Urticaceae

Pellitory of the wall Parietaria judaica, copyright Matt Lavin.

Belongs within: Rosales.
Contains: Lecantheae, Urticeae, Boehmeria.

The Urticaceae, nettles and related species, are a group of herbs and shrubs (more rarely lianas or trees) found in tropical and subtropical regions. They are characterised by the production of cystoliths (calcium carbonate crystals) in the leaves. In most species, the filaments of the stamens (or staminodes) are inflexed in the bud, eventually inflating with water to force the bud open through turgor pressure, but bud filaments are erect in the southeastern Asian genus Poikilospermum. Flowers are often unisexual but may be bisexual in the herb genus Parietaria which has the flowers subtended by leaflike bracts that contrast with the chaffy brown perianth and glossy black fruits. The Boehmerieae have been recognised as a tribe in which male flowers are 4- or 5-merous and female flowers usually have a tubular perianth more or less free from the ovary, but it is uncertain whether they represent a monophyletic group. Forsskaoleae have male flowers reduced and boat-shaped with a single stamen and tepal.

See also: Nettle, where is thy sting?

Characters (from Boufford): Herbs or small shrubs (rarely lianas or trees), herbs annual or rhizomatous perennial, usually pubescent, sometimes with stinging hairs, deciduous. Leaves opposite or alternate and spirally arranged, simple; stipules present or absent; petioles present. Leaf blades paired, equal in size (except in Pilea, which may have unequally paired leaves), dotted with linear or rounded marks formed by cystoliths (variously shaped calcium carbonate crystals inside epidermal cells). Inflorescences axillary or terminal, of paniculately or racemosely arranged cymes, or spikelike. Flowers bisexual or unisexual (staminate or pistillate), staminate and pistillate flowers on same or different plants; perianth hypogynous. Staminate flowers usually pedicellate; tepals 4-5, white or green; stamens 4-5, equaling tepals in number; filaments inflexed in bud, reflexing suddenly as flowers open; anthers basifixed, dehiscing by longitudinal slits; pollen ejected explosively; pistillode 1. Pistillate flowers usually sessile; tepals 2-4, hypogynous, greenish or reddish, distinct or connate; staminodes present or absent; pistil1, 1-locular; placentation basal; ovule1; style present or stigma sessile; stigma linear (rarely capitate); bisexual flowers: tepals 4; stamens 4; pistil1. Fruits achenes, free or loosely or tightly surrounded by persistent, accrescent perianth.

<==Urticaceae
    |--Forsskalea AGF98 [Forsskaoleae, Forskohleae HQC03]
    |    `--F. tenacissima AGF98
    |--Parietaria Linnaeus 1753 A61 [Parietarieae HQC03]
    |    |--P. alsinifolia AGF98
    |    |--P. cardiostegia KM08
    |    |--P. cretica PT98
    |    |--P. debilis Forster 1786 [=Urtica debilis Endl. 1833] A61
    |    |--P. diffusa Mertens & Koch 1823 PL04
    |    |--P. hespera H93
    |    |    |--P. h. var. hespera H93
    |    |    `--P. h. var. californica H93
    |    |--P. judaica B00
    |    |--P. lusitanica PT98
    |    `--P. pensylvanica H93
    `--Boehmerieae HQC03
         |--+--Myriocarpa Benth. 1846 HQC03, KC01
         |  |    `--M. longipes HQC03
         |  `--+--Lecantheae HQC03
         |     `--Urticeae HQC03
         `--Boehmeria HQC03

Urticaceae incertae sedis:
  Soleirolia soleirolii [=Helxine soleirolii] H90
  Poikilospermum suaveolens T00, K03
  Boehmeriopsis YY22
  Droguetia YY22
  Gesnouinia YY22
  Hemistylis YY22
  Astrothalamus YY22
  Neraudia YY22
  Obetia YY22
  Sarcopilea YY22
  Achudemia YY22
  Chamabainia cuspidata DD73
  Cypholophus YY22
  Debregeasia S77
    |--D. hypoleuca SS72
    `--D. longifolia [incl. Trema (Parasponia) lancifolia Ridl. 1923] S77
  Distemon YY22
  Fleurya YY22
  Girardinia YY22
  Gyrotaenia myriocarpa J87
  Hesperocnide tenella H93
  Laportea LK14
    |--L. bulbifera T03
    |--L. crenulata DD73
    |--L. gigas D16
    |--L. interrupta LK14
    `--L. terminalis D07
  Leucosyke NB03
    |--L. capitella K03
    `--L. corymbulosa NB03
  Maoutia australis NB03
  Memorialis YY22
  Nanocnide YY22
  Pipturus NB03
    |--P. argenteus NB03
    `--P. repandus F37
  Pouzolzia LK14
    |--P. aspera SR07
    |--P. bennettiana DD73
    |--P. hispida DD73
    |--P. macrura B00
    |--P. viminea DD73
    |    |--P. v. var. viminea DD73
    |    `--P. v. var. fulgens DD73
    `--P. zeylanica LK14
  Sarchochlamys pulcherrima BB07
  Sceptrocnide YY22
  Touchardia YY22
  Villebrunea integrifolia DD73
  Rousselia YY22
  Oreocnide integrifolia NB03
  Australina Gaud. 1826 A61
    `--A. pusilla Gaud. 1826 A61 (see below for synonymy)
  Dendrocnide B00
    |--D. excelsa H90
    |--D. moroides N91
    `--D. photinophylla B00
  Antiaris toxicaria C06
  Urticicarpum scutellum Reid & Chandler 1933 CBH93
  Forskohleanthium P92
  Girardiana palmata SS72
  Sarcochlamys pulcherrima DD73
  Conocephalus A78
    |--C. naucleiformis A78
    `--C. suaveolens A78

Australina pusilla Gaud. 1826 A61 [incl. A. hispidula Colenso 1886 A61, A. muelleri H90, A. novae-zelandiae Hooker 1854 A61, A. septemdentata Gandoger 1919 A61]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AGF98] Abd El-Ghani, M. M., & A. G. Fahmy. 1998. Composition of and changes in the spontaneous flora of Feiran Oasis, S Sinai, Egypt, in the last 60 years. Willdenowia 28: 123–134.

