Pholcinae

Pholcus phalangioides, copyright Olaf Leillinger.

Belongs within: Pholcidae.

The Pholcinae are a group of daddy-long-legs spiders united by the reduction of the tarsal comb hairs to a single ventral row, and the usual presence on the male chelicerae of a pair of proximal lateral apophyses (Huber 2011).

<==Pholcinae
    |  i. s.: Aetana Huber 2005 H11
    |         Wanniyala Huber & Benjamin 2005 H11
    |--+--Nyikoa Huber 2007 H11
    |  |    `--N. limbe Huber 2007 HF08
    |  `--Zatavua Huber 2003 H11
    |       |--Z. vohiparara Huber 2003 HF08
    |       `--Z. zanahary H11
    `--+--Paraspermophora Wunderlich 2004 H11
       |--Anansus Huber 2007 H11
       |--Savarna Huber 2005 H11
       |--Khorata Huber 2005 H11
       |    `--K. khammouan Huber 2005 HF08
       |--+--+--Paramicromerys Millot 1946 H11
       |  |  |    `--P. scharffi Huber 2003 HF08
       |  |  `--+--Buitinga Huber 2003 HF08, H11
       |  |     |    |--B. asax Huber 2003 HF08
       |  |     |    `--B. kadogo H11
       |  |     `--Spermophorides Wunderlich 1992 HF08, H11
       |  |          |--S. cuneata (Wunderlich 1987) HF08
       |  |          `--S. elevata (Simon 1873) HF08
       |  `--+--Metagonia Simon 1893 H11
       |     |    |--M. conica (Simon 1893) HF08
       |     |    |--M. mariguitarensis (González-Sponga 1998) T09
       |     |    `--M. reventazona Huber 1997 HF08
       |     `--Spermophora Hentz 1841 HF08, H11
       |          |--S. kerinci Huber 2005 HF08
       |          |--S. senoculata (Dugès 1836) H11
       |          `--S. usambara Huber 2003 HF08
       `--+--Quamtana Huber 2003 H11
          |    `--Q. bonamanzi Huber 2003 HF08
          |--Belisana Thorell 1898 H11
          |    |--B. airai Huber 2005 HF08
          |    |--B. fiji Huber 2005 HF08
          |    |--B. hormigai H11
          |    `--B. ketambe H11
          `--+--Micropholcus Deeleman-Reinhold & Prinsen 1987 H11
             |    `--M. fauroti (Simon 1887) H11
             |--Pehrforsskalia Deeleman-Reinhold & van Harten 2001 H11
             |    `--P. conopyga Deeleman-Reinhold & van Harten 2001 HF08
             `--+--+--Panjange Deeleman-Reinhold & Deeleman 1983 HF08, H11
                |  |    `--P. mirabilis Deeleman-Reinhold 1986 HF08
                |  `--Leptopholceae H11
                |       |--Micromerys Bradley 1877 H11
                |       |    `--M. daviesae Deeleman-Reinhold 1986 HF08
                |       `--Leptopholcus Simon 1893 H11
                |            |--L. debakkeri H11
                |            |--L. gracilis H11
                |            `--L. hispaniola Huber 2000 HF08
                `--+--Calapnita Simon 1892 HF08, H11
                   |    |--C. phyllicola Deeleman-Reinhold 1986 HF08
                   |    `--C. saluang H11
                   |--Ossinissa Dimitrov & Ribera 2005 HF08, H11
                   |    `--*O. justoi (Wunderlich 1991) [=Spermophorides justoi] F05
                   |--Uthina Simon 1893 HF08, H11
                   |    `--U. luzonica Simon 1893 HF08
                   `--Pholcus Walckenaer 1805 H11
                        |--P. barbarus Lucas 1846 E12
                        |--P. bourgini H11
                        |--P. caudatus V09
                        |--P. chattoni H11
                        |--P. crypticolens Bösenberg & Strand 1906 RA08
                        |--P. kwamgumi H11
                        |--P. lamperti H11
                        |--P. manueli Gertsch 1937 [incl. P. affinis Schenkel 1953] RA08
                        |--P. opilionoides (Schrank 1781) HF08
                        |--P. phalangioides (Fuesslin 1775) H11
                        |--P. quadripunctatus Lucas 1846 E12
                        |--P. quinquenotatus H11
                        |--P. sphaeroides B96
                        `--P. zichyi Kulczyński 1901 K01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B96] Brunet, B. 1996. Spiderwatch: A Guide to Australian Spiders. Reed New Holland: Sydney.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.

[H11] Huber, B. A. 2011. Phylogeny and classification of Pholcidae (Araneae): an update. Journal of Arachnology 39 (2): 211–222.

[HF08] Huber, B. A., & N. Fleckenstein. 2008. Comb-hairs on the fourth tarsi in pholcid spiders. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 232–240.

[K01] Kulczyński, V. 1901. Arachnoideák [Arachnoidea]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 311–369. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[RA08] Ramalho, M. O., D. Araujo, M. C. Schneider, A. D. Brescovit & D. M. Cella. 2008. Mesabolivar brasiliensis (Moenkhaus 1898) and Mesabolivar cyaneotaeniatus (Keyserling 1891) (Araneomorphae, Pholcidae): close relationship reinforced by cytogenetic analysis. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 453–456.

