Amoria

Damon's volute Amoria damoni, photographed by Jan Delsing.

Belongs within: Muricoidea.

Amoria is a genus of volutes found around Australia and southern Indonesia. Members of this genus have a smooth, conical protoconch, a solid, glossy, fusiform shell and an elongate aperture with four distinct columellar plicae.

<==Amoria Gray 1855 [Amoriana, Amoriides, Amoriini] BR05
    |--A. canaliculata McCoy 1869 WG71
    |--A. damoni Gray 1864 WG71
    |    |--A. d. damoni [incl. A. reticulata Reeve 1844] WG71
    |    |--A. d. keatsiana Ludbrook 1953 WG71
    |    `--A. d. reevei Sowerby 1864 WG71
    |--A. dampieria Weaver 1960 WG71
    |--A. diamantina Wilson 1972 MG-H11
    |--A. ellioti Sowerby 1864 WG71
    |--A. exoptanda Reeve 1849 WG71
    |--A. grayi Ludbrook 1953 MG-H11
    |--A. guttata McMichael 1964 WG71
    |--A. jamrachi Gray 1864 WG71
    |--A. macandrewi Sowerby 1887 WG71
    |--A. maculata Swainson 1822 [incl. A. caroli Iredale 1924] WG71
    |--A. praetexta Reeve 1849 WG71
    |--A. spenceriana WG71
    |--A. turneri Gray in Griffith & Pidgeon 1834 WG71
    `--A. volva Gmelin 1791 WG71

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

Phanerobranchia

Idalia elegans, copyright Bernard Picton.

Belongs within: Doridina.
Contains: Polyceridae.

The Phanerobranchia are a group of dorid nudibranchs characterised by the inability to retract the gill within a cavity. As this is a plesiomorphic character, the monophyly of the group is uncertain (Valdés 2002). Members of the Onchidoridoidea have a suctorial buccal apparatus whereas the buccal apparatus of Polyceroidea is not suctorial.

