fringe complex, not a single row of hairs. Empodia well developed in female; claws strongly curved.

<==Forcipomyia
    |  i. s.: F. acidicola BSG09
    |         F. fusculus BR09
    |         F. townsendi A71
    |         F. utae A71
    |--F. (Forcipomyia) bipunctata DW81
    |--F. (Blantonia) caribbea DW81
    |--F. (Caloforcipomyia) glauca DW81
    |--F. (Euprojoannisia) wirthi DW81
    |--F. (Lasiohelea) M81
    |    |--F. (L.) fairfaxensis M81
    |    `--‘Lasiohelea’ opilionivora CM07
    |--F. (Metaforcipomyia) pluvialis DW81
    |--F. (Microhelea) BSG09
    |    |--F. (M.) fuliginosa DW81
    |    `--F. (M.) ixodoides BSG09
    |--F. (Pterobosca) fusicornis DW81
    |--F. (Synthyridomyia) colemani DW81
    |--F. (Thyridomyia) monilicornis DW81
    |--F. (Trichohelea) eques DW81
    `--F. (Warmkea) aeria DW81

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[BSG09] Borkent, A., G. R. Spinelli & W. L. Grogan Jr. 2009. Ceratopogonidae (biting midges, purrujas). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 407–435. Ottawa, NRC Research Press.

[BR09] Borkent, A., & G. Rotheray. 2009. Key to Diptera families—larvae. In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 157–191. Ottawa, NRC Research Press.

[CM07] Cokendolpher, J. C., & P. G. Mitov. 2007. Natural enemies. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 339–373. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[DW81] Downes, J. A., & W. W. Wirth. 1981. Ceratopogonidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 393–421. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[M81] McAlpine, J. F. 1981. Key to families—adults. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 89–124. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

Sphaeromiini

Mallochohelea larva, from The University of Iowa.

Belongs within: Ceratopogonidae.

The Sphaeromiini are a group of biting midges whose females have a series of stout, blunt spines on the underside of the fifth tarsomere (Downes & Wirth 1981).

Characters (from Downes & Wirth 1981): Female antenna with 13 flagellomeres. Wing with M forking at or before crossvein r-m, medial fork sessile. Tarsomere 5 of female armed ventrally with stout black blunt spines (batonnets). Female abdomen without internal sclerotized gland rods; sternite 8 of female often with pair of hair tufts.

<==Sphaeromiini DW81
    |--Sphaeromias longipennis DW81
    |--Jenkinshelea magnipennis DW81
    |--Macropeza blantoni DW81
    |--Lanehelea BSG09
    |--Neobezzia BSG09
    |--Johannsenomyia DW81
    |    |--J. argentata DW81
    |    `--J. blantoni BSG09
    |--Nilobezzia DW81
    |    |--N. minor DW81
    |    `--N. schwarzii BSG09
    |--Probezzia DW81
    |    |--P. concinna DW81
    |    `--P. pallida DW81
    `--Mallochohelea DW81
         |--M. albibasis DW81
         |--M. pullata BSG09
         `--M. smithi DW81

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BSG09] Borkent, A., G. R. Spinelli & W. L. Grogan Jr. 2009. Ceratopogonidae (biting midges, purrujas). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 407–435. Ottawa, NRC Research Press.

[DW81] Downes, J. A., & W. W. Wirth. 1981. Ceratopogonidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 393–421. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

Ceratopogonini

Male Ceratopogon cf. inverecundus, copyright NTNU university Museum.

Belongs within: Ceratopogonidae.

The Ceratopogonini are a group of biting midges whose eyes are usually pubescent and wings often milky in appearance (Downes & Wirth 1981).

Characters (from Downes & Wirth 1981): Eye usually pubescent. Female antenna with 13 flagellomeres. Wing often milky. Cell r₂₊₃ usually small, not or only a little longer than cell r₁, one or both cells sometimes lost; crossvein r-m nearly perpendicular to R₄₊₅; M forking beyond crossvein r-m.