[T09] Taylor, C. K. 2009. Australiscutum, a new genus of Monoscutidae (Arachnida: Opiliones) from eastern Australia, with the first record of asymmetrical chelicerae in Opiliones. Insect Systematics and Evolution 40: 319–332.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the Wild Fauna and Flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.

Tephritoidea

Signal fly Rivellia sp., copyright Stephen Cresswell.

Belongs within: Schizophora.
Contains: Lonchaeidae, Richardiidae, Piophilidae, Ulidiidae, Tephritidae, Pyrgotidae.

The Tephritoidea are a group of acalyptrate flies united by the reduction or loss of sternite 6 in the male, the presence in females of anterior rod-like apodemes on sternites 4 to 7, and division of the female tergosternite 7 into two sections, with the anterior section forming a tubular oviscape and the posterior section comprising two pairs of longitudinal taeniae. Many tephritoids have strikingly patterned wings that are held outwards in display. Members include the Platystomatidae, signal flies, a varied group with often metallic-coloured bodies characterised by the absence of frontal setae or of any extension of the posterior apex of wing cell cup, and the presence of setulae along the entire length of vein R₁ (Whittington 2010). Many platystomatids exhibit reduction in the abdominal tergites. The Ctenostylidae are nocturnal, long-legged flies with a large head, nearly the same size as the thorax (Korneyev 2010). The Tachiniscidae are tropical parasitoids (the only species whose larva has been identified has been raised from immature saturniid moths) that have often been treated as a subfamily of Tephritidae.

<==Tephritoidea [Otitoidea] WT11
    |--+--Lonchaeidae WT11
    |  `--Richardiidae WT11
    `--+--Piophilidae WT11
       `--+--Ulidiidae WT11
          `--+--+--+--Tephritidae WT11
             |  |  `--+--Pyrgotidae WT11
             |  |     `--Tachiniscidae [Tachiniscinae] WT11
             |  |          |--Tachinisca cyaneiventris N10
             |  |          |--Neortalotrypeta bicolor N10
             |  |          |--Agnitrena igniceps N10
             |  |          |--Ischyropteron Bigot 1889 N10, B89a [=Calopteromyia Bigot 1889 B89b]
             |  |          |    `--*I. nigricaudatum Bigot 1889 B89a [=*Calopteromyia nigricaudata B89b]
             |  |          `--Protortalotrypeta N10
             |  `--Ctenostylidae [Ctenostylinae, Lochmostyliinae] WT11
             |       |--Nepaliseta ashleyi K10, WT11
             |       |--Furciseta plaumanni K10
             |       |--*Ctenostylum rufum K10
             |       |--Sinolochmostylia K10
             |       |--Tauroscypson K10
             |       |    |--T. andina K10
             |       |    `--T. guiana K10
             |       |--Lochmostylia K10
             |       |    |--*L. borgmeieri K10
             |       |    `--L. lopesi K10
             |       `--Ramuliseta K10
             |            |--R. ashleyi K10
             |            |--R. lindneri O98
             |            `--R. palpifera O98
             `--Platystomatidae [Achiasidae] WT11
                  |  i. s.: Giraffomyia GE05
                  |         Lamprogaster CM91
                  |           |--L. imperialis ZS10
                  |           |--L. semicyanea [=Dryomyza semicyanea] O98
                  |           `--L. violacea C91
                  |         Achias W10
                  |           |--A. australis CM91
                  |           |--A. kimi O98
                  |           |--A. minax O98
                  |           |--A. oculata [=Diopsis (Achias) oculata] G20
                  |           `--A. rothschildi GE05
                  |         Plagiostenopterina W10
                  |         Euprosopia tenuicornis CM91
                  |         Elassogaster linearis CM91
                  |         Duomyia CM91
                  |         Lenophila dentipes CM74
                  |         Asyntona O98
                  |         Cleitamia astrolabei O98
                  |         Zygaenula O98
                  |         Pterogenia O98
                  |         Naupoda O98
                  |         Atopognathus complens O98
                  |         Trigonosoma decorum O98
                  |--Phasiamya O98 [Trapherinae W10]
                  |--Plastotephritinae W10
                  |--Scholastinae W10
                  |    |--Neohemigaster O98
                  |    |--Mesoctenia O98
                  |    `--Scholastes O98
                  |         |--S. foordi RJ93
                  |         `--S. lonchifer O98
                  `--Platystomatinae [Angitulinae] W10
                       |--Himeroessa pretiosa W10, S87
                       |--Angitula nigra O98
                       |--Pogonortalis doclea O98, S87
                       |--Platystoma Meigen 1803 BR05
                       |    |--P. lugubre [incl. P. umbrarum] RD77
                       |    `--P. seminationis [=Micropeza (Platystoma) seminationis] G20
                       |--Amphicnephes W10
                       |    |--A. pullus S87
                       |    `--A. stellatus W10
                       |--Senopterina W10 [=Stenopterina S87; incl. Bricinnia W10, Bricinniella W10]
                       |    |--S. brevipes W10
                       |    |--S. caerulescens W10
                       |    `--S. mexicana W10
                       `--Rivellia W10
                            |--R. basilaris BM76
                            |--R. bosci R13
                            |--R. flavimana W10
                            |--R. inaequata W10
                            |--R. occulta W10
                            |--R. syngenesiae WT11
                            `--R. trigona BM76

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B89a] Bigot, J.-M.-F. 1889a. Novum genus Dipterorum, ex Trypetidis. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: xxix–xxx.

