Andrenidae

Mining bee Andrena chrysosceles, photographed by Dick Belgers.

Belongs within: Anthophila.

The Andrenidae are a family of short-tongued bees that nest in soil, found on all continents except Australia and Antarctica. They are characterised by the presence of two subantennal sutures below each antenna, which are usually not convergent below. Members of the subfamily Andreninae are most diverse in Eurasia and North America whereas members of the other subfamilies are mostly southern in distribution (Engel 2001). The New World Oxaeinae have the marginal cell of the fore wing particularly elongate with the stigma being all but absent.

Andrenidae
    |  i. s.: Lutziella R35
    |         Cilissa leporina R35
    |         Macrotera portalis [=Perdita portalis] H18
    |--Andreninae E01
    |    |--Lithandrena Cockerell 1906 E01
    |    |    `--*L. saxorum Cockerell 1906 E01
    |    |--Pelandrena Cockerell 1909 E01
    |    |    `--*P. reducta Cockerell 1909 E01
    |    `--Andrena E01
    |         |--A. albopilosa Lucas 1847 E12
    |         |--A. amethystina [=Apis amethystina] L02
    |         |--A. annulipes Lucas 1847 E12
    |         |--A. apacheorum R35
    |         |--A. armata I92
    |         |--A. asteris BD17
    |         |--A. aterrima R35
    |         |--A. bucephala RD77
    |         |--A. carbonaria [=Apis carbonaria] L02
    |         |--A. chlorosoma M76
    |         |--A. chrysosceles A71
    |         |--A. cineraria (Linnaeus 1758) L02, L58 [=Apis cineraria L02]
    |         |--A. cirtana Lucas 1847 E12
    |         |--A. complexa K91
    |         |--A. cylindrica [=Hylaeus cylindricus] L02
    |         |--A. distincta Lucas 1847 E12
    |         |--A. flavipes R35
    |         |--A. flessae R35
    |         |--A. fulva R35
    |         |--A. helianthi R35
    |         |--A. labiata L02
    |         |--A. lepeletieri Lucas 1847 E12
    |         |--A. melanosoma Lucas 1847 E12
    |         |--A. nigrihirta M76
    |         |--A. nigroaenea BD17
    |         |--A. ovina R35
    |         |--A. rufiventris R35
    |         |--A. sexcincta [=Hylaeus sexcinctus] L02
    |         |--A. vaga PK17
    |         |--A. vestita [=Apis vestita] L02
    |         `--A. wrisleyi Salt 1931 (n. d.) E01
    `--+--Alocandreninae E01
       `--+--Euherbstiinae E01
          `--+--Oxaeinae [Oxaeidae] E01
             |    |--Oxaea flavescens [=Nomada (Oxaea) flavescens] G20
             |    `--Protoxaea R35
             |         |--P. gloriosa BD17
             |         `--P. texana R35
             `--Panurginae [Panurgidae] E01
                  |  i. s.: Libellulapis Cockerell 1906 E01
                  |           `--*L. antiquorum Cockerell 1906 E01
                  |--Heterosarus [Protandrenini] E01
                  |    `--H. eickworti E01
                  `--+--+--Perdita C90 [Perditini E01]
                     |  |    |--P. echinocacti BD17
                     |  |    |--P. minima R35
                     |  |    |--P. opuntia R35
                     |  |    `--P. (*Neoperdita) zebrata R35
                     |  `--+--Protomeliturgini E01
                     |     `--Calliopsis R35 [Calliopsini E01]
                     |          |--C. coloradensis R35
                     |          |--C. lepidus C01
                     |          |--C. nebraskensis R35
                     |          `--C. rhodophilus C01
                     `--+--+--Meliturgula [Meliturgulini, Paramelitturgini] E01
                        |  `--Meliturga R35 [Melitturgini E01, Mermiglossini]
                        |       `--M. clavicornis [=Eucera (Melitturga) clavicornis] G20
                        `--Panurgini [Camptopoeumini, Panurginini] E01
                             |--Camptopoeum R35
                             |    |--C. hirsutullum R35
                             |    `--C. sacrum PK17
                             |--Panurginus MS01
                             |    |--P. boylei C01
                             |    |--P. labiatus MS01
                             |    `--P. pauper [incl. P. pauper var. flavotinctus] C01
                             `--Panurgus F05
                                  |--P. banksianus R13
                                  |--P. calcaratus R35
                                  |--P. dentipes PK17
                                  |--P. (Panurgus) lobatus G20
                                  `--P. (Pachycephalopanurgus) meridionalis Patiny, Ortiz-Sánchez & Michez 2005 F05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[BD17] Branstetter, M. G., B. N. Danforth, J. P. Pitts, B. C. Faircloth, P. S. Ward, M. L. Buffington, M. W. Gates, R. R. Kula & S. G. Brady. 2017. Phylogenomic insights into the evolution of stinging wasps and the origins of ants and bees. Current Biology 27: 1019–1025.

[C01] Cockerell, T. D. A. 1901. Contributions from the New Mexico Biological Station.—X. Observations on bees collected at Las Vegas, New Mexico, and in the adjacent mountains. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 125–131.

[C90] Crawford, C. S. 1990. Scorpiones, Solifugae, and associated desert taxa. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 421–475. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[E01] Engel, M. S. 2001. A monograph of the Baltic amber bees and evolution of the Apoidea (Hymenoptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 259: 1–192.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[H18] Houston, T. 2018. A Guide to Native Bees of Australia. CSIRO Publishing.

