Orthotrichaceae

Macromitrium microstomum, photographed by Niels Klazenga.

Belongs within: Bryidae.
Contains: Orthotrichum subgenus Tenella.

The Orthotrichaceae are a family of mosses that are usually found growing epiphytically or on rocks. The family is particularly diverse in the Pacific region. Members of the family are characterised by a distinctive peristome structure that lacks a basal membrane and has endostome segments alternating with the exostome segments, with the exostome having a thick outer layer and thin inner layer (Goffinet et al. 1998). Genera such as Orthotrichum and Ulota grow in tufts or loose cushions; other genera such as Macromitrium usually form loose mats.

Characters (from Smith & Smith 2004): Plants usually tufted. Leaves ovate to narrowly lanceolate, usually acute; margins usually recurved; costa present, ending in or below apex or excurrent; basal cells rectangular to linear, upper cells rounded or hexagonal, often incrassate and papillose. Setae short or long; capsules immersed to longly exserted, ellipsoid, often with long neck, usually striate at maturity, sulcate when dry and empty; stomata superficial or immersed; peristome double, single or rarely absent; calyptrae mitriform or cucullate, often with coarse erect hairs.

<==Orthotrichaceae [Orthotrichales]
    |--Bryomaltaea Goffinet in Goffinet & Vitt 1998 SK02
    |--Codonoblepharon Schwägr. 1824 SK02
    |--Pentastichella pentasticha D03
    |--Muelleriella Dusén 1905 SK02
    |    `--M. crassifolia (Hooker & Wilson) Dusén 1905 [=Orthotrichum crassifolium] SK02
    |--Stoneobryum Norris & Rob. 1981 SK02
    |    `--S. bunyaense Norris & Rob. 1981 SK02
    |--Groutiella Steere 1950 SK02
    |    |--G. mucronifolia J87
    |    `--G. tomentosa (Hornsch.) Wijk & Margad. 1960 SK02
    |--Macrocoma (Müll.Hal.) Grout 1944 SK02
    |    `--M. tenuis (Hooker & Greville) Vitt. 1973 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |         |--M. t. ssp. tenuis J87
    |         `--M. t. ssp. sullivantii J87
    |--Schlotheimia Brid. 1812 SK02
    |    |--S. brownii Schwägr. 1826 [=Macromitrium brownii; incl. S. baileyi] SK02
    |    |--S. campbelliana M49b
    |    |--S. funiformis Taylor ex Dixon 1950 SK02
    |    |--S. gracillima D03
    |    |--S. jamesonii J87
    |    `--S. tecta J87
    |--Zygodon Hooker & Taylor 1818 SK02
    |    |--Z. conoideus [=Bryum conoideum] D24
    |    |--Z. curvicaulis Dusén 1903 D03
    |    |--Z. forsteri [=Bryum forsteri] D24
    |    |    |--Z. f. var. forsteri D24
    |    |    `--Z. f. var. sendtneri [=Euzygodon sendtneri] D24
    |    |--Z. gracilis [incl. Z. nowellii] D24
    |    |--Z. gracillimus Broth. ex Fleischer 1904 [incl. Z. rodwayi Broth. 1914] SK02
    |    |--Z. hatcheri Dusén 1903 D03
    |    |--Z. hookeri Hampe 1860 [incl. Z. drummondii var. major (n. n.)] SK02
    |    |--Z. hyadesii D03
    |    |--Z. intermedius Bruch & Schimp. 1838 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |--Z. lapponicus (see below for synonymy) D24
    |    |--Z. menziesii (Schwägr.) Arnott 1827 [=Codonoblepharon menziesii Schwägr. 1824; incl. Z. drummondii] SK02
    |    |    |--Z. m. var. menziesii M49a
    |    |    `--Z. m. var. angustifolius M49a
    |    |--Z. minutus Müll.Hal. & Hampe 1856 SK02
    |    |--Z. mougeotii (see below for synonymy) D24
    |    |--Z. obtusifolius Hooker 1819 [=Bryomaltaea obtusifolia (Hooker) Goffinet in Goffinet & Vitt 1998] SK02
    |    |--Z. reinwardtii (Hornsch.) Braun 1838 [incl. Z. anomalus] SK02
    |    |--Z. rufescens A49
    |    |--Z. stirtoni D24
    |    `--Z. viridissimus D24 [=Bryum viridissimum Broth. ex Bailey 1891 (n. n.) D24, SK02]
    |         |--Z. v. var. viridissimus D24
    |         `--Z. v. var. rupestris D24
    |--Ulota Mohr 1806 SK02
    |    |--U. breviseta A49
    |    |--U. bruchii [=Weissia bruchii] D24
    |    |--U. crenato-erosa D03
    |    |--U. crispa SK02 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |--U. c. var. crispa D24
    |    |    |--U. c. var. crispula D24
    |    |    `--U. c. var. intermedia D24
    |    |--U. curvifolia D24
    |    |--U. darwinii D03
    |    |--U. dixonii Malta 1933 SK02
    |    |--U. drummondii [=Orthotrichum drummondii; incl. Weissia drummondii] D24
    |    |--U. eremitensis D03
    |    |--U. fuegiana D03
    |    |--U. fulva SK02
    |    |--U. fulvella D03
    |    |--U. glabella D03
    |    |--U. gymnomitria D03
    |    |--U. hamata Dusén 1903b D03
    |    |--U. hutchinsiae [=Orthotrichum hutchinsiae; incl. Weissia americana] D24
    |    |    |--U. h. var. hutchinsiae D24
    |    |    `--U. h. var. rufescens D24
    |    |--U. incana D03
    |    |--U. inclinata D03
    |    |--U. laticiliata Malta 1933 SK02
    |    |--U. leiothecia D03
    |    |--U. lobbiana D03
    |    |--U. ludwigii D24 [=Orthotrichum ludwigii D24; incl. U. coarctata M08, Weissia coarctata D24]
    |    |--U. lutea (Hooker & Wilson) Mitt. 1860 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |--U. macro-calycina D03
    |    |--U. magellanica D03
    |    |--U. membranata Malta 1933 SK02
    |    |--U. phyllantha Brid. 1819 SK02 [=Weissia phyllantha D24; incl. U. scotica] D24
    |    |    |--U. p. var. phyllantha D24
    |    |    `--U. p. var. stricta Nicholson 1900 D24
    |    |--U. pygmiothecium D03
    |    |--U. savatieri D03
    |    |--U. viridis Venturi 1893 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    `--U. vittata [=Weissia vittata; incl. U. calvescens] D24
    |--Orthotrichum Hedw. 1801 SK02
    |    |  i. s.: O. alpestre SK02
    |    |         O. assimile Müll.Hal. 1849 [incl. O. acroblepharis, O. longitheca] SK02
    |    |         O. austro-cupulatum [incl. Barbula rostrata] M49b
    |    |         O. beckettii M49b
    |    |         O. calvum [incl. O. waltheri (n. n.), Ulota waltheri (n. n.)] SK02
    |    |         O. compactum Dusén 1903 D03
    |    |         O. elegantulum D03
    |    |         O. gymnostomum D24
    |    |         O. hortense Bosw. 1892 SK02
    |    |         O. lancifolium A49
    |    |         O. macloskii Dusén 1903 D03
    |    |         O. pseudopumilum [incl. O. cyathiforme] SK02
    |    |         O. sainsburyi Allison 1949 A49
    |    |         O. scanicum M08
    |    |         O. tasmanicum Hooker & Wilson 1848 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |--O. subg. Affinia D24
    |    |    |--O. affine D24
    |    |    |    |--O. a. var. affine D24
    |    |    |    |--O. a. var. fastigiatum [incl. O. neglectum] D24
    |    |    |    `--O. a. var. rivale D24
    |    |    |--O. leiocarpum [incl. O. striatum] D24
    |    |    |--O. lyellii [incl. Conferva orthotrichi] D24
    |    |    |--O. shawii D24
    |    |    `--O. speciosum D24
    |    |--O. subg. Cupulata D24
    |    |    |--O. anomalum D24
    |    |    |    |--O. a. var. anomalum D24
    |    |    |    `--O. a. var. saxatile [incl. O. anomalum var. cylindricum] D24
    |    |    `--O. cupulatum Hoffm. ex Brid. 1801 D24, SK02
    |    |         |--O. c. var. cupulatum D24
    |    |         `--O. c. var. nudum [incl. O. c. var. riparium] D24
    |    |--O. (subg. Diaphana) diaphanum D24
    |    |--O. (subg. Obtusifolia) obtusifolium D24
    |    |--O. (subg. Rupestria) rupestre Schleich. ex Schwägr. 1816 D24, SK02 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |--O. r. var. rupestre D24
    |    |    |--O. r. var. franzonianum D24
    |    |    |--O. r. var. rupincola D24
    |    |    |--O. r. var. sehlmeyeri D24
    |    |    `--O. r. var. sturmii D24
    |    `--O. subg. Tenella D24
    `--Macromitrium Brid. 1819 SK02
         |--M. archeri Mitt. 1859 [incl. M. asperulum, M. fimbriatum (nom. inv.), M. muelleri, M. pusillum] SK02
         |--M. aurescens Hampe 1860 [=M. aureum (l. c.); incl. M. cylindromitrium, M. sordidevirens] SK02
         |--M. bifasciculare Müller ex Dusén 1903 D03
         |--M. brachypodium Müll.Hal. 1857 [incl. M. brevisetaceum] SK02
         |--M. brevicaule (Besch.) Broth. 1903 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |--M. caducipilum A49
         |--M. caloblastoides Müll.Hal. 1898 [incl. M. dimorphum] SK02
         |--M. cirrosum J87
         |--M. diaphanum Müll.Hal. 1872 [incl. M. circinicladum] SK02
         |--M. dielsii Broth. ex Vitt & Ramsay 1985 SK02
         |--M. erosulum [incl. M. submucronifolium] SK02
         |--M. exsertum Broth. 1893 SK02
         |--M. funiforme Dixon 1942 SK02
         |--M. gracile M49a
         |    |--M. g. var. gracile M49a
         |    |--M. g. var. proboscideum M49a
         |    `--M. g. var. retusum M49a
         |--M. grossirete A49
         |--M. guatemalense J87
         |--M. harioti D03
         |--M. hemitrichodes Schwägr. 1827 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |--M. homalacron J87
         |--M. hortoniae Vitt & Ramsay 1985 SK02
         |--M. hymenostomum D03
         |--M. incurvifolium (Hooker & Greville) Schwägr. 1827 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |--M. involutifolium (Hooker & Greville) Schwägr. 1827 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |    |--M. i. var. involutifolium (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |    `--M. i. var. ptychomitrioides (Besch.) Vitt & Ramsay 1985 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |--M. krausei D03
         |--M. leratii Broth. & Paris 1906 SK02
         |--M. ligulaefolium Broth. 1898 [incl. M. ligulatum, M. woollsianum] SK02
         |    |--M. l. var. ligulaefolium SK02
         |    `--M. ‘woollsianum’ var. chlorophyllosum Müll.Hal. 1898 SK02
         |--M. ligulare Mitt. 1860 [incl. M. luehmannianum] SK02
         |--M. longifolium J87
         |--M. longipes SK02
         |--M. longirostre (Hooker) Schwägr. 1823 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |--M. mauritianum SK02
         |--M. microstomum (Hooker & Greville) Schwägr. 1827 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |--M. moorcroftii N02
         |--M. nepalense N02
         |--M. pentastichum J87
         |--M. peraristatum Broth. 1893 SK02
         |--M. piliferum SK02
         |--M. podocarpi J87
         |--M. prorepens [incl. M. abbreviatum] SK02
         |--M. ramsayae C88
         |--M. repandum Müll.Hal. 1883 [incl. M. pallidovirens, M. pugionifolium, M. whiteleggei] SK02
         |--M. saddleanum D03
         |--M. scoparium J87
         |--M. stoneae Vitt & Ramsay 1985 SK02
         |--M. stratosum J87
         |--M. subhemitrichodes Müll.Hal. 1898 (n. d.) [=M. richmondiae Broth. ex Watts & Whitel. 1906 (n. n.)] SK02
         |    |--M. s. var. subhemitrichodes SK02
         |    `--M. s. var. hodgkinsoniae Müll.Hal. 1898 (n. d.) SK02
         |--M. subtile B57
         |--M. subulatum Mitt. 1882 SK02
         |--M. tenax D03
         |--M. tongense [=Leiostoma tongense (nom. inv.)] SK02
         |--M. urceolatum SK02
         `--M. weissioides Müll.Hal. 1872 (n. d.) SK02