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[A78] Ananthakrishnan, T. N. 1978. Thrips galls and gall thrips. Zoological Survey of India, Technical Monograph 1: 1–69, 26 pls.

[BB07] Baishya, A. K., & P. J. Bora. 2007. Cross community ethno-medico botany of Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve, Assam. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 121–154.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[D07] Dash, S. S. 2007. Useful plants of Kabi Sacred Grove, Sikkim. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 79–88.

[DD73] Deb, D. B., & R. M. Dutta. 1973. Contribution to the flora of Tirap Frontier Division. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (3): 547–573.

[D16] Dick, T. 1916. Origin of the heliman or shield of the New South Wales coast aborigines. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 49 (3): 282–288, pls 47–51.

[F37] Fisher, W. S. 1937. New species of Buprestidae from Java. II (Coleoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (8): 231–236.

[HQC03] Hadiah, J. T., C. J. Quinn & B. J. Conn. 2003. Phylogeny of Elatostema (Urticaceae) using chloroplast DNA data. Telopea 10 (1): 235–246.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[K03] Kulip, J. 2003. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and other useful plants of Muruts in Sabah, Malaysia. Telopea 10 (1): 81–98.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[NB03] Nieukerken, E. J. van, & C. van der Berg. 2003. A new Stigmella feeding on Urticaceae from Guam: first records of Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from Micronesia and Polynesia. Invertebrate Systematics 17: 27–37.

[N91] Norris, K. R. 1991. General biology. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 68–108. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[SR07] Sankar, R. V., K. Ravikumar, N. M. Ganesh Babu & D. K. Ved. 2007. Botany of Anapady MPCA, Palghat district, Kerala with special emphasis on species of conservation concern. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 165–172.

[SS72] Singh, V., & H. Singh. 1972. A contribution to the flora of Gangolihat block in Pithoragarh District. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (2): 352–368.

[S77] Soepadmo, E. 1977. Ulmaceae. Flora Malesiana, Series I—Spermatophyta, Flowering Plants 8 (2): 31–76.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[T03] Tsurusaki, N. 2003. Phenology and biology of harvestmen in and near Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan, with some taxonomical notes on Nelima suzukii n. sp. and allies (Arachnida: Opiliones). Acta Arachnologica 52: 5–24.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Last updated: 6 June 2022.

Rubus

Raspberry Rubus idaeus, photographed by Enrico Romani.

Belongs within: Rosoideae.

Rubus is a large cosmopolitan genus of mostly thorny plants, many of them creepers or ramblers. Over 700 species have been described in the genus, but many are difficult to distinguish. Hybrids are common, while some species complexes include apomictic lineages. A number of species, such as the raspberry Rubus idaeus and the blackberries of the Rubus fruticosus group, are widely grown for their fruit. Species such as blackberries with a rambling growth habit are commonly known as brambles. New Zealand species of the genus are known as 'bush lawyers' due to their clinging thorns.

Characters (from Lu & Boufford): Shrubs or subshrubs, deciduous, rarely evergreen or semievergreen, sometimes perennial creeping dwarf herbs. Stems erect, climbing, arching, or prostrate, glabrous or hairy, usually with prickles or bristles, sometimes with glandular hairs, rarely unarmed. Leaves alternate, petiolate, simple, palmately or pinnately compound, divided or undivided, toothed, glabrous or hairy, sometimes with glandular hairs, bristles, or glands; stipules persistent, ± adnate to petiole basally, undivided or occasionally lobed, persistent or caducous, near base of petiole or at junction of stem and petiole, free, usually dissected, occasionally entire. Flowers bisexual, rarely unisexual and plants dioecious, in cymose panicles, racemes, or corymbs, or several in clusters or solitary. Calyx expanded, sometimes with a short, broad tube; sepals persistent, erect or reflexed, (4 or)5(–8). Petals usually 5, rarely more, occasionally absent, white, pink, or red, glabrous or hairy, margin entire, rarely premorse. Stamens numerous, sometimes few, inserted at mouth of hypanthium; filaments filiform; anthers didymous. Carpels many, rarely few, inserted on convex torus, each carpel becoming a drupelet or drupaceous achene; locule 1; ovules 2, only 1 developing, collateral, pendulous; style filiform, subterminal, glabrous or hairy; stigma simple, capitate. Drupelets or drupaceous achenes aggregated on semispherical, conical, or cylindrical torus, forming an aggregate fruit, separating from torus and aggregate hollow, or adnate to torus and falling with torus attached at maturity and aggregate solid; seed pendulous, testa membranous; cotyledons plano-convex.

Rubus Linnaeus 1753 A61
    |--R. allegheniensis RJ11
    |--R. amplior HH03
    |--R. argentifrons J87
    |--R. articus B95
    |--R. australis Forster 1786 [incl. R. australis var. glaber Hooker 1852] A61
    |--R. × barkeri Cockayne 1900 [R. cissoides × R. parvus] A61
    |--R. barkerianus J87
    |--R. bogotensis HH03
    |--R. boliviensis HH03
    |--R. brasiliensis HH03
    |--R. canescens H91
    |--R. chamaemorus EH03
    |--R. cissoides Cunn. 1839 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--R. cortifolius BT87
    |--R. cuneifolius H06
    |--R. discolor [incl. R. procerus] H93
    |--R. eggersii J87
    |--R. ellipticus D07
    |--R. erythroclados HH03
    |--R. flagellaris H06
    |--R. floribundus HH03
    |--R. fragarioide O88
    |--R. fructicosus [incl. R. leucostachys, R. macrophyllus, R. rusticanus] C06
    |--R. geoides D03
    |--R. glaucifolius H93
    |--R. guyanensis HH03
    |--R. haitiensis J87
    |--R. hayata-koidzumii CP02
    |--R. herbaceus B95
    |--R. humistratus HH03
    |--R. idaeus H59
    |--R. imperialis HH03
    |--R. laciniatus H59
    |--R. lasiococcus H93
    |--R. leucodermis [incl. R. leucodermis var. bernardinus, R. leucodermis var. trinitatis] H93
    |--R. leyanus V09
    |--R. microspermus JD05
    |--R. nivalis H93
    |--R. palmatus S00
    |--R. parviflorus [incl. R. parviflorus var. velutinus] H93
    |--R. parvus Buchan. 1874 A61
    |--R. pensilvanicus [incl. R. almus] H93
    |--R. phoenicolasius H59
    |--R. × proteus H06
    |--R. rosifolius SWK87
    |--R. schiedeanus HH03
    |--R. schmidelioides Cunn. 1839 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--R. s. var. schmidelioides A61
    |    `--R. s. var. subpauperatus (Cockayne) Allan 1961 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--R. selleanus J87
    |--R. sellowii HH03
    |--R. spectabilis [incl. R. spectabilis var. franciscanus] H93
    |--R. squarrosus Fritsch 1886 [incl. R. cissoides var. pauperatus Kirk 1899] A61
    |--R. tomentosus BC01
    |--R. trichomallus HH03
    |--R. ulmifolius R-CT01
    |--R. ursinus [incl. R. vitifolius var. eastwoodianus, R. macropetalus, R. ursinus var. sirbenus, R. vitifolius] H93
    `--R. urticaefolius HH03

