Arcella

Dorsal view of Arcella vulgaris, from Microworld.

Belongs within: Arcellinida.

Arcella is a genus of amoeboids with a rigid, chitinous test found in brackish to fresh water (Loeblich & Tappan 1964).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964): Test membranous, transparent, chitinoid, punctate or minutely cancellate, rarely spinose, hemispherical, recurved at circular to crenulate aperture (av. diam. 70µ), young tests hyaline, adult brown; protoplasm centrally placed, attached to interior of test by threads of ectoplasm, may secrete gas vacuoles, to serve hydrostatic function, allowing individual to float, and later resorb vacuoles in order to settle; pseudopodia few, lobose, blunt; commonly binucleate, but in some species as many as 200 nuclei occur; 4 or more small contractile vacuoles; reproduction by "budding".

<==Arcella Ehrenberg 1832 (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |--*A. vulgaris Ehrenberg 1832 [=A. (*Euarcella) vulgaris, A. (*Sticholepis) vulgaris] LT64
    |--A. arcelloides (Playfair 1918) [=*Leptocystis arcelloides] LT64
    |--A. arenaria LB90
    |--A. artocrea Deflandre 1928 NM05
    |--A. atava Collin 1914 [=A. (*Antarcella) atava] LT64
    |--A. aureola (Ehrenberg 1837) [=*Cyphidium aureolum, A. (*Cyphidium) aureola] LT64
    |--A. catinus LB90
    |--A. dentata Ehr. 1830 W86
    |--A. discoides Ehr. 1843 W86 [incl. A. discoides var. scutelliformis TG03]
    |--A. excavata Cunningham 1919 TG03
    |--A. hemisphaerica C-SCL16
    |--A. peristicta Ehrenberg 1854 [=A. (*Heterocosmia) peristicta] LT64
    |--A. mitrata D01
    `--A. polypora [incl. A. polypora var. curvata Wailes 1913] TG03

Arcella Ehrenberg 1832 [=Arcellina Carter 1856, Euarcella Deflandre 1928, Sticholepis Ehrenberg 1872; incl. Antarcella Deflandre 1928, Cyphidium Ehrenberg 1837, Heterocosmia Ehrenberg 1872, Leptocystis Playfair 1918 non Jaeckel 1899; Arcellida, Arcellidae, Arcellinae, Arcellinea, Arcellineae, Arcellinina] LT64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C-SCL16] Cavalier-Smith, T., E. E. Chao & R. Lewis. 2016. 187-gene phylogeny of protozoan phylum Amoebozoa reveals a new class (Cutosea) of deep-branching, ultrastructurally unique, enveloped marine Lobosa and clarifies amoeba evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 99: 275–296.

[D01] Daday, E. 1901. Édesvizi mikroszkópi állatok [Mikroskopische Süsswasserthiere]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 375–470. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[LB90] Lousier, J. D., & S. S. Bamforth. 1990. Soil protozoa. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 97–136. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[NM05] Nikolaev, S. I., E. A. D. Mitchell, N. B. Petrov, C. Berney, J. Fahrni & J. Pawlowski. 2005. The testate lobose amoebae (order Arcellinida Kent, 1880) finally find theit home within Amoebozoa. Protist 156: 191–202.

[TG03] Todorov, M., & V. Golemansky. 2003. Morphology, biometry and ecology of Arcella excavata Cunningham, 1919 (Rhizopoda: Arcellinida). Acta Protozoologica 42: 105–111.

[W86] Whitelegge, T. 1886. List of the freshwater Rhizopoda of N. S. Wales. Part I. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (2): 497–504.

Vorticellidae

Vorticella campanula, copyright Protist Information Server.

Belongs within: Oligohymenophorea.

The Vorticellidae are a group of sessile ciliates that live attached to their substrate by a contractile stalk.

