Ficus subgenus Ficus

Ficus dammaropsis, photographed by Kahuroa.

Belongs within: Moraceae.

Ficus subgenus Ficus is a group of figs fertilised primarily by wasps of the genus Blastophaga.

<==Ficus subg. Ficus B88
    |--F. sect. Sycidium non Sycidium Sandberger 1849 B88
    |    |  i. s.: F. conocephalifolia B88
    |    |         F. copiosa B88
    |    |         F. coronata [incl. F. stephanocarpa] B88
    |    |         F. fraseri [incl. F. stenocarpa] B88
    |    |         F. gul B88
    |    |         F. (ser. Copiosae) primaria B88
    |    |         F. tinctoria B88
    |    |           |--F. t. var. tinctoria B88
    |    |           `--F. t. var. gibbosa B88
    |    |         F. wassa B88
    |    `--F. subsect. Palaeomorphe B88
    |         |--F. subulata [incl. F. erythropareia] B88
    |         `--F. virgata B88
    `--F. sect. Sycocarpus B88
         |--F. dammaropsis B88
         `--F. theophrastoides B88

Ficus subg. Ficus incertae sedis:
  F. adenosperma B88
  F. arfakensis B88
  F. bernaysii B88
  F. calopilina B88
  F. complexa B88
  F. congesta B88
  F. cynaroides B88
  F. dissipata B88
  F. hispida B88
  F. hispidoides B88
    |--F. h. var. hispidoides B88
    `--F. h. var. succosa B88
  F. indigofera B88
  F. iodotricha B88
  F. itoana B88
  F. lepicarpa B88
  F. mollior B88
  F. nodosa B88
  F. nota B88
  F. profusa B88
  F. pungens B88
  F. scaposa B88
  F. semivestita B88
  F. septica B88
  F. tanypoda B88
  F. verticillaris B88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

Ficus section Malvanthera

Port Jackson fig Ficus rubiginosa, photographed by Christine Peterson.

Belongs within: Moraceae.

Ficus section Malvanthera is a group of figs pollinated by wasps of the genus Pleistodontes (Dixon 2003).

Characters (from Dixon 2003): Ostiole with two or three lobes with inflexed bracts; syconia with two or three basal bracts; reniform unilocular anthers with crescentic or transverse dehiscence; ovaries attached by their base to wall of syconium, or embedded in wall of syconium; red spot present at apex or base of the ovary; stigma either simple or bifid.

<==Ficus sect. Malvanthera
    |  i. s.: F. subnervosa D03
    |--F. ser. Hesperidiiformis (Corner) Dixon 2003 [incl. Malvanthera ser. Cyclanthereae Corner 1959] D03
    |    |  i. s.: F. glandifera D03
    |    |         F. (ser. *Cyclanthereae) sterrocarpa D03
    |    |--F. subser. Hesperidiiformis Corner 1959 D03
    |    |    |--F. (subser. *Hesperidiiformis) hesperidiiformis D03 [incl. F. sclerotaria B88]
    |    |    |--F. augusta D03
    |    |    |--F. crassipes Bailey 1889 D03
    |    |    |--F. heteromeka D03
    |    |    |--F. mafuluensis D03
    |    |    |--F. pleurocarpa von Mueller 1874 [incl. F. cylindrica Warburg 1905] D03
    |    |    `--F. xylosycia D03
    |    |         |--F. x. var. xylosycia B88
    |    |         `--F. x. var. cylindrocarpa B88
    |    `--F. subser. Eubracteatae Corner 1959 D03
    |         `--F. (subser. *Eubracteatae) triradiata Corner 1959 (see below for synonymy) D03
    `--F. ser. Malvanthereae Corner 1959 D03
         |  i. s.: F. atricha Dixon 2001 [incl F. platypoda var. cordata] D03
         |         F. brachypoda (Miquel) Miquel 1867 (see below for synonymy) D03
         |         F. cerasicarpa Dixon 2001 D03
         |         F. lilliputiana Dixon 2001 D03
         |           |--F. l. f. lilliputiana D03
         |           `--F. l. f. pilosa D03
         |--F. subser. Malvanthereae D03
         |    |--F. (ser. *Malvanthereae) macrophylla Desfontaines ex Persoon 1807 D03
         |    |    |--F. m. f. macrophylla D03
         |    |    `--F. m. f. columnaris D03
         |    |--F. rhizophoriphylla D03
         |    `--F. watkinsiana Bailey 1891 (see below for synonymy) D03
         `--F. subser. Platypodeae Corner 1959 D03
              |--F. (subser. *Platypodeae) platypoda (Miquel) Cunningham ex Miquel 1867 (see below for synonymy) D03
              |--F. destruens von Mueller ex White 1933 D03
              |--F. leucotricha D03
              |--F. obliqua Forster 1786 D03
              |--F. rubiginosa Desfontaines ex Ventenat 1805 D03 [incl. F. australis B88]
              |    |--F. r. f. rubiginosa (see below for synonymy) D03
              |    `--F. r. f. glabrescens D03
              `--F. subpuberula Corner 1959 D03