[I92] Imes, R. 1992. The Practical Entomologist. Aurum Press: London.

[K91] Kathirithamby, J. 1991. Strepsiptera. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 684–695. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle des Fourmis, et recueil de mémoires et d'observations sur les abeilles, les araignées, les faucheurs, et autres insectes. Théophile Barrois père: Paris.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MS01] Mocsáry, A., & V. Szépligeti. 1901. Hymenopterák [Hymenopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 121–169. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[M76] Moldenke, A. R. 1976. California pollination ecology and vegetation types. Phytologia 34 (4): 305–361.

[PK17] Peters, R. S., L. Krogmann, C. Mayer, A. Donath, S. Gunkel, K. Meusemann, A. Kozlov, L. Podsiadlowski, M. Petersen, R. Lanfear, P. A. Diez, J. Heraty, K. M. Kjer, S. Klopfstein, R. Meier, C. Polidori, T. Schmitt, S. Liu, X. Zhou, T. Wappler, J. Rust, B. Misof & O. Niehuis. 2017. Evolutionary history of the Hymenoptera. Current Biology 27 (7): 1013–1018.

[R35] Rayment, T. 1935. A Cluster of Bees: Sixty essays on the life-histories of Australian bees, with specific descriptions of over 100 new species. Endeavour Press: Sydney.

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

Last updated: 8 March 2021.

Apiformes

Hylaeus (Rhodohylaeus) proximus, from PaDIL.

Belongs within: Apoidea.
Contains: Andrenidae, Melittidae, Megachilidae, Apidae, Halictinae.

The Apiformes, bees, are a diverse and well-marked clade of herbivorous wasps, characterised primarily by the presence of at least some plumose hairs on the body (though these may be few in some groups). Bees have been divided between long-tongued (Megachilidae and Apidae, with the first two segments of the labial palpus elongate and flattened) and short-tongued groups (the remaining families, with the palpus segments cylindrical and not strongly differentiated); however, phylogenetic studies indicate that the long-tongued clade is nested within the short-tongued paraphylum. The earliest definite evidence for bees in the fossil record comes from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) (Engel 2001).

Characters (from Engel 2001): Some setae branched or plumose; subantennal sutures internally connected to fan-shaped sheet of tentorium; labrum thickened basally and attached at clypeal margin; proboscidial fossa opened onto posterior surface of head capsule; cardo not broadened apically, approximately parallel-sided; suspensorium of paraglossa with sparse setae or bristles; mesotibial comb present; dorsoventral length of mesocoxa about equal to distance from summit of mesocoxa to hind wing base; metabasitarsus broader than following tarsal segments, without concavity or strigil; cu-a of hind wing shorter than second abscissa of M+Cu; T7 of female divided into two hemitergites.

Apiformes [Andrenetae, Anthophila, Melissomorpha]
    |  i. s.: Bombusoides Motschulsky 1856 E01
    |           `--*B. mengei Motschulsky 1856 (n. d.) E01
    |         Nogueirapis silacea E01
    |         Trigonisca E01
    |         Lamprocolletes fulvescens T27
    |         Amphylaeus morosus B88
    |         Neoceratina australiensis B88
    |         Crocisa lamprosoma R55
    |--+--+--Andrenidae E01
    |  |  `--+--Paleomelitta Engel 2001 [Paleomelittidae] E01
    |  |     |    `--*P. nigripennis Engel 2001 E01
    |  |     `--+--Melittidae E01
    |  |        `--+--Megachilidae E01
    |  |           `--Apidae E01
    |  `--Halictidae E01
    |       |  i. s.: Acunomia OC01
    |       |         Homalictus G84
    |       |           |--H. dotatus YHT05
    |       |           `--H. raymenti G84
    |       |         Noma flavoviridis YHT05
    |       |--Rophitinae E01
    |       |    |  i. s.: Xeralictus E01
    |       |    |--Rophitini E01
    |       |    `--Penapini E01
    |       |         |--Penapis E01
    |       |         |--Ceblurgus E01
    |       |         `--Goeletapis E01
    |       `--+--Halictinae E01
    |          `--Nomiinae E01
    |               |--Lipotriches moerens [=Austronomia moerens] ZS10
    |               |--Mellitidia tomentifera ZS10
    |               `--Nomia E12
    |                    |--N. albocincta Lucas 1848 E12
    |                    |--N. flavilabris Lucas 1848 E12
    |                    |--N. melanderi WP99
    |                    `--N. perforata Lucas 1848 E12
    `--Colletidae E01
         |  i. s.: Euryglossina (Euryglossina) perpusilla YHT05
         |         Leioproctus YHT05
         |         Pachyprosopsis (Pachyprosopula) purnongensis YHT05
         |--Stenotritinae [Stenotritidae] E01
         |    |--Stenotritus E01
         |    `--Ctenocolletes E01
         |--Diphaglossinae E01
         |    |--Caupolicanini E01
         |    `--+--Diphaglossini E01
         |       `--Dissoglottini E01
         |--Colletinae E01
         |    |  i. s.: Scrapter E01
         |    |         Callomelitta E01
         |    |--Colletes Latreille 1802 L02 [Colletini E01]
         |    |    `--*C. succinta [=Apis succinta; incl. Hylaeus glutinosus] L02
         |    `--Paracolletini [Paracolletinae] E01
         |         |--Lysicolletes R55
         |         `--Paracolletes R55
         |              |--P. elegans R55
         |              |--P. paradoxus R55
         |              |--P. pictus R55
         |              `--P. tuberculatus R55
         `--+--Euryglossinae ZS10
            |    |--Euryglossa ephippiata ZS10
            |    `--Euhesma E08
            |         |--E. striata Exley 2002 [=E. sulcata Exley 2002 non Euryglossa sulcata Exley 1998] E08
            |         `--E. sulcata (Exley 1998) [=Euryglossa (Euhesma) sulcata] E08
            `--+--Chilicola [Xeromelissinae] E01
               |    |--C. electrodominica E01
               |    `--C. gracilis E01
               `--Hylaeinae [Hylaeidae] E01
                    |--Hylioides concinna H02
                    |--Euryglossimorpha R55
                    `--Hylaeus YHT05
                         |  i. s.: H. alcyoneus ZS10
                         |         H. annulatus L02
                         |         H. chrysognathus R55
                         |--H. (Euprosopis) violaceus YHT05
                         |--H. (Prosopisteron) quadratus YHT05
                         `--H. (Rhodohylaeus) YHT05
                              |--H. (R.) proximus YHT05
                              `--H. (R.) rufipes YHT05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[E01] Engel, M. S. 2001. A monograph of the Baltic amber bees and evolution of the Apoidea (Hymenoptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 259: 1-192.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[E08] Exley, E. M. 2008. A replacement name for the bee Euhesma sulcata Exley (Hymenoptera: Colletidae: Euryglossinae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (2): 215.