Vorticellidae
    |--Cothurniopsis imberbis D01
    |--Carchesium H04
    |    |--C. limneticum C79
    |    `--C. polypinum H04
    |--Lagenophrys D01
    |    |--L. monolistrae S86
    |    `--L. vaginicola D01
    |--Cothurnia D01
    |    |--C. crystallina D01
    |    `--C. oblonga SX97
    |--Zoothamnium BK77
    |    |--Z. alternans C79
    |    |--Z. arbuscula C79
    |    |--Z. parasita D01
    |    `--Z. vermicola [=Myoschiston vermicola] BK77
    `--Vorticella Linnaeus 1767 FT93
         |--V. campanula SX97
         |--V. convallaria C79
         |--V. microstoma LB90
         |--V. monilata SX97
         |--V. nebulifera LB90
         |--V. picta SX97
         |--V. punctata BK77
         `--V. similis SX97

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BK77] Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1–159.

[C79] Curds, C. R. 1979. Group phenomena in the phylum Protozoa. In: Larwood, G., & B. R. Rosen (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms pp. 29–37. Academic Press: London.

[D01] Daday, E. 1901. Édesvizi mikroszkópi állatok [Mikroskopische Süsswasserthiere]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 375–470. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[FT93] Fensome, R. A., F. J. R. Taylor, G. Norris, W. A. S. Sarjeant, D. I. Wharton & G. L. Williams. 1993. A classification of living and fossil dinoflagellates. Micropaleontology Special Publication 7: i–viii, 1–351.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[LB90] Lousier, J. D., & S. S. Bamforth. 1990. Soil protozoa. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 97–136. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[S86] Sket, B. 1986. Isopoda: Sphaeromatidae. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 423–427. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[SX97] Song B. & Xie P. 1997. Preliminary studies on the community structure of the planktonic protozoa from the outlet of Lake Dongting. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica 21 (Suppl.): 60–68.

Phyllopharyngea

Chilodonella uncinata, copyright Wolfgang Bettighofer.

Belongs within: Intramacronucleata.

The Phyllopharyngea are a group of ciliates with a radial array of microtubular ribbons around the oral region (Adl et al. 2012).

Characters (from Adl et al. 2012): Ciliated stage with somatic kineties mostly as monokinetids that each have a lateral kinetodesmal fibril, a reduced or absent transverse microtubular ribbon that is usually accompanied by a left-directed transverse fibre, and a somewhat convergent postciliary ribbon extending posteriorly to accompany ribbons of more anterior monokinetids; ribbon-like subkinetal nematodesmata arising from somatic monokinetids and extending, either anteriorly or posteriorly, beneath kineties as nematodesmata in the Synhymenia or subkinetal ribbons in the other clades; oral region with radially arranged microtubular ribbons, called phyllae.

Phyllopharyngea
    |--Synhymenia AS12
    |    |--Synhymenia AS12
    |    `--Zosterodasys AS12
    |--Chonotrichia [Chonotrichida] AS12
    |    |  i. s.: Chilodochona AS12
    |    |         Spirochona AS12
    |    |--Exogemmina C74
    |    `--Endogemmina C74
    |--Rhynchodia [Rhynchodida] AS12
    |    |  i. s.: Hypocoma L03
    |    |         Heterocinetopsis C74
    |    |         Ignotocoma AS12
    |    |         Stegotricha AS12
    |    |--Rhynchodina C74
    |    `--Ancistrocoma AS12 [Ancistrocomina C74]
    |--Suctoria [Suctorida, Suctoridea] AS12
    |    |  i. s.: Ephelota [Ephelotidae] AS12
    |    |         Acinetidae D01
    |    |           |--Acineta tuberosa AS12, D86
    |    |           `--Tocophrya cyclopum D01
    |    |         Allantosoma C74
    |    |         Cyathodinium C74
    |    |         Dendrocometes C74
    |    |         Podophrya C74
    |    |         Trichophrya C74
    |    |         Discophrya collini AS12, L03
    |    |--Exogenina C74
    |    `--Endogenina C74
    `--Cyrtophoria [Cyrtophorida, Phyllopharyngia, Phyllopharyngidea] AS12
         |--Trithigmostoma steini L03
         |--Dysteria ovalis D86, MCS03
         |--Chlamydodon D86
         |--Brooklynella AS12
         `--Chilodonella AS12
              |--C. acuta SX97
              |--C. algivora SX97
              |--C. bavariensis SX97
              |--C. calkinsi SX97
              |--C. cucullus LB90
              |--C. fluviatilis SX97
              `--C. uncinata L03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AS12] Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, D. Bass, S. S. Bowser, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, M. Dunthorn, V. Hampl, A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, E. Lara, E. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, H. McManus, E. A. D. Mitchell, S. E. Mozley-Stanridge, L. W. Parfrey, J. Pawlowski, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov & F. W. Spiegel. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–493.