Phanerobranchia [Anadoridacea, Anadoridoidea]
    |  i. s.: ‘Doris’ tuberculata Müller 1778 (see below for synonymy) V02
    |         Diaphorodoris Iredale & O’Donoghue 1923 V02
    |           `--D. luteocincta (Sars 1870) V02
    |--Polyceroidea [Polyceracea] BR05
    |    |--Polyceridae BR05
    |    `--Okadaiidae [Okadaiina] BR05
    |         |--Okadaia Baba 1930 BR05
    |         |    `--*O. elegans Baba 1930 BR17
    |         `--Vayssierea Risbec 1928 [Vayssiereidae] BR05
    |              `--*V. caledonica Risbec 1928 BR17
    `--Onchidoridoidea [Onchidoridacea, Onchidoridina] BR05
         |--Akiodoris Bergh 1879 [Akiodorididae] BR17
         |    `--*A. lutescens Bergh 1879 BR17
         |--Calycidoris Abraham 1876 V02 [Calycidorididae BR17]
         |    `--*C. guentheri Abraham 1876 BR17
         |--Corambidae [Corambiadae, Corambida, Corambina] BR05
         |    |--Loy Martynov 1994 [Loyinae] BR05
         |    |    `--*L. meyeni Martynov 1994 BR17
         |    `--Corambe Bergh 1869 [Corambinae] BR05
         |         |--*C. sargassicola Bergh 1871 BR17
         |         `--C. obscura [incl. Doridella batava] CG99
         |--Aegiridae BR17
         |    |--Notodoris Bergh 1875 [Notodorididae, Notodoridinae] BR05
         |    |    |--*N. citrina Bergh 1875 BR17
         |    |    `--N. serenae Gosliner & Behrens 1997 BW09
         |    `--Aegires Lovén 1844 [Aegiretinae, Aegirinae] V02
         |         |--*A. punctilucens (d’Orbigny 1837) [=Polycera punctilucens] BR17
         |         `--A. albopunctatus MacFarland 1905 V02
         |--Onchidorididae [Leptoglossae, Onchidoridae, Pseudodoridacea, Pseudodorididae] BR05
         |    |--Villiersia d’Orbigny 1837 [Villiersiidae] BR05
         |    |    `--*V. scutigera d’Orbigny 1837 BR17
         |    |--Adalaria Bergh 1878 KM17, V02
         |    |    `--A. proxima (Alder & Hancock 1854) B77
         |    |--Onchidoris Blainville 1816 (see below for synonymy) BR05
         |    |    |--*O. leachii Blainville 1816 BR17
         |    |    |--O. aspera R64
         |    |    |--O. bilamellata (Linnaeus 1767) V02 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |    `--O. muricata (Müller 1776) F97
         |    `--Acanthodoris Gray 1850 [Acanthodoridinae] BR05
         |         |--*A. pilosa (Abildgaard in Müller 1789) [=Doris pilosa] BR17
         |         |--A. falklandica Eliot 1907 H01
         |         |--A. globosa Abraham 1877 P61
         |         `--A. molicella Abraham 1877 P61
         `--Goniodorididae [Goniodoridinae, Okeniidae] BR05
              |--Ceratodoris Gray 1850 R95 (see below for synonymy)
              |    |--*C. eolida (Quoy & Gaimard 1832) (see below for synonymy) R95
              |    `--‘*Hopkinsia’ rosacea MacFarland 1905 BR17
              |--Ancula Lovén 1846 [Anculinae] BR05
              |    |--*A. cristata (Alder 1841) [=Polycera cristata] BR17
              |    `--A. gibbosa (Risso 1818) H01
              |--Goniodoris Forbes & Goodsir 1839 BR05
              |    |--*G. nodosa (Montagu 1808) [=Doris nodosa] BR17
              |    |--G. castanea Alder & Hancock 1846 P61
              |    |--G. danielsseni N79
              |    `--G. punctata Bergh 1905 P61
              `--Idalia Leuckart 1828 [=Okenia Menke 1830; Okeniinae] BR17
                   |--*I. elegans Leuckart 1828 [=*Okenia elegans] BR17
                   |--‘Okenia’ aspersa (Alder & Hancock 1845) H01
                   |--‘Okenia’ luna Millen et al. 1994 H01
                   `--‘Okenia’ pellucida Burn 1967 HJ08

Ceratodoris Gray 1850 R95 [=Echinodoris Bergh 1874 R95; incl. Hopkinsia MacFarland 1905 R95, BR05, Hopkinsiella Baba 1938 R95; Hopkinsiinae]

*Ceratodoris eolida (Quoy & Gaimard 1832) [=Doris eolida, *Echinodoris eolida; incl. Okenia plana Baba 1960, Hopkinsia plana] R95

‘Doris’ tuberculata Müller 1778 [incl. D. brittanica Johnston 1838 (n. n.), Archidoris brittanica, D. montagui Johnston 1838 (n. n.)] V02

Onchidoris Blainville 1816 [=Onchidorus; incl. Ancylodoris Dybowski 1900, Lamellidoris Alder & Hancock 1855; Ancylodorididae, Lamellidorididae, Lamellidoridinae, Onchidoridinae] BR05

Onchidoris bilamellata (Linnaeus 1767) V02 [=Doris bilamellata BR17, *Lamellidoris bilamellata BR17; incl. *Ancylodoris baicalensis Dybowski 1900 BR05, O. fusca (Müller 1776) F97]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B77] Bertsch, H. 1977. The Chromodoridinae nudibranchs from the Pacific coast of America.—Part I. Investigative methods and supra-specific taxonomy. Veliger 20 (2): 107–118.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[CG99] Carlton, J. T., J. B. Geller, M. L. Reaka-Kudla & E. A. Norse. 1999. Historical extinctions in the sea. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 30: 315–338.

[F97] Folino, N. C. 1997. The role of prey mobility in the population ecology of the nudibranch Cuthona nana (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia). American Malacological Bulletin 14 (1): 17–25.

