Lalage leucomela

Varied triller Lalage leucomela rufiventris, photographed by Lip Kee Yap.

Belongs within: Lalage.

Lalageleucomela, the varied triller, is a species of inconspicuous insectivorous bird found in woodlands in New Guinea and northern and eastern Australia. They forage among foliage in pairs or small parties (Morcombe 2003).

Characters (from Morcombe 2003): Male with crown to back glossy black; prominent white brow line; black eye line; white shoulder bar; lower back and rump grey; tail black, tipped white; breast pale grey to buff, may or may not be barred; belly to vent cinnamon-tinted. Female much as for male, except brown in place of black, underparts barred; juvenile as for female, but flecked buff above, with darker barring and streaking of underparts. Contact calls given almost continuously while foraging: call a rolling, swelling and fading, mellow rattling, rising and strengthening for several seconds, 'trrrreee-', then falling '-iurr', giving an undulating 'trrreee-iurr, trrreee-iurr, trrreee-iurr'.

<==Lalage leucomela (Vigors & Horsfield 1827) [=Campephaga leucomela] WS48
    |--L. l. leucomela L03
    |--L. l. albidior Hartert 1924 [=L. karu albidior] L03
    |--L. l. conjuncta Rothschild & Hartert 1924 L03
    |--L. l. falsa Hartert 1925 [=L. karu falsa] L03
    |--L. l. keyensis Rothschild & Hartert 1917 [=L. karu keyensis] L03
    |--L. l. obscurior Rothschild & Hartert 1917 [=L. karu obscurior] L03
    |--L. l. pallescens Rothschild & Hartert 1917 [=L. karu pallescens] L03
    |--L. l. rufiventris (Gray 1846) L03 (see below for synonymy)
    |--L. l. tabarensis Mayr 1955 L03
    |--L. l. triobriandi Mayr 1936 [=L. karu triobriandi] L03
    `--L. l. yorki Mathews 1912 L03

Lalage leucomela rufiventris (Gray 1846) L03 [=Campephaga rufiventris WS48; incl. L. l. gouldi Mathews 1912 L03, L. l. macrura M03]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[L03] LeCroy, M. 2003. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 5. Passeriformes: Alaudidae, Hirundinidae, Motacillidae, Campephagidae, Pycnonotidae, Irenidae, Laniidae, Vangidae, Bombycillidae, Dulidae, Cinclidae, Troglodytidae, and Mimidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 278: 1-156.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds, 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M. & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1-126.

Manorina

Yellow-throated miners Manorina flavigula, photographed by Peter Strauss.

Belongs within: Meliphagidae.

Manorina, the miners, is a genus of stocky, mostly insectivorous birds found in Australia. Members of the genus have broad rounded wings, a yellow to red triangular patch of bare skin behind the eye, and yellow, slightly downcurved bills. The widespread yellow-throated miner M. flavigula is predominantly grey with yellow edges on the wing feathers and a black patch around the lower part of the eye.

<==Manorina Vieillot 1818 [Manorinidae] B94
    |  i. s.: M. melanotis JT12
    |--M. melanophrys JT12
    `--+--M. flavigula JT12
       |    |--M. f. flavigula M03
       |    |--M. f. lutea M03
       |    |--M. f. melvillensis M03
       |    |--M. f. obscura M03
       |    `--M. f. wayensis M03
       `--M. melanocephala (Latham 1802) JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
            |--M. m. melanocephala M03
            `--M. m. crassirostris M03

Manorina melanocephala (Latham 1802) JT12, CC10 [=Gracula melanocephala CC10; incl. Merops garrulus Latham 1802 CC10, Myzantha garrula CC10]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

Last updated: 24 July 2019.

Malurus

Male (left) and female superb fairy-wren Malurus cyaneus, photographed by Krysia.

Belongs within: Meliphagoidea.

Malurus, the fairy wrens, is a genus of small, short-winged but strong-legged insectivorous birds found in Australia and New Guinea. Species of this genus have long, narrow tails that are often held cocked upwards; males in breeding plumage are often brightly coloured. For instance, breeding males of the splendid fairy wren M. splendens are predominantly bright blue with black stripes on the side of the head and across the breast; females and non-breeding males are mostly brown with blue coloration restricted to the tail and (in males) wings.

