Corbiculidae

Corbicula fluminea, from here.

Belongs within: Neoheterodontei.

The Corbiculidae are a family of bivalves found in brackish or fresh water in the modern environment though some fossil representatives lived in marine environments. Corbiculids are remarkable in their diversity of reproductive strategies, including androgenesis (loss of genetic material from the female parent so the developing embryo is effectively a clone of the male parent). In the widespread genus Corbicula, found in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World, the shell is thick and solid, often with concentric sculpture on the outside and a violaceous tinge to the interior (Pilsbry & Bequaert 1927).

Characters (from Pilsbry & Bequaert 1927, as Cyrenidae): Shell trigonal to oval, moderately or very solid, porcellanous, covered with a yellow to olivaceous or brown periostracum; hinge-plate developed, bearing two or three cardinal teeth diverging from the beaks in each valve, and anterior and posterior lateral teeth. Ligament external. Mantle free except posteriorly where a partition divides off a siphonal cavity. Siphons quite short and separate or represented by mere orifices. Gills concrescent posteriorly. Labial palpi rather short, triangular. Oviparous so far as known.

Corbiculidae [Corbiculadae, Cyrenidae]
    |--Tetoria yokoyamai KC02
    |--Neocorbicula Fischer 1887 GFK07
    |--Cyanocyclas Blainville 1818 GFK07
    |--Egetaria Mörch 1861 GFK07
    |--Pseudocyrena Bourguignat 1854 GFK07
    |--Cyrenobatissa Suzuki & Oyama 1943 GFK07
    |--Cyrenodonax Dall 1903 GFK07
    |--Posostrea Bogan & Bouchet 1998 GFK07
    |--Corbiculina Dall 1903 GFK07
    |--Leptesthes G88
    |--Filosina JB12
    |--Villorita Gray in Griffith & Pidgeon 1834 GFK07
    |    `--V. cyprinoides Gray 1834 [incl. Corbicula cochinensis Preston 1916] GFK07
    |--Soleilletia Bourguignat 1885 GFK07
    |    |--*S. abbadiana Bourguignat 1885 PB27
    |    `--S. hamyana Bourguignat 1885 PB27
    |--Geloina Gray 1840 GFK07
    |    |--*G. coaxans (Gmelin 1791) GFK07
    |    `--G. erosa (Solander 1786) [=Polymesoda (Geloina) erosa] TTP89
    |--Polymesoda Rafinesque 1820 GFK07
    |    |--P. caroliniana (Bosc 1901) TTP89
    |    |--P. cordata (Martens 1865) [=Cyrena cordata] GFK07
    |    `--P. subarata GK02
    |         |--P. s. subarata GK02
    |         `--P. s. sowerbii (Basterot 1825) GK02
    |--Batissa Gray 1853 GFK07
    |    |--B. angulata Reinhardt 1886 GFK07
    |    |--B. finschi Reinhardt 1886 GFK07
    |    |--B. schmidti Martens 1903 GFK07
    |    |--B. subtrigona Thiele 1928 GFK07
    |    |--B. triquetra Deshayes 1854 H09
    |    `--B. violacea (see below for synonymy) GFK07
    `--Corbicula Megerle von Mühlfeld 1811 GFK07 [incl. Cyrena Lamarck 1818 GFK07, Veloritina Meek 1872 W77]
         |--*C. fluminalis (Müller 1774) PB27, GFK07 (see below for synonymy)
         |--‘Cyrena’ acuta Pr. 1862 C64
         |--C. africana Krauss 1848 GFK07 [=Cyrena africana PB27; incl. Cy. gauritziana Krauss 1848 PB27]
         |--C. artini Pallary 1903 (see below for synonymy) PB27
         |--C. astartina (Martens 1860) GFK07 [=Cyrena astartina GFK07; incl. Co. giraudi Bourguignat 1889 (n. n.) PB27]
         |--C. audoini Germain 1909 PB27
         |--C. bitruncata Martens 1908 GFK07
         |--‘Cyrena’ californica Pr. 1860 [incl. C. subquadrata Desh. 1854 (preoc.)] C64
         |--C. callipyga Bourguignat 1885 PB27
         |--‘Venus’ coaxans Gmelin 1791 [=Cyrena coaxans] H09
         |--C. consobrina Cailliaud 1827 GFK07 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |--C. c. consobrina PB27
         |    `--C. ‘radiata’ edwardi Pilsbry & Bequaert 1927 PB27
         |--C. convexa Desh. 1854 [incl. C. ventricosa] C64
         |--‘Cyrena’ cumingii Desh. 1854 C64
         |--C. cunningtoni Smith 1906 PB27
         |--C. delessertiana Prime 1870 PB27
         |--C. difficilis Prime 1864 PB27
         |--C. doufilei de Rochebrune & Germain 1904 PB27
         |--C. durkeei (Meek 1870) ZZ88 [=Cyrena (Corbicula) durkeei W77, Co. (Veloritina) durkeei W77]
         |--C. fischeri Germain 1907 PB27
         |--C. fluminea (Müller 1774) [incl. C. elatior Marten 1905] GFK07
         |--C. foai Mabille 1901 PB27
         |--C. gabonensis Preston 1909 PB27
         |--C. gravieriana Bourguignat 1885 PB27
         |--C. gustaviana Martens 1900 GFK07
         |--C. heuglini Clessin 1879 PB27
         |--C. inaequilateralis Prime 1864 PB27
         |--C. insignis Desh. 1854 C64
         |--C. irawadica TC89
         |--C. japonica Prime 1864 [incl. C. biformis Reinhardt 1877] GFK07
         |--C. javanica (Mousson 1849) [=Cyrena orientalis var. javanica] GFK07
         |--C. jilinensis Zhu & Zhou 1988 ZZ88
         |--C. kirkii Prime 1864 PB27
         |--C. lacoini Germain 1905 [incl. C. lacoini var. castanea Germain 1905] PB27
         |--C. largillierti Philippi 1844 GFK07
         |--C. leana Prime 1864 GFK07
         |--C. linduensis GFK07
         |--C. loehensis B50
         |--C. madagascariensis Smith 1882 [incl. C. sikorae Ancey 1890] GFK07
         |--C. mahalonensis B50
         |--C. manilensis GFK07 [=C. (Corbiculina) manilensis M66; incl. C. sayana Prime 1864 GFK07]
         |--‘Cyrena’ maritima C64
         |--C. masapensis B50
         |--C. matannensis Sarasin & Sarasin 1898 [=C. matanensis (l. c.)] GFK07
         |--C. meridionalis Clessin 1879 PB27
         |--‘Cyrena’ mexicana Sby. 1829 [incl. C. aequilateralis Desh. 1854, C. fragilis, C. varians] C64
         |--‘Cyrena’ moluccensis Martens 1897 GFK07
         |--C. natalensis Krauss in Clessin 1879 PB27
         |--C. nilotica Clessin 1879 PB27
         |--C. nitens [incl. C. papyracea var. colorata Martens 1905] GFK07
         |--C. noetlingi Martens 1899 [incl. C. notlingi bakmio Counts 1991 (n. n.)] GFK07
         |--C. oblonga Clessin 1879 [=C. oblongata] GFK07
         |--C. oliphantensis Craven 1880 PB27
         |--C. oxiana (Martens 1876) [=Cyrena (Corbicula) fluminalis var. oxiana] GFK07
         |--‘Cyrena’ panamensis Pr. 1860 [incl. C. inflata Desh. 1854 (preoc.)] C64
         |--C. pisum TC89
         |--C. possoensis Sarasin & Sarasin 1898 GFK07
         |--C. producta Martens 1905 GFK07
         |--‘Cyrena’ prona Martens 1908 GFK07
         |--‘Cyrena’ pullastra Mörch 1860 C64
         |--C. pullata Philippi 1850 GFK07
         |--‘Cyrena’ radiata Hanley 1844 C64
         |--‘Cyrena’ recluzii [incl. C. cordiformis Recl. 1853 (preoc.)] C64
         |--C. regia Clessin 1878 GFK07
         |--C. sandai Reinhardt 1878 GFK07
         |--C. senegalensis Clessin 1879 PB27
         |--C. soleilleti Bourguignat 1885 PB27
         |--‘Cyrena’ solida Phil. 1846 C64
         |--‘Cyrena’ sordida Hanl. 1844 C64
         |--C. squalida [incl. C. crosseana Prime 1864] GFK07
         |--C. straminea Reinhardt 1877 GFK07
         |--C. subplanata Martens 1897 [incl. C. celebensis Martens 1897] GFK07
         |--C. subtruncata Bourguignat in Germain 1906 (see below for synonymy) PB27
         |--C. sumatrana [incl. C. angulifera Martens 1897, C. gibba Martens 1897, C. lacustris Martens 1897] GFK07
         |--C. tanganyicensis Crosse 1881 [=C. radiata var. tanganyicensis, C. tanganikana Bourguignat 1885] PB27
         |--C. tobae Martens 1900 GFK07
         |--C. towutensis B50
         |--C. transversa (Martens 1877) [=Cyrena (Corbicula) transversa] GFK07
         |--‘Cyrena’ triangula de Busch 1849 [incl. C. altilis Gld. 1852] C64
         |--C. trapezoidea Martens 1897 GFK07
         `--‘Cyrena’ tumida [incl. C. angulata Desh. 1854 (preoc.)] C64