[C74] Corliss, J. O. 1974. The changing world of ciliate systematics: historical analysis of past efforts and a newly proposed phylogenetic scheme of classification for the protistan phylum Ciliophora. Systematic Zoology 23 (1): 91–138.

[D01] Daday, E. 1901. Édesvizi mikroszkópi állatok [Mikroskopische Süsswasserthiere]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 375–470. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[D86] Detcheva, R. 1986. Ciliata interstitiels, essentiellement des sables marins. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 21–29. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[LB90] Lousier, J. D., & S. S. Bamforth. 1990. Soil protozoa. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 97–136. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[L03] Lynn, D. H. 2003. Morphology or molecules: how do we identify the major lineages of ciliates (phylum Ciliophora)? European Journal of Protistology 39 (4): 356–364.

[MCS03] Ma, H., J. K. Choi & W. Song. 2003. An improved silver carbonate impregnation for marine ciliated protozoa. Acta Protozoologica 42: 161–164.

[SX97] Song B. & Xie P. 1997. Preliminary studies on the community structure of the planktonic protozoa from the outlet of Lake Dongting. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica 21 (Suppl.): 60–68.

Choreotrichida

Tintinnopsis beroidea, from Calkins (1902).

Belongs within: Oligotrichea.
Contains: Strombidinopsidae, Strobilidiidae.

The Choreotrichida are a group of ciliates united by a closed adoral zone of membranelles (secondarily opened slightly in Parastrombidinopsis) and hypoapokinetal stomatogenesis in a pouch (Agatha & Strüder-Kypke 2007).