[B89b] Bigot, J.-M.-F. 1889b. Ischyropteron. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: xciii.

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[CM74] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1974. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers. Supplement 1974 pp. 91–96. Melbourne University Press.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[C91] CSIRO. 1991. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[K10] Korneyev, V. A. 2010. Ctenostylidae (ctenostylid flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 963–969. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[N10] Norrbom, A. L. 2010. Tephritidae (fruit flies, moscas de frutas). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 909–954. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[O98] Oosterbroek, P. 1998. The Families of Diptera of the Malay Archipelago. Brill: Leiden.

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S87] Steyskal, G. C. 1987. Platystomatidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 809–812. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[W10] Whittington, A. E. 2010. Platystomatidae (signal flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 903–907. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

[ZS10] Zborowski, P., & R. Storey. 2010. A Field Guide to Insects in Australia 3^rd ed. Reed New Holland: Sydney.

Last updated: 17 April 2022.

Chloropidae

Barley gout fly Chlorops pumilionis, copyright Dick Belgers.

Belongs within: Schizophora.

The Chloropidae, frit flies, are a group of small flies characterised by the presence of a sharp carina on the propleuron. They are ecologically diverse, with larval diets varying from phytophagous to predatory to saprophagous. Some phytophagous species, such as the wheat stem maggot Meromyza americana, are pests of cereal crops.

Species are divided between three subfamilies in which the costa ends at or only slightly beyond the apex of vein R₄₊₅ in members of the Chloropinae but reaches the apex of M₁ in Siphonellopsinae and Oscinellinae. Siphonellopsinae have long and proclinate or lateroclinate fronto-orbital bristles whereas Oscinellinae have short and/or reclinate or erect fronto-orbitals (Wheeler 2010).

Characters (from Sabrosky 1987): Small flies 1.5–5.0 mm long, rarely larger, with reduced bristling. Head with frons broad in both sexes, usually with a large, strongly sclerotized, plate-like, sharply margined ocellar triangle; surface of ocellar triangle varying from smooth and polished to densely pruinose and dull, usually with single row of piliferous punctures on or just outside lateral margins, occasionally with two or more rows on each side of triangle, rarely entirely punctate. Head profile usually showing frons only slightly projecting, face receding or slightly concave, vibrissal angle obtusely rounded (rarely projecting and acutely angulate). Eye large, round or ovate in outline, with long axis usually vertical or nearly so except in genera with projecting frons, bare to short-haired, rarely densely long-haired. Face flat or with low carina; carina well-developed though narrow in a few genera, rarely broad and flat. Antenna porrect; flagellomere 1 commonly orbicular or nearly so, sometimes reniform, occasionally elongate; arista micropubescent to short pubescent, rarely entirely bare, sometimes long-haired, sometimes flattened and ensiform. Bristles of head reduced, usually weak, seldom strong; inner and outer vertical, postocellar, and ocellar bristles commonly present; postocellar bristles parallel to convergent or cruciate; fronto-orbital bristles usually consisting of a row of short reclinate hairs, occasionally consisting of one to several pairs of strong and distinct bristles that are usually erect and reclinate (rarely proclinate); vibrissa often present, but usually weak, hair-like, and inconspicuous. Thorax with scutum usually longer than broad, convex, finely haired with hairs often set in definite rows, sometimes with coarse distinct piliferous punctures; scutellum short and rounded to elongate conical, sometimes with marginal tubercles bearing bristles. Propleuron sharply carinate anteriorly. Thoracic bristling greatly reduced, rarely with bristles on disc of scutum; one postpronotal bristle (often weak and inconspicuous), one anterior and one or two posterior notopleural bristles, and one postalar, one posterior dorsocentral, and one propleural bristle (often pale, weak, and inconspicuous) almost always present; one pair of apical scutellar and one or two (rarely more) pairs of subapical scutellar bristles present. Upper half of pleuron usually glabrous; anepisternum occasionally with hairs. Legs usually short and slender, without bristles; mid or hind tibia sometimes with curved apical or subapical spur; hind tibia commonly posterodorsally with elongate oval slightly depressed tibial organ. Wing rarely absent or reduced, usually hyaline, rarely with any color pattern; venation remarkably consistent throughout family; C continuing at most to M₁₊₂, with subcostal break; Sc usually very faint, present as a trace close to R₁, evanescent distally; R₄₊₅ and M₁₊₂ usually long, ending respectively before and behind apex of wing; cells bm and dm wholly confluent, appearing as one long cell; CuA₁ commonly with a distinct flexure in its long penultimate sector, opposite or before middle of cell bm + dm; crossveins r-m and dm-cu usually present, although crossvein dm-cu (posterior crossvein) rarely absent; A₁ and cell cup always absent; anal area of wing usually well-developed and broadly rounded, seldom narrowed. Abdomen broad, tapering to apex, with segments preceding terminalia usually approximately equal in length; spiracles of tergites l-5 situated in membrane adjacent to lateral edges of tergites. Male terminalia showing extreme variation in position of spiracles, symmetry, and development and fusion of parts; epandrium (tergite 9) well-developed, with movable surstyli; cerci usually small, separate, or fused at bases, or completely fused; aedeagus greatly reduced. Female terminalia simple; cerci usually evident as pair of long-haired pendant lobes that are rarely fused to form a compressed and knifelike or spike-like ovipositor; two sclerotized spermathecae present, rudimentary, attached to long and very fine ducts.