Nomina nuda: Corbicula gauritziana Krauss 1848 GFK07
             Cyrena fontainei Desh. in Carpenter 1864 C64

Batissa violacea [incl. B. v. var. celebensis Martens 1897, B. v. var. discoidea Martens 1897, B. v. var. extensa Martens 1897, B. v. var. macassarica Martens 1897] GFK07

Corbicula artini Pallary 1903 [incl. C. artini var. albina Pallary 1903, C. lavigeriana Bourguignat in Germain 1906, C. consobrina var. lavigeriei Germain 1906] PB27

Corbicula consobrina Cailliaud 1827 GFK07 [=Co. fluminalis consobrina GFK07; incl. Co. africana var. albida Krauss 1848 GFK07, Cyrena africana var. albida PB27, Co. bithydea Bourguignat in Pallary 1904 (n. n.) PB27, Co. chlora Bourguignat in Pallary 1904 (n. n.) PB27, Co. eucistaera Bourguignat in Pallary 1904 (n. n.) PB27, Co. jickeli Clessin 1878 GFK07, Co. laurenti Bourguignat in Pallary 1904 (n. n.) PB27, Co. nyassana Bourguignat 1889 PB27, Co. africana var. olivacea Krauss 1848 GFK07, Cyrena africana var. olivacea PB27, Co. pusilla Philippi 1846 GFK07, Cy. pusilla PB27, Co. radiata Philippi 1846 GFK07, Cy. radiata non Hanley 1844 PB27, Co. tchadiensis Germain 1916 PB27, Co. tsadiana Martens 1903 GFK07, Co. zelebori Jickeli 1874 GFK07]

*Corbicula fluminalis (Müller 1774) PB27, GFK07 [=Tellina fluminalis PB27, Cyrena (Corbicula) fluminalis PB27; incl. Corbicula cameroni Bourguignat in Germain 1906 PB27, Co. cor Lamarck 1818 PB27, Co. degousei Germain 1906 PB27, Co. fuscata Lamarck 1818 PB27, Co. jouberti Bourguignat in Germain 1907 PB27, Co. kynganica Bourguignat in Germain 1906 PB27, Co. orientalis Lamarck 1818 PB27, Co. purpurea Prime 1864 GFK07]