<==Malurus Vieillot 1816 B94
    |  i. s.: M. alboscapulatus JT12
    |         M. campbelli JT12
    |         M. cyanocephalus JT12
    |         M. grayi JT12
    |         M. leuconotus Gould 1865 WS48 (see below for synonymy)
    |--+--M. leucopterus Dumont 1824 JT12, WS48 [incl. M. edouardi Campbell 1901 WS48, M. leucopterus edouardi M03]
    |  `--M. melanocephalus (Latham 1801) JT12, WS48 [=Muscicapa melanocephala WS48; incl. Sylvia dorsalis R87]
    |       |--M. m. melanocephalus WS48
    |       `--M. m. cruentatus Gould 1839 [incl. M. cruentatus boweri Ramsay 1886] WS48
    `--+--+--M. coronatus Gould 1857 JT12, WS48
       |  |    |--M. c. coronatus [incl. Rosina coronata rogersiana Mathews 1912] WS48
       |  |    `--M. c. macgillivrayi M03
       |  `--+--M. cyaneus JT12
       |     |    |--M. c. cyaneus CC10
       |     |    |--M. c. ashbyi M03
       |     |    |--M. c. cyanochlamys Sharpe 1881 CC10
       |     |    |--M. c. elizabethae M03
       |     |    |--M. c. leggei M03
       |     |    `--M. c. samueli M03
       |     `--M. splendens (Quoy & Gaimard 1830) JT12, WS48 [=Saxicola splendens WS48]
       |          |--M. s. splendens [incl. M. pectoralis Gould 1833 (preoc.), M. splendens perthi Mathews 1922] WS48
       |          |--M. s. callainus SJ85
       |          |--M. s. emmotorum M03
       |          |--M. s. melanotus M03
       |          |--M. s. musgravi M03
       |          `--M. s. riordani Mathews 1912 [incl. M. splendens aridus Mack 1934] WS48
       `--+--M. elegans Gould 1837 (nom. cons.) JT12, WS48 [incl. Leggeornis elegans warreni Mathews 1916 WS48]
          `--+--M. pulcherrimus Gould 1844 BKB15, WS48 [incl. M. pulcherrimus stirlingi Mathews 1913 WS48]
             `--+--M. amabilis Gould 1850 JT12, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
                `--M. lamberti Vigors & Horsfield 1827 JT12, WS48
                     |--M. l. lamberti WS48
                     |--M. l. assimilis M03
                     |--M. l. bernieri Ogilvie-Grant 1909 WS48
                     |--M. l. dulcis M03
                     `--M. l. mastersi Mathews 1912 (see below for synonymy) WS48

Malurus amabilis Gould 1850 JT12, WS48 [incl. M. amabilis rogersi Mathews 1912 WS48, M. lamberti rogersi M03]

Malurus lamberti mastersi Mathews 1912 [incl. Leggornis lamberti hartogi Mathews 1918, M. lamberti occidentalis Mathews 1912] WS48

Malurus leuconotus Gould 1865 WS48 [=M. leucopterus leuconotus M03; incl. M. cyanotus exsul Mathews 1912 WS48, M. leuconotus perplexus Mathews 1912 WS48, Hallornis leuconotus wongani Mathews 1922 WS48]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[R87] Ramsay, E. P. 1887. List of Western Australian birds collected by Mr. Cairn, and Mr. W. H. Boyer-Bower, at Derby and its vicinity, with remarks on the species. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1085–1100.

[SJ85] Storr, G. M., & R. E. Johnstone. 1985. Field Guide to the Birds of Western Australia 2^nd ed. Western Australian Museum: Perth (Australia).

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Last updated: 24 July 2019.

Napora

Napora bukryi, from Radworld.

Belongs within: Nassellaria.

Napora is a genus of radiolarians known from the Lower Jurassic to the Upper Cretaceous. Members of this genus have a verticil of three spines or spinules as extensions of the three blades (Dumitrica & Zügel 2003).