Rubus cissoides Cunn. 1839 [=R. australis var. cissoides (Cunn.) Hooker 1852; incl. R. australis var. glaber Kirk 1899 non Hooker 1852] A61

Rubus schmidelioides Cunn. 1839 A61 [=R. australis var. schmidelioides (Cunn.) Hooker 1852 A61; incl. R. cissoides var. coloratus Kirk 1899 A61, R. schmidelioides var. coloratus CA27]

Rubus schmidelioides var. subpauperatus (Cockayne) Allan 1961 [=R. subpauperatus Cockayne 1909, R. cissoides var. subpauperatus (Cockayne) Cheeseman 1925] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BT87] Baker, E. W., & D. M. Tuttle. 1987. The false spider mites of Mexico (Tenuipalpidae: Acari). United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1706: 1–237.

[B95] Bosc, C. 1795. Economie rurale. Bulletin de la Société Philomatique, a ses Correspondans 41–42: 4.

[BC01] Briese, D. T., & J. M. Cullen. 2001. The use and usefulness of mites in biological control of weeds. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 453–463. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CP02] Chung, S.-W., & C.-I. Peng. 2002. Senecio kuanshanensis (Asteraceae), a new species from southern Taiwan. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 43: 155–159.

[CA27] Cockayne, L., & H. H. Allan. 1927. Notes on New Zealand floristic botany, including descriptions of new species, &c. (No. 5). Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 48–72.

[D07] Dash, S. S. 2007. Useful plants of Kabi Sacred Grove, Sikkim. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 79–88.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[EH03] Eriksson, T., M. S. Hibbs, A. D. Yoder, C. F. Delwiche & M. J. Donoghue. 2003. The phylogeny of Rosoideae (Rosaceae) based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the trnL/F region of chloroplast DNA. International Journal of Plant Science 164 (2): 197–211.

[H59] Healy, A. J. 1959. Contributions to a knowledge of the adventive flora of New Zealand, no. 7. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 86 (1): 113–118.

[H06] Henderson, L. 2006. Comparisons of invasive plants in southern Africa originating from southern temperate, northern temperate and tropical regions. Bothalia 36 (2): 201–222.

[HH03] Hernández, J. R., & J. F. Hennen. 2003. Rust fungi causing galls, witches’ brooms, and other abnormal plant growths in northwestern Argentina. Mycologia 95 (4): 728–755.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[H91] Hubálek, Z. 1991. Biogeographic indication of natural foci of tick-borne infections. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 255–260. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[JD05] Junge, F. W., M. Dolezych, H. Walther, T. Böttger, A. Kühl, L. Kunzmann, P. Morgenstern, T. Steinberg & R. Stange. 2005. Ein Fenster in Landschaft und Vegetation vor 37 Millionen Jahren: Lithologische, sedimentgeochemische und paläobotanische Befunde aus einem Paläoflusssystem des Weißelsterbeckens. Mauritiana 19 (2): 185–273.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[R-CT01] Ragusa-di Chiara, S., & H. Tsolakis. 2001. Phytoseiid faunas of natural and agricultural ecosystems in Sicily. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 522–529. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[S00] Siddiqi, M. R. 2000. Tylenchida: Parasites of plants and insects 2^nd ed. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the wild fauna and flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.

Last updated: 25 November 2018.

Colurieae

'Lady Stratheden', a horticultural variety of Geum chiloense, from here.

Belongs within: Rosoideae.

The Colurieae is a clade of plants in the Rosaceae supported by molecular analyses. It was defined by Smedmark & Eriksson (2002) as all species more closely related to Fallugia paradoxa than to Rubus caesius, Filipendula vulgaris or Rosa centifolia. Members of the clade are mostly herbaceous perennials with a rosette of imparipinnate leaves and a thick caudex; species of Fallugia are small shrubs (Smedmark & Eriksson 2002). Members of the cosmopolitan genus Geum bear usually white or yellow flowers with numerous carpels and fruits with persistent styles (Allan 1961).