Corbicula subtruncata Bourguignat in Germain 1906 [=C. subtruncatula Bourguignat 1889 (n. n.); incl. C. subtruncata var. aegyptiaca Bourguignat in Pallary 1909, C. subtruncata var. cyanea Bourguignat in Pallary 1909 (n. n.)] PB27

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B50] Brooks, J. L. 1950. Speciation in ancient lakes (concluded). Quarterly Review of Biology 25: 131–176.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[GFK07] Glaubrecht, M., Z. Fehér & F. Köhler. 2007. Inventorizing an invader: annotated type catalogue of Corbiculidae Gray, 1847 (Bivalvia, Heterodonta, Veneroidea), including Old World limnic Corbicula in the Natural History Museum Berlin. Malacologia 49 (2): 243–272.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[GK02] Gründel, J., & T. Kowalke. 2002. Palaeorissoinidae, a new family of marine and brackish water Rissooidea (Gastropoda, Littorinimorpha). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 226 (1): 43–57.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[JB12] Johnson, M. E., & B. G. Baarli. 2012. Development of intertidal biotas through Phanerozoic time. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 63–128. Springer.

[KC02] Komatsu, T., K. Chinzei, M. S. Zakhera & H. Matsuoka. 2002. Jurassic soft-bottom oyster Crassostrea from Japan. Palaeontology 45 (6): 1037–1048.

[M66] Metcalf, A. L. 1966. Corbicula manilensis in the Mesilla Valley of Texas and New Mexico. Nautilus 80 (1): 16–20.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[TTP89] Tan Tiu, A. & R. S. Prezant. 1989. Shell tubules in Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Heterodonta): functional morphology and microstructure. Nautilus 103 (1): 36–39.

[TC89] Tapparone Canefri, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XVIII.—Molluschi terrestri e d’acqua dolce. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 295–359.

[W77] White, C. A. 1877. Report upon the invertebrate fossils collected in portions of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, by parties of the expeditions of 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874. U.S. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (1): 1–219, pls 1–21.

[ZZ88] Zhu G.-X. & Zhou Y.-Z. 1988. Fresh-water molluscan fauna across Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary in southeast Jilin. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 27 (6): 713–721.

Last updated: 26 February 2022.

Dosinia

Ringed dosinia Dosinia anus, photographed by Graham Bould.

Belongs within: Veneridae.

Dosinia is a large genus of infaunal bivalves found worldwide. The first members of the genus are known from the Palaeocene of New Zealand with representatives not found in Europe and North America until the Miocene (Marwick 1927).

Characters (from Cox et al. 1969): Equivalve, compressed, nearly orbicular, concentrically striate; lunule well defined; hinge strong, with AII present.

<==Dosinia Scopoli 1777 DK10
    |--D. (Dosinia) P61
    |    |--*D. (D.) africana P61
    |    |--D. (D.) lambata (Gould 1850) P61
    |    `--D. (D.) lupina M27
    |--D. (Austrodosinia Dall 1902) P61
    |    |--D. (*A.) anus (Philippi 1848) [=Cytheria anus] P61
    |    |--D. (A.) horrida Marwick 1927 M27
    |    |--D. (A.) kaawaensis Marwick 1927 M27
    |    |--D. (A.) magna Hutton 1873 M27
    |    `--D. (A.) waitakiensis Marwick 1927 M27
    |--D. (Kakahuia Marwick 1927) M27
    |    `--D. (*K.) suteri Marwick 1927 M27
    |--D. (Kereia Marwick 1927) DK10
    |    |--D. (*K.) greyi Zittel 1864 P61 [=D. (Dosinisca) greyi M27]
    |    |--D. (K.) cottoni Marwick 1927 M27
    |    |--D. (K.) densicosta Marwick 1927 M27
    |    |--D. (K.) densilineata Pritchard 1896 DK10
    |    |--D. (K.) imparistriata Tate 1887 DK10
    |    |--D. (K.) johnstoni Tate 1887 DK10
    |    |--D. (K.) mackayi Marwick 1927 M27
    |    |--D. (K.) numerosissima Darragh & Kendrick 2010 DK10
    |    |--D. (K.) ongleyi Marwick 1927 M27
    |    |--D. (K.) perplexa Marwick 1927 M27
    |    `--D. (K.) waiparaensis Marwick 1927 M27
    |--D. (Phacosoma Jukes-Browne 1912) P61
    |    |--D. (*P.) japonica P61 [=Artemis japonica M27]
    |    |--D. (P.) maoriana Oliver 1923 P61
    |    |--D. (P.) subrosea (Gray 1835) P61 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--D. (P.) troscheli M27
    |    `--D. (P.) wanganuiensis Marwick 1927 M27
    `--D. (Raina Marwick 1927) M27
         |--D. (*R.) bensoni Marwick 1927 M27
         |--D. (R.) nukumaruensis Marwick 1927 M27
         |--D. (R.) paparoaensis Marwick 1927 M27
         `--D. (R.) waipipiensis Marwick 1927 M27