[G84] Gauld, I. D. 1984. An Introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia. British Museum (Natural History).

[H02] Harris, A. 2002. Recent range extensions of some introduced Hymenoptera, with observations. Weta 24: 20-21.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle des Fourmis, et recueil de mémoires et d'observations sur les abeilles, les araignées, les faucheurs, et autres insectes. Théophile Barrois père: Paris.

[OC01] OConnor, B. M. 2001. Historical ecology of the Acaridae (Acari): Phylogenetic evidence for host and habitat shifts. In Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress (R. B. Halliday, D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff, eds) pp. 76-82. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[R55] Rayment, T. 1955. Taxonomy, morphology and biology of sericophorine wasps with diagnoses of two new genera and descriptions of forty new species and six sub-species. Memoirs of the National Museum, Melbourne 19: 1-95.

[T27] Thomson, G. M. 1927. The pollination of New Zealand flowers by birds and insects. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 106-125.

[WP99] Walter, D. E. & H. C. Proctor. 1999. Mites: Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[YHT05] Yates, C. J., S. D. Hopper & R. H. Taplin. 2005. Native insect flower visitor diversity and feral honeybees on jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) in Kings Park, an urban bushland remnant. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 147-153.

[ZS10] Zborowski, P. & R. Storey. 2010. A Field Guide to Insects in Australia. Reed New Holland: Sydney.

Psyllinae

Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri, photographed by Marco Gaiani.

Belongs within: Psylloidea.

The Psyllinae is a group of plant-lice with the R vein separating in the wing before the M and Cu veins, and an undivided male proctiger (Heslop-Harrison 1961). The Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri is a particularly notorious species as it acts as a vector of citrus greening disease (Huanglongbing). Members of the genus Acizzia primarily feed on Acacia and related plants.

Characters (from Heslop-Harrison 1961): Genae normally developed into conical swellings of variable development, only occasionally flat or rounded. When developed into cones, the latter do not obscure the antennal bases, but frequently cover or suppress the frons. Venation with the radial petiole ariaing from the common basal petiole independently of the joint medio-cubital petiole. Latter rarely as long as former, usually much shorter. Male proctiger never bipartite, comprised of an entire segment ten, usually tubular or, more rarely, with short rounded lateral wings. Antennae filiform, medium to quite long (from 1.5 to two or more times as longs as width of head), only occasionally short and stout; ten-segmented. Paired metatarsal spines present except in some Arytainini (in which reduced to one or none). Pronotum not constricted laterally. Propleurites of variable development, dividing pleural suture either vertical or diagonal. Ante-occipital tubercles rarely present.