Colurieae
    |--Fallugia paradoxa EH03
    `--+--Waldsteinia EH03
       |    |--*W. geoides EH03
       |    `--W. fragarioides EH03
       `--Geum Linnaeus 1753 EH03, A61
            |--G. aleppicum H93
            |--G. canadense DH14
            |--G. chiloense PT01
            |--G. cockaynei D95
            |--G. divergens Cheesem. 1916 A61
            |--G. elatum var. elatum O88
            |    |--G. e. var. e. f. elatum O88
            |    `--G. e. var. e. f. rubrum O88
            |--G. heterocarpum C55
            |--G. leiospermum Petrie 1894 A61
            |--G. macrophyllum H93
            |--G. montanum R00
            |--G. nutans R00
            |--G. parviflorum Smith in Rees 1805 [incl. G. alpinum Buchan. 1887 (preoc.)] A61
            |    |--G. p. var. parviflorum A61
            |    `--G. p. var. albiflorum (Hooker) Allan 1961 (see below for synonymy) A61
            |--G. pusillum Petrie 1896 A61
            |--G. pyrenaeum Ramond 1800 R00
            |--G. renifolium Rafinesque 1840 MC74
            |--G. rivale R00
            |--G. sikkimense O88
            |--G. talbotianum Curtis in Morris & Curtis 1974 (see below for synonymy) MC74
            |--G. triflorum [incl. G. canescens, G. ciliatum] H93
            |--G. uniflorum Buchan. 1870 A61
            `--G. urbanum EH03
                 |--G. u. var. urbanum A61
                 `--G. u. var. strictum Hooker 1864 [incl. G. magellanicum Comm. ex Pers. 1805] A61

Geum parviflorum var. albiflorum (Hooker) Allan 1961 [=Sieversia albiflora Hooker 1844, G. albiflorum (Hooker) Cheesem. 1909; incl. G. aucklandicum Greene 1895, G. sericeum Kirk 1899] A61

Geum talbotianum Curtis in Morris & Curtis 1974 [=G. renifolium Mueller in Hook. 1857 non Rafinesque 1840] MC74

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[D95] Dawson, M. I. 1995. Contributions to a chromosome atlas of the New Zealand flora. 33. Miscellaneous species. New Zealand Journal of Botany 33: 477–487.

[DH14] Draney, M. L., J. A. Hegnet, A. L. Johnson, B. C. Porter, C. K. Justmann & P. S. Forsythe. 2014. Microhabitat distribution of Drapetisca alteranda, a tree trunk specialist sheet web weaver (Araneae: Linyphiidae). Journal of Arachnology 42 (2): 195–198.

[EH03] Eriksson, T., M. S. Hibbs, A. D. Yoder, C. F. Delwiche & M. J. Donoghue. 2003. The phylogeny of Rosoideae (Rosaceae) based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the trnL/F region of chloroplast DNA. International Journal of Plant Science 164 (2): 197–211.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[MC74] Morris, D. I., & W. M. Curtis. 1974. Recent additions to the Tasmanian flora and some notes on nomenclature. Records of the Queen Victoria Museum 50: 1–5.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PT01] Pemberton, L. M. S., S.-L. Tsai, P. H. Lovell & P. J. Harris. 2001. Epidermal patterning in seedling roots of eudicotyledons. Annals of Botany 87: 649–654.

[R00] Ramond, C. 1800. Suite des plantes inédites des Hautes-Pyrénées. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 2 (42): 140–141.

Smedmark, J. E. E., & T. Eriksson. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships of Geum (Rosaceae) and relatives inferred from the nrITS and trnL-trnF regions. Systematic Botany 27 (2): 303-317.

Last updated: 12 September 2020.

Celastraceae

Hard log mayten Maytenus magellanicus, copyright Scott Zona.

Belongs within: Celastrales.
Contains: Euonymus.

The Celastraceae are a primarily pantropical family of trees, shrubs and lianas. Synapomorphies of the family as recognised here (including the Elaeodendroideae and Brexia) are cymose inflorescences, dorsifixed anthers and connate styles. Members of the genera Euonymus and Celastrus have been widely grown as ornamentals. Brexia madagascarensis is a small tree with entire or spinose-dentate leaves found in Madagascar and coastal east Africa whose phylogenetic position has been contentious in the past, with various authors placing it close to Saxifragales or Hydrangeales. Members of the Elaeodendroideae are characterised by bisexual, pentamerous families, usually with an extrastaminal disc and three stamens, and transversely flattened, deeply lobed capsules.

<==Celastraceae [Brexiaceae, Brexiales, Hippocrateaceae]
    |--+--+--Paxistima myrsinites XR12, H93
    |  |  `--Euonymus XR12
    |  `--+--Triptrygium [Tripterygioideae] XR12
    |     `--Celastrus [Celastroideae] XR12
    |          |--C. cunninghamii C08
    |          |--C. minutus HL08
    |          |--C. orbiculatus TE00
    |          |--C. paniculatus SR07
    |          |--C. praeeuropaeus Ettingshausen 1886 F71
    |          |--C. scandens XR12
    |          `--C. subspicata B00
    `--+--Maytenus XR12
       |    |--M. arbutifolia XR12
       |    |--M. cunninghamii LK14
       |    |--M. cupularis Ding Hou 1962 JW03
       |    |--M. ferdinandi LK14
       |    |--M. heterophylla K02
       |    |--M. hotteana J87
       |    |--M. magellanica D03
       |    |--M. mossambicensis K02
       |    |--M. rigida BV09
       |    `--M. senegalensis XR12
       `--+--Plagiopteron XR12
          `--+--Brexia [Brexiaceae, Brexiales] XR12
             |    `--B. madagascarensis WM09
             `--Elaeodendroideae [Hippocrateae, Hippocrateoideae] T00
                  |--Hippocratea volubilis CBH93
                  |--Polyadopollenites macroreticulatus Salard-Cheboldaeff 1973 CBH93
                  `--Elaeodendron XR12
                       |--E. australe BW85
                       |--E. buchananii TO95
                       |--E. carnosum Turcz. 1863 (n. d.) A61
                       |--E. melanocarpum LK14
                       |--E. novae-zelandiae Turcz. 1863 (n. d.) A61
                       |--E. orientale XR12
                       `--E. punctulatum Turcz. 1863 (n. d.) A61