<==Chloropidae [Oscinidae, Siphonellopsidae]
    |--Apotropina W10 [incl. Leasiopleura S87; Siphonellopsinae W10]
    |--Chloropinae W10
    |    |--Neodiplotoxa W10
    |    |--Homaluroides W10
    |    |--Steleocerellus flavifrons W10
    |    |--Trigonomma fossulatum W10
    |    |--Parectecephala eucera W10
    |    |--Elliponeura debilis W10, S87
    |    |--Pseudopachychaeta approximatonervis W10, S87
    |    |--Cetema subvittatum S87
    |    |--Epichlorops exilis S87
    |    |--Lasiosina S87
    |    |--Anthracophaga declinata S87
    |    |--Ectecephala W10
    |    |    |--E. albistylum W10
    |    |    `--E. capillata W10
    |    |--Oscinis K01
    |    |    |--O. frit G20
    |    |    |--O. maura K01
    |    |    `--O. vindicata K01
    |    |--Diplotoxa W10
    |    |    |--D. inconstans K01
    |    |    |--D. neozealandica M83
    |    |    `--D. versicolor S87
    |    |--Meromyza W10
    |    |    |--M. americana W10
    |    |    |--M. opacula W10
    |    |    `--M. saltatrix K01
    |    |--Thaumatomyia Zenker 1833 W10, Ra96 [incl. Chloropisca Loew 1866 Ra96]
    |    |    |--T. elongatula (Becker 1910) [=Chloropisca elongatula] Ra96
    |    |    |--T. glabra [=Chloropisca glabra] Ra96
    |    |    |--T. notata WT11
    |    |    |--‘Chloropisca’ ornata K01
    |    |    |--T. parviceps S87
    |    |    `--T. pulla S87
    |    `--Chlorops W10
    |         |--C. certimus W10
    |         |--C. didyma K01
    |         |--C. humilis K01
    |         |--C. pumilionis S87
    |         |--C. rubicundus S87
    |         |--C. serena K01
    |         |--C. stigmaticalis S87
    |         `--C. taeniopus RD77
    `--Oscinellinae [Hippelatinae, Rhodesiellinae] W10
         |--Goniaspis W10
         |--Liohippelates bishoppi W10
         |--Apallates coxendix W10
         |--Acanthopeltastes W10
         |--Siphunculina striolata W10
         |--Chaetochlorops inquilinus W10
         |--Fiebrigella W10
         |--Biorbitella W10
         |--Medeventor nubosus W10
         |--Metasiphonella magnifica W10
         |--Stenoscinis longipes W10
         |--Psilacrum arpidia W10, S87
         |--Opetiophora straminea W10
         |--Enderleiniella W10
         |--Agrophaspidium W10
         |--Eribolus nana W10, S87
         |--Conioscinella badia W10, M83
         |--Pseudogaurax signatus W10
         |--Onychaspidium W10
         |--Loxobathmis obliquum W10
         |--Oscinicita W10
         |--Malloewia nigripalpis W10, S87
         |--Coryphisoptron W10
         |--Lipara lucens W10, S87
         |--Pseudeurina W10
         |--Discogastrella W10
         |--Ceratobarys eulophus S87
         |--Calamoncosis minima S87
         |--Melanochaeta eunota S87
         |--Speccafrons mallochi S87
         |--Lioscinella flavoapicalis S87, CM70
         |--Hapleginella conicola S87
         |--Neoscinella gigas S87
         |--Sacatonia graminivora S87
         |--Dasyopa latifrons S87
         |--Rhodesiella [incl. Meroscinis] W10
         |    `--R. brimleyi W10
         |--Oscinisoma S87
         |    |--O. alienum S87
         |    `--O. frit S94
         |--Eugaurax W10
         |    |--E. floridensis S87
         |    `--E. setigena W10
         |--Olcella W10
         |    |--O. cinerea W10
         |    `--O. punctifrons S87
         |--Tricimba W10
         |    |--T. melancholica [=Oscinella melancholica] S87
         |    `--T. trisulcata W10
         |--Incertella W10
         |    |--I. albipalpis WT11
         |    `--I. incerta S87
         |--Rhopalopterum W10
         |    |--*R. limitatum W10
         |    `--R. carbonarium S87
         |--Elachiptera W10
         |    |--E. costata W10
         |    `--E. eulophus W10
         |--Monochaetoscinella W10
         |    |--M. anonyma W10
         |    `--M. nigricornis W10
         |--Siphonella S87
         |    |--S. laevigata K01
         |    `--S. oscinina S87
         |--Dicraeus S87
         |    |--D. incongruus S87
         |    `--D. ingratus S87
         |--Hippelates [incl. Olcanabates] W10
         |    |--H. insignificans (Malloch 1931) [=Cadrema insignificans] MM04
         |    |--H. plebejus W10
         |    `--H. pusio BM76
         |--Oscinella W10
         |    |--O. blanda W10
         |    |--O. frit S87
         |    |--O. grandissima S87
         |    `--O. nigerrima K09
         |--Gaurax W10
         |    |--G. festivus W10
         |    |--G. flavoapicalis CM91
         |    |--G. luteohirtus CM91
         |    `--G. tonnoiri CM91
         |--Cadrema W10
         |    |--C. lonchopteroides P87
         |    |--C. nigricornis CM91
         |    |    |--C. n. nigricornis CM91
         |    |    `--C. n. flavus CM91
         |    `--C. pallida W10
         |--Notaulacella W10
         |    |--N. albitarsis S96
         |    |--N. argentigena Sabrosky 1996 S96
         |    |--N. buscki S96
         |    |--N. cabimae S96
         |    |--N. compta S96
         |    |--N. spinosa S96
         |    |--N. trivittata Sabrosky 1996 S96
         |    `--N. vittata S96
         `--Aphanotrigonum S87
              |--A. cinctellum K09
              `--A. scabrum S87