<==Ceratopogonini DW81
    |--Alluaudomyia bella DW81
    |--Isohelea stigmalis DW81
    |--Rhynchohelea monilicornis DW81
    |--Ceratoculicoides DW81
    |--Brachypogon DW81
    |    |--B. paraensis DW81
    |    `--B. stigmalis BSG09
    `--Ceratopogon BSG09
         |--C. bicolor K01
         |--C. culicoidithorax DW81
         |--C. inverecundus BSG09
         |--C. sericatus K01
         `--C. willisi BSG09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BSG09] Borkent, A., G. R. Spinelli & W. L. Grogan Jr. 2009. Ceratopogonidae (biting midges, purrujas). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 407–435. Ottawa, NRC Research Press.

[DW81] Downes, J. A., & W. W. Wirth. 1981. Ceratopogonidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 393–421. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[K01] Kertész, K. 1901. Legyek [Dipteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 179–201. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

Tanytarsini

Micropsectra junci, copyright J. K. Lindsey.

Belongs within: Chironomidae.

The Tanytarsini are a group of non-biting midges with a long first tarsomere on the fore leg and usually with macrotrichia on the wings (Oliver 1981).

Characters (from Oliver 1981): Wing membrane usually with macrotrichia; calypter always without fringe; crossvein r-m nearly parallel to R₄₊₅, and continuous with it, or if oblique, then wing apex truncated; crossvein m-cu absent. First tarsomere of foreleg longer than fore tibia; hind tibia with two combs composed of basally fused spines. Gonostylus fused to gonocoxite and directed backward.

<==Tanytarsini G09
    |--Corynocera ambigua O81, R86
    |--Lenziella cruscula O81
    |--Zavrelia O81
    |--Stempellina bausei O81, R86 [incl. S. montivaga R86]
    |--Lauterbornia O81
    |--Nandeva SA09
    |--Pontomyia SA09
    |--Skutzia SA09
    |--Constempellina SA09
    |--Neostempellina thienemanni SA09, R86
    |--Stempellinella SA09
    |--Neozavrelia luteola SA09
    |--Parapsectra SA09
    |--Sublettea SA09
    |--Virgatanytarsus arduennensis SA09
    |--Rheotanytarsus O81
    |    |--R. calakmulensis SA09
    |    `--R. rhenanus R86
    |--Paratanytarsus O81
    |    |--P. grimmii SA09
    |    `--P. quadratus SA09
    |--Cladotanytarsus O81
    |    |--C. lewisi P09
    |    |--C. mancus D91
    |    `--C. viridiventris O81
    |--Caladomyia SA09
    |    |--C. pistra SA09
    |    `--C. riotarumensis SA09
    |--Tanytarsus SA09
    |    |--T. barbitarsus PH10
    |    |--T. ejuncidus R86
    |    |--T. guatemalensis Sublette & Sasa 1994 SA09
    |    |--T. heusdensis G09
    |    |--T. pallidocornis G09
    |    |--T. pandus SA09
    |    `--T. vespertinus B87
    `--Micropsectra G09
         |--M. atitlanensis Sublette & Sasa 1994 SA09
         |--M. atrofasciata G09
         |--M. bidentata G09
         |--M. junci G09
         |--M. longicrista G09
         |--M. notescens G09
         |--M. pallidula G09
         |--M. schrankelae G09
         `--M. subvirida G09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B87] Boothroyd, I. K. G. 1987. Taxonomic composition and life cycles of Chironomidae (Diptera) in a northern New Zealand stream. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement 29: 15–22.

[D91] Davids, C. 1991. Water mites: the impact of larvae and adults on their host and prey populations. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 497–501. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[G09] Gerecke, R. 2009. Revisional studies on the European species of the water mite genus Lebertia Neuman, 1880 (Acari: Hydrachnidia: Lebertiidae). Abhandlungen der Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 566: 1–144.