[HJ08] Huisman, J. M., D. S. Jones, F. E. Wells & T. Burton. 2008. Introduced marine biota in Western Australian waters. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 1–44.

[H01] Huys, R. 2001. Splanchnotrophid systematics: a case of polyphyly and taxonomic myopia. Journal of Crustacean Biology 21 (1): 106–156.

[KM17] Korshunova, T., A. Martynov, T. Bakken, J. Evertsen, K. Fletcher, I. W. Mudianta, H. Saito, K. Lundin, M. Schrödl & B. Picton. 2017. Polyphyly of the traditional family Flabellinidae affects a major group of Nudibranchia: aeolidacean taxonomic reassessment with descriptions of several new families, genera, and species (Mollusca, Gastropoda). ZooKeys 717: 1–139.

[N79] Norman, A. M. 1879. The Mollusca of the fiords near Bergen, Norway. Journal of Conchology 2: 8–77.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[R95] Rudman, W. B. 1995. The Chromodorididae (Opisthobranchia: Mollusca) of the Indo-West Pacific: further species from New Caledonia and the Noumea romeri colour group. Molluscan Research 16: 1–43.

[R64] Russell, H. D. 1964. New England nudibranch notes. Nautilus 78 (2): 37–42.

[V02] Valdés, Á. 2002. A phylogenetic analysis and systematic revision of the cryptobranch dorids (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Anthobranchia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 535–636.

Last updated: 28 August 2021.

Glycymeris

Small dog-cockle Glycymeris modesta, photographed by Graham Bould.

Belongs within: Limopsoidea.

Glycymeris, the dog-cockles, are a group of bivalves found lying unattached on the substrate in shallow seabeds. They have a subcircular to subquadrate shell with a smooth or costate surface and internally fluted ventral margins.

<==Glycymeris da Costa 1778 [Glycymeridinae] DK10
    |--G. (Glycymeris) KS02
    |    |--*G. (G.) orbicularis (da Costa 1778) [=Arca orbicularis] KS02
    |    `--G. (G.) siliqua [=Mya (G.) siliqua] G20
    |--G. (Glycymerita Finlay & Marwick 1937) KS02
    |    |--G. (*G.) concava Marshall 1917 KS02
    |    |--G. (G.) gigantica Kanjilal & Srinivasan 2002 KS02
    |    `--G. (G.) selwynensis Woods 1917 F27a, S98
    |--G. (Glycymerula Finlay & Marwick 1937) P61
    |    `--G. (*G.) modesta (Angas 1879) P61
    `--G. (Grandaxinea Iredale 1931) P61
         |--G. (*G.) magnificens P61
         `--G. (G.) laticostata (Quoy & Gaimard 1835) P61

Glycymeris incertae sedis:
  G. arabica (Adams 1870) BD86
  G. cainozoica (Tenison Woods 1877) [=Cucullaea cainoizoica] DK10
  G. capricornea Hedley 1906 H09
  G. cardiiformis (Angas 1879) [=Pectunculus cardiiformis] H09
  G. corteziana B56
  G. crebriliratus (Sowerby 1886) [=Pectunculus crebriliratus] H09
  G. fringilla (Angas 1872) [=Axinaea fringilla] H09
  G. generosa [incl. Mya abrupta, Panopaea faujasii] C64
  G. glycymeris M96
  G. halli F27b
    |--G. h. halli F27b
    `--G. h. mistio Finlay 1927 (see below for synonymy) F27b
  G. hedleyi (Lamy 1912) MG-H11
  G. holosericus GW02
  G. huttoni Marwick 1923 [=Pectunculus globosus Hutton 1873 non Sowerby 1850] F27b
  G. insubrica GW02 [incl. G. violascescens PP64]
  G. intermedia (Broderip 1832) [=Pectunculus intermedius] F27b
  G. maccoyi Q72
  G. martini Finlay 1927 [=Axinaea orbicularis Martin 1887 non Arca orbicularis da Costa 1778] F27b
  G. pectunculus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Arca pectunculus] H09
  G. radians M54
  G. queenslandica Hedley 1906 H09
  G. striatularis (Lamarck 1819) MG-H11 (see below for synonymy)
  G. tenuicostatus (Reeve 1843) [=Pectunculus tenuicostatus] H09
  G. vitreus (Lamarck 1819) [=Pectunculus vitreus] H09
  G. waipipiensis W27
  G. yessoensis (Sowerby 1889) XZ10