Ficus brachypoda (Miquel) Miquel 1867 [incl. F. platypoda var. lacnocaulon, F. platypoda var. minor, Urostigma puberulum Miquel 1847, F. puberula (Miquel) Miquel 1867, F. obliqua var. puberula] D03

Ficus (subser. *Platypodeae) platypoda (Miquel) Cunningham ex Miquel 1867 [incl. F. leucotricha, F. leucotricha var. megacarpa, F. leucotricha var. sessilis] D03

Ficus rubiginosa f. rubiginosa [incl. F. baileyana, F. obliqua var. petiolaris, F. platypoda var. leichhardtii] D03

Ficus (subser. *Eubracteatae) triradiata Corner 1959 [incl. F. triradiata var. sessilicarpa Corner 1959] D03

Ficus watkinsiana Bailey 1891 [incl. F. bellingeri Moore in Moore & Betche 1893, F. simmondsii Bailey 1910] D03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[D03] Dixon, D. J. 2003. A taxonomic revision of the Australian Ficus species in the section Malvanthera (Ficus subg. Urostigma: Moraceae). Telopea 10 (1): 125-153.

Ficus section Conosycea

Weeping fig Ficus benjamina, from here.

Belongs within: Moraceae.

Ficus section Conosycea is a group of fig species found primarily in Asia and Australasia, with two species in Madagascar. Syconia of Conosycea species generally have three basal bracts, and they are pollinated by wasps of the genera Deilagaon, Eupristina, Platyscapa, Waterstoniella and Parapristina (Berg 1989).

<==Ficus sect. Conosycea B88
    |--F. benjamina Linnaeus 1767 B88, R-SN07
    |--F. chrysolepis B88
    |--F. (subsect. Conosycea) crassiramea B88
    |    |--F. c. var. crassiramea B88
    |    `--F. c. var. patellifera B88
    |--F. drupacea B88
    |--F. glaberrima B88
    |    |--F. g. var. glaberrima B88
    |    `--F. g. var. bracteata [incl. F. adamii] B88
    |--F. microcarpa B88
    |--F. novoguineensis B88
    |--F. (subsect. Dictyoneuron) retusa Linnaeus 1767 B88, R-SN07
    |--F. sumatrana B88
    `--F. sundaica B88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Berg, C. C. 1989. Classification and distribution of Ficus. Experientia 45: 605-611.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[R-SN07] Retana-Salazar, A. P., & K. Nishida. 2007. First gall-inducing thrips on Elaphoglossum ferns: a new genus and species of thrips, Jersonithrips galligenus from Costa Rica (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 87 (2): 143-148.

Hakea

Silky hakea Hakea sericea with fruit, photographed by Edoarado.

Belongs within: Grevilleoideae.

Hakea is an Australian genus of trees and shrubs characterised by the production of persistent woody fruits that do not open to release their seeds until the death of the bearing branch from fire or other causes. Mature fruit size is correlated with the length of time the plant may retain the fruit before release (Groom & Lamont 2004). Many Hakea species have notably spiny leaves. A number of species are grown as ornamental plants, and some have become invasive weeds in South Africa and New Zealand. These include the silky hakea or needle bush Hakea sericea, a native of south-eastern Australia which has rigid needle-like leaves about six centimetres in length.