Choreotrichida [Choreotrichia, Strobilidiina] AS-K07
    |  i. s.: Climacocylis AS-K07
    |         Codonaria AS-K07
    |         Proplectella AS-K07
    |         Undella AS-K07
    |         Xystonella AS-K07
    |--Leegaardiella Lynn & Montagnes 1988 [Leegaardiellidae] AS-K07
    |    |--L. ovalis Lynn & Montagnes 1988 AS-K07
    |    `--+--L. elbraechteri Petz et al. 1995 AS-K07
    |       `--L. sol Lynn & Montagnes 1988 AS-K07
    `--+--Strombidinopsidae AS-K07
       `--+--+--Strobilidiidae AS-K07
          |  `--Lohmanniella Leegaard 1915 [Lohmanniellidae] AS-K07
          |       |--*L. oviformis Leegaard 1915 AS-K07
          |       `--L. glacicola (Petz, Song & Wilbert 1995) [=Rimostrombidium glacicolum] AS-K07
          `--Tintinnina AS-K07
               |  i. s.: Petalotricha A04
               |           |--P. ampulla A04
               |           `--P. galea H04
               |         Cyttarocylis B26
               |           |--C. brandti A04
               |           |--C. cistellula H04
               |           |--C. denticulata B26
               |           |--C. ehrenbergi B26
               |           |--C. serrata B26
               |           `--C. subulata B26
               |         Parafavella denticulata AS-K07
               |         Salpingacantha Kofoid & Campbell 1929 AS-K07
               |         Amphorellopsis acuta (Schmidt 1901) AS-K07
               |         Metacylis angulata AS-K07
               |         Rhabdonella hebe AS-K07
               |         Cercidina Vogler 1941 LT64
               |           `--*C. supracretacea Vogler 1941 LT64
               |         Dictyocysta H04
               |           |--D. templum H04
               |           `--D. tiara H04
               |--Tintinnidiidae AS-K07
               |    |--Membranicola Foissner et al. 1999 AS-K07
               |    |    `--M. tamari Foissner et al. 1999 AS-K07
               |    `--Tintinnidium Kent 1881 AS-K07
               |         |  i. s.: T. mucicola AS-K07
               |         |--T. (Tintinnidium) AS-K07
               |         |    |--*T. (T.) fluviatile (Stein 1863) [=Tintinnus fluviatilis] AS-K07
               |         |    `--T. (T.) pusillum Entz 1909 AS-K07
               |         `--+--‘Tintinnopsis’ cylindrata Kofoid & Campbell 1929 AS-K07
               |            `--T. (Semitintinnidium Agatha & Strüder-Kypke 2007 AS-K07
               |                 `--T. (*S.) semiciliatum (Sterki 1879) [=Tintinnus semiciliatus] AS-K07
               `--+--Nolaclusilis Snyder & Brownlee 1991 [Nolaclusiliidae] AS-K07
                  |    |--N. bicornis Snyder & Brownlee 1991 AS-K07
                  |    `--N. hudsonicus Sniezek et al. 1991 AS-K07
                  `--+--Favella AS-K07
                     |    |--F. ehrenbergii AS-K07
                     |    `--F. panamensis AS-K07
                     |--Eutintinnus Kofoid & Campbell 1939 [Tintinnidae] AS-K07
                     |    |--E. angustatus (Daday 1887) AS-K07
                     |    |--E. pectinis (Kofoid & Campbell 1929) AS-K07
                     |    `--E. tenuis (Kofoid & Campbell 1929) AS-K07
                     `--+--‘Tintinnopsis’ brasiliensis Kofoid & Campbell 1929 AS-K07
                        `--+--Codonellopsidae AS-K07
                           |    |--Stenosemella Jörgensen 1924 AS-K07
                           |    |    `--S. nivalis (Meunier 1910) AS-K07
                           |    `--Codonellopsis Jörgensen 1924 AS-K07
                           |         |--C. americana AS-K07
                           |         `--C. glacialis (Laackmann 1907) AS-K07
                           |--Ptychocylididae AS-K07
                           |    |--Ptychocylis AS-K07
                           |    `--Cymatocylis Laackmann 1910 AS-K07
                           |         |--C. affinis AS-K07
                           |         |--C. calyciformis (Laackmann 1907) AS-K07
                           |         `--C. convallaria Laackmann 1910 AS-K07
                           `--Codonellidae AS-K07
                                |--‘Stenosemella’ lacustris Foissner & O’Donoghue 1990 AS-K07
                                |--Codonella Haeckel 1873 AS-K07
                                |    |--C. campanella H04
                                |    |--C. cratera (Leidy 1877) AS-K07
                                |    `--C. lacustris [incl. C. eupelagica] D01
                                `--Tintinnopsis Stein 1867 AS-K07
                                     |--*T. beroidea AS-K07
                                     |--T. campanula (Ehrenberg 1840) AS-K07
                                     |--T. cylindrica Daday 1887 AS-K07
                                     |--T. dadayi AS-K07
                                     |--T. entzii SX97
                                     |--T. fimbriata Meunier 1919 AS-K07
                                     |--T. ovata D01
                                     |--T. tocantinensis AS-K07
                                     |--T. tubulosoides Meunier 1910 AS-K07
                                     `--T. ventricosa B26

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A04] Agatha, S. 2004. A cladistic approach for the classification of oligotrichid ciliates (Ciliophora: Spirotricha). Acta Protozoologica 43: 201–217.