Nomina nuda: Macromitrium bayleyi Mitt. ex Muell. 1881 SK02
             Macromitrium eucalyptorum var. brevipedicellatum Müll.Hal. ex Watts & Whitel. 1906 SK02
             Macromitrium caloblastum Müll.Hal. ex Kindb. 1889 SK02
             Macromitrium eucalyptorum var. gracile Watts & Whitel. 1906 SK02
             Macromitrium hartmannii Müll.Hal. ex Kindb. 1888 SK02
             Macromitrium indistinctum Müll.Hal. ex Watts & Whitel. 1906 SK02
             Macromitrium tasmanicum f. lutescens Broth. 1895 SK02
             Macromitrium macrophyllum Mitt. ex Watts & Whitel. 1906 SK02
             Macromitrium microblastum Broth. ex Watts & Whitel. 1906 [incl. M. sheareri Broth. ex Watts & Whitel. 1906] SK02
             Macromitrium rupicolum Müll.Hal. ex Watts & Whitel. 1906 SK02
             Macromitrium sayeri Mitt. ex Watts & Whitel. 1906 SK02
             Macromitrium spirale Hampe 1880 SK02
             Macromitrium spurio-crispulum Dusén 1903 D03
             Macromitrium sub-piliferum Dusén 1903 D03
             Orthotrichum angustissimum Dusén 1903 D03
             Orthotrichum hymenomitrium Dusén 1903 D03
             Orthotrichum ligulatum Dusén 1903 D03
             Orthotrichum nigritellum Dusén 1903 D03
             Orthotrichum paleomitrium Dusén 1903 D03
             Orthotrichum perpusillum Dusén 1903 D03
             Orthotrichum subassimile Dusén 1903 D03
             Pentastichella aurea Dusén 1903 D03
             Schlotheimia baileyi f. compacta Watts & Whitel. 1906 SK02
             Ulota glaucescens Watts & Whitel. 1906 non U. lutea var. glaucescens SK02
             Ulota macrodonta Dusén 1903 D03
             Ulota persubulata Dusén 1903 D03
             Ulota stellulata Hooker & Greville ex Watts & Whitel. 1906 SK02
             Zygodon martinae Watts & Whitel. 1906 SK02
             Zygodon stellatum Watts & Whitel. 1906 SK02

Macrocoma tenuis (Hooker & Greville) Vitt. 1973 [=Macromitrium tenue; incl. Macromitrium eucalyptorum, Macromitrium geheebii (n. n.), Macromitrium johnsonii (nom. inv.), Macromitrium microphyllum, Macromitrium novae-valesiae] SK02