Chloropidae incertae sedis:
  Batrachomyia S87
  Botanobia Re96
    |--B. luteohirta CM70
    `--B. tonnoiri Re96
  Oscinomorpha albisetosa K09
  Ensiferella MC13
  Protoscinella electrica S87
  Ephydroscinis raymenti Curran 1930 [incl. Neoborborus speculabundus Rayment 1931] R35
  Lasiopleura CM70
  Nomba O98
  Chloropsina O98
  Eutropha O98
  Pemphigonotus O98
  Scoliophthalmus O98
  Anatrichus O98
  Meijerella O98
  Thressa O98
  Platycephala RD77
  ‘Agromyza’ aberrans P92

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[CM70] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1970. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 656–740. Melbourne University Press.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[K01] Kertész, K. 1901. Legyek [Dipteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 179–201. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[K09] Köhler, G. 2009. Heuschrecken (Saltatoria) und Ohrwürmner (Dermaptera) im Immissionsgebiet des Düngemittelwerkes Steudnitz/Thüringen—eine Langzeitstudie (1978–2001). Mauritiana 20 (3): 601–646.

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[M83] Martin, N. A. 1983. Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: an annotated species list. DSIR Entomology Division Report 3: 1–98.

[MM04] Mercer, C. F., & K. K. Moore. 2004. Adults of the native face fly (Hippelates insignificans) (Diptera: Chloropidae) accumulate in areas of elevated carbon dioxide. New Zealand Entomologist 27: 57–60.

[O98] Oosterbroek, P. 1998. The Families of Diptera of the Malay Archipelago. Brill: Leiden.

[P87] Peterson, B. V. 1987. Lonchopteridae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 675–680. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[Ra96] Raspi, A. 1996. Thaumatomyia elongatula (Becker) (Chloropidae) and Leucopis annulipes Zetterstedt (Chamaemyiidae): two Diptera preying on Phloeomyzus passerinii (Signoret) (Homoptera: Phloeomyzidae) in Italy. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (3): 509–516.

[R35] Rayment, T. 1935. A Cluster of Bees: Sixty essays on the life-histories of Australian bees, with specific descriptions of over 100 new species. Endeavour Press: Sydney.

[Re96] Rentz, D. 1996. Grasshopper Country: The abundant orthopteroid insects of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[S87] Sabrosky, C. W. 1987. Chloropidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1049–1067. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[S96] Sabrosky, C. W. 1996. Two additional species of Notaulacella Enderlein (Diptera: Chloropidae) from Panama. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (3): 471–472.

[S94] Southcott, R. V. 1994. Revision of the larvae of the Microtrombidiinae (Acarina, Microtrombidiidae), with notes on life histories. Zoologica 48 (2): 1–155.

[W10] Wheeler, T. A. 2010. Chloropidae (frit flies, grass flies, eye gnats). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1137–1153. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Last updated: 30 June 2021.

Sciomyzoidea

Kelp fly Coelopa vanduzeei, copyright Alice Abela.

Belongs within: Schizophora.
Contains: Conopidae, Sciomyzidae.