<==Psyllinae H-H61
    |  i. s.: Retroacizzia Heslop-Harrison 1961 H-H61
    |           `--*R. antennata Heslop-Harrison 1961 H-H61
    |         Palaeolindbergiella Heslop-Harrison 1961 (see below for synonymy) H-H61
    |           `--*P. primitiva (Heslop-Harrison 1961) [=Lindbergiella (*Palaeolindbergiella) primitiva] H-H61
    |         Parapsylla Heslop-Harrison 1961 H-H61
    |           `--*P. relicta Heslop-Harrison 1961 H-H61
    |         Jenseniella Tuthill 1959 H-H61
    |         Agmapsylla Heslop-Harrison 1961 H-H61
    |           `--*A. aureus Heslop-Harrison 1961 H-H61
    |--Psylla S61 [Psyllini H-H61]
    |    |--P. acaciaebaileyanae S61
    |    |--P. acaciaedecurrentes WEE70
    |    |--P. alni (Linnaeus 1758) L02, L58 [=Chermes alni L02]
    |    |--P. annulata E66
    |    |--P. buxi RD77
    |    |--P. ficus (Linnaeus 1758) L02, L58 [=Chermes ficus L02]
    |    |--P. mali RD77
    |    |--P. minutiforma YM96
    |    |--P. pyricola A99
    |    `--P. striata E66
    |--Diaphorinini [Diaphorininae] H-H61
    |    |--Psyllopsis CGW91
    |    |    |--P. fraxinicola CGW91
    |    |    `--P. mexicana YM96
    |    `--Diaphorina Löw 1879 H-H61 [=Diaphora Löw 1878 (preoc.) H-H61; incl. Brachypsylla CGW91]
    |         |--*D. putoni (Löw 1878) [=*Diaphora putoni] H-H61
    |         |--D. acokantherae [=Euphalarus acokantherae] H-H61
    |         |--D. brevigena Heslop-Harrison 1961 H-H61
    |         |--D. carissae [=Euphalarus carissae] H-H61
    |         |--D. citri MHG04
    |         |--D. natalensis [=Euphalarus natalensis] H-H61
    |         |--D. porrigogena Heslop-Harrison 1961 H-H61
    |         |--D. punctipennis Heslop-Harrison 1961 H-H61
    |         |--D. punctulatus [=Euphalarus punctulatus] H-H61
    |         |--D. rubra Heslop-Harrison 1961 H-H61
    |         `--D. typica Heslop-Harrison 1961 H-H61
    `--Arytainini H-H61
         |--Acizzia Heslop-Harrison 1959 [incl. Neopsylla Heslop-Harrison 1946 (preoc.); Acizziinae] H-H61
         |    |--*A. acaciae (Maskell 1894) [=Psylla acaciae] H-H61
         |    |--A. acaciaedecurrentis CGW91
         |    |--A. immaculata Heslop-Harrison 1961 H-H61
         |    `--A. uncatoides YM96
         |--Floria Löw 1878 H-H61
         |    |  i. s.: F. pyrenaea H-H61
         |    |         F. spartiisuga H-H61
         |    |--*F. (Floria) spectabilis (Flor 1861) H-H61
         |    `--F. (Brinckitia Heslop-Harrison 1961) H-H61
         |         `--F. (*B.) annosa Heslop-Harrison 1961 H-H61
         `--Arytaina H-H61
              |--A. brevigena H-H61
              |--A. flava H-H61
              |--A. genistae H-H61
              |--A. meridionalis H-H61
              |--A. tuberculata H-H61
              |--A. variabilis H-H61
              `--A. virgina YM96

Palaeolindbergiella Heslop-Harrison 1961 [=Lindbergia Heslop-Harrison 1949 (n. n.) non Riedel 1959, Lindbergiella Heslop-Harrison 1961 (nom. inv.)] H-H61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A99] Ax, P. 1999. Das System der Metazoa II. Ein Lehrbuch der phylogenetischen Systematik. Gustav Fisher Verlag: Stuttgart (translated: 2000. Multicellular Animals: The phylogenetic system of the Metazoa vol. 2. Springer).

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[E66] Evans, H. E. 1966. The Comparative Ethology and Evolution of the Sand Wasps. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[H-H61] Heslop-Harrison, G. 1961. Hemiptera (Homoptera): Psyllidae. In: Hanström, B., P. Brinck & G. Rudebeck (eds) South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951 vol. 8 pp. 487–532. Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MHG04] Maynard, G. V., J. G. Hamilton & J. F. Grimshaw. 2004. Quarantine—phytosanitary, sanitary and incursion management: an Australian entomological perspective. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 318–328.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[S61] Southcott, R. V. 1961. Studies on the systematics and biology of the Erythraeoidea (Acarina), with a critical revision of the genera and subfamilies. Australian Journal of Zoology 9: 367–610.

[WEE70] Woodward, T. E., J. W. Evans & V. F. Eastop. 1970. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 387–457. Melbourne University Press.

[YM96] Yang, M.-M., & D. R. Miller. 1996. Checklist of the psyllids (Homoptera: Psylloidea) of Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (1): 122–125.

Last updated: 2 May 2022.

Psylloidea

Kuwayama medicaginis, copyright Salvador Vitanza.

Belongs within: Sternorrhyncha.
Contains: Trioza, Chermes, Psyllinae, Spondyliaspinae, Ciriacreminae, Aphalarinae.

The Psylloidea, jumping plantlice or lerp insects, are a group of small plant-sucking bugs, some of which are notable agricultural pests. Nymphs commonly inhabit protective structures, such as leaf galls induced in host plants or wax secretions produced from the abdomen. Psylloids first appear in the fossil record in the Jurassic, where they are represented by the Mesozoic families Liadopsyllidae and Malmopsyllidae (Shcherbakov & Popov 2002). Modern families include the Triozidae, characterised by fore wings with veins R, M and CuA arising at or near a single point (Carver et al. 1991).

Characters (from Carver et al. 1991): Adult small. Genal processes commonly developed. Antennae 10-segmented. Three ocelli. Stylets lodged in internal crumena. Hind legs saltatorial; coxae large, fixed; trochanters condylated; saltatorial spines at apices of tibia and first tarsal segment. R, M and Cu of fore wing each usually single branched; peripheral vein present; clavus present. Proctiger well developed; circumanal wax gland ring(s) usually present in female. Sexes similar. Reproduction bisexual. Nymphs non-saltatorial; dorsoventrally flattened; head and prothorax fused. Stylets at rest looped externally at base of labium. Fore wing pad often produced anteriorly as a humeral lobe. Tibia and tarsus fused in instars I-IV; tarsus one-segmented in final instar (V); well-developed arolium usually present. Wax production common, secreted mostly from base of lanceolate setae or sectasetae on abdomen. Eggs pedunculate, with either peduncle inserted into plant tissue or entire egg embedded in plant.