Napora Pessagno 1977 [incl. Jacus de Wever 1982] DZ03
    |--*N. bukryi Pessagno 1977 DZ03
    |--N. aranea Dumitrica & Zügel 2003 DZ03
    |--N. avirostrum Dumitrica & Zügel 2003 DZ03
    |--N. bondoca Dumitrica & Zügel 2003 DZ03
    |--N. boneti Pessagno, Whalen & Yeh 1986 DZ03
    |--N. buckhardti Pessagno, Whalen & Yeh 1986 DZ03
    |--N. collieri Hull 1997 DZ03
    |--‘*Jacus’ coronatus de Wever 1982 DZ03
    |--N. cristata Dumitrica & Zügel 2003 DZ03
    |--N. cruda Yang 1993 DZ03
    |--N. divaricata Dumitrica & Zügel 2003 DZ03
    |--N. latissima Takemura 1986 DZ03
    |--N. lomoalta Hull 1997 DZ03
    |--N. matsuokai Dumitrica & Zügel 2003 DZ03
    |--N. modesta Dumitrica & Zügel 2003 DZ03
    |--N. pacifica Kiessling 1999 DZ03
    |--N. parva Takemura 1986 DZ03
    |--N. praespinifera Pessagno 1977 DZ03
    |--N. pyramis Dumitrica & Zügel 2003 DZ03
    |--N. schaudibergensis Dumitrica & Zügel 2003 DZ03
    |--N. spinifera DZ03
    |--N. timida Dumitrica & Zügel 2003 DZ03
    `--N. triangularis Dumitrica & Zügel 2003 DZ03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[DZ03] Dumitrica, P., & P. Zügel. 2003. Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5-72.

Dicaeum

Grey-sided flowerpecker Dicaeum celebicum celebicum, photographed by Lip Kee Yap.

Belongs within: Nectariniidae.

Dicaeum is a genus of flowerpeckers found in southern Asia and Australasia. Most species are brightly coloured, with short, slightly down-curved bills and tubular tongues, and feed on fruit, nectar and small insects.

Characters (from Cheke et al. 2001): Bill short and triangular, of variable thickness and curvature, with finely serrated edges; nostrils exposed, but partly covered by a membrane; rictal bristles short. Wing usually with outermost primary short.

Dicaeum Cuvier 1817 B94
    |--+--D. chrysorrheum JT12
    |  `--+--D. melanoxanthum JT12
    |     `--+--D. agile JT12
    |        `--D. everetti JT12
    `--+--D. olivaceum Walden 1875 S89 (see below for synonymy)
       `--+--D. hypoleucum JT12
          `--+--+--+--D. anthonyi JT12
             |  |  `--D. bicolor JT12
             |  `--+--D. australe JT12
             |     `--D. trigonostigma (Scopoli 1786) JT12, W66 [=Certhia trigonostigma W66]
             `--+--D. aureolimbatum JT12
                |    |--D. a. aureolimbatum R02
                |    `--D. a. laterale R02
                `--+--D. nigrilore JT12
                   `--+--+--+--D. concolor JT12
                      |  |  `--D. pygmaeum JT12
                      |  `--+--D. tristrami JT12
                      |     `--+--D. sanguinolentum JT12
                      |        `--+--D. cruentatum (Linné 1766) JT12, W66 (see below for synonymy)
                      |           `--D. igniferum JT12
                      `--+--D. monticolum JT12
                         `--+--+--D. celebicum JT12
                            |  |    |--D. c. celebicum R02
                            |  |    `--D. c. sanghirense R02
                            |  `--D. ignipectus JT12
                            `--+--+--D. aeneum JT12
                               |  `--D. eximium JT12
                               `--+--D. hirundinaceum (Shaw 1792) JT12, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
                                  `--+--D. geelvinkianum JT12
                                     `--D. pectorale JT12

Dicaeum incertae sedis:
  D. aeruginosum JT12
  D. annae JT12
  D. erythrorhynchos JT12
  D. erythrothorax JT12
  D. haematostictum JT12
  D. maugei JT12
  D. nehrkorni JT12
  D. nitidum JT12
  D. proprium JT12
  D. quadricolor JT12
  D. retrocinctum JT12
  D. trochileum JT12
  D. vincens JT12
  D. vulneratum JT12

Dicaeum cruentatum (Linné 1766) JT12, W66 [=Certhia cruentata W66; incl. C. coccinea Scopoli 1786 W66]

Dicaeum hirundinaceum (Shaw 1792) JT12, WS48 [=Motacilla hirundinacea WS48; incl. D. hirundinaceum tormenti Mathews 1912 WS48]

Dicaeum olivaceum Walden 1875 S89 [=Prionochilus olivaceus JT12; incl. D. inornatum Sharpe 1885 S89, D. virescens S89]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

Cheke, R. A., C. F. Mann & R. Allen. 2001. Sunbirds: A Guide to the Sunbirds, Flowerpeckers, Spiderhunters and Sugarbirds of the World. A & C Black Publishers.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444-448.