The Sciomyzoidea are a group of acalyptrate flies characterised by having the face desclerotised along the vertical midline, and possessing a densely setose frontal vitta. Members include the Coelopidae, robust flies with a somewhat flattened habitus most commonly found along coastlines (Vockeroth 1987). The Dryomyzidae are a Holarctic group with a large and prominent clypeus bulging below the lower margin of the face in profile. The coastal Helcomyzidae resembly Dryomyzidae but have a triangular prosternum forming a precoxal bridge. The Helosciomyzidae, found in Australasia and South America, resemble members of the Sciomyzidae but for an anteriorly protruding prelabrum, a short second antennal segment, spaced anterior spines on the costa, and two strong sternopleural bristles present (Colless & McAlpine 1991). Stylogaster is a genus of slender flies, females of which have an elongate ovipositor usually about as long as the rest of the abdomen, that develop as endoparasites of orthopteroids such as cockroaches and crickets (Skevington et al. 2010).

<==Sciomyzoidea [Helcomyzinae] WT11
    |--+--Natalimyza [Natalimyzidae] WT11
    |  `--Heterocheila [Heterocheilidae] WT11
    |       |--H. buccata WT11 [=Oedoparea buccata S87]
    |       `--H. hannai S87
    `--+--Stylogaster [Stylogastrinae] WT11
       |    |--S. biannulata SP87
       |    |--S. malgachensis A71
       |    |--S. neglecta STC10
       |    `--S. stylosus STC10
       `--+--+--+--Pelidnoptera [Phaeomyiidae, Phaeomyiinae] WT11
          |  |  |    `--P. nigripennis WT11
          |  |  `--+--Conopidae WT11
          |  |     `--Sciomyzidae WT11
          |  `--Dryomyzidae [Dryomyzinae] WT11
          |       |--Oedoparena glauca WT11
          |       |--Paractora S87
          |       |--Maorimyia S87
          |       |--Palaeotimia lhoesti S87
          |       |--Prodryomyza electrica S87
          |       `--Dryomyza WT11
          |            |--D. anilis WT11
          |            `--D. flaveola S87
          `--+--+--Huttonina [Huttoninidae, Huttonininae] WT11
             |  |    `--H. glabra WT11
             |  `--Helcomyza WT11 [incl. Actora RD77; Helcomyzidae]
             |       |--H. mirabilis WT11
             |       `--H. ustulata S87
             `--+--Helosciomyzidae [Helosciomyzinae] WT11
                |    |--Neosciomyza luteipennis WT11
                |    |--Helosciomyza CM91
                |    |--Eurotocus CM91
                |    |--Xenosciomyza CM91
                |    |--Polytocus CM91
                |    `--Sciogriphoneura S87
                `--Coelopidae [Phycodromidae] WT11
                     |  i. s.: Dasycoelopa australis CM91
                     |         Chaetocoelopa sydneyensis CM91
                     |         Malacomyia V87
                     |         Baeopterus robustus V87, N91
                     |         Icaridion debile V87, KP10
                     |--Lopa [Lopinae] M10
                     |    `--L. convexa WT11
                     `--Coelopinae M10
                          |--Glumini M10
                          |    |--Gluma nitida KP10
                          |    `--Coelopina anomala M10
                          `--Coelopa [Coelopini] M10
                               |  i. s.: C. alluaudi [incl. C. palauensis] O98
                               |         C. littoralis O81
                               |         C. stejnegeri V87
                               |--C. (Fucomyia) M10
                               |    |--C. (F.) frigida M10
                               |    `--C. (F.) nebularum M10
                               `--C. (Neocoelopa) vanduzeei M10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[KP10] Kutty, S. N., T. Pape, B. M. Wiegmann & R. Meier. 2010. Molecular phylogeny of the Calyptratae (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha) with an emphasis on the superfamily Oestroidea and the position of Mystacinobiidae and McAlpine's fly. Systematic Entomology 35: 614–635.

[M10] Mathis, W. N. 2010. Coelopidae (kelp flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1013–1016. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[N91] Norris, K. R. 1991. General biology. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 68–108. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[O81] O’Brien, C. O. 1981. A. A. Book of New Zealand Wildlife: A guide to the native and introduced animals of New Zealand. Lansdowne Press: Auckland.

[O98] Oosterbroek, P. 1998. The Families of Diptera of the Malay Archipelago. Brill: Leiden.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[STC10] Skevington, J. H., F. C. Thompson & S. Camras. 2010. Conopidae (thick-headed flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 847–855. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[SP87] Smith, K. G. V., & B. V. Peterson. 1987. Conopidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 749–756. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[S87] Steyskal, G. C. 1987. Dryomyzidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 923–926. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[V87] Vockeroth, J. R. 1987. Coelopidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 919–922. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Last updated: 17 April 2022.

Lauxanioidea

Aphid fly Leucopis sp., copyright ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources.

Belongs within: Schizophora.
Contains: Lauxaniidae.

The Lauxanioidea are a group of small to medium-sized flies characterised by convergent postvertical bristles, a shortened anal vein that does not reach the wing margin, and the presence of only a single dorsal sclerite between the sixth tergite and the periandrium in the male. They include the Celyphidae, beetle flies, a group of tropical flies with an enlarged scutellum overhanging the abdomen, beneath which the wings are folded at rest.