Dosinia incertae sedis:
  D. alta Conrad 1855 C64
  D. amphidesmoides (Reeve 1850) [=Artemis amphidesmoides] H09
  D. annae C64
  D. biscocta (Reeve 1850) XZ10
  D. brasiliensis White 1888 M27
  D. caerulea (Reeve 1850) F27 [=Artemis caerulea H09, Dosinorbis caerulea M27]
  D. corrugata (Reeve 1850) XZ10
  D. deshayesii Adams 1856 H09
  D. discus C66
  D. dunkeri C64
  D. elegans C66
  D. exasperata (Philippi 1847) [=Cytherea exasperata] H09
  D. exoleta (Linnaeus 1758) M62, L58 [=Venus exoleta K91, Artemis exoleta K91]
  D. histrio (Gmelin 1791) [=Venus histrio] H09
  D. longula C64
  D. miticula Viader 1951 L96
  D. montana C64
  D. nobilis Deshayes 1853 H09
  D. penicillata L10
  D. philippii [incl. Cytherea patagonica] G79
  D. ponderosa [incl. Venus cycloides, D. distans] C64
  D. sculpta (Hanley 1856) [=Artemis sculpta] H09
  D. subobliqua C64
  D. tumida (Gray 1838) [=Artemis tumida] H09

Dosinia (Phacosoma) subrosea (Gray 1835) P61 [=D. (Austrodosinia) subrosea M27, Dosinorbis subrosea M27; incl. Dosinea dispar H86]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[C66] Clench, W. J. 1966. Extension in range for Dosinia discus. Nautilus 80 (2): 70.

Cox, L. R., N. D. Newell et al. 1969. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt N. Bivalvia vol. 2. The Geological Society of America, Inc. and The University of Kansas.

[DK10] Darragh, T. A., & G. W. Kendrick. 2010. Eocene molluscs from the Merlinleigh Sandstone, Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 26 (1): 23–41.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[G79] Guppy, R. J. L. 1879. First sketch of a marine invertebrate fauna of the Gulf of Paria and its neighbourhood. Part I.—Mollusca. Journal of Conchology 2: 151–172.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[H86] Hutton, F. W. 1886. The Mollusca of the Pareora and Oamaru systems of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (1): 205–237.

[K91] Kozloff, E. N. 1991. Malacobdella siliquae sp. nov. and Malacobdella macomae sp. nov., commensal nemerteans from bivalve molluscs on the Pacific coast of North America. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69: 1612–1618.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[L96] Loch, I. 1996. Notice: R. Viader collection. Molluscan Research 17: 110.

[L10] Lutaenko, K. A. 2010. Bivalve molluscan biogeography of the Japan Sea: an overview. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 1–6. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

[M27] Marwick, J. 1927. The Veneridae of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 567–636.

[M62] Monniot, F. 1962. Recherches sur les graviers a Amphioxus de la région de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie et Milieu 13: 231–322.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[XZ10] Xu, F., & J. Zhang. 2010. Study on the bivalve faunal composition of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 7–12. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Paphia

Paphia alapapilionis. Photo from here.

Belongs within: Veneridae.

Paphia is a genus of bivalves that first appeared in the Oligocene, and is found primarily in the Pacific region, extending to Europe (Cox et al. 1969). The subgenus Callistotapes has the cardinal teeth of the hinge more divergent than in the type, with the left posterior cardinal much closer to the ligamental nymph (Marwick 1927).

Characters (from Cox et al. 1969): Elongate, compressed, shell surface glossy; hinge plate narrow; lateral teeth wanting.

<==Paphia Bolten 1798 M27
    |  i. s.: P. deshayesi (Hanley 1856) [=Venus deshayesi] H09
    |         P. fabagella (Deshayes 1854) [=Tapes fabagella, Pullastra fabagella, Venerupis fabagella] F27
    |         P. gallus (Gmelin 1791) [=Venus gallus] H09
    |         P. hiantina [=Venus hiantina] H09
    |         P. literata (Linnaeus 1758) [=Venus literata] H09
    |         P. radiata H09
    |         P. semirugata (Phillipi 1847) MG-H11
    |         P. sulcosa (Philippi 1847) [=Venus sulcosa] H09
    |         P. textile (Gmelin 1791) [=Venus textilis] H09
    |         P. tristis (Lamarck 1818) [=Venus tristis] H09
    |         P. variegata (Sowerby 1852) [=Tapes variegata] H09
    |--*P. (Paphia) alapapilionis M27
    `--P. (Callistotapes Sacco 1900) M27
         |--P. (*C.) vetula [=Venus vetula] M27
         `--P. (C.) finlayi Marwick 1927 M27

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Cox, L. R., N. D. Newell et al. 1969. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt N. Bivalvia vol. 2. The Geological Society of America, Inc. and The University of Kansas.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[M27] Marwick, J. 1927. The Veneridae of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 567–636.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

Mixtacandona

Specimens of Trapezicandona [=Mixtacandona] from southern France. Photo from here.

Belongs within: Candonidae.

Mixtacandona is a genus of subterranean freshwater ostracods from Europe. Karanovic & Pesce (2000) indicated that the often-ascribed publication of 'Klie 1938' for this genus is in error, and pointed out that the name for this genus should be Trapezicandona Schornikov 1969.

Characters (from Karanovic & Pesce 2000, for Trapezicandona): Valve shape trapezoidal, triangular or elongated. Valve surface smooth or slightly ornamented. Antennula 7-segmented. Antenna of male with or without male bristles. Aesthetasc on antenna very long (more than 60% of first endopodal segment). Exopodite on antenna consisting of plate, one long and two small setae. Exopodite of first thoracic leg with three setae, prehensile palps slightly asymmetrical. Protopodite of walking leg without setae. Walking leg 5-segmented. Protopodite of cleaning leg with three setae. Cleaning leg 4 or 5-segmented. Penultimate segment of cleaning leg with one or two setae, terminal segment with one long and two small setae. Furca with very short posterior seta. Genital segment without appendages. Zenker's organ with seven whorls of spines. Hemipenis typical with lateral lobe very thin relative to other lobes.