[R02] Riley, J. 2002. Population sizes and the status of endemic and restricted-range bird species on Sangihe Island, Indonesia. Bird Conservation International 12: 53-78.

[S89] Salvadori, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea nella Birmania e nelle regioni vicine. XIX. – Uccelli raccolti nei Monti Carin a nord-est di Tounghoo, nel Pegù presso Rangoon e Tounghoo e nel Tenasserim presso Malewoon. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 369-438.

[W66] Walden, A. 1866. Notes on birds collected in Tennasserim and in the Andaman Islands. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 537-556.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M. & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1-126.

Estrildidae

Red-backed mannikin Lonchura nigriceps, copyright Alan Mason.

Belongs within: Passerida.
Contains: Poephilinae, Lonchura, Erythrura, Lagonosticta, Estrilda.

The Estrildidae, the waxbills, are a family of small, gregarious finch-like birds with small, stout, pointed bills and short rounded wings found in Africa, southern Asia and Australasia. Many waxbills are brightly coloured, and this family includes many of the 'finches' of the aviary trade. The phylogenetic analyses by Burleigh et al. (2015) and Jetz et al. (2012) support a basal African clade including the green-backed twinspot Mandingoa nitidula and the crimsonwings Cryptospiza. Other members of the family include the Australian firetails of the genus Stagonopleura, characterised by a red bill, brown upperparts with a bright red rump, and barred underparts.