The Chamaemyiidae are small stocky flies with larvae predatory on plant-sucking bugs such as aphids and scales. Members of the Holarctic chamaemyiid genus Cremifania lack a prescutellum and presutural supra-alar seta, and have a large, darkly clouded pterostigmal space on the wing. Other chamaemyiids in the subfamily Chamaemyiinae have the supra-alar seta and usually the prescutellum, and the pterostigmal space is smaller and usually only lightly clouded. Within the Chamaemyiinae, the Chamaemyiini have an elongate, posteriorly tapering body form, postocellar setae and strong ocellar setae. The Leucopini have a more compact body with postocellar setae absent and ocellar setae absent or small (Gaimari 2010).

<==Lauxanioidea WT11
    |--+--Lauxaniidae WT11
    |  `--Celyphidae WT11
    |       |--Spaniocelyphus umsinduzi WT11
    |       |--Acelyphus O98
    |       `--Idiocelyphus O98
    `--Chamaemyiidae WT11
         |  i. s.: Chaetoleucopis CM91
         |         Gayomyia CM91
         |         Procremifania electrica M87
         |         Anochthiphila nigra O98
         |--Ochthiphila [Ochthiphilidae, Ochthiphilinae] K01
         |    |--O. aridella K01
         |    `--O. coronata K01
         |--Cremifania [Cremifaniidae, Cremifaniinae] G10
         |    |--C. nearctica WT11
         |    `--C. nigrocellulata G10
         `--Chamaemyiinae G10
              |--Chamaemyiini [Acrometopiini] G10
              |    |--Acrometopia reicherti G10, O98
              |    |--Parapamecia G10
              |    |--Parochthiphila coronata G10, WT11
              |    |--Plunomia elegans G10
              |    |--Chamaemyia G10
              |    |    |--C. flavipalpis GT96
              |    |    |--C. fumicosta G10
              |    |    `--C. polystigma G10
              |    |--Pseudoleucopis M87
              |    |    |--P. benefica M87
              |    |    `--P. fasciventris CM91
              |    |--Pseudodinia G10
              |    |    |--P. meridionalis G10
              |    |    |--P. obscura G10
              |    |    |--P. tuberculata G10
              |    |    `--P. varipes G10
              |    `--Ortalidina G10
              |         |--*O. cellularis G10
              |         |--O. longipennis G10
              |         |--O. nigripalpis G10
              |         `--O. punctata [=Toropamecia punctata] G10
              `--Leucopini [Leucopinae] G10
                   |--Melaleucopis simmondsi G10
                   |--Leucopomyia pulvinaria G10 [=Leucopis (Leucopomyia) pulvinariae M87]
                   |--Anchioleucopis macalpinei G10
                   |--Echinoleucopis G10
                   |--Lipoleucopis praecox M87, G10
                   |--Neoleucopis G10
                   |    |--N. atratula [=Leucopis (Neoleucopis) atratula] M87
                   |    |--N. obscura GT96
                   |    `--N. pinicola G10 [=Leucopis (Neoleucopis) pinicola M87]
                   |--Leucopina G10
                   |    |--L. bellula G10
                   |    |--L. bivittata G10
                   |    `--L. ocellaris G10 [=Leucopis ocellaris BW09]
                   `--Leucopis G10
                        |  i. s.: L. albipuncta GT96
                        |         L. americana [=Leucopina americana] GT96
                        |         L. annulipes Zetterstedt 1848 R96
                        |         L. cerasiphila T96
                        |         L. conciliata GT96
                        |         L. gaimarii Tanasijtshuk 1996 T96
                        |         L. glyphinivora T96
                        |         L. griseola K01
                        |         L. interruptovittata GT96
                        |         L. ninae Tanasijtshuk 1966 T96
                        |         L. pallidolineata T96
                        |         L. tapiae P09
                        |         L. verticalis GT96
                        |--L. (Leucopis) G10
                        |    |--L. (L.) charactophalla G10
                        |    |--L. (L.) flavicornis G10
                        |    |--L. (L.) hennigrata M87
                        |    `--L. (L.) simplex G10
                        `--L. geniculata M87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BW09] Buck, M., N. E. Woodley, A. Borkent, D. M. Wood, T. Pape, J. R. Vockeroth, V. Michelsen & S. A. Marshall. 2009. Key to Diptera families—adults. In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 95–156. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[G10] Gaimari, S. D. 2010. Chamaemyiidae (chamaemyiid flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 997–1007. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[GT96] Gaimari, S. D., & W. J. Turner. 1996. Immature stages of Leucopis ninae Tanasijtshuk and two variant populations of Leucopis gaimarii Tanasijtshuk (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) feeding on Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Homoptera: Aphididae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (4): 647–666.

[K01] Kertész, K. 1901. Legyek [Dipteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 179–201. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[M87] McAlpine, J. F. 1987. Chamaemyiidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 965–971. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[O98] Oosterbroek, P. 1998. The Families of Diptera of the Malay Archipelago. Brill: Leiden.

[P09] Pape, T. 2009. Economic importance of Diptera. In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera, vol. 1 pp. 65–77. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[R96] Raspi, A. 1996. Thaumatomyia elongatula (Becker) (Chloropidae) and Leucopis annulipes Zetterstedt (Chamaemyiidae): two Diptera preying on Phloeomyzus passerinii (Signoret) (Homoptera: Phloeomyzidae) in Italy. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (3): 509–516.

