Assamiinae

Dorsum of Metassamia furcidens, from Roewer (1935).

Belongs within: Assamiidae.

The Assamiinae are a group of harvestmen found primarily in tropical Asia.

Characters (from Roewer 1935): Tarsi III and IV without pseudonychia above double claws. Distitarsus I two-segmented. Double claws of tarsi III and IV simple, without tooth-comb. Spiracles clearly visible, not hidden by denticles. Pedipalpal femur bearing ventral teeth that are shorter than femur diameter. Anterior edge of carapace with a median oblique upright spine.

<==Assamiinae
    |--Puria Roewer 1923 R35
    |    `--*P. dorsalis (Roewer 1914) R35, B02 [=Assamia dorsalis B02]
    |--Assamiella Roewer 1923 R35
    |    `--*A. marginata (Roewer 1912) R35, B02 [=Assamia marginata B02]
    |--Gudalura Roewer 1927 R35
    |    `--G. biseriata Roewer 1927 R35
    |--Gomezyta Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*G. africana Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Dawnabius Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*D. pectinatus (Roewer 1912) [=Assamia pectinata] R35
    |--Anassamia Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*A. rufa (Roewer 1927) R35, B02 [=Assamia rufa B02]
    |--Pechota Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*P. marginalis Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Parassamia Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*P. sexdentata (Thorell 1889) [=Assamia sexdentata, Metassamia sexdentata] R35
    |--Tavoybia Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*T. quadrispina Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Assaphalla Martens 1977 M77
    |    `--*A. peralata Martens 1977 M77
    |--Umtaliella Lawrence 1934 K61
    |    `--*U. rhodesiensis Lawrence 1934 S92
    |--Neassamia Roewer 1935 R35
    |    |--*N. aborensis (Roewer 1913) R35, B02 [=Assamia aborensis B02]
    |    `--N. siamensis Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Nepalsioides Martens 1977 M77
    |    |--*N. thodunga Martens 1977 M77
    |    `--N. angusta Martens 1977 M77
    |--Micrassamula Martens 1977 M77
    |    |--*M. thak Martens 1977 M77
    |    `--M. jumlensis Martens 1977 M77
    |--Nepalsia Martens 1977 M77
    |    |--*N. rhododendron Martens 1977 M77
    |    |--N. betula Martens 1977 M77
    |    `--N. picea Martens 1977 M77
    |--Assamia Sørensen 1884 R35
    |    |--*A. westermanni Sørensen 1884 R35
    |    |--A. bituberculata Thorell 1889 R35
    |    |--A. gravelyi Roewer 1911 R35
    |    |--A. punctata Roewer 1924 B02
    |    `--A. simonis Thorell 1889 T89
    `--Metassamia Roewer 1923 R35
         |--*M. soerensenii (Thorell 1889) R35 [=Assamia soerensenii R23]
         |--M. bihemisphaerica Roewer 1927 R35
         |--M. ‘bituberculata’ (Roewer 1912) R35 [=Assamia bituberculata non Thorell 1889 R23]
         |--M. furcidens Roewer 1935 R35
         |--M. nepalica Martens 1977 M77
         |--M. reticulata (Simon 1887) R35 [=Maracandus reticulatus R23, Assamia reticulata R23]
         |--M. septemdentata Roewer 1923 R35
         |--M. spinifrons (Roewer 1915) R35 [=Assamia spinifrons R23]
         `--M. variata (Sørensen & Henriksen 1932) (n. d.) [=Assamia variata] R35

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B02] Bastawade, D. B. 2002. Revision of five known species of family Assamidae, Laniatores: Opiliones, on the basis of types and identified specimens deposited in the Zoological Survey of India National Collection, by Roewer (1911-1939). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 455-466.

[K61] Kauri, H. 1961. Opiliones. In: Hanström, B., P. Brinck & G. Rudebeck. South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951 vol. 8 pp. 9–197. Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala.

[M77] Martens, J. 1977. Opiliones aus dem Nepal-Himalaya. III. Oncopodidae, Phalangodidae, Assamiidae (Arachnida). Senckenbergiana Biologica 57 (4-6): 295-340.