Characters (from Harden 2001): Shrubs or small trees. Leaves flat with similar surfaces or terete, and then entire or divided into segments, or rarely trigonous. Conflorescences axillary, raceme-like with paired flowers, or in several- to many-flowered clusters, and then flowers not regularly or obviously paired. Flowers zygomorphic. Perianth tube revolute and curved under the limb; tepals splitting to base or remaining fused and splitting on upper side only, becoming free. Anthers 4, sessile. Hypogynous glands fused, horseshoe-shaped, obovoid or rarely disc-shaped, rarely absent. Ovary shortly stipitate, glabrous; ovules 2; style longer than the perianth, curved and protruding from a slit in the perianth before being released; pollen presenter an oblique or lateral disc or an erect cone. Follicle woody, surface smooth, wrinkled, blistered or warty, sometimes prominently beaked (apical portion of the fruit beyond the main swollen body of the fruit), often with apical horns (pair of hard points just behind fruit apex, often broken off in mature fruit); secondary thickening formed by the cambium, the fruit opening in 2 valves; seeds 2, compressed, testa expanded into a wing, usually at one end; seeds generally placed near the upper suture of the fruit and mostly borne in ± same direction as stalk of fruit.

Hakea
    |--H. acicularis H87
    |--H. ambigua RL05
    |--H. amplexicaulis GK00
    |--H. arborescens LK14
    |-—H. brownii OS04
    |--H. ceratophylla GK00
    |--H. chordophylla LK14
    |--H. commutata G04b
    |--H. coriacea M93
    |--H. corymbosa GK00
    |--H. costata B14
    |--H. cristata JK08
    |--H. cunninghamii C16
    |--H. dactyloides B88
    |--H. drupacea H06
    |--H. duttoni Ettingshausen 1886 F71
    |--H. epiglottis SN08
    |--H. erecta G04b
    |--H. erinacea GL04
    |--H. ferruginea CFH05
    |--H. gibbosa H06
    |--H. gilbertii GK00
    |--H. hastata OS04
    |--H. incrassata OS04
    |--H. lasianthoides JK08
    |--H. lehmanniana OS04
    |--H. leucoptera B88
    |--H. lissocarpha JK08
    |--H. loranthifolia LK00
    |--H. lorea LK14
    |    |--H. l. ssp. lorea LK14
    |    `--H. l. ssp. borealis LK14
    |--H. macrocarpa LK14
    |--H. marginata JK08
    |--H. meisneriana G04b
    |--H. microcarpa C08
    |--H. minyma G04a
    |--H. muelleriana B00
    |--H. multilineata G04b
    |--H. nodosa TW07
    |--H. oleifolia GK00
    |--H. persiehana C16
    |--H. petiolaris A91
    |--H. platysperma GL04
    |--H. preissii KM08
    |--H. prostrata GL04
    |--H. recurva S95
    |--H. rhombale B05
    |--H. ruscifolia JK08
    |--H. salicifolia H06
    |--H. saligna NC91
    |--H. scoparia G04b
    |--H. sericea H06
    |--H. spathulata LK00
    |--H. stenocarpa JK08
    |--H. stenophylla KM08
    |--H. suberea B05
    |--H. subsulcata G04b
    |--H. sulcata GK00
    |--H. teritifolia C96
    |--H. trifurcata GL04
    |--H. undulata GL04
    |--H. varia S35
    |--H. victoria MJH05
    `--H. vittata E65
         |--H. v. var. vittata E65
         `--H. v. var. glabriflora Black ex Willis 1957 E65

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A91] Abbott, I. 1991. Annual activity of a population of Catasarcus asphaltinus Thompson (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Perth, Western Australia. Australian Entomological Magazine 18 (1): 21–24.

[B05] Beard, J. S. 2005. Drainage evolution in the Lake Disappointment Catchment, Western Australia—a discussion. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (2): 57–64.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C96] Calder, A. A. 1996. Click beetles: genera of the Australian Elateridae (Coleoptera). CSIRO Australia: Collingwood.

[C08] Cambage, R. H. 1908. Notes on the native flora of New South Wales. Part VI. Deepwater to Torrington and Emmaville. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33 (1): 45–65, pls 1–2.

[C16] Cambage, R. H. 1916. Notes on the native flora of tropical Queensland. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 49 (3): 389–447, pls 57–61.

[CFH05] Cochrane, J. A., J. A. Friend & S. J. E. Hill. 2005. Endozoochory and the Australian bluebell: comsumption of Billardiera fusiformis (Labill.) Payer (Pittosporaceae) seeds by three mammal species at Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve, Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 191–196.