[AS-K07] Agatha, S., & M. C. Strüder-Kypke. 2007. Phylogeny of the order Choreotrichida (Ciliophora, Spirotricha, Oligotrichea) as inferred from morphology, ultrastructure, ontogenesis, and SSrRNA genes sequences. European Journal of Protistology 43 (1): 37–63.

[B26] Bigelow, H. B. 1926. Plankton of the offshore waters of the Gulf of Maine. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries 40 (2): 1–509.

[D01] Daday, E. 1901. Édesvizi mikroszkópi állatok [Mikroskopische Süsswasserthiere]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 375–470. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 2. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[SX97] Song B. & Xie P. 1997. Preliminary studies on the community structure of the planktonic protozoa from the outlet of Lake Dongting. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica 21 (Suppl.): 60–68.

Miturgidae

Miturga sp., possibly M. gilva, copyright Arthur Chapman.

Belongs within: Dionycha.

The Miturgidae are a group of ecribellate spiders with two-segmented posterior spinnerets (at least laterally). Membership of the family has historically been contentious, and Ramírez (2014) synonymised it with the previously recognised family Zoridae. This redefined clade is supported by features of the male palps, including a retrolateral cymbial groove, a median apophysis continuous with the embolus with the base directed forwards, and a partially membranous retrolateral tibial apophysis bearing a canal. Most genera, excluding Teminius, have the piriform spigots of the spinnerets larger in males than in females (Ramírez 2014). The genus Miturga has the eye-rows nearly straight whereas in Zora they are strongly recurved so the anterior lateral eyes are closer to the posterior median eyes. Parallel eye rows are also characteristic of the Indo-Australian Systariinae which also have tapering anterior lateral spinnerets and a deep thoracic groove.

Characters (from Ramírez 2014): Legs with two claws. Male palp bearing retrolateral tibial apophysis, usually with a canal and a membranous area; retrolateral groove usually present on cymbium; embolus arising centrally on tegulum, with median apophysis arising in a continuum from its base, directed forward.

<==Miturgidae [Miturginae, Zoridae, Zorinae]
    |--Teminius R14
    |    |--T. affinis JD-S07
    |    |--T. agalenoides R14
    |    |--T. hirsutus R14
    |    `--T. insularis (Lucas 1857) L-M-HG08
    `--+--+--Syspira eclectica R14
       |  `--Systariinae R14
       |       |--Systaria R14
       |       |--Palicanus R14
       |       |--Tamin R14
       |       `--Xantharia R14
       `--+--Zora Koch 1847 R14
          |    |--Z. parallela Simon 1878 K02
          |    |--Z. silvestris RKD02
          |    `--Z. spinimana (Sundevall 1832) K55
          `--Miturga Thorell 1870 R14, CH12
               |  i. s.: M. agelenina B96
               |         M. albomaculata E07
               |         M. severa Simon 1909 M54
               |--M. lineata R14
               `--+--M. gilva R14
                  `--Mituliodon tarantulinus R14