[R23] Roewer, C.-F. 1923. Die Weberknechte der Erde: Systematische Bearbeitung der bisher bekannnten Opiliones. Gustav Fischer: Jena.

[R35] Roewer, C.-F. 1935. Alte und neue Assamiidae. Weitere Weberknechte VIII. (8. Ergänzung der “Weberknechte der Erde” 1923). Veröffentlichungen aus dem Deutschen Kolonial- und Uebersee-Museum in Bremen 1: 1-168.

[S92] Staręga, W. 1992. An annotated check-list of Afrotropical harvestmen, excluding the Phalangiidae (Opiliones). Annals of the Natal Museum 33 (2): 271-336.

[T89] Thorell, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XXI. – Aracnidi Artrogastri Birmani raccolti da L. Fea nel 1885-1887. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 521-729.

Metabiantes

Metabiantes leighi, from Schönhofer (2008).

Belongs within: Biantidae.

Metabiantes is an southern African genus of harvestmen, most species of which are only known from limited distributions.

See also: Metabiantes at Catalogue of Organisms.

Characters (from Kauri 1961): Eyes widely separated in posterior part of cephalothorax, common ocularium absent. Anterior edge of cephalothorax bearing median frontal mound of varying height and size. Scutum with five distinct areas, the 3rd to 4th of those with a larger pair of granules or spines in the middle. First cheliceral segemnt arched distodorsally and forming a hood. Pedipalp femur with large spine on basal quarter, another smaller more proximal spine also present (readily visible only in larger species). Patella with apical retrolateral spine, tibia and tarsus with two spines on both sides. Tarsal formula of legs 3-5-5-5. Distitarsus I with two and II with three segments. Tarsus I and II with simple claws, tarsus III and IV with scopula and double claws. Third ventral coxal plate with a series of teeth on anterior and posterior edges. Stigmata hidden.

<==Metabiantes Roewer 1915 S92 [incl. Spinibiantes Roewer 1915 L31]
    |--*M. pusulosus (Loman 1898) [=Biantes pusulosus] S92
    |--M. armatus Lawrence 1962 S92
    |--M. barbertonensis Lawrence 1963 S92
    |--M. basutoanus Kauri 1961 S92
    |--M. cataracticus Kauri 1961 S92
    |--M. convexus Roewer 1949 [=Hinzuanius convexus] S92
    |--M. filipes (Roewer 1912) [=Biantes filipes] S92
    |--M. flavus Lawrence 1949 [=M. flava] S92
    |--M. hanstroemi Kauri 1961 S92
    |--M. incertus Kauri 1961 L02
    |--M. insulanus (Roewer 1949) [=Spinibiantes insulanus] S92
    |--M. jeanneli (Roewer 1913) [=Biantes jeanneli, Hinzuanius jeanneli] S92
    |--M. kakololius Kauri 1985 S92
    |--M. kosibaiensis Kauri 1961 S92
    |--M. lawrencei Staręga 1992 [=M. obscurus Lawrence 1962 non Kauri 1961] S92
    |--M. leighi (Pocock 1902) S92 (see below for synonymy)
    |--M. litoralis Kauri 1961 S92
    |--M. longipalpis Kauri 1985 GV09
    |--M. longipes Kauri 1985 S92
    |--M. machadoi Lawrence 1957 S92
    |--M. meraculus (Loman 1898) [=Biantes meraculus; incl. M. maximus Lawrence 1931] S92
    |--M. minutus Kauri 1985 S92
    |--M. montanus Kauri 1985 S92
    |--M. obscurus Kauri 1961 S92
    |--M. parvulus Kauri 1985 S92
    |--M. perustus Lawrence 1963 S92
    |--M. pumilio Roewer 1927 S92
    |--M. punctatus (Sørensen 1910) [=Biantes punctatus, Hinzuanius punctatus] S92
    |--M. rudebecki Kauri 1961 S92
    |--M. stanleyi Kauri 1985 S92
    |--M. submontanus Kauri 1985 S92
    |--M. teres Lawrence 1963 S92
    |--M. teretipes Lawrence 1962 S92
    |--M. traegardhi Kauri 1961 S92
    |--M. trifasciatus Roewer 1915 [=M. trifasciata] S92
    |--M. ulindinus Kauri 1985 S92
    |--M. unicolor (Roewer 1912) [=Biantes unicolor] S92
    |--M. urbanus Kauri 1961 S92
    |--M. varius Kauri 1961 S92
    |--M. zuluanus Lawrence 1937 [=Biantiplus zuluanus] S92
    `--M. zuurbergianus Kauri 1961 S92