[O81] Oliver, D. R. 1981. Chironomidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 423–458. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[P09] Pape, T. 2009. Economic importance of Diptera. In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 65–77. Ottawa, NRC Research Press.

[PH10] Pinder, A. M., S. A. Halse, R. J. Shiel & J. M. McRae. 2010. An arid zone awash with diversity: patterns in the distribution of aquatic invertebrates in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 78 (1): 205–246.

[R86] Reiss, F. 1986. Erster Nachtrag zur Chironomidenfauna Bayerns (Diptera, Chironomidae). Spixiana 9 (2): 175–178.

[SA09] Spies, M., T. Andersen, J. H. Epler & C. N. Watson Jr. 2009. Chironomidae (non-biting midges). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 437–480. Ottawa, NRC Research Press.

Procladiini

Female Procladius, copyright Tom Murray.

Belongs within: Chironomidae.

The Procladiini are a group of non-biting midges characterised by wings with a long stem to the cubital fork, at least half as long as CuA₂, with the cubital fork being distal to crossvein m-cu.

<==Procladiini SA09
    |--Djalmabatista pulchra SA09
    |--Laurotanypus travassosi Oliveira, Messias & da Silva-Vasconcelos 1992 SA09
    `--Procladius SA09
         |  i. s.: P. freemani O81
         |--P. (Procladius) mozambique SA09
         |--P. (Holotanypus) culiciformis SA09
         `--P. (Psilotanypus) SA09
              |--P. (P.) bellus SA09
              |--P. (P.) etatus Roback 1982 SA09
              `--P. (P.) stroudi Roback 1982 SA09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[O81] Oliver, D. R. 1981. Chironomidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 423–458. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[SA09] Spies, M., T. Andersen, J. H. Epler & C. N. Watson Jr. 2009. Chironomidae (non-biting midges). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 437–480. Ottawa, NRC Research Press.

Pentaneurini

Conchapelopia pallens, copyright Centre for Biodiversity Genomics.

Belongs within: Chironomidae.

The Pentaneurini are a tribe of non-biting midges with a reduced costal vein and cylindrical to comb-like tibial spurs (Oliver 1981).

Characters (from Oliver 1981): Wing with C not produced past R₄₊₅ or produced by less than length of crossvein r-m; cubital fork proximal to or opposite crossvein m-cu. Postanepisternal and katepisternal setae usually absent; postnotal setae always absent. Tibial spurs of hind leg cylindrical to comb-like.

<==Pentaneurini O81
    |--Xenopelopia tincta O81
    |--Arctopelopia O81
    |--Cantopelopia gesta O81
    |--Nilotanypus fimbriatus O81
    |--Guttipelopia O81
    |--Larsia pallens O81
    |--Trissopelopia ogemawi O81
    |--Zavrelimyia bifasciata O81
    |--Krenopelopia narda O81
    |--Monopelopia boliekae O81
    |--Labrundinia longipalpis O81, SA09
    |--Helopelopia cornuticaudata SA09
    |--Meropelopia SA09
    |--Hudsonimyia vittaria [=Pentaneura vittaria] SA09
    |--Denopelopia atria Roback & Rutter 1988 SA09
    |--Thienemannimyia O81
    |    |--T. barberi SA09
    |    `--T. fusciceps O81
    |--Paramerina O81
    |    |--P. fasciata SA09
    |    `--P. smithae SA09
    |--Telopelopia O81
    |    |--T. fascigera R86
    |    `--T. okoboji O81
    |--Ablabesmyia O81
    |    |--A. cinctipes SA09
    |    |--A. costarricensis SA09
    |    `--A. monilis O81
    `--Conchapelopia O81
         |--C. currani O81
         |--C. goniodes O81
         `--C. pallens SA09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[O81] Oliver, D. R. 1981. Chironomidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 423–458. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[R86] Reiss, F. 1986. Erster Nachtrag zur Chironomidenfauna Bayerns (Diptera, Chironomidae). Spixiana 9 (2): 175–178.