<==Psylloidea [Saltipedes]
    |--Liadopsylla K-P91 [Asientomidae, Liadopsyllidae SP02, Lithentomidae]
    |    `--L. geinitzi RJ93
    |--Phacopteronidae YM96
    |    |--Pseudophacopteron CGW91
    |    `--Epicarsa corniculata YM96
    |--Malmopsyllidae [Neopsylloididae] SP02
    |    |--Malmopsylla karatavica Bekker-Migdisova 1985 RJ93
    |    `--Neopsylloides turutanovae Bekker-Migdisova 1985 RJ93
    |--Calophyidae CGW91
    |    |--Calophya dicksoni YM96
    |    `--Cecidopsylla CGW91
    |         |--C. paterae CGW91
    |         `--C. putealis CGW91
    |--Homotomidae YM96
    |    |--Mycopsylla CGW91
    |    |    |--M. fici CGW91
    |    |    `--M. proxima CGW91
    |    `--Synoza YM96
    |         |--S. floccosa YM96
    |         `--S. pulchra YM96
    |--Carsidaridae [Carsidarinae] YM96
    |    |--Carsidara H-H61
    |    |--Mastigimas YM96
    |    |    |--M. ernestii YM96
    |    |    `--M. schwarzi YM96
    |    `--Paracarsidara YM96
    |         |--P. dugesii YM96
    |         |--P. gigantea YM96
    |         `--P. mexicana YM96
    |--Triozidae [Triozinae] YM96
    |    |--Hemitrioza H-H61
    |    |--Schedotrioza CGW91
    |    |--Aacanthocnema casuarinae CGW91
    |    |--Leptynoptera sulfurea CGW91
    |    |--Trioza H-H61
    |    |--Trichochermes magna YM96
    |    |--Ceropsylla H-H61
    |    |    |--C. discrepans YM96
    |    |    |--C. pulchra YM96
    |    |    `--C. sideroxyli YM96
    |    |--Leuronota YM96
    |    |    |--L. inusitata YM96
    |    |    |--L. maculata YM96
    |    |    `--L. michoacana YM96
    |    |--Paratrioza YM96
    |    |    |--P. cockerelli YM96
    |    |    |--P. dubia YM96
    |    |    `--P. plummeri YM96
    |    `--Kuwayama YM96
    |         |--K. elongagena YM96
    |         |--K. hyalina YM96
    |         |--K. lateralis YM96
    |         |--K. medicaginis YM96
    |         |--K. mexicana YM96
    |         |--K. oaxacensis YM96
    |         `--K. striata YM96
    `--Psyllidae [Chermidae] RD77
         |  i. s.: Petalolyma bicolor YS01
         |         Euphyllura H-H61
         |         Aphalaroida BM76
         |           |--A. inermis YM96
         |           |--A. lysilomae YM96
         |           |--A. pithecolobia YM96
         |           `--A. rauca YM96
         |         Bactericera rossica Horváth 1901 H01
         |         Cometopsylla WEE70
         |         Creiis WEE70
         |           |--C. costatus CGW91
         |           `--C. periculosa CGW91
         |         Ameroscena mexicana YM96
         |         Burkhardtia montana YM96
         |         Cacopsylla YM96
         |           |--C. americana YM96
         |           `--C. nana YM96
         |         Caradocia delongi YM96
         |         Euceropsylla YM96
         |           |--E. minuticona YM96
         |           `--E. orizabensis YM96
         |         Euphalerus YM96
         |           |--E. fasciatus YM96
         |           |--E. gallicolus YM96
         |           `--E. nidifex YM96
         |         Freysuila dugesii YM96
         |         Haplaphalara tuxtlaensis YM96
         |         Katacephala YM96
         |           |--K. arcuata YM96
         |           |--K. cinctata YM96
         |           `--K. grandiceps YM96
         |         Limbopsylla lagunculariae YM96
         |         Mitrapsylla YM96
         |           |--M. albalineata YM96
         |           |--M. cubana YM96
         |           `--M. deserata YM96
         |         Neophyllura mexicana YM96
         |         Pachypsylla YM96
         |           |--P. tropicala YM96
         |           `--P. venusta H06
         |         Platycorypha YM96
         |           |--P. amabilis YM96
         |           |--P. magnifrons YM96
         |           `--P. princeps YM96
         |         Syncoptozus mexicanus YM96
         |         Tetragonocephala flava YM96
         |         Chermes TYM08
         |         Nesiope Kirkaldy 1908 K08
         |           `--*N. ornata Kirkaldy 1908 K08
         |         Strophingia P92
         |--Psyllinae H-H61
         |--Spondyliaspinae H-H61
         |--Ciriacreminae H-H61
         |--Aphalarinae H-H61
         `--Liviinae H-H61
              |--Diraphia H-H61
              `--Livia Latreille 1802 L02
                   |--*L. juncorum (Latreille 1798) L02, L98 [=Psylla juncorum L02]
                   `--L. mexicana YM96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[H06] Hassanin, A. 2006. Phylogeny of Arthropoda inferred from mitochondrial sequences: strategies for limiting the misleading effects of multiple changes in pattern and rates of substitution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38: 100–116.