Metabiantes leighi (Pocock 1902) S92 [=Hinzuanius leighi K61, Biantes leighi R23, Hinzuanus (l. c.) leighi S92, *Spinibiantes leighi S92]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[GV09] Giribet, G., L. Vogt, A. Pérez González, P. Sharma & A. B. Kury. 2009. A multilocus approach to harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones) phylogeny with emphasis on biogeography and the systematics of Laniatores. Cladistics 25: 1-30.

[K61] Kauri, H. 1961. Opiliones. In: Hanström, B., P. Brinck & G. Rudebeck. South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951 vol. 8 pp. 9–197. Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala.

[L31] Lawrence, R. F. 1931. The harvest-spiders (Opiliones) of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 29 (2): 341-508.

[L02] Lotz, L. N. 2002. The Opiliones (Arachnida) of the Free State Province, South Africa. Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum Bloemfontein 18 (8): 161-187.

[R23] Roewer, C.-F. 1923. Die Weberknechte der Erde: Systematische Bearbeitung der bisher bekannnten Opiliones. Gustav Fischer: Jena.

Schönhofer, A. L. 2008. On harvestmen from the Soutpansberg, South Africa, with description of a new species of Monomontia (Arachnida: Opiliones). African Invertebrates 49 (2): 109-126.

[S92] Staręga, W. 1992. An annotated check-list of Afrotropical harvestmen, excluding the Phalangiidae (Opiliones). Annals of the Natal Museum 33 (2): 271-336.

Ischnoneuridae

Fossil of Protodiamphipnoa gaudryi, from Béthoux & Nel (2005).

Belongs within: Orthopteroidea.

The Ischnoneuridae are a group of long-legged Carboniferous fossil insects characterised by having the wing veins CuA+CuPa internally pectinate, i.e. with the anterior main branch posteriorly pectinate and the posterior main branch anteriorly pectinate (Béthoux & Nel 2005).

<==Ischnoneuridae [Aetophlebiidae, Narkeminidae]
    |--Paranarkemina Pinto & Pinto de Ornellas 1980 BN05
    |--Ischnoneura Brongniart 1893 BN05
    |    `--*I. oustaleti (Brongniart 1885) [=Leptoneura oustaleti] BN05
    |--Narkemina Martynov 1930 BN05
    |    `--N. angustata Martynov 1930 BN05
    |--Narkeminopsis Whalley 1979 BN05
    |    `--*N. eddi Whalley 1979 BN05
    |--Protodiamphipnoa Brongniart 1893 BN05
    |    `--P. gaudryi (Brongniart 1885) (see below for synonymy) BN05
    `--Aetophlebia Scudder 1885 BN05
         `--‘Narkemina’ winsdoriensis Lewis 1979 BN05

Protodiamphipnoa gaudryi (Brongniart 1885) [=Protophasma gaudryi, Cnemidolestes gaudryi, Protodiamphipnoa (Protophasma) gaudryi; incl. *Protodiamphipnoa tertrini Brongniart 1893] BN05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BN05] Béthoux, O., & A. Nel. 2005. Some Palaeozoic ‘Protorthoptera’ are ‘ancestral’ orthopteroids: Major wing braces as clues to a new split among the ‘Protorthoptera’ (Insecta). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2 (4): 285-309.

Ceratomontia

Ceratomontia centralis, photographed by G. Machado.

Belongs within: Triaenonychini.

Ceratomontia is a genus of harvestmen that has been described from South America and Africa. An analysis of Ceratomontia by Mendes & Kury (2008) suggested that it is paraphyletic to the African genera Monomontia and Austromontia, with the African species analysed (C. capensis, C. minor and C. tabulae) closer to the African species than to South American species.