<==Mixtacandona Klie 1938 DH86
    |--M. botosaneanui Danielopol 1978 DH86
    |--M. chappuisi (Klie 1943) DH86
    |--M. cottarellii Danielopol 1982 DH86
    |--M. elegans Danielopol & Cvetkov 1978 DH86
    |--M. hvarensis Danielopol 1969 DH86
    |--M. juberthieae Danielopol 1977-78 DH86
    |--M. laisi Klie 1938 DH86
    |    |--M. l. laisi DH86
    |    `--M. l. vindobonensis (Löffler 1963) DH86
    |--M. ljovuschkini (Rudjakov 1963) DH86
    |--M. loeffleri Danielopol 1978 DH86
    |--M. peliaca (Schäfer 1945) DH86
    |--M. pietrosanii Danielopol & Cvetkov 1978 DH86
    |--M. pseudocrenulata (Schäfer 1945) DH86
    |--M. riongessa (Bronstein 1947) DH86
    |--M. stammeri (Klie 1938) DH86
    |--M. tabacarui Danielopol & Cvetkov 1978 DH86
    |--M. taurica (Schornikov 1969) DH86
    `--M. transleithanica (Löffler 1960) DH86

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[DH86] Danielopol, D. L., & G. Hartmann. 1986. Ostracoda. In Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) (L. Botosaneanu, ed.) pp. 265-294. E. J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

Karanovic, I., & G. L. Pesce. 2000. Trapezicandona italica n. sp. from the underground waters of southern Italy (Crustacea, Ostracoda). Fragmenta Entomologica 32 (2): 213-224.

Laupala

Laupala kohalensis. Photo from here.

Belongs within: Grylloidea.

Laupala is a diverse genus of crickets found on the Hawaiian Islands. The numerous species are morphologically very similar to each other, and until 1994 were thought to belong to a single species. The existence of multiple species was realised when it was discovered that each species had a distinctive song (often together with variations in male genitalia). Laupala may be divided between three species groups, one of which (the L. kauaiensis group) is found on the island of Kauai, whereas the other two groups are each distributed over the remaining four major Hawaiian islands.

See also: A question of taste.

Characters (from Otte 1994): Male genitalia with narrow epiphallic process and short prongs; body colour generally uniform brown to dark brown or black (without dark spots and markings on head, pronotum, forewings or abdomen); legs I and II largely unbanded; song consisting of a slow train of pulses, males singing mainly in daytime (particularly morning).

<==Laupala Otte 1994 O94
    |--L. kauaiensis group O94
    |    |--L. kanaele Otte 1994 O94
    |    |--L. kauaiensis Otte 1994 [=L. kawaiensis (l. c.)] O94
    |    |--L. kokeensis Otte 1994 O94
    |    |--L. koloa Otte 1994 O94
    |    |--L. makaweli Otte 1994 O94
    |    |--L. olohena Otte 1994 O94
    |    `--L. wailua Otte 1994 O94
    |--L. cerasina group O94
    |    |--L. cerasina Otte 1994 O94
    |    |--L. eukolea Otte 1994 O94
    |    |--L. fugax Otte 1994 O94
    |    |--L. kolea Otte 1994 O94
    |    |--L. mediaspisa Otte 1994 O94
    |    |--L. neospisa Otte 1994 O94
    |    |--L. spisa Otte 1994 O94
    |    `--L. waikemoi Otte 1994 O94
    `--L. pacifica group O94
         |--*L. nui Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. eupacifica Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. hapapa Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. hualalai Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. kai Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. kohalensis Otte 1994 [=L. kohalina (l. c.)] O94
         |--L. kona Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. lanaiensis Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. media Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. molokaiensis Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. nigra Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. oahuensis Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. pacifica Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. paranigra Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. parapacifica Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. paraprosea Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. prosea Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. pruna Otte 1994 [=L. kaumana (l. c.)] O94
         |--L. tantalis Otte 1994 [=L. antalis (l. c.)] O94
         `--L. vespertina Otte 1994 O94

Nomen nudum: Laupala orientalis Otte 1994 O94

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[O94] Otte, D. 1994. The Crickets of Hawaii: origin, systematics and evolution. The Orthopterists' Society: The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Ursidae

Spectacled bears Tremarctos ornatus. Photograph from here.

Belongs within: Carnivora.

The Ursidae, bears, are a family of relatively large carnivorans found primarily in Eurasia and the Americas. The living forms are plantigrade and omnivorous (in the case of the giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca primarily herbivorous whereas the polar bear Ursus maritimus is primarily carnivorous). Among recent species, the largest is U. maritimus; the smallest is the sun bear Helarctos malayanus. The spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus is the only living species found in South America, where it mostly inhabits the Andes of the northwestern part of the continent. The extinct subfamilies Amphicynodontinae and Hemicyoninae were longer-faced (and often smaller) than modern bears; the Hemicyoninae in particular were superficially similar to dogs.

Synapomorphies (from Flynn et al. 1988): Malleus with tensor tympani insertion process reduced or lost; two upper and three lower molars; upper molars enlarged by expansion of metaconule; protocone and metaconule of upper molars forming longitudinal crest occluding with enlarged talonid cusps of lower molars; M² developing posteriorly projecting platform occluding with M₃; M² trigonid lacking paraconid. Internal carotid artery folded intracranially within inferior petrosal sinus.