Celastraceae incertae sedis:
  Acanthothamnus T00
  Canotia T00
  Putterlickia verrucosa GS03
  Salacia LK14
    |--S. chinensis LK14
    |--S. disepala B00
    `--S. forsteniana H03
  Menepetalum YY22
  Gyminda YY22
  Lauridia YY22
  Peripterygia YY22
  Tetrasiphon YY22
  Cassine aethiopica K02
  Gymnosporia JW03
    |--*G. montana JW03
    |--G. curtisii King 1896 [=Maytenus curtisii (King) Ding Hou 1962] JW03
    |--G. diversifolia Maximowicz 1881 (see below for synonymy) JW03
    |--G. emarginata (Willdenow) Thwaites 1864 (see below for synonymy) JW03
    |--G. inermis Merrill & Perry 1939 JW03
    |--G. littoralis (Backer) Jordaan in Jordaan & van Wyk 2003 (see below for synonymy) JW03
    |--G. nitida Merrill 1914 [=Maytenus crassa Ding Hou 1962] JW03
    |--‘Maytenus’ rapakir Loesener 1936 JW03
    |--G. spinosa (Blanco) Merrill & Rolfe 1908 [=Cupania spinosa Blanco 1837] JW03
    |    |--G. s. var. spinosa JW03
    |    `--G. s. var. parva Merrill & Rolfe 1908 [incl. G. philippinensis Vidal 1885 (n. n.)] JW03
    `--G. vitiensis JW03
  Microtropis YY22
  Perrottetia YY22
  Plenckia YY22
  Phocea YY22
  Otherodendron YY22
  Rhacoma disticha YY22, D03
  Psammomoya choretroides G04
  Pterocelastrus echinatus K02
  Torralbasia cuneifolia J87
  Nicobariodendron APG16
  Mortonia utahensis H93
  Sugoia opposita Samylina 1976 CBH93
  Peritassa CBH93
  Campylostemon CBH93
  Triporotetradites campylostemonoides Salard-Cheboldaeff 1974 CBH93
  Tetracolporites ixerboides Couper 1960 CBH93
  Celastrinanthium P92

Gymnosporia diversifolia Maximowicz 1881 [=Celastrus diversifolia (Maximowicz) Hemsley 1886, Maytenus diversifolia (Maximowicz) Ding Hou 1962; incl. C. buxifolia var. subdidymocarpus Kuntze 1891] JW03

Gymnosporia emarginata (Willdenow) Thwaites 1864 [=Celastrus emarginatus Willdenow 1798, Catha emarginata (Willdenow) Don 1832, Maytenus emarginata (Willdenow) Ramamurthy 1983] JW03

Gymnosporia littoralis (Backer) Jordaan in Jordaan & van Wyk 2003 [=G. montana var. littoralis Backer 1908] JW03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[APG16] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1–20.

[BW85] Bellamy, C. L., & G. A. Williams. 1985. A revision of the genus Maoraxia with a new synonym in Acmaeodera (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). International Journal of Entomology 27 (1–2): 147–161.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C08] Cambage, R. H. 1908. Notes on the native flora of New South Wales. Part VI. Deepwater to Torrington and Emmaville. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33 (1): 45–65, pls 1–2.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[G04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[GS03] Groth, I., B. Schütze, T. Boettcher, C. B. Pullen, C. Rodriguez, E. Leistner & M. Goodfellow. 2003. Kitasatospora putterlickiae sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere soil, transfer of Streptomyces kifunensis to the genus Kitasatospora as Kitasatospora kifunensis comb. nov., and emended description of Streptomyces aureofaciens Duggar 1948. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 2033–2040.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[HL08] Henniger, M., & R. Leder. 2008. Eozäne Makroflora der Querfurter Mulde. Mauritiana 20 (2): 229–251.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[JW03] Jordaan, M., & A. E. van Wyk. 2003. Reinstatement of Gymnosporia (Celastraceae): implications for the Flora Malesiana region. Telopea 10 (1): 155–167.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[K02] Krüger, M. 2002. Revision of the Afrotropical Ennominae of the Drepanogynis group IV: the genus Drepanogynis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Transvaal Museum Monograph 13: 1–220.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[SR07] Sankar, R. V., K. Ravikumar, N. M. Ganesh Babu & D. K. Ved. 2007. Botany of Anapady MPCA, Palghat district, Kerala with special emphasis on species of conservation concern. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 165–172.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[TE00] Tibbetts, T. J., & F. W. Ewers. 2000. Root pressure and specific conductivity in temperate lianas: exotic Celastrus orbiculatus (Celastraceae) vs. native Vitis riparia (Vitaceae). American Journal of Botany 87: 1272–1278.

[TO95] Tsujino, Y., J. I. J. Ogoche, H. Tazaki, T. Fujimori & K. Mori. 1995. Buchaninoside, a steroidal glycoside from Elaeodendron buchananii. Phytochemistry 40: 753–756.

[WM09] Wang, H., M. J. Moore, P. S. Soltis, C. D. Bell, S. F. Brockington, R. Alexandre, C. C. Davis, M. Latvis, S. R. Manchester & D. E. Soltis. 2009. Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (10): 3853–3858.

[XR12] Xi, Z., B. R. Ruhfel, H. Schaefer, A. M. Amorim, M. Sugumaran, K. J. Wurdack, P. K. Endress, M. L. Matthews, P. F. Stevens, S. Mathews & C. C. Davis. 2012. Phylogenomics and a posteriori data partitioning resolve the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation Malpighiales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (43): 17519–17524.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Last updated: 31 March 2021.

Sophoreae

Japanese pagoda tree Sophora japonica, from here.

Belongs within: Papilionoideae.

The Sophoreae are a primarily tropical tribe of the Papilionoideae, many members of which are small trees. Members lack clear morphological synapomorphies but are generally characterised by free stamens (Cardoso et al. 2013). They include the necklacepod Sophora tomentosa, a pantropical small tree found in coastal regions with sea-drifted seeds.