Characters (from Mendes & Kury 2008): Median spine of eyemound continuous with eyemound; mesotergal areas well defined; pedipalpal femur with ventral band of small granules; tarsus I with two tarsomeres, distal tarsomere incrassate; tarsus II with less than six tarsomeres; penis with disto-ventral projections on dorso-lateral plate, stylus enfolded by dorsal plate.

<==Ceratomontia Roewer 1914 S08
    |  i. s.: C. annae Lawrence 1934 S92
    |         C. cheliplus Roewer 1931 [incl. C. hewitti Lawrence 1931] S92
    |         C. fluvialis Lawrence 1931 S92
    |         C. irregularis Lawrence 1931 S92
    |         C. karrooensis Lawrence 1931 S92
    |         C. namaqua Lawrence 1934 S92
    |         C. nasuta Lawrence 1934 S92
    |         C. pusilla Lawrence 1934 S92
    |         C. reticulata Lawrence 1934 S92
    |         C. rumpiana Lawrence 1937 S92 [=C. natalensis ms K61]
    |         C. ruricola Lawrence 1934 S92
    |         C. sanguinea Lawrence 1934 S92
    |         C. setosa Lawrence 1931 S92
    |         C. thornei Lawrence 1934 [=C. thorni] S92
    |         C. werneri Roewer 1931 S92
    |--+--C. mendocina Maury & Roig-Alsona 1985 MK08
    |  `--+--C. argentina Canals 1939 MK08
    |     |--C. brasiliana Maury 1999 MK08
    |     `--C. centralis Maury & Roig-Alsina 1985 MK08
    `--+--*C. capensis Roewer 1915 MK08
       `--+--+--C. minor Lawrence 1931 MK08
          |  `--C. tabulae Lawrence 1931 MK08
          `--Monomontia Lawrence 1931 MK08, S08
               |  i. s.: *M. atra Lawrence 1931 S92
               |         M. aquilonaris Lawrence 1963 S08
               |         M. aspera Lawrence 1939 S92
               |         M. cristiceps Lawrence 1963 S92
               |         M. curvirostris Lawrence 1938 S92
               |         M. flava Lawrence 1933 S92
               |         M. granifrons Lawrence 1938 S92
               |         M. intermedia Lawrence 1938 S92
               |         M. krausi Kauri 1961 S08
               |         M. montensis Lawrence 1938 S92
               |         M. neglecta Schönhofer 2008 S08
               |         M. rattrayi Lawrence 1931 S92
               |         M. transvaalica Lawrence 1963 S92
               |         M. versicolor Lawrence 1963 S08
               |--+--M. brincki Kauri 1961 MK08
               |  `--M. corticola Lawrence 1938 MK08
               `--Austromontia Lawrence 1931 MK08, S08
                    |  i. s.: A. caledonica Lawrence 1931 S92
                    |         A. formosa Lawrence 1963 S08
                    |         A. litoralis Lawrence 1934 S92
                    |--+--*A. silvatica Lawrence 1931 S92, MK08
                    |  `--A. bidentata Lawrence 1934 MK08
                    `--+--A. capensis Lawrence 1931 MK08
                       `--+--Monomontia lawrencei Kauri 1950 MK08
                          `--Monomontia rugosa Lawrence 1937 MK08

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[K61] Kauri, H. 1961. Opiliones. In: Hanström, B., P. Brinck & G. Rudebeck. South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951 vol. 8 pp. 9–197. Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala.

[MK08] Mendes, A. C., & A. B. Kury. 2008. Intercontinental Triaenonychidae—the case of Ceratomontia (Opiliones, Insidiatores). Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 273-279.

[S08] Schönhofer, A. L. 2008. On harvestmen from the Soutpansberg, South Africa, with description of a new species of Monomontia (Arachnida: Opiliones). African Invertebrates 49 (2): 109-126.

[S92] Staręga, W. 1992. An annotated check-list of Afrotropical harvestmen, excluding the Phalangiidae (Opiliones). Annals of the Natal Museum 33 (2): 271-336.

Triaenonychidae

Soerensenella prehensor, photographed by Phil Bendle.