Macromitrium brevicaule (Besch.) Broth. 1903 [incl. M. mucronulatum, M. macronulatum (l. c.), M. subbrevicaule, M. wattsii] SK02

Macromitrium hemitrichodes Schwägr. 1827 [incl. M. amoenum, Orthotrichum amoenum (nom. inv.), M. baileyi, M. intermedium] SK02

Macromitrium incurvifolium (Hooker & Greville) Schwägr. 1827 [=Orthotrichum incurvifolium, Leiotheca incurvifolia] SK02

Macromitrium involutifolium (Hooker & Greville) Schwägr. 1827 [=Orthotrichum involutifolium, Leiotheca involutifolia] SK02

Macromitrium involutifolium (Hooker & Greville) Schwägr. 1827 var. involutifolium [incl. M. daemelii, M. incurvulum, M. malacoblastum, M. sieberi (nom. inv.)] SK02

Macromitrium involutifolium var. ptychomitrioides (Besch.) Vitt & Ramsay 1985 [incl. M. carinatum, M. platyphyllaceum, M. viridissimum] SK02

Macromitrium longirostre (Hooker) Schwägr. 1823 [incl. Orthotrichum acutifolium, M. longipes var. acutifolium Watts & Whitel. ex Wijk, Margad. & Florsch. 1969 (n. n.), M. longirostre var. acutifolium Watts & Whitel. 1906 (n. n.), M. rodwayi, M. pertorquescens var. torquatulum] SK02

Macromitrium microstomum (Hooker & Greville) Schwägr. 1827 [=Orthotrichum microstomum, Leiotheca microstoma; incl. Macromitrium adstrictum, Ma. linearifolium (preoc.), Ma. owahiense, Ma. prolixum, Meteorium prolixum (nom. inv.), Ma. reinwardtii, Ma. scottiae, Ma. tasmanicum, Ma. weymouthii] SK02

Orthotrichum rupestre Schleich. ex Schwägr. 1816 SK02 [incl. O. praeperistomatum SK02, O. rupestriforme SK02, O. sullivanii SK02]

Orthotrichum tasmanicum Hooker & Wilson 1848 [incl. Orthotrichum lateciliatum var. apiculatum, Orthotrichum campbelliae, Orthotrichum encalyptaceum, Orthotrichum eucalyptaceum (l. c.), Orthotrichum lateciliatum, Orthotrichum laterale, Ulota lateralis, Orthotrichum lawrencei, Orthodontium (l. c.) lawrencei, Orthotrichum encalyptaceum var. tenuisetum, Orthotrichum whiteleggei] SK02

Ulota crispa SK02 [=Bryum crispum D24, Orthotrichum crispum SK02; incl. Ulota ulophylla SK02, Weissia ulophylla D24]

Ulota lutea (Hooker & Wilson) Mitt. 1860 [=Orthotrichum luteum; incl. O. croceum (n. n.), Ulota crocea (n. n.), U. weymouthii] SK02

Ulota viridis Venturi 1893 [incl. U. anceps, U. appressa (nom. inv.), U. cochleata, U. lutea var. glaucescens, U. membranacea] SK02

Zygodon intermedius Bruch & Schimp. 1838 [incl. Z. brachyodus, Z. brownii, Z. confertus, Z. conoideus var. elongatus, Z. hymenodontioides] SK02

Zygodon lapponicus [=Amphoridium lapponicum, Anoectangium lapponicum, Gymnostomum lapponicum; incl. Zygodon teichophilus, Didymodon turgescens] D24

Zygodon mougeotii [=Amphoridium mougeotii, Anoectangium mougeotii, Gymnostomum mougeotii; incl. Barbula woodii] D24

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A49] Allison, K. W. 1949. Description of a new species with notes and localities for some Otago and Southland mosses. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (2): 278–283.

[B57] Bartram, E. B. 1957. Additional Fijian mosses, III. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (12): 392–396.

[C88] Craw, R. 1988. Continuing the synthesis between panbiogeography, phylogenetic systematics and geology as illustrated by empirical studies on the biogeography of New Zealand and the Chatham Islands. Systematic Zoology 37 (3): 291–310.

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. Patagonian and Fuegian mosses. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 63–126. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[M08] Marstaller, R. 2008. Moosgesellschaften am Südrand des Kyffhäusergebirges bei Bad Frankenhausen (Kyffhäuserkreis). 130. Beitrag zur Moosvegetation Thüringens. Mauritiana 20 (2): 289–348.

[M49a] Martin, W. 1949a. The bryophytes of Stewart Island.—Part I. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (2): 257–277.

[M49b] Martin, W. 1949b. Distribution of the mosses indigenous to New Zealand (supplement no. 1). Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (3): 355–360.

[N02] Negi, H. R. 2002. Abundance and diversity of moss communities of Chopta-Tunganath in the Garhwal Himalaya. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 418–433.

Smith, A. J. E., & R. Smith. 2004. The Moss Flora of Britain and Ireland, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

Last updated: 7 January 2018.

Hypnodendron

Setae of Hypnodendron arcuatum, from here.

Belongs within: Bryidae.

Hypnodendron is a genus of large dendroid mosses found mostly in south-east Asia and Australasia, where they are a prominent component of many wet forest floras. Molecular phylogenetic analysis has suggested that it may be paraphyletic within a clade referred to as the hypnodendroid pleurocarps (Bell & Newton 2005).

Characters (from Bell & Newton 2005): Leaf border cells not differentiated. Plants dendroid; adaxial rhizoids present, micronemata absent. Vegetative secondary modules ('branches') present; primary module heteroblasty ending in secondary module leaves; primary module growth determinate, branching from base but not from apex; perichaetia on highly reduced secondary modules, located mid-module. Dioicous.

<==Hypnodendron (Müll.Hal.) Lindb. 1861 [Hypnodendraceae] SK02
    |--H. arcuatum (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |--H. colensoi (Hooker & Wilson) Mitt. 1882 [=Isothecium colensoi] SK02
    |--H. comatulum (Geh. ex Broth.) Touw 1971 [=Mniodendron comatulum] SK02
    |--H. comosum (Labill.) Mitt. 1882 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |--H. c. var. comosum [incl. Mniodendron kroneanum] SK02
    |    `--H. c. var. sieberi (Müll.Hal.) Touw 1971 [=Hypnum sieberi, Isothecium sieberi, Mniodendron sieberi] SK02
    |--H. krausei D03
    |--H. menziesii (Hooker) Paris 1895 [=Isothecium menziesii, Trachyloma menziesii] SK02
    |--H. palmeum SK02
    |--H. planifrons SK02
    |--H. spininervium (Hooker) Jaeger & Sauerb. 1879 [=Hypnum spininervium, Isothecium spininervium] SK02
    |    |--H. s. ssp. spininervium SK02
    |    `--H. s. ssp. archeri (Mitt.) Touw 1971 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    `--H. vitiense Mitt. 1873 SK02
         |--H. v. ssp. vitiense SK02
         `--H. v. ssp. australe Touw 1971 [incl. H. spininervium var. pumilum (n. n.), H. whiteleggei (n. n.)] SK02

Nomina nuda: Hypnodendron curvatocomosum Müll.Hal. ex Bailey 1886 SK02
             Hypnodendron eflagellare Ångström ex Bailey 1886 SK02
             Hypnodendron flagellare Ångström ex Bailey 1886 SK02
             Hypnodendron pterobryoides Müll.Hal. ex Bailey 1886 SK02

Hypnodendron arcuatum [=Hypnum arcuatum, Hypnodendron spininervium var. arcuatum (nom. illeg.), Racopilum arcuatum, Trachyloma arcuatum] SK02

Hypnodendron comosum (Labill.) Mitt. 1882 [=Hypnum comosum, Isothecium comosum, Mniodendron comosum, Trachyloma comosum] SK02

Hypnodendron spininervium ssp. archeri (Mitt.) Touw 1971 [=Isothecium archeri, Hypnum archeri, Trachyloma archeri; incl. Hypnodendron leiopyxis] SK02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Bell, N. E., & A. E. Newton. 2005. The paraphyly of Hypnodendron and the phylogeny of related non-hypnanaean pleurocarpous mosses inferred from chloroplast and mitochondrial sequence data. Systematic Botany 30 (1): 34-51.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899, vol. 8 – Botany (W. B. Scott, ed.) pp. 1-34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

Bryaceae

Bryum warneum, copyright Des Callaghan.