<==Ursidae [Ursoidea]
    |  i. s.: Tremarctotherium simum FP64
    |         Euarctos americanus GM71
    |--Amphicynodontinae [Amphicynodontidae] MJ11
    |    |  i. s.: Parictis parvus MJ11, FF06
    |    |--Amphicynodon teilhardi RDT09, FF06
    |    `--+--+--Allocyon RDT09
    |       |  `--Pachycynodon gryei RDT09, T76
    |       `--Hemicyoninae MJ11
    |            |--Cephalogale RDT09
    |            `--Hemicyon DW04
    |                 |--H. johnhenryi [=Phoberocyon johnhenryi] V91
    |                 `--H. teilhardi DW04
    `--Ursinae C96
         |  i. s.: Ursavus elmensis JC07, B84a
         |         Ailurarctos JC07
         |--+--+--Indarctos atticus SA06, FF06
         |  |  `--Agriotherium Wagner 1837 SA06, D07
         |  |       |--A. africanum S78
         |  |       |--A. gregoryi D07
         |  |       |--A. inexpetans DW04
         |  |       |--A. schneideri D07
         |  |       `--A. sivalensis D07
         |  `--Ailuropoda [Ailuropodidae, Ailuropodinae, Ailuropodini] JC07
         |       |--A. baconi JC07
         |       |--A. melanoleuca (David 1869) H07
         |       |--A. microta JC07
         |       `--A. wulingshanensis JC07
         `--+--+--Tremarctos Gervais 1855 FS15, C57 [incl. Nearctos Gray 1876 C57; Tremarctinae]
            |  |    |--*T. ornatus (Cuvier 1825) (see below for synonymy) C57
            |  |    `--T. floridanus V91
            |  `--+--Arctodus FS15
            |     |    |--A. pristinus V91
            |     |    `--A. simus V91
            |     `--Arctotherium FS15
            |          |--A. tarijense FS15
            |          `--A. wingei FS15
            `--+--Helarctos malayanus FS15 [=Ursus malayanus BP87]
               `--+--Melursus ursinus FS15
                  `--Ursus Linnaeus 1758 FS15, L58
                       |  i. s.: U. abstrusus TH03
                       |         U. deningeri [incl. U. dolinensis] ME05
                       |         U. etruscus L84
                       |         U. formosanus Swinhoe 1864 S66
                       |         U. lotor Linnaeus 1758 L58
                       |         U. meles Linnaeus 1758 L58
                       |         U. minimus B84a
                       |         U. rodei ME05
                       |         U. syriacus T66
                       |--U. thibetanus FS15 [=Selenarctos thibetanus BP87]
                       |    |--U. t. thibetanus I92
                       |    `--‘Selenarctos’ t. japonicus (Schlegel 1857) I92
                       `--+--U. americanus Pallas 1780 FS15, B75
                          |    |--U. a. americanus B84c
                          |    |--U. a. altifrontalis B84c
                          |    |--U. a. carlottae B84c
                          |    |--U. a. cinnamomum B84c
                          |    |--U. a. emmonsii B84c
                          |    |--U. a. eremicus MB86
                          |    |--U. a. hamiltoni B84c
                          |    |--U. a. kermodei B84c
                          |    |--U. a. machetes Elliot 1903 MB86
                          |    `--U. a. vancouveri B84c
                          `--+--U. spelaeus FS15
                             `--+--U. arctos Linnaeus 1758 FS15, L58
                                |    |--U. a. arctos B84b
                                |    |--U. a. horribilis B84b
                                |    |--U. a. middendorffi B84b
                                |    |--U. a. nelsoni USDI77
                                |    |--U. a. pruinosus USDI77
                                |    `--U. a. yesoensis Lydekker 1897 I92
                                `--U. maritimus FS15 [=Thalarctos maritimus BP87]

Inorganic: Helarctos malayanus protominilorientalus Okamura 1987 O87
           Thalarctos maritimus minilorientalus Okamura 1987 O87
           Ursus arctos protominilorientalus Okamura 1987 O87

*Tremarctos ornatus (Cuvier 1825) [=Ursus ornatus, Helarctos ornatus, Nearctos ornatus; incl. Ursus frugilegus Tschudi 1844, U. fructilegus, Tremarctos lasallei María 1924, T. ornatus majori Thomas 1902, U. nasutus Sclater 1868, U. ornatus thomasi Hornaday 1911] C57

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[B84a] Bunnell, F. 1984a. The bear family. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Carnivores pp. 78–79. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

[B84b] Bunnell, F. 1984b. Grizzly bear. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Carnivores pp. 80–83. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

[B84c] Bunnell, F. 1984c. American black bear. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Carnivores pp. 86–87. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[C57] Cabrera, A. 1957. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. I (Metatheria—Unguiculata—Carnivora). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de Las Ciencias Naturales, Ciencias Zoológicas 4 (1): 1–307.

[C96] Campbell, N. A. 1996. Biology 4^th ed. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.: Menlo Park (California).

[DW04] Deng T., Wang X., Ni X. & Liu L. 2004. Sequence of the Cenozoic mammalian faunas of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 78 (1): 8–14.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[FS15] Faurby, S., & J.-C. Svenning. 2015. A species-level phylogeny of all extant and late Quaternary extinct mammals using a novel heuristic-hierarchical Bayesian approach. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 14–26.

[FF06] Finarelli, J. A., & J. J. Flynn. 2006. Ancestral state reconstruction of body size in the Caniformia (Carnivora, Mammalia): the effects of incorporating data from the fossil record. Systematic Biology 55 (2): 301–313.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[GM71] Goodman, M., & G. W. Moore. 1971. Immunodiffusion systematics of the primates I. The Catarrhini. Systematic Zoology 20 (1): 19–62.

[H07] Hooker, J. J. 2007. Bipedal browsing adaptations of the unusual Late Eocene-earliest Oligocene tylopod Anoplotherium (Artiodactyla, Mammalia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151 (3): 609–659.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[JC07] Jin, C., R. L. Ciochon, W. Dong, R. M. Hunt, Jr, J. Liu, M. Jaeger & Q. Zhu. 2007. The first skull of the earliest giant panda. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 104 (26): 10932–10937.