Belongs within: Laniatores.
Contains: Adaeini, Triaenonychini, Triaenobunini.

The Triaenonychidae are a family of harvestmen characterised by branched hind claws and found primarily on the southern continents (South America, Australasia and Africa). Kaolinonychus and the Nippononychinae from north-eastern Asian have also been assigned to this family, but their position here is open to doubt (Mendes & Kury 2008).

Characters (from Suzuki 1975): Anterior margin of scute usually with three projections flanking chelicerae. Eyes situated on median tubercle. Dorsum with five tergal areas bounded by transverse grooves or rows of tubercles and three free tergites. Ninth tergite fused to anal plate. Palpi robust, without slender, elongated segments. Spiracles exposed or hidden in a groove between coxa and sternite. Metatarsi of legs usually divided by a constriction into two sections, a proximal astragalus and a distal calcaneus. Claws of third and fourth legs with uniform or stout central prong bearing two to six or less lateral branches in adults and three, four or five pairs of lateral spines or branches in juveniles. Pseudonychium, aroleum or scapulae not present on claws of adults or juveniles. Males with musculature in penis which apparently articulates distal process.

Triaenonychidae [Triaenonychoidae]
    |  i. s.: Breviacantha Kauri 1954 K54
    |           `--*B. gisleni Kauri 1954 K54
    |         Odontonuncia Hickman 1958 K04
    |--Kaolinonychus Suzuki 1975 S75 [Kaolinonychinae MK08]
    |    `--*K. coreanus (Suzuki 1966) [=Peltonychia coreana] S75
    |         |--K. c. coreanus S75
    |         `--K. c. longipes (Suzuki 1966) [=Peltonychia coreana longipes] S75
    |--Nippononychinae MK08
    |    |--Nippononychus Suzuki 1975 S75
    |    |    `--*N. japonicus (Miyosi 1957) [=Peltonychia japonica] S75
    |    |--Izunonychus Suzuki 1975 S75
    |    |    `--*I. ohruii Suzuki 1975 S75
    |    `--Metanippononychus Suzuki 1975 S75
    |         |--*M. tomishimai Suzuki 1975 S75
    |         |    |--M. t. tomishimai S75
    |         |    `--M. t. awanus Suzuki 1975 S75
    |         |--M. daisenensis Suzuki 1975 S75
    |         |--M. iriei Suzuki 1975 S75
    |         |    |--M. i. iriei S75
    |         |    `--M. i. yakuensis Suzuki 1975 S75
    |         `--M. iyanus Suzuki 1975 S75
    |--Soerensenellinae [Soerensellinae] F54
    |    |--Karamea Forster 1954 F54
    |    |    |--*K. lobata Forster 1954 F54
    |    |    |    |--K. l. lobata NS00
    |    |    |    |--K. l. aurea Forster 1954 NS00
    |    |    |    `--K. l. australis Forster 1954 NS00 [=K. l. australia (l. c.) F54]
    |    |    |--K. trailli (Hogg 1920) [=Monoxyomma trailli] F54
    |    |    |--K. tricerata Forster 1954 NS00
    |    |    `--K. tuthilli Forster 1954 NS00
    |    `--Soerensenella Pocock 1903 [incl. Akaroa Roewer 1931] F54
    |         |--*S. prehensor Pocock 1903 P03, F54 [=Soerensella (l. c.) prehensor R23]
    |         |    |--S. p. prehensor NS00
    |         |    |--S. p. nitida Forster 1954 F54
    |         |    `--S. p. obesa Forster 1954 NS00
    |         |--S. bicornis Pocock 1903 F54 [=Soerensella (l. c.) bicornis R23; incl. *Akaroa formosa Roewer 1931 F54]
    |         |    |--S. b. bicornis F54
    |         |    |--S. b. parva Forster 1954 F54
    |         |    `--S. b. waikanae Forster 1954 F54
    |         `--S. rotara Phillipps & Grimmett 1932 F54
    `--Triaenonychinae MK08
         |  i. s.: Picunchenops Maury 1988 K03
         |           `--*P. spelaeus Maury 1988 K03
         |         Conoculus Forster 1949 F49
         |           `--*C. asperus Forster 1949 F49
         |         Roewerania Lawrence 1934 S92
         |           |--*R. lignicola Lawrence 1934 S92
         |           |--R. guduana Kauri 1961 L02
         |           |--R. montana Kauri 1961 L02
         |           `--R. spinosa Lawrence 1938 L02
         |         Yulella Lawrence 1939 K04
         |           `--*Y. natalensis (Lawrence 1937) [=Roewerania natalensis] S92
         |         Millomontia Lawrence 1959 K04
         |           |--*M. brevispina Lawrence 1959 S92
         |           `--M. vadoni Lawrence 1959 S92
         |         Millotonyx Lawrence 1959 K04
         |           `--*M. tenuipes Lawrence 1959 S92
         |         Paulianyx Lawrence 1959 K04
         |           |--*P. brevipes Lawrence 1959 S92
         |           `--P. ferruginea Lawrence 1959 S92
         |         Ankaratrix Lawrence 1959 S92
         |           |--*A. illota Lawrence 1959 S92
         |           `--A. cancrops Lawrence 1959 S92
         |         Decarynella Fage 1945 S92
         |           `--*D. gracilipes Fage 1945 S92
         |         Ivohibea Lawrence 1959 S92
         |           `--*I. cavernicola Lawrence 1959 S92
         |         Planimontia Kauri 1961 S92
         |           `--*P. goodnightorum Kauri 1961 [=P. goodnighti] S92
         |--Fumontana Shear 1977 GV09, K03
         |    `--*F. deprehendor Shear 1977 [=F. deprehensor (l. c.)] K03
         `--+--Adaeini GV09
            `--+--Triaenonychini GV09
               `--+--Triaenobunini GV09
                  `--Graemontia Lawrence 1931 K06
                       |--*G. bifidens Lawrence 1931 K06
                       |--G. bicornigera Lawrence 1963 K06
                       |--G. decorata Lawrence 1938 K06
                       |--G. dentichelis Lawrence 1931 K06
                       |--G. erecta Kauri 1961 K06
                       |--G. natalensis Lawrence 1937 K06
                       `--G. viridiceps Kury 2006 K06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F49] Forster, R. R. 1949. Australian Opiliones. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria 16: 59-89.