Miturgidae incertae sedis:
  Pacificana Hogg 1904 PVD10
    `--*P. cockayni Hogg 1904 PVD10
  Diaprograpta Simon 1909 JD-S07, PVD10
  Prochora JD-S07
  Syrisca JD-S07
  Zealoctenus Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    `--*Z. cardronaensis Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
  Hestimodema Simon 1909 R08
  Odomasta Simon 1909 R08
  Elassoctenus Simon 1909 R08
  Thasyraea Koch 1878 R08
  Simonus Ritsema 1881 R08
  Hoedillus Simon 1898 JD-S07
  Israzorides Levy 2003 JD-S07
  Zoroides Berland 1924 JD-S07
  Argoctenus Koch 1878 R08
    `--A. aureus (Hogg 1911) [=Nemoctenus aureus, A. aurens (l. c.)] PVD10
  Tuxoctenus Raven 2008 R08
    |--*T. gloverae Raven 2008 R08
    |--T. linnaei Raven 2008 R08
    `--T. mcdonaldae Raven 2008 R08
  Eupograpta R14
  Mitzoruga R14
  Nuliodon R14
  Parapostenus R14
  Pseudoceto R14
  Voraptus Simon 1898 R14, JD-S07
    `--*V. tenellus (Simon 1893) JD-S07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B96] Brunet, B. 1996. Spiderwatch: A Guide to Australian Spiders. Reed New Holland: Sydney.

[CH12] Chen, S.-H., & W.-J. Huang. 2012. The Spider Fauna of Taiwan—Araneae: Miturgidae, Anyphaenidae, Clubionidae. National Taiwan Normal University.

[E07] Elliott, M. G. 2007. Annotated catalogue of the Pompilidae (Hymenoptera) of Australia. Zootaxa 1428: 1–83.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[K02] Koponen, S. 2002. Ground-living spiders in bogs in northern Europe. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 262–267.

[K55] Kraus, O. 1955. Spinnen von Korsika, Sardinien und Elba (Arach., Araneae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 371–394.

[L-M-HG08] Lo-Man-Hung, N. F., T. A. Gardner, M. A. Ribeiro-Júnior, J. Barlow & A. B. Bonaldo. 2008. The value of primary, secondary, and plantation forests for Neotropical epigeic arachnids. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 394–401.

[M54] Main, B. Y. 1954. Spiders and Opiliones. In: Willis, J. H. (ed.) The Archipelago of the Recherche pp. 37–53. Australian Geographical Society: Melbourne.

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

[R14] Ramírez, M. J. 2014. The morphology and phylogeny of dionychan spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 390: 1–374.

[R08] Raven, R. J. 2008. Revisions of Australian ground-hunting spiders: III. Tuxoctenus gen. nov. (Araneomorphae: Zoridae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (4): 351–361.

[RKD02] Relys, V., S. Koponen & D. Dapkus. 2002. Annual differences and species turnover in peat bog spider communities. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 416–424.

Last updated: 23 January 2022.

Haplodrassus

Haplodrassus signifer, copyright Evan Jones.

Belongs within: Gnaphosidae.

Haplodrassus is a genus of quite generalised gnaphosid spiders found in the Holarctic region.

<==Haplodrassus
    |--H. dalmatensis (Koch 1866) K55
    |--H. macellinus (Thorell 1870) K55
    |--H. mediterraneus Levy 2004 PO08
    |--H. minor SS02
    |--H. moderatus (Kulczynski 1897) K02
    |--H. morosus (Pickard-Cambridge 1872) PO08
    |--H. severus (Koch 1839) K55
    |--H. signifer (Koch 1839) K55
    |--H. silvestris (Blackwall 1833) VPB11
    `--H. soerenseni RKD02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[K02] Koponen, S. 2002. Ground-living spiders in bogs in northern Europe. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 262–267.

[K55] Kraus, O. 1955. Spinnen von Korsika, Sardinien und Elba (Arach., Araneae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 371–394.

[PO08] Pluess, T., I. Opatovsky, E. Gavish-Regev, Y. Lubin & M. H. Schmidt. 2008. Spiders in wheat fields and semi-desert in the Negev (Israel). Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 368–373.

[RKD02] Relys, V., S. Koponen & D. Dapkus. 2002. Annual differences and species turnover in peat bog spider communities. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 416–424.

[SS02] Samu, F., & C. Szinetár. 2002. On the nature of agrobiont spiders. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 389–402.