[L84] Lentfer, J. W. 1984. Polar bear. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Carnivores pp. 84–85. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MB86] Matson, J. O., & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[MJ11] Meredith, R. W., J. E. Janečka, J. Gatesy, O. A. Ryder, C. A. Fisher, E. C. Teeling, A. Goodbla, E. Eizirik, T. L. L. Simão, T. Stadler, D. L. Rabosky, R. L. Honeycutt, J. J. Flynn, C. M. Ingram, C. Steiner, T. L. Williams, T. J. Robinson, A. Burk-Herrick, M. Westerman, N. A. Ayoub, M. S. Springer & W. J. Murphy. 2011. Impacts of the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution and KPg extinction on mammal diversification. Science 334: 521–524.

[ME05] Moullé, P.-E., A. Echassoux, F. Lacombat, E. Desclaux & S. Bailon. 2005. L’environnement animal des premiers habitants de l’Europe méditerranéenne: les grands mammifères contemporains de l’homme du Vallonnet, données taxonomiques et biostratigraphiques pour la deuxième moitie du Pléistocène inférieur. BAR International Series 1364: 105–113.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[RDT09] Rybczynski, N., M. R. Dawson & R. H. Tedford. 2009. A semi-aquatic Arctic mammalian carnivore from the Miocene epoch and origin of Pinnipedia. Nature 458: 1021–1024.

[SA06] Salesa, M. J., M. Antón, S. Peigné & J. Morales. 2006. Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103: 379–382.

[S78] Savage, R. J. G. 1978. Carnivora. In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 249–267. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[S66] Sclater, P. L. 1866. Notice of recent additions to the Society’s menagerie. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 418–419.

[T76] Tedford, R. H. 1976. Relationship of pinnipeds to other carnivores (Mammalia). Systematic Zoology 25 (4): 363–374.

[TH03] Tedford, R. H., & C. R. Harington. 2003. An Arctic mammal fauna from the Early Pliocene of North America. Nature 425: 388–390.

[T66] Tristram, H. B. 1866. Report on the mammals of Palestine. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 84–93.

[USDI77] USDI (United States Department of the Interior). 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants—republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420–36431.

[V91] Valkenburgh, B. van. 1991. Iterative evolution of hypercarnivory in canids (Mammalia: Carnivora): evolutionary interactions among sympatric predators. Paleobiology 17 (4): 340–362.

Last updated: 6 August 2018.

Mustelidae

Tayra Eira barbara, from here.

Belongs within: Musteloidea.
Contains: Galictis, Martes, Mustela, Lutra.

The Mustelidae are an assemblage of mostly fairly small caniform carnivorans, and the largest of the traditionally recognised caniform 'families'. Among its members are such animals as weasels, stoats, polecats, badgers, mink and otters. Skunks, previously treated as a subfamily of Mustelidae, are now excluded from the family, while certain of the traditional subfamilies are now recognised as paraphyletic (Finarelli & Flynn 2006). The otters of the Lutrinae are believed to be closely related to the (probably paraphyletic) Mustelinae, including the weasels, ferrets and related taxa. The badgers of the Melinae are stocky animals with powerful jaws and a dentition adapted for crushing, with broad, flat and multicusped molars (Harris 1984).

See also: How the badger became (Taxon of the Week: Meles thorali).

Synapomorphies (from Flynn et al. 1988): Suprameatal fossa either closed or shallow, floored by meatus and opening medially; P⁴ lacking carnassial notch; one upper and two lower molars.