[T96] Tanasijtshuk, V. N. 1996. Two new species of Leucopis Meigen (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) predacious on the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Homoptera: Aphididae), in North America. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (4): 640–646.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Last updated: 29 June 2021.

Stenopogoninae

Stichopogon trifasciatus, copyright Wisconsin Butterflies.

Belongs within: Asilidae.
Contains: Stenopogonini.

The Stenopogoninae have been recognised as a group of robber flies with a tomentose face, seven or eight visible abdominal tergites in the male, and a ring of acanthophorite spines on the ovipositor (Fisher 2009). However, a molecular phylogenetic analysis by Bybee et al. (2004) indicated that the Stenopogoninae as recognised in this way is paraphyletic to members of the other robber fly subfamilies Dasypogoninae, Laphystiinae and Stichopogoninae. The Stichopogonini have a frons with strongly divergent margins above the antennal segments, whereas in other Stenopogoninae its sides are generally parallel to slightly convergent. The Laphystiini have the apical abdominal segments reduced, so males have only six visible tergites, and the famels lack acanthophorite spines (Fisher 2009).

<==Stenopogoninae F09
    |--+--Cyrtopogonini BT04
    |  |    |--Cyrtopogon W81
    |  |    |    |--C. lateralis WJ18
    |  |    |    `--C. willistoni W81
    |  |    `--Holopogon BT04
    |  |         |--H. currani BT04
    |  |         |--H. fumipennis J61
    |  |         |--H. pulcher [incl. H. violaceous] F09
    |  |         |--H. siculus J61
    |  |         `--H. vockerothi W81
    |  `--Megapodini [Megapodinae] BT04
    |       |--Doryclus W81
    |       |--Senobasis F09
    |       |    |--S. clavigera F09
    |       |    `--S. corsair F09
    |       `--Pseudorus F09
    |            |--P. bicolor F09
    |            `--P. distendens F09
    `--+--+--Stenopogonini BT04
       |  `--Laphystiini [Laphystiinae] BT04
       |       |--Zabrops W81
       |       |--Perasis argentifacies W81
       |       |--Gymnotriclis coscaronorum F09
       |       |--Hoplistomerus nobilis F09
       |       |--*Laphygmolestes flavipes F09
       |       |--Laphystia F09
       |       |    |--L. erberi J61
       |       |    `--L. sexfasciata W81
       |       `--Psilocurus F09
       |            |--P. camposi F09
       |            `--P. caudatus F09
       `--+--Hypenetes [Tillobromini] BT04
          |    `--H. critesi BT04
          `--+--+--Creolestes [Enigmomorphini] BT04
             |  |    `--C. nigribarbis BT04
             |  `--Phellini BT04
             |       |--Obelopherus landbecki BT04
             |       `--Phellus CM91
             `--Stichopogonini [Stichopogoninae] BT04
                  |--Lissoteles blantoni F09
                  |--Townsendia F09
                  |    |--T. nemacula F09
                  |    `--T. podexargenteus F09
                  `--Stichopogon F09
                       |--S. albofasciatus [=Echinopogon albofasciatus] J61
                       |--S. elegantulus J61
                       |--S. inaequalis J61
                       |--S. inconstans J61
                       |--S. kerteszi J61
                       |--S. pusio J61
                       |--S. pygmaeus J61
                       |--S. schineri J61
                       `--S. trifasciatus F09

Stenopogoninae incertae sedis:
  Acronyches F09
    |--A. maya F09
    `--A. plutactites F09
  Archilestris F09
    |--A. excellens F09
    |--A. magnificus F09
    `--A. wenzeli F09
  Dicranus F09
    |--D. jaliscoensis F09
    `--D. schrottkyi F09
  Hadrokolos cazieri F09, W81
  Plesiomma F09
    |--P. atrum F09
    |--P. fuliginosa F09
    `--P. unicolor F09
  Prolepsis F09
    |--P. costaricensis F09
    |--P. elotensis [incl. P. sandaraca] F09
    `--P. tristis F09
  Eucyrtopogon F09
  Heteropogon F09
    |--H. impudicus Janssens 1961 J61
    |--H. manicatus J61
    `--H. rejectus F09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BT04] Bybee, S. M., S. D. Taylor, C. R. Nelson & M. F. Whiting. 2004. A phylogeny of robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae) at the subfamilial level: molecular evidence. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30: 789–797.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[F09] Fisher, E. M. 2009. Asilidae (robber flies, assassin flies, moscas cazadoras, moscas ladronas). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 585–632. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[J61] Janssens, E. 1961. Sur quelques asilides mediterranees. Boll. Mus. Civ. Venezia 14: 29–36.

[WJ18] Wahlberg, E., & K. A. Johanson. 2018. Molecular phylogenetics reveals novel relationships within Empidoidea (Diptera). Systematic Entomology 43: 619–636.

[W81] Wood, G. C. 1981. Asilidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 549–573. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

Last updated: 9 January 2021.