[H-H61] Heslop-Harrison, G. 1961. Hemiptera (Homoptera): Psyllidae. In: Hanström, B., P. Brinck & G. Rudebec (eds) South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951 vol. 8 pp. 487–532. Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala.

[H01] Horváth, G. 1901. Hemipterák [Hemiptera]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 245–274. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[K08] Kirkaldy, G. W. 1908. A catalogue of the Hemiptera of Fiji. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 345–391, pl. 4.

[K-P91] Kukalová-Peck, J. 1991. Fossil history and the evolution of hexapod structures. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 141–179. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[L98] Latreille, P. A. 1798. Mémoire sur une nouvelle espèce de psylle, Kermes, L. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 1 (15): 113.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[SP02] Shcherbakov, D. E., & Yu. A. Popov. 2002. Superorder Cimicidea Laicharting, 1781: Order Hemiptera Linné, 1758. The bugs, cicadas, plantlice, scale insects, etc. [=Cimicida Laicharting, 1781, =Homoptera Leach, 1815+Heteroptera Latreille, 1810). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 143–157. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[TYM08] Tennent, W. J., M. Yasuda & K. Morimoto. 2008. Lansania Journal of arachnology and zoology—a rare and obscure Japanese natural history journal. Archives of Natural History 35 (2): 252–280.

[WEE70] Woodward, T. E., J. W. Evans & V. F. Eastop. 1970. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 387–457. Melbourne University Press.

[YM96] Yang, M.-M., & D. R. Miller. 1996. Checklist of the psyllids (Homoptera: Psylloidea) of Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (1): 122–125.

[YS01] Yoshizawa, K., & T. Saigusa. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of paraneopteran orders (Insecta: Neoptera) based on forewing base structure with comments on monophyly of Auchenorrhycha (Hemiptera). Systematic Entomology 26: 1–13.

Last updated: 2 May 2022.

Reduviidae

Coranus contrarius, copyright Boris Loboda.

Belongs within: Cimicomorpha.
Contains: Tribelocephalini, Rasahus, Sirthenea, Ploeariodes.

The Reduviidae, assassin bugs, are a diverse group of predatory bugs, generally with a robust beak that is usually permanently curved and held well-separated from the head. They mostly attack other insects except for the Triatominae which feed on the blood of mammals and birds. Most reduviids are fairly robust bugs but members of the subfamily Emesinae are slender, long-legged forms with raptorial forelegs. The largest subfamily is the Harpactorinae, members of which are usually diurnal and associated with plants; they are characterised by a long 'neck' and a transverse sulcus across the head between the eyes and ocelli (Carver et al. 1991). The Phymatinae, sometimes treated as a separate family, are tropical bugs with four-segmented antennae, the terminal segment being the largest and clavate or fusiform in shape, and two-segmented mid- and hind tarsi (Richards & Davies 1977). The Tribelocephalinae are densely pubescent reduviids that lack ocelli (Carver et al. 1991).