[SA09] Spies, M., T. Andersen, J. H. Epler & C. N. Watson Jr. 2009. Chironomidae (non-biting midges). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 437–480. Ottawa, NRC Research Press.

Culicidae

Culiseta inconspicua, copyright Richard C. Russell.

Belongs within: Culicomorpha.
Contains: Anopheles, Aedes, Sabethini, Culex, Uranotaenia, Tripteroides.

The Culicidae, mosquitoes, are a group of delicately built flies best known for the blood-sucking habits of adult females of the majority of species. Blood meals are required for maturation of developing eggs; male and female mosquitoes otherwise feed on liquid plant-derived foods such as nectar and honeydew. Living mosquitoes are divided between two subfamilies, with the Culicinae having a respiratory siphon as larvae and scales on the abdominal tergites as adults, features absent in the Anophelinae (Chaverri 2009).

Characters (from Stone 1981): Slender delicate flies, 3-9 mm long. Legs slender. Proboscis slender, much longer than head; labrum, mandibles, laciniae, and hypopharynx greatly elongate, stylet-like, enclosed in sheath formed by labium; palpus of male usually about as long as proboscis, with terminal segments often bearing dense tufts of long setae. Wing veins and usually most of the body and legs clothed with scales.

<==Culicidae C09
    |  i. s.: Theobaldia annulata A71
    |         Opifex SS05
    |           |--O. (Nothoskusea) chathamicus [=Aedes (N.) chathamicus, Ochlerotatus (N.) chathamicus] SS05
    |           `--O. fuscus O81
    |         Mimomyia L91
    |           |--M. (Mimomyia) metallica L91
    |           `--M. (Etorleptiomyia) elegans L91
    |--Anophelinae [Anophelini] C09
    |    |--Anopheles C09
    |    |--Bironella C09
    |    `--Chagasia C09
    |         |--C. bathana (Dyar 1928) [=Anopheles (Chagasia) bathanus] SK56
    |         |--C. bonneae Root 1927 SK56
    |         `--C. rozeboomi Causey, Deane & Deane 1944 SK56
    `--+--Paleoculicis minutus GE05
       `--Culicinae C09
            |  i. s.: Aedeomyia C09
            |           |--A. catasticta Knab 1909 L91
            |           |--A. squamipennis C09
            |           `--A. venustipes L91
            |         Armigeres O98
            |         Topomyia O98
            |--Aedes C09
            |--Sabethini C09
            |--Toxorhynchites C09 [Toxorhynchitinae, Toxorhynchitini L91]
            |    |--T. amboensis WT11
            |    |--T. hypoptes C09
            |    |--T. moctezuma C09
            |    |--T. (Lynchiella) rutilus S81
            |    |--T. (Toxorhynchites) speciosus L91
            |    `--T. superbus C09
            `--Culicini C09
                 |--Culex C09
                 |--Uranotaenia S81
                 |--Tripteroides L91
                 |--Malaya genuostris CM70, L91
                 |--Orthopodomyia S81
                 |    |--O. alba Baker 1936 SM37
                 |    |--O. phyllozoa C09
                 |    `--O. signifera S81
                 |--Mansonia L91
                 |    |--M. nigricans M46
                 |    |--M. richiardii KK91
                 |    |--M. titillans C09
                 |    `--M. (Mansonoides) uniformis (Theobald 1901) (see below for synonymy) L91
                 |--Haemagogus S81
                 |    |--H. anastasionis KK38
                 |    |--H. (Longipalpifer) equinus Theob. 1903 S81, CA38
                 |    |--H. janthinomys C09
                 |    |--H. lucifer C09
                 |    |--H. mesodentatus Komp & Kumm 1938 KK38
                 |    |--H. panarchys Dyar 1921 CA38
                 |    `--H. tropicalis Cerqueira & Antunes 1938 CA38
                 |--Deinocerites S81
                 |    |--D. cancer C09
                 |    |--D. costaricensis C09
                 |    |--D. epitedeus C09
                 |    `--D. pseudes C09
                 |--Psorophora S81
                 |    |--P. ciliata S81
                 |    |--P. columbiae S81
                 |    |--P. confinnis C09
                 |    `--P. ferox C09
                 |--Coquillettidia L91
                 |    |--C. (Coquillettidia) L91
                 |    |    |--C. (C.) crassipes L91
                 |    |    |--C. (C.) iracunda D05
                 |    |    |--C. (C.) linealis L91
                 |    |    |--C. (C.) perturbans S81
                 |    |    `--C. (C.) xanthogaster (Edwards 1924) L91
                 |    `--C. (Austromansonia) tenuipalpis D05
                 `--Culiseta S81
                      |  i. s.: C. annulata KK91
                      |         C. impatiens C09
                      |         C. incidens S81
                      |         C. inornata C09
                      |         C. particeps C09
                      |--C. (Climacura) tonnoiri D04
                      |--C. (Culicella) L91
                      |    |--C. (C.) atra Lee 1944 L91
                      |    `--C. (C.) inconspicua L91
                      `--C. (Neotheobaldia) hilli L91