[E65] Eardley, C. M. 1965. Diagnoses to new taxa. In: Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae pp. 945–946. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[G04a] Gibson, N. 2004a. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35–47.

[G04b] Gibson, N. 2004b. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[GL04] Groom, P. K., & B. B. Lamont. 2004. Fruit and seed development in two Hakea species (Proteaceae). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (4): 135–138.

[H87] Haviland, E. 1887. Flowering seasons of Australian plants. No. II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1103–1104.

[H06] Henderson, L. 2006. Comparisons of invasive plants in southern Africa originating from southern temperate, northern temperate and tropical regions. Bothalia 36 (2): 201–222.

[JK08] Johnstone, R. E., & T. Kirkby. 2008. Distribution, status, social organisation, movements and conservation of Baudin's cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus baudinii) in south-west Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 107–118.

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[LK00] Lowrie, A., & K. F. Kenneally. 2000. Three new species of Stylidium (Stylidiaceae) from south-west Western Australia. Nuytsia 13: 293–302.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[MJH05] Mast, A. R., E. H. Jones & S. P. Havery. 2005. An assessment of old and new DNA sequence evidence for the paraphyly of Banksia with respect to Dryandra (Proteaceae). Australian Systematic Botany 18 (1): 75–88.

[M93] Mollemans, F. H. 1993. Drummondita wilsonii, Philotheca langei and P. basistyla (Rutaceae), new species from south-west Western Australia. Nuytsia 9: 95–109.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[RL05] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2005. Selective feeding by macropods on vegetation regenerating following fire. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 155–165.

[SN08] Schmidt, E. R., & T. R. New. 2008. The Psocoptera (Insecta) of Tasmania, Australia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 65: 71–152.

[S95] Smith, G. T. 1995. Species richness, habitat and conservation of scorpions in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 55–66.

[S35] Solomon, M. E. 1935. On a new genus and two new species of Western Australian Aleyrodidae. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 21: 75–91.

[TW07] Thongphak, D., & Q. Wang. 2007. Taxonomic revision of the longicorn beetle genus Uracanthus Hope 1833 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae: Uracanthini) from Australia. Zootaxa 1569: 1–139.

Last updated: 23 March 2021.

Roperculina

Rosa persica, photographed by Yuriy75.

Belongs within: Rosoideae.
Contains: Sanguisorbeae, Fragariinae, Potentilla.

Roperculina is a clade within the Rosaceae supported by molecular data and the presence of operculate pollen (Eriksson et al. 2003). It was defined by Eriksson et al. (2003) as "the least-inclusive clade containing Rosa cinnamomea, Sanguisorba officinalis, Fragaria vesca, and Potentilla reptans". Rosa, the roses, is a Holarctic genus of shrubs and climbers, many species of which have become widely grown as ornamental plants. Its sister clade, Sanpotina, is well supported by molecular data but lacks distinct morphological synamorphies, though its members are marked by a reduction in the number of stamen whorls from many to three or fewer (Eriksson et al. 2003).

Roperculina
    |--Sanpotina EH03
    |    |--Sanguisorbeae EH03
    |    `--Potentilleae EH03
    |         |  i. s.: Horkeliella EH03
    |         |           |--H. congdonis [=Ivesia purpurascens ssp. congdonis] H93
    |         |           `--H. purpurascens [=Ivesia purpurascens] H93
    |         |         Comarella EH03
    |         |         Stellariopsis EH03
    |         |--Fragariinae EH03
    |         `--Potentilla EH03
    `--Rosa [incl. Hulthemia] EH03
         |--R. × andegavensis [R. canina × R. stylosa] V09
         |--R. bracteata H90
         |--R. bridgesii [incl. R. gymnocarpa var. pubescens] H93
         |--R. californica H93
         |--R. canina V09
         |--R. centifolia KSM06
         |--R. cinnamomea Linnaeus 1753 CD07
         |--R. damacena KSM06
         |--R. eglanteria H93
         |--R. gallica H91
         |--R. gymnocarpa H93
         |--R. hybrida MH98
         |--R. laevigata C55
         |--R. majalis EH03
         |--R. minutifolia H93
         |--R. multiflora BC01
         |--R. nutkana [incl. R. nutkana var. muriculata, R. nutkana var. setosa] H93
         |--R. persica EH03
         |--R. pimpinellifolia BBM02
         |--R. pinetorum H93
         |--R. pisocarpa H93
         |--R. roxburghii H90
         |--R. rubiginosa C55
         |--R. rugosa B88
         |--R. sempervirens R-RR-GM-S98
         |--R. sericea O88
         |--R. spithamea [incl. R. spithamea var. sonomensis] H93
         |--R. stylosa V09
         |--R. tomentosa D37
         |--R. wilsonii D37
         `--R. woodsii H93
              |--R. w. var. woodsii H93
              `--R. w. var. ultramontana [incl. R. woodsii var. glabrata, R. woodsii var. gratissima] H93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BBM02] Bonte, D., L. Baert & J.-P. Maelfait. 2002. Spider assemblage structure and stability in a heterogeneous coastal dune system (Belgium). Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 331–343.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[BC01] Briese, D. T., & J. M. Cullen. 2001. The use and usefulness of mites in biological control of weeds. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 453–463. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[D37] Dobzhansky, T. 1937. Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press: New York.