<==Reduviidae
    |--Physoderinae CGW91
    |--Visayanocorinae CGW91
    |--Daraxa [Ectrichodiinae] MC96b
    |    `--D. (Daraxa) crena Maldonado Capriles 1996 MC96b
    |--Tegea [Tegeinae] CGW91
    |    `--T. atropicta CGW91
    |--Salyavata [Salyavatinae] MC96b
    |    `--S. cornuta MC96b
    |--Saicinae CGW91
    |    |--Polytoxus jourdani (Montr. 1864) CGW91, D14 [=Leptomera jourdani D14]
    |    `--Micropolytoxus CGW91
    |--Homalocoris [Hammacerinae] MC96b
    |    |--H. binotatus MC96b
    |    |--H. maculicollis MC96b
    |    `--H. nermini Maldonado Capriles 1996 MC96b
    |--Holoptilinae CGW91
    |    |--Aradellus distinctus CGW91, G75
    |    |--Ptilocnemus femoralis CGW91, C91
    |    |--Ptilocerus ochraceus CGW91, GE05
    |    |--Aradelloides CGW91
    |    `--Proptilocerus dolosus Wasmann 1933 P92
    |--Phymatinae [Phymatidae] GE05
    |    |--Carcinocoris castetsi RD77, R13
    |    `--Phymata M73
    |         |--P. americana M73
    |         |--P. crassipes [=Acanthia crassipes] L02
    |         |--P. erosa G20
    |         `--P. pennsylvanica RD77
    |--Reduviinae [Acanthaspidinae] CGW91
    |    |--Horcinia gigas G75
    |    |--Acanthaspis RD77
    |    `--Reduvius G89
    |         |--R. dorycus Boisduval 1835 B35
    |         |--R. personatus CM07
    |         |--R. tabidus G89
    |         `--R. tuberculatus B35
    |--Stenopodainae CGW91
    |    |--Sastrapada armata Montr. 1864 CGW91, D14
    |    |--Pygolampis foeda Stal 1874 CGW91, K08
    |    |--Thodelmus CGW91
    |    |--Centrogonus CGW91
    |    `--Oncocephalus CGW91
    |         |--O. angulatus K08
    |         |--O. confusus CGW91
    |         |--O. pacificus Kirkaldy 1908 K08
    |         `--O. velutinus (Montr. 1864) [=Sastrapoda velutina] D14
    |--Tribelocephalinae MC96a
    |    |--Tribelocephalini MC96a
    |    |--Xenocaucus China & Usinger 1949 [Xenocaucini] MC96a
    |    |    `--X. mancini China & Usinger 1949 MC96a
    |    `--Opistoplatyini MC96a
    |         |--Centrogastrocoris Miller 1958 [=Centrogastocoris] MC96a
    |         |--Opistoplatys Westwood 1834 [incl. Decius Stål 1859, Pangeranga Distant 1906] MC96a
    |         |    `--O. australasiae G75
    |         |--Distantus Villiers 1943 MC96a
    |         |    `--D. oculatus MC96a
    |         `--Plectophorocoris Miller 1958 MC96a
    |              `--P. gracilis MC96a
    |--Peiratinae CGW91
    |    |--Rasahus S18
    |    |--Ectomocoris CGW91
    |    |    |--E. decoratus C91
    |    |    |--E. ornatus C91
    |    |    `--E. truculentus G75
    |    |--Peirates Serville 1831 [incl. Spilodermus Stål 1868] C96
    |    |    |  i. s.: P. crassifemur G75
    |    |    |         P. rufipennis Lucas 1847 E12
    |    |    |         P. sepulchralis G75
    |    |    |--*P. stridulus [=Reduvius stridulus] C96
    |    |    |--P. collarti C96
    |    |    |--P. lepturoides C96
    |    |    `--P. quadrinotatus group C96
    |    |         |--P. argenteopilosus Schouteden 1931 [=Pirates (Spilodermus) argenteopilosus] C96
    |    |         `--P. quadrinotatus (Fabricius 1796) (see below for synonymy) C96
    |    |--Tydides Stål 1866 S18
    |    |    |--T. digramma (Walker 1873) (see below for synonymy) S18
    |    |    |--T. imitator Lent 1955 S18
    |    |    |--T. obscurus Lent 1955 S18
    |    |    |--T. quatuor Lent & Jurberg 1967 S18
    |    |    `--T. rufus (Audinet-Serville 1831) S18
    |    |--Froeschnerisca Coscarón 1996 S18
    |    |    `--F. vittata (Coscarón 1983) S18
    |    |--Melanolestes S18
    |    |    |--M. argentinus Berg 1879 S18
    |    |    `--M. morio (Erichson 1848) S18
    |    |--Phorastes S18
    |    |    |--P. femoratus (DeGeer 1773) S18
    |    |    `--P. incognitus van Doesburg 1981 S18
    |    |--Sinnamarynus rasahusoides Maldonado & Bérenger 1996 S18
    |    |--Sirthenea S18
    |    `--Thymbreus crocinopterus Stål 1862 S18
    |--Triatominae CGW91
    |    |--Cavernicola Barber 1937 B37a
    |    |    `--*C. pilosa Barber 1937 B37a
    |    |--Paratriatoma Barber 1938 B38
    |    |    `--*P. hirsuta Barber 1938 B38
    |    |--Rhodnius RD77
    |    |    |--R. pallescens A71
    |    |    `--R. prolixus A71
    |    `--Triatoma CGW91
    |         |--T. dimidiata A71
    |         |--T. gerstaeckeri B37b
    |         |--T. infestans A71
    |         |--T. leopoldi CGW91
    |         |--T. longipes Barber 1937 B37b
    |         |--T. rubrofasciatum (De Geer 1783) [=Cimex rubrofasciatus] G76
    |         |--T. sanguisuga A71
    |         `--T. sordida L81
    |--Emesinae [Ploeariinae] CGW91
    |    |--Emesa barbara Lucas 1847 E12
    |    |--Pseudobargylia CGW91
    |    |--Putoni B27
    |    |--Bargylia CGW91
    |    |--Ploeariodes B27
    |    |--Alumeda P92
    |    |--Malacopus P92
    |    |--Phantasmatophanes Kirkaldy 1908 K08
    |    |    `--*P. muiri Kirkaldy 1908 K08
    |    |--Empicoris CGW91
    |    |    |--E. armatus M57
    |    |    `--E. rubromaculatus CGW91
    |    |--Stenolemus CGW91
    |    |    |--S. bituberus G75
    |    |    `--S. edwardsi G75
    |    |--Gardena D14
    |    |    |--G. bicolor K08
    |    |    |--G. canalana Distant 1914 D14
    |    |    `--G. pacifica Kirkaldy 1908 K08
    |    `--Ploiaria CGW91
    |         |--P. abrupta B27
    |         |--P. antipodum Bergroth 1927 B27
    |         |--P. huttoni B27
    |         |--P. regina CGW91
    |         |--P. tipularia (Linnaeus 1758) L02, L58 [=Cimex tipularius L02]
    |         `--P. vagabunda [=Gerris vagabunda] L02
    `--Harpactorinae GE05
         |--Orgetorixa saeva G75
         |--Austrarcesius bicolor G75
         |--Leana australis CGW91
         |--Helonotus CGW91
         |--Gminatus nigroscutellatus CGW91
         |--Havinthus rufovarius CGW91
         |--Dicrotelus CGW91
         |--Veledella WEE70
         |--Catasphactes WEE70
         |--Euagoras bispinosus WEE70
         |--Austrocoranus mundus WEE70
         |--Endochus G75
         |    |--E. cengalensis R13
         |    `--E. cinctipes G75
         |--Pristhesancus CGW91
         |    |--P. papuensis M70
         |    `--P. plagipennis CGW91
         |--Dicranucoris WEE70
         |    |--D. canberrae WEE70
         |    `--D. tasmaniae WEE70
         |--Harpactor H01
         |    |--H. affinis Lucas 1847 E12
         |    |--H. annulatus H01
         |    `--H. costalis RD77
         `--Coranus CGW91
              |--C. aridellus MC13
              |--C. contrarius H01
              |--C. granosus MC13
              |--C. hammarstroemii H01
              `--C. subapterus RD77