[VPB11] Varet, M., J. Pétillon & F. Burel. 2011. Comparative responses of spider and carabid beetle assemblages along an urban-rural boundary gradient. Journal of Arachnology 39 (2): 236–243.

Julida

Megaphyllum unilineatum, copyright Zdeněk Hyan.

Belongs within: Eugnatha.
Contains: Cylindroiulus, Leptoiulus, Julus.

The Julida are a group of millipedes with pleura fused with terga, and a gnathochilarium with meeting stipes. Members of the families Paeromopodidae and Julidae bear distinct, fine longitudinal striation all around the metazonal segments; members of other families have such striation absent or on the lower sides of the segments only (Hoffman 1990).

Characters (from Hoffman 1990): Gnathochilarium with stipes broadly in contact medially, with small promental sclerite isolated in front of median commissure and larger transverse mental plate (or two plates) at base; sterna, pleura, and terga coalesced into rigid cylindrical rings, with pleural sclerites completely coalesced with lower ends of terga, no suture line remaining; segment 3 without legs.

<==Julida [Symphyognatha, Zygocheta]
    |  i. s.: Tachypodoiulus [incl. Ischiolobus Attems 1951] TKM93
    |           `--T. niger (Leach 1815) [incl. *Ischiolobus niger Attems 1951] TKM93
    |--Paeromopodidae [Californiulidae] H90
    |    |--Paeromopus H90
    |    |--Californiulus H90
    |    `--Aprosphylosoma H90
    |--Nemasomatidae MG00
    |    |--Telsonemasoma H90
    |    |--Thalassisobates littoralis KAA-W00
    |    |--Nemasoma varicorne Koch 1847 TKM93 [=Isobates varicornis KAA-W00]
    |    |--Chelojulus Enghoff 1982 H00
    |    |    `--C. sculpturatus WA04
    |    `--Orinisobates Lohmander 1933 MG00
    |         |--O. microthylax Enghoff 1985 MG00
    |         `--O. sibiricus (Gulička 1963) [=Isobates sibiricus] MG00
    |--Blaniulidae [Isobatidae] TKM93
    |    |  i. s.: Nopoiulus kochii (Gervais 1847) KAA-W00
    |    |         Proteroiulus KAA-W00
    |    |           |--P. fuscus (Am Stein 1857) [=Blaniulus fuscus] TKM93
    |    |           `--P. varicornis KAA-W00
    |    |         Blaniulus TKM93
    |    |           |--B. guttulatus (Fabricius 1798) TKM93
    |    |           `--B. venustus A01
    |    |         Skleroprotopus Attems 1901 [Isobatini, Protoiulidae] A01
    |    |           `--*S. confucius Attems 1901 A01
    |    |--+--Virgoiulus H90
    |    |  `--Okeanobates H90
    |    `--Zosteractinidae H90
    |         |--Zosteractis H90
    |         `--Ameractis H90
    |--Parajulidae H90
    |    |  i. s.: ‘Julus’ telluster Scudder 1878 RB93
    |    |--Aliulus H90
    |    |--Aniulus bollmani KAA-W00
    |    |--Arvechambus H90
    |    |--Ethojulus H90
    |    |--Gyniulus H90
    |    |--Hakiulus H90
    |    |--Illiulus H90
    |    |--Okliulus H90
    |    |--Oriulus H90
    |    |--Pseudojulus H90
    |    |--Ptyoiulus H90
    |    |--Teniulus H90
    |    |--Uroblaniulus H90
    |    |--Apacheiulus H90
    |    |--Gosiulus H90
    |    |--Codiulus H90
    |    |--Bollmaniulus H90
    |    |--Karteroiulus H90
    |    |--Mulaikiulus H90
    |    |--Saiulus H90
    |    |--Simiulus H90
    |    `--Spathiulus H90
    `--Julidae KAA-W00
         |--Brachyiulus pusillus KAA-W00
         |--Allajulus nitidus (Verhoeff 1891) H90, TKM93 [=Cylindroiulus nitidus KAA-W00]
         |--Cylindroiulus MG00
         |--Hypsoiulus alpivagus (Verhoeff 1897) TKM93
         |--Leptoiulus TKM93
         |--Pachypodoiulus eurypus (Attems 1895) TKM93
         |--Unciger foetidus (Koch 1838) TKM93
         |--Pachyiulus fuscipes A01
         |--Glyphiulus granulatus A01
         |--Julus KAA-W00
         |--Leptophyllum (Anuroleptophyllum Attems 1901) A01
         |    `--L. (*A.) caucasicum Attems 1901 A01
         |--Pacifiiulus Mikhaljova 1982 MG00
         |    `--P. amurensis (Gerstfeldt 1859) [incl. P. imbricatus] MG00
         |--Ommatoiulus TKM93
         |    |--O. moreletti DAF07
         |    `--O. sabulosus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Schizophyllum sabulosum] TKM93
         |--Enantiulus TKM93
         |    |--E. nanus (Latzel 1884) [=Julus nanus, Leptophyllum nanum, Metaleptophyllum nanum] TKM93
         |    `--E. pelidnus (Latzel 1884) TKM93
         |--Ophyiulus KAA-W00
         |    |--O. nigrofuscus (Verhoeff 1894) TKM93
         |    |--O. pilosus (Newport 1842) TKM93
         |    `--‘Iulus (*Leucoiulus)’ tirolensis Verhoeff 1894 (n. d.) TKM93
         |--Sibiriulus Gulička 1972 MG00
         |    |--S. altaicus (Gulička 1972) [=Cylindroiulus (Sibiriulus) altaicus] MG00
         |    |--S. dentiger (Gulička 1963) [=Cylindroiulus (Sibiriulus) dentiger] MG00
         |    `--S. multinicus Mikhaljova in Mikhaljova & Golovatch 2000 MG00
         `--Megaphyllum Verhoeff 1894 MG00
              |--M. austriacum (Latzel 1884) [=Julus austriacus] TKM93
              |--M. projectum (Verhoeff 1894) [=Chromatoiulus projectus] TKM93
              |--M. sjaelandicum (Meinert 1868) MG00
              `--M. unilineatum (Koch 1838) [=Chromatoiulus unilineatus] TKM93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A01] Attems, C. Graf. 1901. Myriopodák [Myriopoden]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 275–310. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[DAF07] Department of Agriculture and Food. 2007. Common Seasonal Pests. State of Western Australia.