<==Sophoreae
    |  i. s.: Ammothamnus CP13
    |         Anagyris foetida CP13, H97
    |         Euchresta CP13
    |         Platycelyphium CP13
    |         Salweenia CP13
    |--+--Bolusanthus speciosus CP13
    |  `--Dicraeopetalum stipulare CP13
    `--+--Maackia amurensis CP13
       |    |--M. a. var. amurensis LO98
       |    `--M. a. var. buergeri LO98
       |--Thermopsis [Thermopsideae] CP13
       |    |  i. s.: T. barbata O88
       |    |         T. macrophylla H93
       |    |           |--T. m. var. macrophylla [incl. T. macrophylla var. agnina] H93
       |    |           |--T. m. var. argentata H93
       |    |           |--T. m. var. semota H93
       |    |           `--T. m. var. venosa [incl. T. gracilis] H93
       |    |         T. montana AB03
       |    |--+--T. alpina CP13
       |    |  |--T. lanceolata CP13
       |    |  `--Piptanthus nepalensis CP13
       |    `--+--T. rhombifolia CP13
       |       `--Baptisia CP13
       |            |--B. alba R56
       |            |--B. australis CP13
       |            `--B. leucophaea V72
       `--+--Ammopiptanthus CP13
          |    |--A. mongolicus CP13
          |    `--A. nanus CP13
          `--Sophora Linnaeus 1753 CP13, A61
               |  i. s.: S. chrysophylla HSS13
               |         S. inhambanensis CP13
               |         S. japonica MH98
               |         S. pachycarpa KU02
               |         S. tomentosa CP13
               |         S. toromiro H70
               |--+--Ammodendron argenteum CP13
               |  `--+--S. davidii CP13
               |     `--+--S. nuttalliana CP13
               |        `--S. stenophylla CP13
               `--+--S. macrocarpa CP13
                  `--S. sect. Edwardsia C06
                       |--‘Edwardsia’ macnabiana D03
                       |--S. microphylla Ait. 1789 CP13, A61 (see below for synonymy)
                       |    |--S. m. var. microphylla A61
                       |    |--S. m. var. fulvida Allan 1961 A61
                       |    `--S. m. var. longicarinata (Simpson) Allan 1961 [=S. longicarinata Simpson 1942] A61
                       |--S. prostrata Buchan. 1884 C06, A61 (see below for synonymy)
                       `--S. tetraptera Mill. 1780 C06, A61 (see below for synonymy)

Sophora microphylla Ait. 1789 CP13, A61 [=Edwardsia grandiflora var. microphylla Hooker 1852 A61, E. microphylla Salisb. 1808 A61, Sophora tetraptera var. microphylla Hooker 1864 A61; incl. S. chathamica Cockayne 1902 A61]

Sophora prostrata Buchan. 1884 C06, A61 [=Edwardsia prostrata (Buchan.) Oliver 1921 A61, S. tetraptera var. prostrata (Buchan.) Kirk 1899 A61]

Sophora tetraptera Mill. 1780 C06, A61 [=Edwardsia tetraptera (Mill.) Oliver 1921 A61; incl. E. grandiflora Salisb. 1808 A61, Sophora tetraptera var. grandiflora C06]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AB03] Ainouche, A., R. J. Bayer, P. Cubas & M.-T. Misset. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships within tribe Genisteae (Papilionoideae) with special reference to genus Ulex. In: Bruneau, B. B. K. A. (ed.) Advances in Legume Systematics vol. 10. Higher Level Systematics pp. 239–252. Royal Botanic Gardens: Kew.

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[CP13] Cardoso, D., R. T. Pennington, L. P. de Queiroz, J. S. Boatwright, B.-E. Van Wyk, M. F. Wojciechowski & M. Lavin. 2013. Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes. South African Journal of Botany 89: 58–75.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[H70] Hammer, M. 1970. A few oribatid mites from Easter Island. Pacific Insects 12 (2): 279–289.

[H97] Heenan, P. B. 1997. Wood anatomy of the Carmichaelia (Fabaceae) complex in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 35: 395–415.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[HSS13] Hirschfeld, E., A. Swash & R. Still. 2013. The World's Rarest Birds. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).

[KU02] Khanjani, M., & E. A. Ueckermann. 2002. The stigmaeid mites of Iran (Acari: Stigmaeidae). International Journal of Acarology 28 (4): 317–339.

[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263–276.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[R56] Reed, C. F. 1956. Hyla cinerea in Maryland, Delaware, and Virginia, with notes on the taxonomic status of Hyla cinerea evittata. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (10): 328–332.

[V72] Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan Flora. Part I. Gymnosperms and Monocots. Cranbrook Institute of Science and University of Michigan Herbarium.

Last updated: 27 March 2021.

Astragalus

Astragalus angustifolius, from here.

Belongs within: Astragaleae.
Contains: Astragalus lentiginosus.

Astragalus, the milk-vetches, is an extremely large genus (about 3000 species) of legumes found in Eurasia and the Americas. The name of the genus refers to the Greek for ankle bone or dice and may be a reference to the sound of seeds rattling in dry pods (Hickman 1993). Some North American species are known as locoweeds because of their toxic effects on livestock.

Characters (from Xu & Podlech): Annual or perennial herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs, often sometimes spiny, glabrous or hairy; hairs basifixed or symmetrically or asymmetrically bifurcate, white or black, at margins of stipules and bracts often with minute subsessile glands. Leaves paripinnate or imparipinnate or leaflets rarely verticillate; stipules green or membranous, adnate to petiole or free, often vaginate-connate behind stem. Racemes axillary, sessile or pedunculate, loosely or densely few to many flowered. Flowers subsessile or with a distinct pedicel; bracteoles sometimes present. Calyx campanulate to tubular, with 5 equal or unequal teeth mostly hairy on inner side, sometimes inflated in fruit. Petals glabrous or more rarely hairy; standard mostly emarginate at apex, more rarely rounded, mostly with a ± distinct claw; wings auriculate at limb base. Stamens diadelphous, rarely monadelphous, with uniform anthers. Ovary sessile or stipitate; style below or at capitate stigma rarely hairy or penicillate. Legumes very variable, mostly keeled ventrally and grooved dor­sally, 1-locular, incompletely or completely 2-locular; walls membranous, leathery or rarely hard and legumes then nutlike. Seeds rectangular-reniform, estrophiolate.