[F54] Forster, R. R. 1954. The New Zealand harvestmen (sub-order Laniatores). Canterbury Museum Bulletin 2: 1-329.

[GV09] Giribet, G., L. Vogt, A. Pérez González, P. Sharma & A. B. Kury. 2009. A multilocus approach to harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones) phylogeny with emphasis on biogeography and the systematics of Laniatores. Cladistics 25: 1-30.

[K54] Kauri, H. 1954. Report from Professor T. Gislén’s expedition to Australia in 1951-1952. 9. Harvest-spiders from S. W. Australia. Lunds Universitets Ärsskrift. N. F. Avd. 2. 50 (11): 1-10.

[K03] Kury, A. B. 2003. Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, volumen especial monográfico 1: 1-337.

[K04] Kury, A. B. 2004. A new genus of Triaenonychidae from South Africa (Opiliones, Laniatores). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología 9: 205-210.

[K06] Kury, A. B. 2006. A new species of Graemontia Lawrence, 1931, from the Western Cape, South Africa, with notes on the relationships of the genus (Opiliones: Laniatores: Triaenonychidae). African Zoology 41 (1): 45-50.

[L02] Lotz, L. N. 2002. The Opiliones (Arachnida) of the Free State Province, South Africa. Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum Bloemfontein 18 (8): 161-187.

[MK08] Mendes, A. C., & A. B. Kury. 2008. Intercontinental Triaenonychidae – the case of Ceratomontia (Opiliones, Insidiatores). Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 273-279.

[NS00] Nicholls, D. C., P. J. Sirvid, S. D. Pollard & M. Walker. 2000. A list of arachnid primary types held in Canterbury Museum. Records of the Canterbury Museum 14: 37-48.

[P03] Pocock, R. I. 1903. Fifteen new species and two new genera of tropical and southern Opiliones. Annals & Magazine of Natural History series 7, xi: 433-450.