<==Mustelidae
    |  i. s.: Plesiogulo TH03
    |         Oligobunis floridanus V91
    |         Ischyrictis V91
    |         Sthenictis V91
    |         Aeleurocyon V91
    |         Paroligobunis V91
    |         Paragale huerzeleri T76
    |         Amblonyx cinereus IT07
    |--Mellivora [Mellivorinae] K84a
    |    |--M. capensis K84a
    |    `--M. punjabiensis S78
    |--Melinae TH03
    |    |--Arctonyx collaris TH03, H84
    |    |--Suillotaxus marchei H84
    |    |--Promeles macedonicus WW04
    |    |--Taxidea taxus (Schreber 1778) K84a, B75 [=Ursus taxus B75]
    |    |    |--T. t. taxus MB86
    |    |    `--T. t. berlandieri Baird 1858 MB86
    |    |--Mydaus H84
    |    |    |--M. javanensis H84
    |    |    `--M. marchei IT07
    |    |--Melogale K84a
    |    |    |--M. everetti IT07
    |    |    |--M. moschata H84
    |    |    |--M. orientalis H84
    |    |    `--M. personata H84
    |    |--Meles TH03
    |    |    |--M. meles K84a
    |    |    |    |--M. m. meles M76
    |    |    |    `--M. m. amakuma Temminck 1844 M76
    |    |    |--M. thorali TH03
    |    |    `--M. vulgaris T66
    |    `--Melodon WW04
    |         |--M. sotnikovae (Tedford & Harrington 2003) WW04, TH03 [=Arctomeles sotnikovae WW04]
    |         `--+--*M. majori WW04
    |            `--Arctomeles WW04
    |                 |--*A. pliocaenicus Stach 1951 TH03
    |                 |--A. dimolodontus Wallace & Wang 2004 WW04
    |                 |--A. ferus (Roshchin 1949) [=Parameles ferus] TH03
    |                 |--A. gennevauxi (Viret 1939) [=Meles gennevauxi] TH03
    |                 `--A. suillus (Teilhard & LeRoy 1945) [=Meles suillus] TH03
    |--Eira Hamilton Smith 1942 C57 [incl. Galera Gray 1865 C57, Tayra Allen 1902 C57; Tayrinae G69]
    |    `--E. barbara (Linné 1758) (see below for synonymy) C57
    |         |--E. b. barbara (see below for synonymy) C57
    |         |--E. b. madeirensis (Lönnberg 1913) [=Tayra barbara madeirensis] C57
    |         |--E. b. peruana (Nehring 1886) (see below for synonymy) C57
    |         |--E. b. poliocephala (Traill 1821) (see below for synonymy) C57
    |         |--E. b. senex G69
    |         `--E. b. sinuensis (Humboldt 1812) (see below for synonymy) C57
    `--Mustelinae P84
         |  i. s.: Vormela peregusna Güldenstaedt 1770 K84b, OS00
         |           |--V. p. peregusna OS00
         |           |--V. p. alpherakyi OS00
         |           `--V. p. syriacus Pocock 1936 OS00
         |         Poecilictis libyca K84b
         |         Poecilogale albinucha K84b
         |         Galictis K84b
         |         Gulo gulo K84a
         |           |--G. g. gulo B75
         |           `--G. g. luscus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Ursus luscus] B75
         |         Lyncodon Gervais in D’Orbigny 1845 C57
         |           `--*L. patagonicus (Blainville 1842) [=Mustela patagonica] C57
         |                |--L. p. patagonicus (see below for synonymy) C57
         |                `--L. p. thomasi Cabrera 1928 C57
         |         Ictonyx K84b
         |           |--I. kalaharicus S78
         |           |--I. libyca IT07
         |           |--I. orangiae S78
         |           `--I. striatus K84b
         |--Martes FF06
         `--+--Mustela FF06
            `--Lutrinae FF06
                 |--Lutra K84a
                 |--Hydrictis maculicollis K84a
                 |--Lutrogale Gray 1865 [incl. Isolalutra Symeonides & Sondaar 1975] AC98
                 |    |--L. cretensis (Symeonides & Sondaar 1975) AC98
                 |    `--L. perspicillata D84
                 |--Enhydriodon S78
                 |    |--E. africanus S78
                 |    `--E. pattersoni S78
                 |--Pteronura Gray 1837 [=Pteroneura (l. c.), Pterura Wiegmann 1839] C57
                 |    `--P. brasiliensis (Gmelin 1788) (see below for synonymy) C57
                 |         |--P. b. brasiliensis (see below for synonymy) C57
                 |         `--P. b. paranensis (Rengger 1830) (see below for synonymy) C57
                 |--Aonyx K84a
                 |    |--A. capensis K84a
                 |    |--A. cinerea K84a
                 |    `--A. congicus IT07
                 |--Paraonyx S78
                 |    |--P. congica S78
                 |    |--P. microdon S78
                 |    `--P. philippsi S78
                 |--Enhydra K84a
                 |    |--E. lutris (Linnaeus 1758) I92 [=Mustela lutris C57]
                 |    |    |--E. l. lutris [incl. Lutra gracilis Bechstein 1800] C57
                 |    |    `--E. l. nereis BP87
                 |    `--E. macrodonta BDR85
                 |--Algarolutra Malatesta & Willemsen 1986 AC98
                 |    `--*A. majori (Malatesta 1978) AC98
                 |--Cyrnaonix Helbing 1935 AC98
                 |--Megalenhydris Willemsen & Malatesta 1987 AC98
                 |    `--*M. barbaricina Willemsen & Malatesta 1987 AC98
                 `--Sardolutra Willemsen 1992 AC98
                      `--*S. ichnusae (Malatesta 1977) [=Nesolutra ichnusae] AC98

Eira barbara (Linné 1758) [=Mustela barbara, Galera barbara, Galera barbata, Galictis barbara, Gulo barbarus, Gulo barbatus, Tayra barbara] C57

Eira barbara barbara (Linné 1758) [incl. Gulo canescens Lichtenstein 1825, Mustela gulina Schinz 1821, Tayra barbara gulina, T. barbara kriegi Krumbiegal 1942, T. barbara tucumana Lönnberg 1913] C57

Eira barbara peruana (Nehring 1886) [=Galictis barbara var. peruana, Tayra barbara peruana; incl. Galera barbara brunnea Thomas 1907] C57

Eira barbara poliocephala (Traill 1821) [=Viverra poliocephalus, Tayra barbara poliocephala; incl. *E. ilya Hamilton Smith 1842, Gulo leira Cuvier 1849] C57

Eira barbara sinuensis (Humboldt 1812) [=Mustela sinuensis, Tayra barbara sinuensis; incl. Galera barbara var. bimaculata Martínez 1873, T. barbara bimaculata, Galictis barbara biologiae Thomas 1900, T. barbara biologiae, T. barbara irara Allen 1904, T. barbara senilis Allen 1913] C57

Lyncodon patagonicus patagonicus (Blainville 1842) [incl. Mustela anticola Burmeister 1869 (n. n.), L. lujanensis Ameghino 1889] C57

Pteronura brasiliensis (Gmelin 1788) [=Mustela lutris brasiliensis, Lontra brasiliensis, Lutra brasiliana, Lutra brasiliensis, Pteroneura braziliensis] C57

Pteronura brasiliensis brasiliensis (Gmelin 1788) [incl. Lutra lupina Schinz 1821, Pteronura brasiliensis lupina, *Pteronura sambachii Gray 1837, Pteronura sandbachii, Pterura sanbachii] C57

Pteronura brasiliensis paranensis (Rengger 1830) [=Lutra (Pteronura) paranensis; incl. L. paraguensis Schinz 1821 non Kerr 1792] C57

*Type species of generic name indicated

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