Reduviidae incertae sedis:
  Panstrongylus megistus [=Triatoma megistus] A71
  Agriosphodrus YS01
  Zelurus travassoi CM07
  Apiomerus falviventris I92
  Rhinocoris iracundus CGW91, R13
  Gonteosphodrus bicolor R78
  Polididus armatissimus K08
  Tunes saucius Stal 1866 K08
  Alloeocranum biannulipes K08
  Luteva K08
    |--L. circe Kirkaldy 1908 K08
    `--L. concolor K08
  Liaoxia longa Hong 1987 RJ93
  Edocla RD77
  Paredocla RD77
  Rhaphidosoma RD77
  Arilus cristatus RD77
  Limacis P92
  Platymeris P92
  Aplomerus E66
  Zelus E66
    |--Z. dorycus Boisduval 1835 B35
    `--Z. longipes G20
  Pasira basiptera Stål 1859 [incl. Pirates dimidiatus Walker 1873] S18

Peirates quadrinotatus (Fabricius 1796) [=Reduvius quadrinotatus, Pirates (*Spilodermus) quadrinotatus; incl. Pi. arcuatus Stål 1870, Pi. (Spilodermus) arcuatus, Peirates biguttatus Dohrn 1860, Pi. patricius Miller 1948, Pe. patricius, Pi. picturatus Miller 1948, Pe. picturatus] C96

Tydides digramma (Walker 1873) [=Pirates digramma, Rasahus digramma; incl. P. dimidiatus Walker 1873: 102 non Walker 1873: 96] S18

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[B37a] Barber, H. G. 1937a. A new bat-cave bug from Panama (Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Reduviidae0. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (3): 60–63.

[B37b] Barber, H. G. 1937b. A new species of Triatoma from Arizona (Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Reduviidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (4): 86–87.

[B38] Barber, H. G. 1938. A new genus and species of the subfamily Triatominae (Reduviidae: Hemiptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (4): 104–105.

[B27] Bergroth, E. 1927. Hemiptera Heteroptera from New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 671–684.

[B35] Boisduval, J. B. 1835. Voyage de Découvertes de l’Astrolabe. Exécuté par ordre du Roi, pendant les années 1826–1827–1828–1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville. Faune entomologique de l'océan Pacifique, avec l'illustration des insectes nouveaux recueillis pendant le voyage vol. 2. Coléoptères et autres ordres. J. Tastu: Paris.

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[CM07] Cokendolpher, J. C., & P. G. Mitov. 2007. Natural enemies. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 339–373. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[C96] Coscarón, M. del C. 1996. Synonymizing Spilodermus Stål under Peirates Serville, and revision of the resulting P. quadrinotatus species group (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Peiratinae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (3): 500–508.

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Last updated: 13 May 2022.

Parodiopsidaceae

Balladyna velutina, from here.

Belongs within: Pezizomycotina.

The Parodiopsidaceae are a family of fungi that are either biotrophic on leaves or hyperparasitic on sooty moulds (Cannon & Kirk 2007).

Characters (from Cannon & Kirk 2007): Mycelium superficial, dark, usually setose or hyphopodiate. Ascomata superficial, perithecial, sometimes stalked, globose, small, thin-walled, opening by breakdown of apical cells to form an irregular ostiole; peridium composed of 1-2 layers of dark pseudoparenchymatous cells, sometimes setose. Interascal tissue disintegrating at an early stage of development. Asci saccate, fissitunicate, sometimes J+ blue. Ascospores brown, septate, the septa sometimes thickened, sometimes ornamented, sometimes with a sheath or gelatinous appendages. Anamorphs hyphomycetous. Conidiophores dark, short, simple, usually poroid. Conidia solitary, elongate and often attenuated, thick-walled, septate.

Parodiopsidaceae
    |--Alina EB03
    |--Balladynocallia EB03
    |--Balladynopsis EB03
    |--Chevalieropsis EB03
    |--Cleistosphaera EB03
    |--Dimeriella EB03
    |--Dimerium EB03
    |--Dysrhynchis EB03
    |--Hyalomeliolina EB03
    |--Leptomeliola EB03
    |--Neoparodia EB03
    |--Ophioparodia EB03
    |--Parodiellina EB03
    |--Perisporiopsis EB03
    |--Pilgeriella EB03
    |--Scolionema EB03
    |--Stomatogene EB03
    |--Parodiopsis stevensii EB03, DP72
    `--Balladyna EB03
         |--B. magnifica DP72
         `--B. tenuis DP72

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Cannon, P. F., & P. M. Kirk. 2007. Fungal Families of the World. CABI.

[DP72] Deighton, F. C., & K. A. Pirozynski. 1972. Microfungi. V. More hyperparasitic hyphomycetes. Mycological Papers 128: 1-110.

[EB03] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, G. Rambold & T. Laessøe (eds.) 2003. Outline of Ascomycota—2003. Myconet 9: 1-89.