<==Estrildidae [Astrildidae, Estreldidae, Estrildinae, Lonchurinae]
    |  i. s.: Oreostruthus fuliginosus JT12
    |         Lemuresthes nana JF06
    |--+--Mandingoa nitidula BKB15
    |  `--Cryptospiza Salvadori 1884 JT12, B94 [Cryptospizinae]
    |       |--C. jacksoni JT12
    |       |--C. reichenovii JT12
    |       `--C. salvadorii JT12
    `--+--+--Poephilinae BKB15
       |  `--+--+--Odontospiza BKB15
       |     |  |    |--O. caniceps [=Lonchura caniceps] JF06
       |     |  |    `--O. griseicapilla BKB15 [=Lonchura griseicapilla JT12]
       |     |  `--Spermestes Swainson 1837 BKB15, B94
       |     |       |--S. cucullatus BKB15 [=Lonchura cucullata JF06]
       |     |       |    |--S. c. cucullatus L81
       |     |       |    `--‘Lonchura cucullata’ scutata L81
       |     |       `--+--S. fringilloides BKB15 [=Lonchura fringilloides JF06]
       |     |          `--+--S. bicolor BKB15 [=Lonchura bicolor JF06]
       |     |             `--‘Lonchura’ nigriceps JT12
       |     `--+--Lonchura BKB15
       |        `--+--Euodice BKB15
       |           |    |--E. cantans BKB15 [=Lonchura malabarica cantans JF06, L81]
       |           |    `--E. malabarica BKB15 [=Lonchura malabarica JF06]
       |           `--Stagonopleura BKB15
       |                |--S. bella (Latham 1802) [=Loxia bella, Zonaeginthus bellus] CC10
       |                |    |--S. b. bella CC10
       |                |    `--S. b. samueli (Mathews 1912) [=Zonaeginthus bellus samueli] CC10
       |                |--S. guttata (Shaw 1796) [=Loxia guttata, Steganopleura (l. c.) guttata] CC10
       |                `--S. oculata JT12
       `--+--+--Chloebia gouldiae JF06
          |  `--Erythrura BKB15
          `--+--+--+--+--‘Lagonosticta’ sanguinodorsalis BKB15
             |  |  |  `--Ortygospiza BKB15
             |  |  |       |--O. atricollis JT12
             |  |  |       |--O. fuscocrissa JT12
             |  |  |       |--O. gabonensis JT12
             |  |  |       `--O. locustella JT12
             |  |  `--+--‘Pytilia’ melba BKB15
             |  |     `--+--Euschistospiza Wolters 1943 BKB15, B94 (see below for synonymy)
             |  |        |    `--E. cinereovinacea JT12
             |  |        `--Hypargos BKB15
             |  |             |--H. margaritatus JT12
             |  |             `--H. niveoguttatus JT12
             |  `--+--Lagonosticta BKB15
             |     `--+--Pyrenestes Swainson 1837 BKB15, B94 [Pyrenestinae]
             |        |    |--P. minor JT12
             |        |    `--P. sanguineus JT12
             |        |--Granatina Sharpe 1890 BKB15, B94
             |        |    `--G. granatina BKB15 [=Uraeginthus granatinus JF06]
             |        `--+--Uraeginthus Cabanis 1851 JT12, B94
             |           |    |--U. angolensis JT12
             |           |    |    |--U. a. angolensis L81
             |           |    |    `--U. a. niassensis L81
             |           |    `--+--U. bengalus JT12
             |           |       `--U. cyanocephalus JT12
             |           `--+--‘Pyrenestes’ ostrinus BKB15
             |              `--+--Spermophaga BKB15
             |                 |    |--S. haematina JT12
             |                 |    |--S. poliogenys JT12
             |                 |    `--S. ruficapilla JT12
             |                 `--Pytilia Swainson 1837 JT12, B94 [Pytiliidae, Pytiliinae]
             |                      |--P. afra BKB15
             |                      `--+--P. lineata BKB15
             |                         `--+--P. hypogrammica BKB15
             |                            `--P. phoenicoptera JT12
             `--+--Heteromunia Mathews 1913 BKB15, B94 [Heteromuniinae]
                |    `--H. pectoralis (Gould 1840) BKB15, WS48 [=Amadina pectoralis WS48, Lonchura pectoralis WS48]
                `--+--Sporaeginthus formosus BKB15
                   |--+--Amadina Swainson 1827 BKB15, B94 [Amadininae]
                   |  |    |--A. cucullata D66
                   |  |    |--A. erythrocephala JT12
                   |  |    |--A. fasciata JT12
                   |  |    |--A. lathami B66
                   |  |    `--A. modesta R87
                   |  `--+--‘Euschistospiza’ dybowskii BKB15
                   |     `--+--Sporaeginthus subflavus BKB15
                   |        `--Amandava Blyth 1836 BKB15, B94 [Amandavinae]
                   |             |--A. formosa JT12
                   |             `--+--A. amandava JT12
                   |                |    |--A. a. amandava L81
                   |                |    `--A. a. punicea L81
                   |                `--A. subflava JT12
                   `--+--Nigrita BKB15
                      |    |  i. s.: N. fusconotus JT12
                      |    |         N. luteifrons JT12
                      |    |--N. canicapillus JT12
                      |    `--+--N. bicolor JT12
                      |       `--Parmoptila JT12
                      |            |--P. jamesoni JT12
                      |            |--P. rubrifrons JT12 [=Pholidornis rubrifrons SPS03]
                      |            `--P. woodhousei JT12
                      `--+--+--‘Nesocharis’ capistata BKB15
                         |  `--Estrilda BKB15
                         `--+--+--Coccopygia melanotis BKB15 [=Estrilda melanotis JF06]
                            |  `--‘Cryptospiza’ shelleyi BKB15
                            `--+--Coccopygia quartinia BKB15 [=Estrilda quartinia JF06]
                               `--Nesocharis BKB15
                                    |--N. ansorgei JT12
                                    `--N. shelleyi JT12

Euschistospiza Wolters 1943 BKB15, B94 [incl. Didymosticta Steiner 1960 (n. n.) B94; Didymostictinae]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B66] Bartlett, A. D. 1866. Notes on the breeding of several species of birds in the Society's gardens during the year 1865. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 76–79.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[D66] Dohrn, H. 1866. Synopsis of the birds of Ilha do Principe, with some remarks on their habits and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 324–332.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[JF06] Jønsson, K. A., & J. Fjeldså. 2006. A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds. Zoologica Scripta 35: 149–186.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

[R87] Ramsay, E. P. 1887. Descriptions of Australian birds' eggs. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1141–1152, pl. 19.

[SPS03] Sefc, K. M., R. B. Payne & M. D. Sorenson. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships of African sunbird-like warblers: Moho (Hyperergus atriceps), green hylia (Hylia prasina) and tit-hylia (Pholidornis rushiae). Ostrich 74: 8–17.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Last updated: 9 July 2019.