Belongs within: Bryidae.
Contains: Webera subgenus Eu-Webera, Bryum section Eu-Bryum, Bryum section Leucodontium.

The Bryaceae are a large family of mosses found world-wide. Members of the family often have erect stems and form short turfs. The Bryaceae has recently been treated in a more restricted sense than previously, with the removal of groups such as Pohlia and Mielichhoferia to other families. Members of the type genus Bryum are densely tufted mosses with more or less ovate leaves, that usually bear pendulous capsules on a long seta (Dixon 1924).

Characters (from Smith & Smith 2004): Dioicous, autoicous or synoicous. Usually erect tufted or turf-forming plants. Leaves broadly ovate to lanceolate, often forming comal tuft, frequently bordered with narrow elongate cells; costa well-developed, often excurrent; cells thin-walled, frequently rhomboid-hexagonal, smooth, pellucid. Setae long; capsules inclined to pendulous, ovoid to cylindrical, with differentiated neck; peristome usually double, inner ring often with well-developed basal membrane, cilia present or not; calyptrae cucullate.

<==Bryaceae
    |--Pleurophascum Lindb. 1875 SK02
    |    |--P. grandiglobum Lindb. 1875 [=Phascum grandiglobum] SK02
    |    `--P. occidentale Wyatt & Stoneb. 1989 SK02
    |--Oreas mielichhoferi [incl. Mielichhoferia nitida] D24
    |    |--O. m. var. mielichhoferi D24
    |    `--O. m. var. elongata (see below for synonymy) D24
    |--Plagiobryum D24
    |    |--P. demissum [=Meesia demissa, Zieria demissa] D24
    |    `--P. zierii [=Bryum zierii; incl. Zieria julacea] D24
    |--Webera D24
    |    |  i. s.: W. alticaulis D03b
    |    |         W. lonchochaete Dusén 1903 D03b
    |    |         W. philonotea D03b
    |    |         W. sphagnadelphus D03b
    |    |--W. (subg. Epipterygium) tozeri [=Bryum tozeri] D24
    |    `--W. subg. Eu-Webera D24
    |--Rhodobryum (Schimp.) Hampe 1874 SK02
    |    |--R. aubertii (Schwägr.) Thér. 1922 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |--R. commersonii [=Bryum commersonii] SK02
    |    |--R. domingense J87
    |    |--R. giganteum PK03
    |    |--R. humipetens (Müll.Hal.) Paris 1900 [=Bryum humipetens] SK02
    |    |--R. roseodens (Müll.Hal.) Paris 1897 [=Bryum roseodens Müll.Hal. 1876] SK02
    |    `--R. roseum N02 [=Bryum roseum D24, Mnium roseum D24; incl. B. proliferum D24]
    |--Anomobryum Schimp. 1860 SK02
    |    |--A. auratum (Mitt.) Jaeger 1875 [incl. A. cymbifolium] SK02
    |    |--‘Bryum’ concinnatum D24
    |    |--A. filiforme [=Bryum filiforme; incl. B. julaceum] D24
    |    |    |--A. f. var. filiforme D24
    |    |    `--‘Bryum’ f. var. juliforme [=Anomobryum juliforme] D24
    |    |--A. harriottii (R.Br.bis) Dixon 1926 SK02
    |    |--A. lanatum (Palisot de Beauvois) Spence & Ramsay 2002 SK02 (see below for synonymy)
    |    `--A. subrotundifolium (Jaeger) Spence & Ramsay 2002 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |--Brachymenium Schwägr. 1824 SK02
    |    |--B. exile (Dozy & Molk.) Bosch & Sande Lac. 1860 SK02
    |    |--B. klotzschii (Schwägr.) Paris 1894 SK02
    |    |--B. lanceolatum Hooker & Wilson 1859 [=Bryum lanceolatum] SK02
    |    |--B. magellanicum D03b
    |    |--B. melanothecium SK02
    |    |--B. mexicanum Montagne 1838 SK02
    |    |--B. nepalense Hooker 1824 SK02
    |    |--B. ochianum N02
    |    |--B. preissianum (Hampe) Jaeger 1875 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |--B. semperlaxum (Müll.Hal.) Jaeger 1875 [=Bryum semperlaxum] SK02
    |    `--B. wattsii Broth. 1918 SK02
    |--Rosulabryum Spence 1996 SK02
    |    |--R. albolimbatum (Hampe) Spence 1996 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |--R. billarderi (Schwägr.) Spence 1996 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |--R. campylothecium (Taylor) Spence 1996 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |--R. capillare (Hedw.) Spence 1996 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |    |--R. c. var. capillare D24
    |    |    |--‘Bryum’ c. var. flaccidum D24
    |    |    |--‘Bryum’ c. var. macrocarpum D24
    |    |    `--‘Bryum’ c. var. rosulatum D24
    |    |--R. epiphytum Spence & Ramsay 1999 SK02
    |    |--R. lamingtonicum Spence & Ramsay 1999 SK02
    |    |--R. leptothrix (Müll.Hal.) Spence 1996 [=Bryum leptothrix Müll.Hal. 1898] SK02
    |    |--R. microrhodon (Müll.Hal.) Spence 1996 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |--R. queenslandicum Spence & Ramsay 1999 SK02
    |    |--R. subfasciculatum (Hampe) Spence 1996 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |--R. subtomentosum (Hampe) Spence 1996 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |--R. torquescens (Bruch ex De Not.) Spence 1996 SK02 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--R. tuberosum (Mohammed & Damanhuri) Spence 1996 SK02
    |    `--R. wightii (Mitt.) Spence 1996 [=Bryum wightii Mitt. 1859] SK02
    `--Bryum Hedw. 1801 SK02
         |  i. s.: ‘Brachymenium’ acuminatum Harv. ex Hooker 1836 [incl. Bryum multicaule] SK02
         |         B. algovicum Sendtn. ex Müll.Hal. 1851 [incl. B. angustirete] SK02
         |         B. altisetum Müll.Hal. 1898 SK02
         |           |--B. a. var. altisetum SK02
         |           `--B. a. var. humilisetum Müll.Hal. 1898 SK02
         |         B. amblyacis Müll.Hal. 1898 [=Rhodobryum amblyacis; incl. B. subflavifolium (nom. inv.)] SK02
         |         B. amblyodon Müll.Hal. 1879 SK02
         |         B. apiculatum Schwägr. 1816 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |         B. arenae D03b
         |         B. atrovirens N02
         |         B. australe Hampe 1844 SK02
         |         B. badhwari N02
         |         B. baeuerlenii Müll.Hal. 1898 [=B. bauerlenii (l. c.)] SK02
         |         B. bataea Müll.Hal. 1898 [=B. bateanum (n. n.)] SK02
         |         B. blandum Hooker & Wilson 1844 SK02
         |           |--B. b. var. blandum (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |           `--B. b. var. luridum Wilson 1854 SK02
         |         B. bornholmense M08
         |         B. brachycladulum Müll.Hal. 1898 SK02
         |         B. calodictyon Broth. 1916 SK02
         |         B. cellulare Hooker 1827 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |         B. chlororhodon Müll.Hal. 1898 [=Rhodobryum chlororhodon] SK02
         |         B. chrysoneuron Müll.Hal. 1851 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |         B. clavatum (Schimp.) Müll.Hal. 1848 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |         B. claviger D24
         |         ‘Brachymenium’ coarctatum Bosch & Sande Lac. 1860 SK02
         |         B. coronatum Schwägr. 1816 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |         B. crassum Hooker & Wilson 1854 [incl. B. austroalpinum] SK02
         |         B. creberrimum Taylor 1846 SK02
         |         B. cruegeri J87
         |         B. densifolium Brid. 1827 SK02
         |         ‘Leptostomum’ depile Müll.Hal. 1901 SK02
         |         B. dichotomum Hedw. 1801 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |         B. eremaeum Catches. ex Spence & Ramsay 1996 SK02
         |         B. funckii M08
         |         B. gemmatum D03b
         |         B. gemmiferum M08
         |         B. greenwoodii B57
         |         B. hatcheri Dusén 1903 D03b
         |         B. inaequale Taylor 1846 [incl. B. brevicoma (n. n.)] SK02
         |         ‘Brachymenium’ indicum (Dozy & Molk.) Bosch & Sande Lac. 1860 SK02
         |         B. klinggraeffii M08
         |         B. laevigatum Hooker & Wilson 1844 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |         B. lamprochaete Dusén 1903 D03b
         |         B. limbatum J87
         |         B. limbifolium Broth. & Watts 1915 SK02
         |         B. lisae SK02
         |           |--B. l. var. lisae SK02
         |           `--B. l. var. cuspidatum SK02
         |         B. lonchocaulon M08
         |         B. lonchochaete D03b
         |         B. macrantherum D03b
         |         B. minusculum D03b
         |         B. minutissimum Müll.Hal. 1898 SK02
         |         B. mucronatum Mitt. 1867 SK02
         |         B. pachytheca Müll.Hal. 1848 SK02
         |           |--B. p. var. pachytheca (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |           |--B. p. var. crassinerve Wilson ex Watts & Whitel. 1906 SK02
         |           `--B. p. var. inflatum Wilson 1859 SK02
         |         B. paradoxum N02
         |         B. perlimbatum Cardot 1905 SK02
         |         B. plumosum Dozy & Molk. 1844 SG07
         |         B. radiculosum Brid. 1817 SK02
         |         B. recurvulum N02
         |         B. rigochaete Dusén 1903 D03b
         |         B. rubicundum C.M. 1859 D24
         |         B. ruderale M08
         |         B. ‘sabulosum’ Catches. ex Spence & Ramsay 1996 (preoc.) SK02
         |         B. spegazzinii D03b
         |         B. subapiculatum Hampe 1872 [incl. B. caespiticioides, B. microerythrocarpum, B. tryonii] SK02
         |         B. subelegans M08
         |         B. sullivanii Müll.Hal. 1893 SK02
         |         B. tenuisetum Limpr. 1897 SK02
         |         B. validinervium D03b
         |         B. vernicosum Dusén 1903 D03b
         |         B. violaceum M08
         |         B. wallaceanum Müll.Hal. 1898 SK02
         |--B. sect. Eu-Bryum D24
         |--B. sect. Cladodium D24
         |    |--B. calophyllum D24
         |    |--B. inclinatum [=Pohlia inclinata] D24
         |    |--B. lacustre [=Mnium lacustre] D24
         |    |--B. lawersianum D24
         |    |--B. lindbergii D24
         |    |--B. mammillatum D24
         |    |--B. marrattii D24
         |    |--B. purpurascens [=Pohlia purpurascens; incl. B. rufum] D24
         |    `--B. uliginosum [=Cladodium uliginosum] D24
         |--B. sect. Leucodontium D24
         `--B. sect. Ptychostomum D24
              |--B. arcticum D24
              |--B. pendulum [incl. B. cernuum] D24
              |    |--B. p. var. pendulum D24
              |    `--B. p. var. compactum D24
              `--B. warneum D24