Glycymeris halli mistio Finlay 1927 [=G. halli var. intermedia Pritchard 1903 non Pectunculus intermedius Broderip 1832] F27b

Glycymeris striatularis (Lamarck 1819) MG-H11 [incl. Pectunculus obliquus Reeve 1843 nec Defrance 1826 nec Lea 1833 nec Munster 1835 F27b]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BD86] Barash, A., & Z. Danin. 1986. Further additions to the knowledge of Indo-Pacific Mollusca in the Mediterranean Sea (Lessepsian migrants). Spixiana 9 (2): 117–141.

[B56] Berry, S. S. 1956. Mollusca dredged by the Orca off the Santa Barbara Islands, California, in 1951. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (5): 150–157.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[DK10] Darragh, T. A., & G. W. Kendrick. 2010. Eocene molluscs from the Merlinleigh Sandstone, Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 26 (1): 23–41.

[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[GW02] Giribet, G., & W. Wheeler. 2002. On bivalve phylogeny: a high-level analysis of the Bivalvia (Mollusca) based on combined morphology and DNA sequence data. Invertebrate Biology 121 (4): 271–324.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[KS02] Kanjilal, S., & M. S. Srinivasan. 2002. New bivalves from the Miocene of Little Andaman Island, Bay of Bengal. Journal of the Geological Society of India 60: 527–536.

[M54] Macpherson, J. H. 1954. Molluscs (sea shells and snails). In: Willis, J. M. (ed.) The Archipelago of the Recherche pp. 55–63. Australian Geographical Society: Melbourne.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[M96] Morton, B. 1996. The evolutionary history of the Bivalvia. In: Taylor, J. D. (ed.) Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca pp. 337–359. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[Q72] Quilty, P. G. 1972. The biostratigraphy of the Tasmanian marine Tertiary. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 106: 25–44.

[S98] Stilwell, J. D. 1998. Late Cretaceous Mollusca from the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. Alcheringa 22 (1): 29–85.

[W27] Waghorn, R. J. 1927. The geology of the Ruakokopatuna Valley, southern Wairarapa. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 226–234.

[XZ10] Xu, F., & J. Zhang. 2010. Study on the bivalve faunal composition of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 7–12. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Last updated: 9 November 2021.

Malleidae

Hammer clam Malleus malleus with attached thorny oyster Spondylus sp., from here.

Belongs within: Pterioida.

The Malleidae, hammer clams, are a group of subequivalve or inequivalve bivalves with irregularly-shaped shells.

Characters (from Cox et al. 1969): Shell subequivalve or inequivalve, irregular in form but not cemented by either valve, with or without byssus; valve margins commonly gaping or irregularly notched posteriorly; ligamental area trianglar, internal to external, partly or almost wholly occupied by median triangular pit; mostly monomyarian in adult stage; inner ostracum nacreous.

<==Malleidae [Vulsellidae]
    |--Vulsella Röding 1798 DK08
    |    |--V. laevigata Tate 1886 DK08
    |    |--V. spongiarium M54
    |    `--V. vulsella (Linne 1758) [=Mya vulsella] H09
    `--Malleus MG-H11
         |--M. albus Lamarck 1819 MG-H11
         |--M. legumen Reeve 1858 H09
         |--M. malleus (Linne 1758) [=Ostrea malleus] H09
         |--M. meridianus M54
         `--M. regula (Forsskål 1775) MG-H11

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Cox, L. R., N. D. Newell et al. 1969. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt N. Bivalvia vol. 1. The Geological Society of America, Inc. and The University of Kansas.