[R23] Roewer, C.-F. 1923. Die Weberknechte der Erde: Systematische Bearbeitung der bisher bekannnten Opiliones. Gustav Fischer: Jena.

[S92] Staręga, W. 1992. An annotated check-list of Afrotropical harvestmen, excluding the Phalangiidae (Opiliones). Annals of the Natal Museum 33 (2): 271-336.

[S75] Suzuki, S. 1975. The harvestmen of family Triaenonychidae in Japan and Korea (Travunoidea, Opiliones, Arachnida). Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University, Series B, Division 1, 26: 65-101.

Urosigalphini

Female Urosigalphus, photographed by Lynn Bergen.
Belongs within: Braconidae.

The Urosigalphini are a group of braconid wasps with a ventrally depressed clypeus, enlarged hind claws and a relatively long ovipositor. Species of the mostly New World genus Urosigalphus are parasitoids on beetle larvae in seeds; the hosts of the Old World Canalicephalus are unknown (Achterberg 2002).

Characters (from Achterberg 2002): Clypeus distinctly depressed ventrally; occipital carina at least laterally present and remaining separated from hypostomal carina ventrally, but sometimes connected by small side-branch; mandible not (Urosigalphus) or distinctly (Canalicephalus) twisted apically; prepectal carina up to level of ventral half of side of pronotum; propleuron with subposterior transverse carina, area in front of it concave or flat; lateral carina of mesoscutum absent in front of tegulae and lamelliformly protruding near scutellum; tegulum large compared to small humeral plate; postpectal carina present, strongly curved; hind claws enlarged, especially outer hind claw, and nearly twice as wide as middle claw; vein 2-CU of hind wing shortly developed and close to apex of vein cu-a; vein 1r-m of hind wing short; first discal cell transverse; vein r-m of fore wing absent; parastigma enlarged; vein 1-M distinctly curved; vein cu-a of fore wing far postfurcal and inclivous; vein M+CU1 of fore wing distinctly situate; carapace inserted above hind coxa but below dorsal level of propodeum, with distinct reticulate sclerite between hind coxa and base of metasoma; first tergite immovably joined to second tergite; carapace without metasomal sutures and closed apically, its ventral margin reflexed completely around apex or nearly so; upper valve of ovipositor ribbon-like, but narrow.

<==Urosigalphini
    |--Urosigalphus Ashmead 1889 [incl. Rhyssosigalphus Cameron 1904] A02
    |    |  i. s.: ‘*Rhyssosigalphus’ rugosus Cameron 1904 A02
    |    |--*U. (Urosigalphus) armatus Ashmead 1889 A02
    |    |--U. (Bruchiurosigalphus Gibson 1972) A02
    |    |    `--U. (*B.) bruchi Crawford 1907 A02
    |    `--U. (Neourosigalphus Gibson 1972) [incl. Microurosigalphus Gibson 1972, Paraurosigalphus Gibson 1972] A02
    |         |--U. (*N.) robustus Ashmead 1889 A02
    |         |--U. (N.) dakotaensis Gibson 1972 [=U. (*Paraurosigalphus) dakotaensis] A02
    |         `--U. (N.) femoratus Crawford 1914 [=U. (*Microurosigalphus) femoratus] A02
    `--Canalicephalus Gibson 1977 A02
         |--*C. orientalis Gibson 1977 A02
         |--C. bakeri Gibson 1977 A02
         |--C. devriesi van Achterberg 2002 A02
         |--C. fugou Chou & Hsu 1996 A02
         |--C. longus Chou & Hsu 1996 A02
         |--C. luteoscapus van Achterberg 2002 [=Urosigalphus luteoscapus] A02
         |--C. mindanao Gibson 1977 A02
         |--C. minor van Achterberg 2002 A02
         |--C. novus Gibson 1977 A02
         |--C. quickei van Achterberg 2002 A02
         |--C. rhinoides van Achterberg 2002 A02
         |--C. robustus van Achterberg 2002 A02
         |--C. rugifrons van Achterberg 2002 [=Urosigalphus rugifrons] A02
         |--C. semiglaber van Achterberg 2002 [=Urosigalphus semiglaber] A02
         `--C. taiwanensis Chou & Hsu 1996 A02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A02] Achterberg, C. van. 2002. Revision of the genus Canalicephalus Gibson and the recognition of the Acampsohelconinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as extant. Zoologische Mededelingen 76 (20): 347-370.