Nomina nuda: Bryum acithecium Müll.Hal. 1901 [=Brachythecium acithecium Watts & Whitel. 1906] SK02
             Bryum aerugo Dusén 1903 D03b
             Bryum leptothecium var. alpinum Watts & Whitel. 1906 non B. alpinum Huds. ex Withering 1801 SK02
             Bryum angeiophyllum Müll.Hal. 1901 SK02
             Bryum anisodontaceum Dusén 1903 D03b
             Bryum attenuatum Stirling ex Watts & Whitelegge 1906 SK02
             Bryum brevigemmatum Dusén 1903 D03b
             Bryum campylopus Müll.Hal. 1901 SK02
             Bryum capillaripes Müll.Hal. ex Watts & Whitelegge 1906 SK02
             Bryum capitellatum Müll.Hal. ex Watts & Whitelegge 1906 SK02
             Bryum cartilagineum Fleischer 1922 [=Patellidium cartilagineum Müll.Hal. ex Fleischer 1922] SK02
             Bryum conostomoides Müll.Hal. 1901 SK02
             Bryum coronatoaffine Müll.Hal. ex Bailey 1886 SK02
             Bryum billarderi var. cygnicollum Watts & Whitel. 1906 SK02
             Bryum demissum Dusén 1903 D03b
             Bryum erythrocarpulum Broth. ex Watts & Whitel. 1906 SK02
             Bryum extenuatum Brid. ex Watts & Whitelegge 1906 non B. curvicollum var. extenuatum SK02
             Bryum flaccidisetum Hampe ex Watts & Whitelegge 1906 SK02
             Bryum flavo-pallidum Dusén 1903 D03b
             Bryum hamatum Dusén 1903 D03b
             Bryum incanifolium Müll.Hal. 1901 SK02
             Bryum leuco-aristatum Dusén 1903 D03b
             Bryum leucoloma Broth. ex Burges 1935 SK02
             Bryum liliputanum Dusén 1903 D03b
             Bryum madoriculum Müll.Hal. ex Watts & Whitel. 1906 SK02
             Bryum coronatum f. minor Hampe 1846 SK02
             Bryum australe var. minus Hampe ex Sond. 1853 non B. coronatum f. minor Hampe 1846 SK02
             Bryum australe var. minor Mitt. 1882 nec B. coronatum f. minor Hampe 1846 nec B. australe var. minus Hampe ex Sond. 1853 SK02
             Bryum subatropurpureum var. minus Broth. ex Watts & Whitel. 1906 nec B. coronatum f. minor Hampe 1846 nec B. australe var. minus Hampe ex Sond. 1853 nec B. erythropyxis f. minor Broth. ex Watts 1901 SK02
             Bryum myurella Dusén 1903 D03b
             Bryum nanoides Müll.Hal. ex Watts & Whitel. 1906 SK02
             Bryum nanotorquescens Müll.Hal. ex Watts & Whitel. 1906 SK02
             Bryum pachypomatoides Hampe 1880 SK02
             Bryum pachypyxis Müll.Hal. ex Watts & Whitel. 1906 SK02
             Bryum pervenustum Müll.Hal. 1901 SK02
             Bryum pruinosum Müll.Hal. ex Watts & Whitel. 1906 SK02
             Bryum pseudopallescens Hampe & Müll.Hal. ex Mitt. 1882 SK02
             Bryum coronatum f. robusta Broth. & Watts 1915 SK02
             Bryum rotundum Hampe ex Watts & Whitel. 1906 SK02
             Bryum steffeni Dusén 1903 D03a
             Bryum subcampylothecium Broth. ex Müll.Hal. 1901 SK02
             Bryum subdichotomum Müll.Hal. ex Muell. 1880 SK02
             Bryum subinclinatum Watts & Whitel. 1906 SK02
             Bryum subleptothecium Müll.Hal. ex Geh. 1876 [=Rhodobryum subleptothecium Paris 1897] SK02
             Bryum subpilosum Watts & Whitel. 1906 SK02
             Bryum subpseudotriquetrum Broth. ex Burges 1935 SK02
             Bryum tenuirete Dusén 1903 D03b
             Bryum timmiaecaulon Dusén 1903 D03a
             Bryum weymouthii Broth. ex Müll.Hal. 1901 SK02
             Webera timmiaecaulon Dusén 1903 D03b