[EH03] Eriksson, T., M. S. Hibbs, A. D. Yoder, C. F. Delwiche & M. J. Donoghue. 2003. The phylogeny of Rosoideae (Rosaceae) based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the trnL/F region of chloroplast DNA. International Journal of Plant Science 164 (2): 197–211.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[H91] Hubálek, Z. 1991. Biogeographic indication of natural foci of tick-borne infections. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 255–260. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[KSM06] King, R. C., W. D. Stansfield & P. K. Mulligan. 2006. A Dictionary of Genetics 7^th ed. Oxford University Press.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[R-RR-GM-S98] Ramil-Rego, P., M. Rodríguez-Guitián & C. Muñoz-Sobrino. 1998. Sclerophyllous vegetation dynamics in the north of the Iberian peninsula during the last 16,000 years. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 7: 335–351.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the wild fauna and flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.

Last updated: 20 September 2020.

Amblyoponinae

Amblyopone pallipes, photographed by Benoit Guenard.

Belongs within: Formicidae.

The Amblyoponinae are a group of ants mostly characterised by a relatively broad attachment of the petiole to the gaster, together with dentiform setae on the clypeus. These features are absent in the Afrotropical Apomyrma stygia which is nevertheless associated with the Amblyoponinae by molecular data. Most amblyoponines are cryptic predators in soil and leaf litter, and rarely seen on the surface of the ground.

Characters (from Heterick 2009): Dentiform clypeal setae present; waist consisting of a single segment, petiole broadly articulated to abdominal segment III; apex of abdomen with a sting.

<==Amblyoponinae [Amblyoponini]
    |--+--Apomyrma [Apomyrminae] RBV08
    |  |    `--A. stygia RBV08
    |  `--+--Onychomyrmex Emery 1895 RBV08, TB85
    |     |    |--*O. hedleyi Emery 1895 TB85
    |     |    |--O. doddi Wheeler 1916 TB85
    |     |    `--O. mjobergi Forel 1915 TB85
    |     `--+--Concoctio concenta RBV08
    |        `--Prionopelta Mayr 1866 RBV08, TB85
    |             |--*P. punctulata Mayr 1866 TB85
    |             `--P. opaca Emery 1897 TB85
    `--+--Adetomyrma RBV08
       `--+--Mystrium Roger 1862 RBV08, TB85
          |    |--*M. mysticum Roger 1862 TB85
          |    `--M. camillae Emery 1889 TB85
          `--Amblyopone Erichson 1842 RBV08, FT08 (see below for synonymy)
               |--*A. australis Erichson 1842 (see below for synonymy) TB85
               |--A. aberrans Wheeler 1927 [=A. (*Protamblyopone) aberrans] TB85
               |--A. cephalotes V73
               |--A. clarki Wheeler 1927 [=A. (*Neoamblyopone) clarki] TB85
               |--A. eminia Zhou 2001 Z01
               |--A. exigua Clark 1928 TB85
               |--A. ferruginea Smith 1858 [incl. A. mandibularis Clark 1928] TB85
               |--A. fulvida Terayama 1987 I92
               |--A. gingivalis Brown 1960 TB85
               |--A. glauerti (Clark 1928) [=*Lithomyrmex glauerti] TB85
               |--A. gracilis Clark 1934 [=A. (Fulakora) gracilis] TB85
               |--A. hackeri Wheeler 1927 TB85
               |--A. leae Wheeler 1927 TB85
               |--A. longidens Forel 1910 [=A. ferruginea longidens] TB85
               |--A. lucida Clark 1934 [=A. (Fulakora) lucida] TB85
               |--A. mercovichi Brown 1960 TB85
               |--A. michaelseni Forel 1907 TB85
               |--A. mutica RBV08
               |--A. nana Emery 1914 E14
               |--A. pallipes RBV08
               |--A. punctulata Clark 1934 [=A. (Fulakora) punctulata] TB85
               |--A. rubiginous Z01
               |--A. smithi Brown 1960 TB85
               |--A. wilsoni Clark 1928 TB85
               `--A. zwaluwenburgi (Williams 1946) FT08