[H00] Hannibal, J. T. 2000. Hexecontasoma, a new helminthomorph millipede (Hexecontasomatidae n. fam.) from the Mazon Creek, Illinois, fauna (Carboniferous, North America). Fragmenta Faunistica 43 (Suppl.): 19–35.

[H90] Hoffman, R. L. 1990. Diplopoda. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 835–860. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[KAA-W00] Kheirallah, A.-M., A.-N. H. Aly & N. Y. Abdel-Wahed. 2000. Anamorphosis and life-history of the millipede Nopoiulus kochii (Gervais, 1847), new for Egypt. Zoology in the Middle East 21: 159–168.

[MG00] Mikhaljova, E. V., & S. I. Golovatch. 2000. A review of the millipede fauna of Siberia (Diplopoda). Arthropoda Selecta 9: 103–118.

[RB93] Ross, A. J., & D. E. G. Briggs. 1993. Arthropoda (Euthycarcinoidea and Myriapoda). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 357–361. Chapman & Hall: London.

[TKM93] Thaler, K., B. Knoflach & E. Meyer. 1993. Fragmenta faunistica Tirolensia—X. Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich-Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck 80: 311–325.

[WA04] Wilson, H. M., & L. I. Anderson. 2004. Morphology and taxonomy of Paleozoic millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland. Journal of Paleontology 78 (1): 169–184.

Last updated: 10 June 2022.