[DK08] Darragh, T. A., & G. W. Kendrick. 2008. Silicified Eocene molluscs from the Lower Murchison district, Southern Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (3): 217–246.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[M54] Macpherson, J. H. 1954. Molluscs (sea shells and snails). In: Willis, J. M. (ed.) The Archipelago of the Recherche pp. 55–63. Australian Geographical Society: Melbourne.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

Meconopsis

Blue poppy Meconopsis grandis, copyright Kenpei.

Belongs within: Papaveraceae.

Meconopsis is a genus of large-flowered herbs found primarily in the Sino-Himalayan region.

Characters (from Flora of China): Herbs, monocarpic or perennial, yellow lactiferous. Taproot distinct in monocarpic species, plump, extended or napiform thickened, accompanied by fibrous roots, or fibrous. Stems, when present, branched or not, bristly, setose, pubescent, or glabrous. Leaves cauline and basal or all basal and forming a rosette; rosette leaves persistent in winter or dying away to a resting bud or buds; blade entire, serrate, or pinnatifid to pinnate, glabrous to bristly; basal leaves and lower cauline leaves usually petiolate; upper cauline leaves shortly petiolate or sessile, sometimes amplexicaul. Inflorescence a raceme, panicle, or pseudoumbel, with uppermost flower opening first, or flowers solitary, then often on basal scapes. Flowers large, often bowl- or saucer-shaped. Sepals 2, very rarely 3 or 4 in terminal flowers, caducous. Petals 4-10, occasionally more, blue, purple, pink, red, or yellow, rarely white. Stamens numerous; filaments mostly linear, rarely dilated in lower part. Ovary nearly spherical, ovoid, or obovoid to narrowly terete, 1-loculed, with 3 or more carpels, containing numerous ovules; styles distinct, usually short, sometimes almost absent, regularly stout or basally expanding into a disk covering top of ovary; stigmas free or united, capitate or clavate. Capsule nearly spherical, ovoid, obovoid, or elliptic to cylindrical, spiny, setose, pubescent, or glabrous, 3-12(-18)-valvate; segments slightly lobed or divided to 1/3 length or more from apex to base. Seeds many, ovoid, reniform, falcate-oblong, or oblong, smooth or longitudinally concave, without a caruncle.

<==Meconopsis
    |--M. bella O88
    |--M. dhwojii O88
    |--M. discigera O88
    |--M. gracilipes O88
    |--M. grandis O88
    |--M. horridula O88
    |--M. lyrata O88
    |--M. napaulensis O88
    |--M. paniculata O88
    |--M. regia O88
    |--M. simplicifolia O88
    `--M. taylorii O88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

Corydalis

Fumewort Corydalis solida, copyright Bernd Haynold.

Belongs within: Papaveraceae.

Corydalis is a genus of soft-leaved herbs found primarily in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

Characters (from Flora of China): Herbs, annual, biennial, or perennial, soft, juicy, usually glabrous. Leaves usually alternate, pinnately or ternately divided. Inflorescence a simple bracteate raceme (occasionally compound with cymose or racemose partial inflorescences). Flowers blue, purple, orange, yellow, or white. Sepals petaloid, usually dentate. Corolla zygomorphic; upper petal spurred. Stamens 2 (i.e., filaments of each triplet completely fused); median upper stamen with a nectariferous appendage at base frequently fused to spur for a shorter or longer portion. Stigma variable. Fruit a usually many-seeded capsule with persistent style. Seeds black, usually with whitish elaiosomes.