Amblyopone Erichson 1842 RBV08, FT08 [=Amblyopopone Forel 1893 Z01; incl. Arotropus Provancher 1887 Z01, Ericapelta Kusnezov 1955 Z01, Lithomyrmex Clark 1928 TB85, Neoamblyopone Wheeler 1927 TB85, Paraprionopelta Brown 1973 Z01, Protamblyopone Wheeler 1927 TB85]

*Amblyopone australis Erichson 1842 [incl. A. aberrans fortis Forel 1910, A. australis foveolata Wheeler 1927, A. australis minor Forel 1915, A. obscura Smith 1858] TB85

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[E14] Emery, C. 1914. Les fourmis de la Nouvelle-Calédonie & des îles Loyalty. In: Sarasin, F. & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 4 pp. 393–436, pl. 12. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[FT08] Framenau, V. W., & M. L. Thomas. 2008. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean): identification and distribution. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 45–85.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[RBV08] Rabeling, C., J. M. Brown & M. Verhaagh. 2008. Newly discovered sister lineage sheds light on early ant evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 105 (39): 14913–14917.

[TB85] Taylor, R. W., & D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 1–149. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[V73] Vandel, A. 1973. Les isopodes terrestres de l'Australie. Étude systématique et biogéographique. Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Série A, Zoologie 82: 1–171.

[Z01] Zhou, S. 2001. Ants of Guangxi. Guangxi Normal University Press: Guilin (China).

Last updated: 14 June 2020.

Rhampsinitus

Rhampsinitus hispidus, from Roewer (1923).
Belongs within: Phalangiidae.

Rhampsinitus is a genus of long-legged harvestmen in southern Africa, the males of which have enlarged chelicerae.

See also: The legacy of Rhampsinitus.

Characters (from Kauri 1961): Ocularium with varying numbers of denticles or granules (4-12), 1.5-2 times its length from anterior margin of carapace. Anterior margin of carapace armed or not. Carapace usually toothed or denticulate before ocularium. Denticles on carapace and tergal areas arranged in transverse rows or irregularly distributed over the back. All abdominal tergites separated by transverse furrows or the first five form a scutum. Chelicerae of normal length or longer and usually armed. Pedipalps unarmed or armed with teeth or granules, especially the femur. Supracheliceral lamellae smooth. Legs long and slender, only exceptionally short. Stigmata open, without a grill, accompanied by entapophysis. Secondary sexual characteristics distinct. Penis of usual type for Phalangiinae; glans shoe-shaped in profile, hinged to corpus; stylus terminal, tubular. Corpus penis narrow, shaft-shaped, contains muscles. Ovipositor multi-segmented, the sensilla spherical; vagina interna mostly conical; receptacula semina tubular, opening into vagina just behind terminal glands.