<==Astragalus
    |--A. (subg. Phaca sect. Malacothrix) pseudo-beckii Sirj. & Rech. f. 1958 CK05
    `--A. subg. Pogonophace sect. Falcinellus CK05
         |--A. bakaliensis Bunge 1847 CK05
         |--A. scorpiurus CK05
         `--A. subumbellatus CK05

Astragalus incertae sedis:
  A. accidens H93
    |--A. a. var. accidens H93
    `--A. a. var. hendersonii H93
  A. acutirostris H93
  A. adsurgens CL86
  A. agnicidus H93
  A. agrestis H93
  A. albens H93
  A. allochrous H93
    |--A. a. var. allochrous H93
    `--A. a. var. playanus [incl. A. wootoni] H93
  A. alpinus D00
  A. andersonii H93
  A. angustifolious SL06
  A. annularis D00
  A. anxius H93
  A. argophyllus H93
  A. aridus H93
  A. asymmetricus H93
  A. atratus H93
    |--A. a. var. atratus H93
    `--A. a. var. mensanus H93
  A. austiniae H93
  A. bernardianus H93
  A. bicristatus H93
  A. bisulcatus H98
  A. bolanderi H93
  A. brauntonii H93
  A. brevicaulis D03
  A. breweri H93
  A. californicus H93
  A. calycosus H93
  A. campestris D00
  A. canadensis CP13
    |--A. c. var. canadensis H93
    `--A. c. var. brevidens H93
  A. candolleanus O88
  A. casei H93
  A. cimae H93
    |--A. c. var. cimae H93
    `--A. c. var. sufflatus H93
  A. clarianus H93
  A. clevelandii H93
  A. coccineus H93
  A. confertus O88
  A. congdonii H93
  A. corrugatus AGF98
  A. creticus D00
  A. crotalariae H93
  A. curtipes H93
  A. curvicarpus H93
  A. deanei H93
  A. deflexus D00
  A. depressus C55
  A. didymocarpus H93
    |--A. d. var. didymocarpus [incl. A. didymocarpus var. daleoides] H93
    |--A. d. var. dispermus H93
    |--A. d. var. milesianus H93
    `--A. d. var. obispoensis H93
  A. donianus O88
  A. douglasii H93
    |--A. d. var. douglasii H93
    |--A. d. var. parishii H93
    `--A. d. var. perstrictus H93
  A. echinoides D00
  A. ertterae H93
  A. exscapus C55
  A. filipes H93
  A. floridus O88
  A. foetidus D00
  A. frigidus O88
  A. funereus [=A. purshii var funereus] H93
  A. gambelianus [incl. A. gambelianus var. elmeri] H93
  A. geyeri H93
  A. gibbsii H93
  A. gilmanii H93
  A. grayi CL86
  A. gummifer D00
  A. hamosus PT98
  A. himalayanus O88
  A. hornii H93
  A. insularis H93
    |--A. i. var. insularis H93
    `--A. i. var. harwoodii H93
  A. inversus H93
  A. inyoensis H93
  A. iodanthus H93
  A. jaegerianus H93
  A. johannis-howellii H93
  A. kentrophyta H93
    |--A. k. var. kentrophyta H93
    |--A. k. var. danaus H93
    |--A. k. var. elatus H93
    `--A. k. var. tegetarius [incl. A. kentrophyta var. implexus] H93
  A. layneae H93
  A. lemmonii H93
  A. lentiformis H93
  A. lentiginosus H93
  A. lessertioides O88
  A. leucolobus H93
  A. macrodon H93
  A. magdalenae H93
    |--A. m. var. magdalenae H93
    `--A. m. var. peirsonii H93
  A. malacus H93
  A. melanostachys O88
  A. miguelensis H93
  A. minthorniae H93
    |--A. m. var. minthorniae H93
    `--A. m. var. villosus H93
  A. mojavensis H93
    |--A. m. var. mojavensis H93
    `--A. m. var. hemigyrus H93
  A. monoensis KIW98
  A. montanus D00
  ‘Phaca’ muricata D00
  ‘Phaca’ myriophylla D00
  A. nevinii H93
  A. newberryi H93
  A. nutans H93
  A. nuttallianus H93
    |--A. n. var. nuttallianus H93
    |--A. n. var. austrinus H93
    |--A. n. var. cedrosensis H93
    `--A. n. var. imperfectus H93
  A. nuttallii H93
    |--A. n. var. nuttallii H93
    `--A. n. var. virgatus H93
  A. obscurus H93
  A. oocarpus H93
  A. oophorous H93
    |--A. o. var. oophorous H93
    `--A. o. var. lavinii H93
  A. oplites O88
  ‘Phaca’ oxyphylla D00
  A. oxyphysus H93
  A. pachypus H93
    |--A. p. var. pachypus H93
    `--A. p. var. jaegeri H93
  A. palmeri [incl. A. vaseyi] H93
  A. panamintensis H93
  A. pauperculus H93
  A. pilosus D00
  A. platytropis H93
  A. pomonensis H93
  A. praelongus G05
  A. preussii H93
    |--A. p. var. preussii H93
    `--A. p. var. laxiflorus H93
  ‘Phaca’ prostrata D00
  A. pseudodianthus [=A. iodanthus var. pseudodianthus] H93
  A. pulsiferae H93
    |--A. p. var. pulsiferae H93
    `--A. p. var. suksdorfii H93
  A. purshii H93
    |--A. p. var. purshii H93
    |--A. p. var. lagopinus H93
    |--A. p. var. lectulus H93
    `--A. p. var. tinctus [incl. A. purshii var. longilobus] H93
  A. pycnostachyus H93
    |--A. p. var. pycnostachyus H93
    `--A. p. var. lanosissimus H93
  A. rattanii H93
    |--A. r. var. rattanii H93
    `--A. r. var. jepsonianus H93
  A. ravenii [=A. monoensis var. ravenii] H93
  A. rigidulus O88
  A. sabulonum H93
  A. sepultipes H93
  A. serenoi H93
    |--A. s. var. serenoi H93
    `--A. s. var. shockleyi H93
  A. shevockii H93
  ‘Phaca’ sibirica D00
  A. spatulatus CL86
  A. strictus O88
  A. subvestitus H93
  ‘Phaca’ sylvatica D00
  A. tener H93
    |--A. t. var. tener H93
    |--A. t. var. ferrisiae H93
    `--A. t. var. titi H93
  A. tephrodes H93
    |--A. t. var. tephrodes H93
    `--A. t. var. brachylobus H93
  A. thurberi G05
  A. tidestromii H93
  A. traskiae H93
  A. tricarinatus H93
  A. trichopodus H93
    |--A. t. var. trichopodus H93
    |--A. t. var. lonchus [incl. A. leucopsis] H93
    `--A. t. var. phoxus [incl. A. antiselli] H93
  A. umbraticus H93
  A. verticillaris D00
  A. vulpinus YS10
  A. webberi H93
  A. whitneyi H93
    |--A. w. var. whitneyi H93
    |--A. w. var. confusus H93
    |--A. w. var. lenophyllus H93
    `--A. w. var. siskiyouensis H93
  A. yunnanensis O88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AGF98] Abd El-Ghani, M. M., & A. G. Fahmy. 1998. Composition of and changes in the spontaneous flora of Feiran Oasis, S Sinai, Egypt, in the last 60 years. Willdenowia 28: 123–134.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CP13] Cardoso, D., R. T. Pennington, L. P. de Queiroz, J. S. Boatwright, B.-E. Van Wyk, M. F. Wojciechowski & M. Lavin. 2013. Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes. South African Journal of Botany 89: 58–75.