<==Corydalis
    |--C. alburyi O88
    |--C. ambigua T03
    |--C. cashmeriana O88
    |--C. casimiriana O88
    |--C. chaerophylla O88
    |--C. chasmophila O88
    |--C. clavibracteata O88
    |--C. elegans O88
    |--C. flaccida O88
    |--C. gerdae O88
    |--C. govaniana O88
    |--C. hamata O88
    |--C. hendersonii O88
    |--C. hookeri O88
    |--C. juncea O88
    |--C. lathyroides O88
    |--C. latiflora O88
    |--C. longipes O88
    |--C. lutea C55
    |--C. megacalyx O88
    |--C. meifolia O88
    |    |--C. m. var. meifolia O88
    |    `--C. m. var. sikkimensis O88
    |--C. nana O88
    |--C. pachypoda O88
    |--C. polygalina O88
    |--C. pseudojuncea O88
    |--C. solida C55
    |--C. staintonii O88
    |--C. stricta O88
    |--C. sykesii O88
    `--C. trifoliata O88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[T03] Tsurusaki, N. 2003. Phenology and biology of harvestmen in and near Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan, with some taxonomical notes on Nelima suzukii n. sp. and allies (Arachnida: Opiliones). Acta Arachnologica 52: 5–24.

Aconitum

Monk's-hood Aconitum napellus, copyright Bernd Haynold.

Belongs within: Ranunculaceae.

Aconitum, the aconites, is a diverse genus of often highly toxic herbs found in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

Characters (from Flora of China): Herbs perennial or pseudoannual, rarely annual, with taproots or 2 to several caudices. Stem erect or twining. Leaves simple or compound, cauline ones alternate, sometimes all basal, palmately divided, rarely undivided. Inflorescence usually racemose. Pedicel with 2 bracteoles. Flowers bisexual, zygomorphic. Sepals 5, petaloid, purple, blue, or yellow; lower sepals 2, narrowly lanceolate or oblong, small; lateral sepals 2, suborbicular; upper sepal falcate, navicular, galeate to cylindric. Petals 2, clawed; limb usually with lip and spur, secretory tissue usually at limb apex, rarely abaxial. Staminodes usually absent. Stamens numerous; anthers ellipsoid-globose. Carpels 3–5(–13); style short, persistent.

<==Aconitum
    |--A. alpino-nepalense O88
    |--A. amplexicaule O88
    |--A. angulatum O88
    |--A. anthora C55
    |--A. bhutanicum Kadota 1988 K88
    |--A. coreanum WB03
    |--A. dhwojii O88
    |--A. gammiei O88
    |--A. gymnandrum K88
    |--A. heterophylloides O88
    |    |--A. h. var. heterophylloides O88
    |    `--A. h. var. leucanthum O88
    |--A. heterophyllum K88
    |--A. hookeri O88
    |--A. japonicum K88
    |--A. laciniatum O88
    |--A. napellus C55
    |--A. naviculare O88
    |    |--A. n. var. naviculare O88
    |    `--A. n. var. leiocarpum O88
    |--A. nepalense O88
    |--A. novoluridum O88
    |--A. orochryseum O88
    |--A. pulchellum O88
    |--A. rotundifolium Kar. & Kir. 1842 (see below for synonymy) K88
    |--A. senanense K88
    |--A. spicatum O88
    |--A. staintonii O88
    |--A. tamuranum O88
    |--A. tanguticum (Maximowicz) Stapf 1905 (see below for synonymy) K88
    `--A. violaceum O88

Aconitum rotundifolium Kar. & Kir. 1842 [=A. napellus var. rotundifolium (Kar. & Kir.) Hooker & Thoms. 1872; incl. A. rotundifolium ssp. iliense Worosch. 1945, A. rotundifolium var. obtusilobum Tamura 1960, A. tianshanicum Ost. Sacken & Ruprecht 1896] K88

Aconitum tanguticum (Maximowicz) Stapf 1905 [=A. rotundifolium var. tanguticum Maximowicz 1889; incl. A. popovii Steinb. & Schisch. ex Sipliv. 1974, A. tanguticum var. trichocarpum Hand.-Mazz. 1939] K88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[K88] Kadota, Y. 1988. Aconitum bhutanicum (Ranunculaceae), a new species from Bhutan. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 211–216.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[WB03] Wang, Q.-M., F.-Y. Bai, J.-H. Zhao & J.-H. Jia. 2003. Bensingtonia changbaiensis sp. nov. and Bensingtonia sorbi sp. nov., novel ballistoconidium-forming yeast species from plant leaves. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 2085–2089.