Mansonia (Mansonoides) uniformis (Theobald 1901) [=Panoplites uniformis; incl. M. australiensis Giles 1902, M. marquesensis Dyar 1925, Panoplites reversus Theobald 1901, M. reversus] L91

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[CA38] Cerqueira, N., & P. C. A. Antunes. 1938. Haemagogus tropicalis, a new species from Pará, Brazil (Diptera, Culicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (1): 1–9.

[C09] Chaverri, L. G. 2009. Culicidae (mosquitos, zancudos). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 369–388. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[CM70] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1970. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 656–740. Melbourne University Press.

[D04] Derraik, J. G. B. 2004. A survey of the mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) fauna of the Auckland Zoological Park. New Zealand Entomologist 27: 51–55.

[D05] Derraik, J. G. B. 2005. Notes on some adult mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) records from West Auckland. Weta 29: 12–15.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[KK91] Kamarinchev, B., T. Kovacheva, T. Christova, G. Georgieva & V. Zlatanova. 1991. Studies on mosquitoes and ticks as carriers of alpha-, flavi- and bunyaviruses. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 2 pp. 89–92. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[KK38] Komp, W. H. W., & H. W. Kumm. 1938. A new species of Haemagogus, mesodentatus, from Costa Rica, and a description of the larva of Haemagogus anastasionis Dyar (Diptera, Culicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (9): 253–259.

[L91] Liehne, P. F. S. 1991. An Atlas of the Mosquitoes of Western Australia. Health Department of Western Australia.

[M46] Michener, C. D. 1946. The taxonomy and bionomics of some Panamanian trombidiid mites. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 39: 349–380.

[O81] O’Brien, C. O. 1981. A. A. Book of New Zealand Wildlife: A guide to the native and introduced animals of New Zealand. Lansdowne Press: Auckland.

[O98] Oosterbroek, P. 1998. The Families of Diptera of the Malay Archipelago. Brill: Leiden.

[SM37] Shields, S. E., & V. I. Miles. 1937. The occurrence of Orthopodomyia alba in Alabama (Diptera: Culicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (8): 237.

[SS05] Snell, A. E., & P. J. Sirvid. 2005. Mosquitoes of the Chatham Islands: Notes on Opifex chathamicus (=Ochlerotatus chathamicus) (Dumbleton) (Diptera: Culicidae). Weta 29: 6–8.

[S81] Stone, A. 1981. Culicidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 341–350. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Last updated: 27 December 2020.