Cracticidae

Pied butcherbird Cracticus nigrogularis, photographed by Michael Schmid.

Belongs within: Corvides.

The Cracticidae include the butcherbirds and currawongs, relatively large omnivorous passerines found in Australia and New Guinea. Cracticids are often strikingly coloured, and are noted for their songs. The currawongs of the genus Strepera are generally larger and more elongate in body form than other members of the family.

Characters (from the Internet Bird Collection): Medium-sized to large passerines, most with longish wings, long tail, long and generally stout bill with hooked tip, ground-foraging species short-tailed; plumage black and white, sometimes with grey.

Cracticidae [Cracticinae, Streperidae] JT12
    |--Strepera Lesson 1831 JT12, B94 [Streperinae]
    |    |--S. cuneicaudata B08
    |    |--S. fuliginosa JT12
    |    |--S. graculina JT12
    |    |    |--S. g. graculina [incl. S. g. nebulosa, S. g. robinsoni] M03
    |    |    |--S. g. crissalis M03
    |    |    `--S. g. magnirostris M03
    |    `--S. versicolor (Latham 1801) [=Corvus versicolor] WS48
    |         |--S. v. versicolor WS48
    |         |--S. v. arguta M03
    |         |--S. v. halmaturina M03
    |         |--S. v. intermedia M03
    |         |--S. v. melanoptera M03
    |         `--S. v. plumbea Gould 1846 WS48
    `--+--Gymnorhina Gray 1840 BKB15, CC10 [Gymnorhininae]
       |    |--*G. tibicen (Latham 1802) CC10 [=Coracias tibicen CC10, Cracticus tibicen CC10]
       |    |    |--G. t. tibicen [incl. G. t. terraereginae] M03
       |    |    |--G. t. eylandtensis M03
       |    |    |--G. t. hypoleuca (Gould 1837) [=Cracticus hypoleucus] CC10
       |    |    |--G. t. leuconota Gould 1844 M03, CC10
       |    |    `--G. t. longirostris Milligan 1903 WS48
       |    `--G. dorsalis Campbell 1894 WS48 [=G. tibicen dorsalis M03, Cracticus tibicen dorsalis SJ85]
       `--Cracticus Vieillot 1816 BKB15, B94 [incl. Barita Cuvier 1816 B94; Baritidae, Baritinae]
            |--C. cassicus JT12
            |--‘Barita’ destructor B66
            |--C. louisiadensis JT12
            |--C. mentalis JT12
            |--C. nigrogularis (Gould 1837) WS48 (see below for synonymy)
            |--C. quoyi BKB15
            |    |--C. q. quoyi M03
            |    |--C. q. alecto M03
            |    |--C. q. jardini M03
            |    |--C. q. rufescens M03
            |    `--C. q. spaldingi M03
            |--C. robustus R87
            `--C. torquatus (Latham 1801) [=Lanius torquatus] WS48
                 |--C. t. torquatus WS48
                 |--C. t. argenteus Gould 1840 WS48
                 |--C. t. cinereus M03
                 |--C. t. colletti M03
                 |--C. t. latens Ford 1979 PCC13
                 `--C. t. leucopterus Gould 1848 WS48

Cracticus nigrogularis (Gould 1837) WS48 [=Vanga nigrogularis WS48; incl. C. nigrogularis coongani Mathews 1923 WS48, C. nigrogularis kalgoorli Mathews 1912 WS48, C. nigrogularis picatus M03, C. nigrogularis tormenti Mathews 1912 WS48]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B66] Bartlett, A. D. 1866. Notes on the breeding of several species of birds in the Society's gardens during the year 1865. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 76–79.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[B08] Brittlebank, C. C. 1908. The life-history of Loranthus exocarpi Behr. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 650–656, pls 15–20.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[PCC13] Pearson, D. J., M. A. Cowan & W. Caton. 2013. The avifauna of larger islands along the Kimberley coast, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 125–144.

[R87] Ramsay, E. P. 1887. List of Western Australian birds collected by Mr. Cairn, and Mr. W. H. Boyer-Bower, at Derby and its vicinity, with remarks on the species. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1085–1100.

[SJ85] Storr, G. M., & R. E. Johnstone. 1985. Field Guide to the Birds of Western Australia 2^nd ed. Western Australian Museum: Perth (Australia).

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Last updated: 24 July 2019.