Anomobryum lanatum (Palisot de Beauvois) Spence & Ramsay 2002 SK02 [=Bryum argenteum var. lanatum (Palisot de Beauvois) Hampe 1839 SK02, B. lanatum (Palisot de Beauvois) Brid. 1817 SK02, Mnium lanatum D24]

Anomobryum subrotundifolium (Jaeger) Spence & Ramsay 2002 [=Bryum subrotundifolium Jaeger 1879, Argyrobryum subrotundum (nom. inv.)] SK02

Brachymenium preissianum (Hampe) Jaeger 1875 [=Bryum preissianum; incl. Bra. chloroblastum (n. n.), Bryum chloroblastum (n. n.), Bra. pilosithecium (n. n.), Bryum pilosithecium (n. n.)] SK02

Bryum apiculatum Schwägr. 1816 [incl. B. baileyi, B. kurandae, B. micropachypoma (nom. inv.), B. nitens, B. pachypoma, B. pachypomatulum, B. subpachypoma, B. tenuicostatum (n. n.)] SK02

Bryum blandum Hooker & Wilson 1844 var. blandum [incl. Amblystegium oblongifolium, B. oblongifolium, Hypnum oblongifolium (preoc.), B. virgatum (n. n.)] SK02

Bryum cellulare Hooker 1827 [incl. Brachymenium novae-valesiae (n. n.), Plagiobryum wildii, Bryum wildii, Zieria wildii] SK02

Bryum chrysoneuron Müll.Hal. 1851 [incl. B. erythrocarpon var. australe (nom. inv.) non B. australe Hampe 1844, B. duriusculum, B. erythrocarpon (nom. inv.), B. leptopelma, B. lonchoneuron, B. microthecium, B. suberythrocarpum, B. wattsii] SK02

Bryum clavatum (Schimp.) Müll.Hal. 1848 [incl. B. curvicollum, B. diversinerve, B. erythrocarpoides, B. curvicollum var. extenuatum, B. filarium, B. filicaule (n. n.), B. kiamae, B. laevigatulum, B. subcurvicollum, B. suberythrocarpulum (n. n.), B. sublaevigatum (n. n.)] SK02

Bryum coronatum Schwägr. 1816 [incl. B. brevicaule (preoc.), B. curtum, B. iteratum, B. macropelma (preoc.), B. subatropurpureum] SK02

Bryum dichotomum Hedw. 1801 [incl. B. aequicollum, B. annulatum, B. argillicola, B. bicolor, B. brachytheciella, B. philonotoideum, B. pimpanae, B. subcupulatum] SK02

Bryum laevigatum Hooker & Wilson 1844 [=B. levigatum (l. c.); incl. B. crassinerve non B. pachytheca var. crassinerve Wilson ex Watts & Whitel. 1906, B. eximium] SK02

Bryum pachytheca Müll.Hal. 1848 var. pachytheca [incl. B. balanoides, B. callicostatum (n. n.), B. campbelliae (n. n.), B. cupulatum, B. gambierense, B. gambierense var. nanum (n. n.), B. ovicarpum, B. pachythecioides (n. n.), B. piligerum (n. n.), B. subaeneum] SK02

Oreas mielichhoferi var. elongata [=Mielichhoferia elongata; incl. O. mielichhoferi var. compacta, O. mielichhoferi var. gracilis] D24

Rhodobryum aubertii (Schwägr.) Thér. 1922 [=Bryum aubertii; incl. B. leptothecium var. extenuatum (n. n.) nec B. curvicollum var. extenuatum nec B. extenuatum Brid. ex Watts & Whitelegge 1906, B. graeffeanum, Rhodobryum graeffeanum, R. leucocanthum, Bryum leucocanthum, B. laucocanthum (l. c.), B. leucacanthum (l. c.), B. leucanthemum (nom. inv.), Rhodobryum olivaceum, B. olivaceum, R. subcrispatulum (nom. inv.), B. subcrispatum, R. subcrispatum] SK02

Rosulabryum albolimbatum (Hampe) Spence 1996 [=Rhodobryum albolimbatum, Bryum albolimbatum (Hampe) Jaeger 1875, B. altolimbatum (l. c.); incl. Rhodobryum pusillum] SK02

Rosulabryum billarderi (Schwägr.) Spence 1996 [=Bryum billarderi Schwägr. 1816; incl. B. abruptinervium, Rhodobryum abruptinervium, B. aeruginosum, B. angeiothecium, Rhodobryum angeiothecium, B. brachyaris (n. n.), B. rufescens var. brevifolium, Rhodobryum breviramulosum, B. breviramulosum, B. brunneidens, Rhodobryum brunneidens, B. canariense, B. crenatidens (n. n.), Rhodobryum crispatum, B. crispatum (preoc.), B. dobsonianum, Rhodobryum dobsonianum, B. flavifolium, Rh. flavifolium, B. forsythii, B. globulare (n. n.), B. ischyrorhodon, Rhodobryum ischyrorhodon, B. leptothecium, Rh. leptothecium, B. leucothecium, Rh. leucothecium, B. pohliaeopsis, Rh. pohliaeopsis, B. robustum, Rh. robustum, Rh. tasmanicum (nom. illeg.), B. truncorum, Rh. viridulum] SK02

Rosulabryum campylothecium (Taylor) Spence 1996 [=Bryum campylothecium Taylor 1846, Rhodobryum campylothecium, B. camptothecium (l. c.); incl. B. howeanum, B. pallenticoma, Rhodobryum pallenticoma, Rh. peraristatum, Bryum peraristatum (preoc.)] SK02

Rosulabryum capillare (Hedw.) Spence 1996 [=Bryum capillare Hedw. 1801; incl. B. flaccidifolium (n. n.), B. immarginatum, B. leptothecioides, B. luehmannianum, Rhodobryum luehmannianum, B. microsporum, B. erythropyxis f. minor Broth. ex Watts 1901 (n. n.) nec B. coronatum f. minor Hampe 1846 nec B. australe var. minus Hampe ex Sond. 1853, B. plebejum, B. sublonginervium (n. n.), B. whiteleggei (n. n.)] SK02

Rosulabryum microrhodon (Müll.Hal.) Spence 1996 [=Bryum microrhodon Müll.Hal. 1898, Rhodobryum microrhodon (n. n.); incl. B. rufescens var. mammillatum] SK02

Rosulabryum subfasciculatum (Hampe) Spence 1996 [=Rhodobryum subfasciculatum, Bryum subfasciculatum (Hampe) Hampe 1880; incl. B. amoenum (n. n.), B. chrysophyllum, B. dilatatomarginatum, Rhodobryum dilatatomarginatum, B. subolivaceum, Rh. subolivaceum, B. subviolaceum (l. c.), B. terrae-reginae Dixon ex Ramsay & Seur 1994 (n. n.)] SK02

Rosulabryum subtomentosum (Hampe) Spence 1996 [=Rhodobryum subtomentosum, Bryum subtomentosum (Hampe) Hampe 1880; incl. B. billarderi var. platyloma Mohamed 1979] SK02

Rosulabryum torquescens (Bruch ex De Not.) Spence 1996 SK02 [=Bryum torquescens Bruch ex De Not. 1838 SK02, B. capillare ssp. torquescens SK02; incl. B. erythropyxis SK02, Rhodobryum erythropyxis SK02, B. capillare var. obconicum D24, SK02, B. pyrothecium SK02, Rhodobryum pyrothecium SK02, B. subtorquescens (n. n.) SK02, B. synoicum SK02]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B57] Bartram, E. B. 1957. Additional Fijian mosses, III. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (12): 392–396.