Myrmica

European fire ant Myrmica rubra, photographed by Alex Wild.

Belongs within: Myrmicinae.

Myrmica is a genus of generalist ants found in Eurasia and North America. Notable species include the European fire ant Myrmica rubra, which is native to Europe but has also become widely introduced in northern North America.

Characters (from Wheeler & Wheeler 1990): Antenna with twelve segments. Lateral portion of clypeus not raised; antennal fossa opening onto clypeus without elevated boundary; psammophore absent. Epinotum armed with spines or teeth; promesonotal suture absent on thoracic dorsum; mesoepinotal suture moderately impressed. Middle and hind tibial spurs finely pectinate. Postpetiole attached to anterior end of first gastric somite, gaster about equally convex above and below.

<==Myrmica Latr. 1804 B03 [incl. Paramyrmica WW90]
    |--*M. rubra B03
    |--M. algirica Lucas 1849 E12
    |--M. breviceps Smith 1878 (n. d.) B03
    |--M. caeca Jerdon 1851 (n. d.) B03
    |--M. colax WW90
    |--M. consternens Walker 1859 (n. d.) B03
    |--M. cursor Smith 1878 (n. d.) B03
    |--M. gallienii AV04
    |--M. humilis Smith 1858 (n. d.) B03
    |--M. inezae Forel 1902 B03
    |--M. kurokii AV04
    |    |--M. k. kurokii AV04
    |    `--M. k. tipuna AV04
    |--M. laevinodis MS01
    |--M. lobicornis AV04
    |--M. luctuosa Smith 1878 (n. d.) B03
    |--M. margaritae Emery 1889 B03
    |--M. mexicana WW90
    |--M. obscurata Motschulsky 1863 (n. d.) B03
    |--M. pallinodis Motschulsky 1863 (n. d.) B03
    |--M. ritae Emery 1889 B03
    |--M. rugifrons Smith 1858 (n. d.) B03
    |--M. ruginodis AV04
    |--M. rugiventris WW90
    |--M. rugosa Maur 1865 B03
    |    |--M. r. rugosa AV04
    |    `--M. r. arisana AV04
    |--M. sabuleti AV04
    |--M. scabrinodis AV04
    |--M. schencki AV04
    |--M. slovaca ES12
    |--M. smythiesi Forel 1902 (see below for synonymy) B03
    |--M. specioides AV04
    |--M. spinosior ES12
    |--M. striolagaster BS06
    |--M. sulcinodis AV04
    |--M. tahoensis BS06
    |--M. testaceopilosa Lucas 1849 E12
    `--M. vandeli AV04

Myrmica smythiesi Forel 1902 [incl. M. smythiesi var. carbonaria non M. (Monomorium) carbonaria Smith 1858, M. smythiesi var. rupestris] B03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AV04] Als, T. D., R. Vila, N. P. Kandul, D. R. Nash, S.-H. Yen, Y.-F. Hsu, A. A. Mignault, J. J. Boomsma & N. E. Pierce. 2004. The evolution of alternative parasitic life histories in large blue butterflies. Nature 432: 386–390.

[B03] Bingham, C. T. 1903. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera vol. 2. Ants and Cuckoo-Wasps. Taylor and Francis: London.

[BS06] Brady, S. G., T. R. Schultz, B. L. Fisher & P. S. Ward. 2006. Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103 (48): 18172–18177.

[ES12] Espadaler, X., & S. Santamaria. 2012. Ecto- and endoparasitic fungi on ants from the Holarctic region. Psyche 2012: 168478.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[MS01] Mocsáry, A., & V. Szépligeti. 1901. Hymenopterák [Hymenopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 121–169. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[WW90] Wheeler, G. C., & J. Wheeler. 1990. Insecta: Hymenoptera Formicidae. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1277–1294. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

Last updated: 25 September 2017.