[CK05] Chaudhary, L. B., & Z. H. Khan. 2005. Two new additions to the genus Astragalus L. (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) of India. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47: 53–58.

[CL86] Collins, E. I., & R. W. Lichvar. 1986. Vegetation inventory of current and historic black-footed ferret habitat in Wyoming. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 8: 85–93.

[D00] Decandolle, A. P. 1800. Monographie des légumineuses biloculaires. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 2 (40): 123–124.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[G05] Grissell, E. E. 2005. A review of North American species of Microdontomerus Crawford (Torymidae: Hymenoptera). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 14 (1): 22–65.

[H98] Heenan, P. B. 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of the Carmichaelia complex, Clianthus, and Swainsona (Fabaceae), from Australia and New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 36: 21–40.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[KIW98] Kearns, C. A., D. W. Inouye & N. M. Waser. 1998. Endangered mutualisms: the conservation of plant-pollinator interactions. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 83–112.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[SL06] Schulz, H.-J., & P. Lymberakis. 2006. First contribution to the knowledge of the Collembola fauna of the White Mountains (Lefká Óri) in west Crete (Insecta, Collembola, Isotomidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 86 (2): 229–234.

[YS10] Yefremova, Z. A., & I. S. Strakhova. 2010. A review of the species of the genus Elasmus Westwood (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) from Russia and neighboring countries. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 89 (3): 634–661.

Last updated: 27 October 2020.

Lathyrus

Perennial sweet pea Lathyrus latifolius, photographed by Franz Xaver.

Belongs within: Fabeae.

Lathyrus, the sweet peas, is a genus of climbing or sprawling legumes with its greatest diversity in Northern Hemisphere temperate regions, particularly around the Mediterranean. Some species, such as the grass pea Lathyrus sativus, are grown for food. Others, such as the perennial pea L. latifolius, are grown as garden plants for their flowers. The species L. aphaca, native to Eurasia but introduced elsewhere, lacks true leaflets but instead has large leaflet-like stipules (Hickman 1993).

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Annual or perennial, unarmed, glabrous or hairy, rarely glandular, generally rhizomed. Stem sprawling, climbing, or erect; angled, flanged or winged. Leaves even-1-pinnate; stipules persistent, upper lobe larger than lower; main axis ending as a tendril or short bristle, leaflets 0–16, more or less opposite or alternate, linear to widely ovate. Inflorescence a raceme, generally axillary, 1–many-flowered. Flower with upper calyx lobes generally shorter and wider than lower; corolla 8–30 mm, pink-purple or pale, sometimes white or yellow; 9 filaments fused, 1 free; style flat, finely hairy on concave side. Fruit dehiscent, oblong, more or less flat.

<==Lathyrus
    |--L. angulatus H93
    |--L. aphaca PT98
    |--L. biflorus H93
    |--L. bijugatus H93
    |--L. brownii [=L. pauciflorus ssp. brownii] H93
    |--L. cicera LR-S01
    |--L. clymenum LR-S01
    |--L. delnorticus H93
    |--L. glandulosus H93
    |--L. hirsutus H91
    |--L. hitchcockianus H93
    |--L. japonicus [incl. L. japonicus var. glaber] H93
    |--L. jepsonii H93
    |    |--L. j. var. jepsonii H93
    |    `--L. j. var. californicus H93
    |--L. lanszwertii H93
    |    |--L. l. var. lanszwertii H93
    |    |--L. l. var. aridus H93
    |    `--L. l. var. tracyi H93
    |--L. latifolius H91
    |--L. littoralis H93
    |--L. magellanicus D03
    |--L. maritimus D03 [=Pisum maritimum C55]
    |--L. nevadensis [incl. L. nevadensis ssp. lanceolatus] H93
    |--L. nissolia H91
    |--L. ochrus LR-S01
    |--L. odoratus M99
    |--L. palustris H93
    |--L. polyphyllus H93
    |--L. pratensis LNB03
    |--L. rigidus H93
    |--L. sativus LR-S01
    |--L. sphaericus H91
    |--L. splendens H93
    |--L. sulphureus [incl. L. sulphureus var. argillaceus[ H93
    |--L. tingitanus LR-S01
    |--L. torreyi H93
    `--L. vestitus [incl. L. vestitus ssp. bolanderi] H93
         |--L. v. var. vestitus [incl. L. laetiflorus ssp. barbarae, L. laetiflorus, L. vestitus ssp. puberulus] H93
         |--L. v. var. alefeldii [=L. laetiflorus ssp. alefeldii] H93
         `--L. v. var. ochropetalus H93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[H91] Hubálek, Z. 1991. Biogeographic indication of natural foci of tick-borne infections. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 255–260. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[LNB03] Ledeganck, P., I. Nijs & L. Beyens. 2003. Plant functional group diversity promotes soil protist diversity. Protist 154 (2): 239–249.

[LR-S01] Liu, A., & T. J. Ridsdill-Smith. 2001. Comparison of feeding damage by redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor (Tucker) (Acari: Penthaleidae) to different grain legume species as an indicator of potentially resistant lines. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 295–299. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

Last updated: 8 April 2020.