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.

[D03a] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[D03b] Dusén, P. 1903b. Patagonian and Fuegian mosses. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 63–126. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[M08] Marstaller, R. 2008. Moosgesellschaften am Südrand des Kyffhäusergebirges bei Bad Frankenhausen (Kyffhäuserkreis). 130. Beitrag zur Moosvegetation Thüringens. Mauritiana 20 (2): 289–348.

[N02] Negi, H. R. 2002. Abundance and diversity of moss communities of Chopta-Tunganath in the Garhwal Himalaya. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 418–433.

[PK03] Piippo, S., & T. Koponen. 2003. Review of the bryofloristic connections of New Guinea Island. Telopea 10 (1): 467–476.

[SG07] Singh, S. K., & J. P. Ghosh. 2007. Bryo-diversity in Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49 (1–4): 155–164.

Smith, A. J. E., & R. Smith. 2004. The Moss Flora of Britain and Ireland, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

Last updated: 28 December 2017.

Funariidae

Funaria hygrometrica, from here.

Belongs within: Bryophyta.

The Funariidae are a clade of mosses including the orders Encalyptales and Funariales. The Funariidae are characterised by an arthrodontous peristome with diplolepidous-facing teeth, and also by the possession of a 71 kb inversion in the chloroplast genome (Wahrmund et al. 2010). Distinctive characters of the separate families include the presence of a massive, persistent calyptra covering the capsule in Encalyptaceae, a fleshy underground stem producing abundant short gametophore branches in Gigaspermaceae, and broad leaves with large pale laminal cells and distinctive stomata in Funariaceae (Bryophyte Flora of North America). Members of the Funariaceae include Discelium nudum and Nanomitrium tenerum, minute species growing from a persistent protonema (Dixon 1924).

<==Funariidae
    |--Encalypta Hedw. 1801 [Encalyptaceae, Encalyptales] SK02
    |    |  i. s.: E. apophysata D24
    |    |         E. novae-valesiae Hampe 1872 [=Pyramitrium novae-valesiae; incl. E. novae-cambriae (n. n.)] SK02
    |    |         E. procera D24
    |    |--E. subg. Psilotheca D24
    |    |    |--E. ciliata Hedw. 1801 D24, SK02 [=Leersia ciliata D24; incl. L. laciniata D24]
    |    |    |    |--E. c. var. ciliata D24
    |    |    |    `--E. c. var. subciliata D24
    |    |    |--E. commutata [incl. Leersia alpina] D24
    |    |    |    |--E. c. var. commutata D24
    |    |    |    `--E. c. var. imberbis D24
    |    |    `--E. vulgaris Hedw. 1801 D24, SK02
    |    |         |--E. v. var. vulgaris [incl. E. australis, E. tasmanica] SK02
    |    |         |--E. v. var. laevigata D24
    |    |         |--E. v. var. mutica Brid. 1819 SK02
    |    |         |--E. v. var. obtusifolia D24
    |    |         `--E. v. var. pilifera D24
    |    `--E. subg. Rhabdotheca D24
    |         |--E. rhabdocarpa [=Leersia rhabdocarpa] D24
    |         `--E. streptocarpa [incl. Leersia contorta] D24
    `--Funariales SK02
         |--Gigaspermaceae SK02
         |    |--Lorentziella imbricata FHH01
         |    `--Gigaspermum Lindb. 1865 SK02
         |         `--G. repens (Hooker) Lindb. 1865 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         `--Funariaceae SK02
              |--Discelium nudum [=Bryum nudum] D24
              |--Nanomitrium tenerum [=Ephemerum tenerum, Phascum tenerum] D24
              |--Physcomitrella Bruch & Schimp. 1849 SK02
              |    `--P. patens (Hedw.) Schimp. 1849 SK02 [=Phascum patens D24]
              |         |--P. p. ssp. patens SK02
              |         |--P. p. var. lucasiana D24
              |         `--P. p. ssp. readeri (Müll.Hal.) Tan 1979 (see below for synonymy) SK02
              |--Funaria Hedw. 1801 SK02
              |    |--F. calcarea [incl. F. hibernica, F. muehlengergii] D24
              |    |    |--F. c. var. calcarea D24
              |    |    `--F. c. var. patula D24
              |    |--F. hygrometrica Hedw. 1801 SK02 (see below for synonymy)
              |    |    |--F. h. var. hygrometrica D03
              |    |    `--F. h. var. fuegiana D03
              |    |--F. mediterranea GM96
              |    |--F. microstoma Bruch ex Schimp. 1840 [incl. F. salsicola Müll.Hal. 1902] SK02
              |    `--F. tateana (Müll.Hal. ex Geh.) Watts & Whitel. 1906 (see below for synonymy) SK02
              |--Physcomitrium Brid. 1827 SK02
              |    |--P. acuminatum H04
              |    |--P. brisbanicum Müll.Hal. 1872 SK02
              |    |--P. coorgense FHH01
              |    |--P. cyathicarpum Mitt. 1859 B05
              |    |--P. ericetorum H04
              |    |--P. eurystomum Sendtn. 1841 [incl. P. acuminatum B.S.G. 1841] B05
              |    |--P. flaccidum Mitt. 1882 (n. d.) SK02
              |    |--P. indicum (Dix.) Gangulee 1969 [=Physcomitrellopsis indica (Dix.) Gupta 1933] B05
              |    |--P. integrifolium Hampe & Müll.Hal. 1853 (n. d.) [=P. firmum (nom. illeg.)] SK02
              |    |--P. minutulum Müll.Hal. 1872 (n. d.) SK02
              |    |--P. nodulifolium Mitt. 1882 (n. d.) SK02
              |    |--P. pyriforme (Hedw.) Hampe 1837 SK02 (see below for synonymy)
              |    |--P. sphaericum [=Gymnostomum sphaericum] D24
              |    `--P. tetragonum [=Pyramidula tetragona] D24
              `--Entosthodon Schwägr. 1823 SK02
                   |--E. apophysatus (Taylor) Mitt. 1859 (see below for synonymy) SK02
                   |--E. ericetorum [=Funaria ericetorum, Gymnostomum ericetorum; incl. F. obtusa] D24
                   |--‘Funaria’ fascicularis [=Bryum fasciculare, Physcomitrium fasciculare] D24
                   |--E. laxus (Hooker & Wilson) Mitt. 1856 (see below for synonymy) SK02
                   |--E. muehlenbergii (Turner) Fife 1985 (see below for synonymy) SK02
                   |--E. nutans Mitt. 1859 B05
                   |--E. productus Mitt. 1860 (see below for synonymy) SK02
                   |--E. radians (Hedw.) Müll.Hal. 1848 (see below for synonymy) SK02
                   |--E. smithhurstii (Broth. & Geh.) Paris 1896 (see below for synonymy) SK02
                   |--E. subnudus (Taylor) Fife 1985 [=Funaria subnuda] SK02
                   |    |--E. s. var. subnudus [incl. Funaria helmsii Broth. & Geh. 1898, E. helmsii] SK02
                   |    |--E. s. var. gracilis (Hooker & Wilson) Fife 1985 (see below for synonymy) SK02
                   |    `--E. s. var. phymatodeus (Catches.) Fife & Seppelt 2001 (see below for synonymy) SK02
                   |--E. templetoni [=Funaria templetoni; incl. F. attenuata] D24
                   `--E. wallichii N02