<==Rhampsinitus Simon 1879 S08
    |--*R. lalandei Simon 1879 R11, S84 [incl. Acantholophus diversicolor Karsch 1880 S84]
    |--R. angulatus Lawrence 1962 S84
    |--R. ater Roewer 1912 [=R. niger Roewer 1911 non Sørensen 1910] S84
    |--R. bettoni (Pocock 1903) [=Phalangium bettoni] S84
    |--R. brevipalpis Lawrence 1962 S84
    |--R. brevipes Kauri 1961 L02
    |--R. capensis (Loman 1898) [=Phalangium capense; incl. R. ceratops] S84
    |--R. crassus Loman 1898 S84 [incl. Phalangium leppanae Pocock 1903 S84, R. leppanae R23]
    |--R. cristatus Lawrence 1931 S84
    |--R. discolor (Karsch 1878) (see below for synonymy) S84
    |--R. echinodorsum Roewer 1912 S84
    |--R. ephippiatus Roewer 1956 S84
    |--R. fissidens Lawrence 1933 S84
    |--R. flavidus Lawrence 1931 S84
    |--R. forsteri Kauri 1961 L02
    |--R. fuscinatus Roewer 1956 S84
    |--R. granarius Roewer 1917 S84
    |--R. hewittius (Roewer 1956) [=Opilio hewittius; incl. O. rhodesius Roewer 1956] S03
    |--R. hispidus Roewer 1911 S84
    |--R. ingae Kauri 1961 L02
    |--R. keniatus (Roewer 1956) [=Dasylobus keniatus] S84
    |--R. lawrencei Staręga 1984 [=R. capensis Lawrence 1931 non Phalangium capense Loman 1898] S84
    |--R. leighi (Pocock 1902) S08 [=Phalangium (Rhampsinitus) leighi S84]
    |--R. levis Lawrence 1931 S84
    |--R. longipalpis Lawrence 1931 S84
    |--R. maculatus Kauri 1961 L02
    |--R. mesomelas (Sörensen 1910) [=Phalangium mesomelas] S84
    |--R. morosianus Kauri 1961 L02
    |--R. nubicolus Lawrence 1963 S84
    |--R. pectinatus Roewer 1956 S84
    |--R. qachasneki Kauri 1961 L02
    |--R. quadridens Lawrence 1949 [incl. Dichranochirus angolensis Lawrence 1951, R. angolensis] S84
    |--R. quadrispina Roewer 1911 S84
    |--R. salti Roewer 1952 S84
    |--R. scabrichelis Roewer 1956 S84
    |--R. scutiger Roewer 1956 S84
    |--R. silvaticus Lawrence 1931 S84
    |--R. soerenseni Staręga 1984 [=Phalangium pictum Sørensen 1910 non Wood 1879, R. pictus] S84
    |--R. somalicus Caporiacco 1927 S84
    |--R. spenceri (Pocock 1903) [=Phalangium (Rhampsinitus) spenceri] S84
    |--R. spinifrons Roewer 1915 S84
    |--R. telifrons (Pocock 1902) (see below for synonymy) S84
    |--R. tenebrosus Lawrence 1938 L02
    |--R. traegardhi Kauri 1961 L02
    |--R. transvaalicus Lawrence 1931 S08
    |--R. unicolor Lawrence 1931 S84
    `--R. vittatus Lawrence 1931 S84

Rhampsinitus discolor (Karsch 1878) [=Phalangium discolor; incl. P. coxale Sörensen 1910, Rhampsinitus filipes Roewer 1917, R. minor Loman 1898, R. niger Sörensen 1910] S84

Rhampsinitus telifrons (Pocock 1902) [=Phalangium (Rhampsinitus) telifrons; incl. R. littoralis Lawrence 1931, P. rhinoceros Strand 1909] S84

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[L02] Lotz, L. N. 2002. The Opiliones (Arachnida) of the Free State Province, South Africa. Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum Bloemfontein 18 (8): 161-187.

[R11] Roewer, C.-F. 1911. Übersicht der Genera der Subfamilie der Phalangiini der Opiliones Palpatores nebst Beschreibung einiger neuer Gattungen und Arten. Archiv für Naturgesichte 77 (Suppl. 2): 1-106.

[R23] Roewer, C.-F. 1923. Die Weberknechte der Erde: Systematische Bearbeitung der bisher bekannnten Opiliones. Gustav Fischer: Jena.

[S08] Schönhofer, A. L. 2008. On harvestmen from the Soutpansberg, South Africa, with description of a new species of Monomontia (Arachnida: Opiliones). African Invertebrates 49 (2): 109-126.

[S84] Staręga, W. 1984. Revision der Phalangiidae (Opiliones), III. Die afrikanischen Gattungen der Phalangiinae, nebst Katalog aller afrikanischen Arten der Familie. Annales Zoologici 38 (1): 1-79.

[S03] Staręga, W. 2003. On the identity and synonymies of some Asiatic Opilioninae (Opiliones: Phalangiidae). Acta Arachnologica 52 (2): 91-102.