Nomina nuda: Entosthodon ampullaceus Müll.Hal. ex Kindb. 1899 [=Funaria ampullacea Watts & Whitel. 1906] SK02
             Entosthodon brachycaulis Müll.Hal. 1901 [=Funaria brachycaulis Watts & Whitel. 1906] SK02
             Entosthodon campbelliae Broth. 1901 [=Funaria campbelliae Watts & Whitel. 1906] SK02
             Entosthodon cuspidatus Kiaer ex Bailey 1886 SK02
             Entosthodon dissodontoides Müll.Hal. 1901 [=Funaria dissodontoides Watts & Whitel. 1906] SK02
             Entosthodon elatus Mitt. ex Watts & Whitel. 1906 [=Funaria elata Watts & Whitel. 1906] SK02
             Entosthodon integerrimus Müll.Hal. ex Watts & Whitel. 1906 [=Funaria integerrima Watts & Whitel. 1906] SK02
             Entosthodon recurvipilis Müll.Hal. 1901 [=Funaria recurvipila Watts & Whitel. 1906] SK02
             Entosthodon vesiculifolius Müll.Hal. 1901 [=Funaria vesiculifolia Watts & Whitel. 1906] SK02
             Entosthodon woollsianus Müll.Hal. 1901 [=Funaria woollsiana Watts & Whitel. 1906] SK02
             Eucalypta patagonica Broth. in Dusén 1903 D03
             Funaria flavicans Schwägr. ex Müll.Hal. 1845 SK02
             Funaria integrifolia Broth. 1906 SK02
             Funaria novae-valesiae Müll.Hal. 1901 SK02
             Funaria pilifera Broth. ex Watts 1906 SK02
             Funaria subacaulis Hampe 1880 SK02
             Physcomitrium novae-valesiae Broth. ex Watts & Whitel. 1906 SK02
             Physcomitrium obconicum Hampe ex Watts & Whitel. 1906 SK02
             Physcomitrium torquescens Müll.Hal. ex Muell. 1880 SK02
             Physcomitrium tryonii Broth. ex Bailey 1891 SK02

Entosthodon apophysatus (Taylor) Mitt. 1859 [=Gymnostomum apophysatum, Funaria apophysata (Taylor) Broth. 1903, Physcomitrium apophysatum, Amphoritheca taylorii (nom. illeg.), Entosthodon taylorii (nom. illeg.); incl. Funaria aristata Broth. 1893, E. aristatus, E. clavaeformis Müll.Hal. & Hampe 1853, Amphoritheca clavaeformis, Funaria clavaeformis, F. taylorii (n. n.)] SK02

Entosthodon laxus (Hooker & Wilson) Mitt. 1856 [=Funaria laxa, Physcomitrium laxum (Hooker & Wilson) Müll.Hal. 1851; incl. Entosthodon subattenuatus (Broth.) Paris 1900] SK02

Entosthodon muehlenbergii (Turner) Fife 1985 [incl. Funaria glabra Taylor 1846, F. pulchridens Müll.Hal. 1886 (n. n.), F. tasmanica] SK02

Entosthodon productus Mitt. 1860 [=Funaria producta (Mitt.) Broth. 1903; incl. E. minuticaulis, F. minuticaulis (Müll.Hal. ex Geh.) Watts & Whitel. 1906, F. perpusilla Broth. 1916] SK02

Entosthodon radians (Hedw.) Müll.Hal. 1848 [=Weissia radians, Bryum radians, Eremodon radians, Funaria radians (Hedw.) Müll.Hal. 1845; incl. F. acaulis Hampe 1860, F. crispula Hooker & Wilson 1859] SK02

Entosthodon smithhurstii (Broth. & Geh.) Paris 1896 [=Funaria smithhurstii Broth. & Geh. 1895; incl. F. squarrifolia Broth. 1898, Entosthodon squarrifolius] SK02

Entosthodon subnudus var. gracilis (Hooker & Wilson) Fife 1985 [=Funaria gracilis; incl. F. bullata, F. cuspidata, Entosthodon sullivanii (nom. inv.), F. sullivanii (n. n.), E. varius, F. varia (Mitt.) Broth. 1903] SK02

Entosthodon subnudus var. phymatodeus (Catches.) Fife & Seppelt 2001 [=Physcomitrium phymatodeum Catches. 1980, Funaria phymatodea (Catches.) Catches. 1993 (comb. inv.)] SK02

Funaria hygrometrica Hedw. 1801 SK02 [=Mnium hygrometricum D24; incl. F. australis (nom. inv.) SK02, F. hygrometrica var. calvescens (Schwägr.) Montagne 1839 SK02, Tayloria henryae Dixon 1942 SK02, F. papillata Hampe 1876 SK02, F. hygrometrica var. sphaerocarpa (Müll.Hal.) Watts 1906 SK02]

Funaria tateana (Müll.Hal. ex Geh.) Watts & Whitel. 1906 [=Entosthodon tateanus Müll.Hal. ex Geh. 1897, E. jateanus] SK02

Gigaspermum repens (Hooker) Lindb. 1865 [=Anictangium repens, Anoectangium repens, Hedwigia repens, Leptangium repens, Physcomitrium repens, Schistidium repens; incl. Gigaspermum subrepens Müll.Hal. 1901, Leptangium tumidum, G. tumidum] SK02

Physcomitrella patens ssp. readeri (Müll.Hal.) Tan 1979 [=Ephemerella readeri (n. n.), Physcomitrium readeri, Physcomitridium readeri; incl. Physcomitrella austropatens] SK02

Physcomitrium pyriforme (Hedw.) Hampe 1837 SK02 [=Bryum pyriforme D24, Gymnostomum pyriforme SK02; incl. P. conicum Mitt. 1859 SK02, P. subserratum Hampe 1860 SK02]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B05] Bhattacharyya, P. K. 2005. Bryophyte flora of Barddhaman district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47 (1–4): 11–42.

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. Patagonian and Fuegian mosses. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 63–126. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[FHH01] Frey, W., M. Hofmann & H. H. Hilger. 2001. The gametophyte-sporophyte junction: unequivocal hints for two evolutionary lines of archegoniate land plants. Flora 196: 431–445.

[GM96] Griffiths, A. J. F., J. H. Miller, D. T. Suzuki, R. C. Lewontin & W. M. Gelbart. 1996. An Introduction to Genetic Analysis 6th ed. W. H. Freeman and Company: New York.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[N02] Negi, H. R. 2002. Abundance and diversity of moss communities of Chopta-Tunganath in the Garhwal Himalaya. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 418–433.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

Wahrmund, U., D. Quandt & V. Knoop. 2010. The phylogeny of mosses—addressing open issues with a new mitochondrial locus: group I intron cobi420. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 54 (2): 417-426.

Last updated: 28 December 2017.